On the Specific Features of Orok As Compared with the Other Tungusic Languages
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Journal Vol. LX. No. 2. 2018
JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY VOLUME LX No. 4 2018 THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 1 PARK STREET KOLKATA © The Asiatic Society ISSN 0368-3308 Edited and published by Dr. Satyabrata Chakrabarti General Secretary The Asiatic Society 1 Park Street Kolkata 700 016 Published in February 2019 Printed at Desktop Printers 3A, Garstin Place, 4th Floor Kolkata 700 001 Price : 400 (Complete vol. of four nos.) CONTENTS ARTICLES The East Asian Linguistic Phylum : A Reconstruction Based on Language and Genes George v an Driem ... ... 1 Situating Buddhism in Mithila Region : Presence or Absence ? Nisha Thakur ... ... 39 Another Inscribed Image Dated in the Reign of Vigrahapäla III Rajat Sanyal ... ... 63 A Scottish Watchmaker — Educationist and Bengal Renaissance Saptarshi Mallick ... ... 79 GLEANINGS FROM THE PAST Notes on Charaka Sanhitá Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar ... ... 97 Review on Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar’s studies on Äyurveda Anjalika Mukhopadhyay ... ... 101 BOOK REVIEW Coin Hoards of the Bengal Sultans 1205-1576 AD from West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Bangladesh by Sutapa Sinha Danish Moin ... ... 107 THE EAST ASIAN LINGUISTIC PHYLUM : A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON LANGUAGE AND GENES GEORGE VAN DRIEM 1. Trans-Himalayan Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Xiâng, Hokkien, Teochew, Pínghuà, Gàn, Jìn, Wú and a number of other languages and dialects together comprise the Sinitic branch of the Trans-Himalayan language family. These languages all collectively descend from a prehistorical Sinitic language, the earliest reconstructible form of which was called Archaic Chinese by Bernard Karlgren and is currently referred to in the anglophone literature as Old Chinese. Today, Sinitic linguistic diversity is under threat by the advance of Mandarin as a standard language throughout China because Mandarin is gradually taking over domains of language use that were originally conducted primarily in the local Sinitic languages. -
Title the Kilen Language of Manchuria
The Kilen language of Manchuria: grammar of amoribund Title Tungusic language Author(s) Zhang, Paiyu.; 张派予. Citation Issue Date 2013 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/181880 The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent Rights rights) and the right to use in future works. ! ! ! THE KILEN LANGUAGE OF MANCHURIA: GRAMMAR OF A MORIBUND TUNGUSIC LANGUAGE ZHANG PAIYU Ph.D. THESIS UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG February 2013 Abstract of thesis entitled The Kilen Language of Manchuria: Grammar of a moribund Tungusic language Submitted by Zhang Paiyu For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in February 2013 This thesis is the first comprehensive reference grammar of Kilen, a lesser known and little studied language of the Tungusic Family. At present, Kilen is a moribund language with less than 10 bilingual speakers in the eastern part of Heilongjiang Province of P.R.China. Since the language does not have a writing system, the examples are provided in IPA transcription with morpheme tagging. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 states the background information of Kilen language in terms of Ethnology, Migration and Language Contact. Beginning from Chapter 2, the language is described in the aspects of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax. This thesis is mainly concerned with morphosyntactic aspects of Kilen. Chapters 6-8 provide a portrait of Kilen syntactic organization. The sources for this description include the work of You Zhixian (1989), which documents oral literature originally recorded by You himself, a fluent Kilen native speaker; example sentences drawn from previous linguistic descriptions, mainly those of An (1985) and You & Fu (1987); author’s field records and personal consultation data recorded and transcribed by the author and Wu Mingxiang, one of the last fluent native speakers. -
Classes Lexicais E Gramaticalização: Adjetivos Em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas
Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Letras Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Brasília Distrito Federal 2015 Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Linguística Línguas Clássicas e Português do Instituto de Le- tras da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Heloisa M. M. L. de A. Salles Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Linguística Línguas Clássicas e Português do Instituto de Le- tras da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística. Aprovada em: _______________________________________________________________ Banca Examinadora Profa. Dra. Heloisa Maria Moreira Lima de A. Salles – LIP/UnB Prof. Dr. Aroldo Leal Andrade – UNICAMP/FAPESP Profa. Dra. Helena Guerra Vicente – LIP/UnB Prof. Dr. Marcus Vinicius da Silva Lunguinho – LIP/UnB Profa. Dra. Walkiria Neiva Praça – LIP/UnB Profa. Dra. Rozana Reigota Naves – LIP/UnB 「 薫 人 へ 間 は 、 自 由 と い う 刑 に 処 せ ら れ て い る 」 i Agradecimentos 55 meses. 60 línguas. 197 referências. E, até agora, 3 endoscopias... Que valeram a pena! Foi um doutorado bastante atípico – começado após voltar de férias num Japão que pas- sou (comigo lá!) pelo quarto maior terremoto já registrado, por um maremoto, e pelo pior aci- dente nuclear da história do país; e terminado numa sexta-feira treze calma em Brasília (até porque, se formos comparar com o início, venhamos e convenhamos é difícil pensar numa situação que não seja calma!). -
Contribution to the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) 6.20B.10.3
Contribution to the UNESCO encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS) 6.20B.10.3 DOCUMENTING ENDANGERED LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Matthias Brenzinger Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan Tjeerd de Graaf Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan and Frisian Academy, the Netherlands Keywords: endangered languages, ethnolinguistics, language documentation, language endangerment, language maintenance, language policy, language revitalization, language shift, mother tongue education Contents 1. Introduction 2. Language Endangerment and Endangered Languages 2.1 Extent and Types of Language Endangerment 2.2 Selected Case Studies of Endangered Languages 2.2.1 /Xam, a Physical and Cultural Genocide in South Africa 2.2.2 Ainu in Japan 2.2.3 Nivkh in the Russian Federation 2.2.4 North Frisian in Germany 2.2.5 Amazigh (Berber) Languages in Northern Africa 3. Language Documentation 3.1 Why study Endangered Languages 3.2 Documenting Endangered Languages 3.3 Assessing Language Vitality and Endangerment 3.4 Language Maintenance and Revitalization 4 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Several scholars predict that up to 90% of the world’s languages may well be replaced by dominant languages by the end of the 21st century, which would reduce the present number of almost 7,000 languages to less than 700. This review article attempts to describe processes that are underlying this severe threat to the majority of the languages currently spoken. However, the central focus of discussion will be on aspects related to the documentation and maintenance of the world’s linguistic diversity. The main causes of language endangerment are presented here in a brief overview of the world’s language situation. -
Causative/Inchoative Verb Alternation in Altaic Languages: Turkish, Turkmen, Nanai and Mongolian
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 10, No. 5; 2020 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Causative/Inchoative Verb Alternation in Altaic Languages: Turkish, Turkmen, Nanai and Mongolian Wenchao Li1 1 Department of Japanese Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Correspondence: Wenchao Li, Department of Japanese Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 30, 2020 Accepted: September 25, 2020 Online Published: September 29, 2020 doi:10.5539/ijel.v10n5p399 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p399 Abstract The purpose of the study is two-fold. First, a statistical analysis of the morphology of causative/inchoative verb alternation is carried out in Japanese and in 13 Altaic languages, i.e., Turkish, Turkmen, Nanai, Khakas, Udihe, Uzbek, Sakha, Manchu, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Kazakh, Ewen, and Azerbaijani. The findings reveal that causative/inchoative verb alternation (a) can be realised via the insertion of an infix (‘-uul-’, ‘-e-’, ‘-g-’, etc.); (b) can be inchoative root-based, with transitive verbs derived via attaching a suffix to the inchoative verb roots (‘-dur-’, ‘-t-’, ‘-ir-’, ‘-dyr-’, ‘-wəən-’, ‘-buwəən-’, ‘-r-’, ‘-wənə-’, ‘-nar-’, ‘-ier-’, ‘-er-’, ‘-bu-’, ‘-ʊkan-’); (c) can be causative verb-based, with inchoative verbs being derived via attaching a suffix to the causative verb roots (‘-p-’, ‘-n-’, ‘-ul-’, ‘-il-’); and (d) can be realised via consonant alternation (‘-r-’ (transitive) / ‘-n-’ (intransitive); ‘-t-’ (transitive) / ‘-n-’ (intransitive)). This study further attempts to pin down the affiliation of these languages with the Japanese language. It compares the morphological findings with Japanese bound morphemes in causative/inchoative verb alternation and then delves into the phonological issues, i.e., consonant alternation and vowel harmony. -
References for the Sample Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The expression of modifiers and arguments in the noun phrase and beyond A typological study van Rijn, M.A. Publication date 2017 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Rijn, M. A. (2017). The expression of modifiers and arguments in the noun phrase and beyond: A typological study. LOT. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:01 Oct 2021 195 References for the sample languages Abkhaz Chirikba, Viacheslav A. 2003. Abkhaz (Languages of the World: Materials 119). München: Lincom Europa. Hewitt, George. 1979. Abkhaz (Lingua Descriptive Studies 2). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. Hewitt, George. 2008. Cases, arguments, verbs in Abkhaz, Georgian and Mingrelian. -
Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan Relationship
Sergei L. Nikolaev Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow/Novosibirsk); [email protected] Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship The first part of the present study, following a general introduction (§ 1), presents a classifi- cation and approximate glottochronological dating for the Algonquian-Wakashan languages (§ 2), a preliminary discussion of regular sound correspondences between Proto-Wakashan, Proto-Nivkh, and Proto-Algic (§ 3), and an analysis of the Algonquian-Wakashan “basic lexi- con” (§ 4). The main novelty of the present article is in its attempt at formal demonstration of a genetic relationship between the Nivkh, Algic, and Wakashan languages, arrived at by means of the standard comparative method, i. e. establishing a system of regular sound cor- respondences between the vocabularies of the compared languages. Proto-Salishan is con- sidered as a remote relative of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan; at the same time, no close (“Mosan”) relationship between Wakashan and Salish has been traced. Additionally, lexical correspondences between Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan, and Proto-Salishan are also reviewed. The conclusion is that no genetic relationship exists be- tween Chukchi-Kamchatkan, on the one hand, and Algonquian-Wakashan, languages (Nivkh included), on the other hand. Instead, it seems more likely that Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan has borrowed words from Wakashan, Salishan, and Algic (but probably not vice versa; § 5). The Algonquian-Wakashan, Salishan and Chukchi-Kamchatkan common cultural lexicon is also examined, resulting in the identification of numerous “cultural” loans from Wakashan and Salish into Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan. Borrowing from Salishan into Proto-Nivkh was far less intensive, as there are no reliable Nivkh-Wakashan contact words. -
Robbeets, Martine 2017. Japanese, Korean and the Transeurasian Languages
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309763268 Robbeets, Martine 2017. Japanese, Korean and the Transeurasian languages. In: Hickey, Raymond (ed.) The Cambridge handbook... Chapter · November 2016 CITATIONS READS 0 26 1 author: Martine Robbeets Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 37 PUBLICATIONS 21 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Martine Robbeets on 16 November 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/8902253/WORKINGFOLDER/HICY/9781107051614C22.3D 586 [586–626] 9.11.2016 5:30PM 22 The Transeurasian Languages Martine Robbeets 22.1 Introduction The present contribution is concerned with the areal concentration of a number of linguistic features in the Transeurasian languages and its histor- ical motivation. The label ‘Transeurasian’ was coined by Johanson and Robbeets (2010: 1–2) with reference to a large group of geographically adjacent languages, traditionally known as ‘Altaic’, that share a significant number of linguistic properties and include up to five different linguistic families: Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic. The question whether all similarities between the Transeurasian languages should be accounted for by language contact or whether some are the residue of a common ancestor is one of the most debated issues of historical compara- tive linguistics (see Robbeets 2005 for an overview of the debate). Since the term ‘linguistic area’ implies that the shared properties are the result of borrowing, I will refrain from aprioriattaching it to the Transeurasian region and rely on the concept of ‘areality’ instead, that is, the geographical concentration of linguistic features, independent of how these features developed historically. -
Lexical and Genomic Data Suggest Ancient Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh and Yukaghir-Samoyedic Connections
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.27.433193; this version posted February 28, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Circumpolar peoples and their languages: lexical and genomic data suggest ancient Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh and Yukaghir-Samoyedic connections George Starostin 1,2,*, N. Ezgi Altınışık 3,4,*, Mikhail Zhivlov 1,5, Piya Changmai 3, Olga Flegontova 3, Sergey A. Spirin 6,7,8, Andrei Zavgorodnii 9, Pavel Flegontov 3,10,11,@, Alexei S. Kassian 12,@ 1 Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 2 Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico, USA 3 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia 4 Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 5 Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia 6 Belozersky Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 7 Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 8 Federal Science Center System Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 9 Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 10 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 11 Kalmyk Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Russia 12 School of Advanced Studies in the Humanities, The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia * authors contributed equally @ co-senior authors 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.27.433193; this version posted February 28, 2021. -
A Grammar of Paku: a Language of Central Kalimantan
A grammar of Paku: a language of Central Kalimantan Author: ORCID: Daniela Diedrich 0000-0001-6459-3341 Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics School of Languages and Linguistics The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia i Abstract This thesis describes the phonology, morphology and syntax of Paku, a highly endangered East Barito language spoken in four villages in the southeast of Central Kalimantan province, Indone- sia. It has currently about fifty speakers (conservative estimate, including semi-speakers) and since children, for a variety of reasons, no longer learn the language, it is classified as moribund. This thesis is part of a ARC-funded project The South East Barito languages in Indonesia and Mada- gascar: Safeguarding their past and future concerned with the documentation of Southeast Barito languages which Paku was thought to be a member of until the recent reclassification of lan- guages in Borneo by Smith (2017). It is a contribution to the description of the rapidly declining linguistic diversity in Borneo and other parts of the world. In doing so, this thesis will also con- tribute data of Bornean languages to broader typological research. Like many other endangered languages Paku is virtually undescribed and one of the main aims of this part of the project is the thorough documentation of Paku and the compilation of an extensive corpus of data consisting of both narratives and elicited material. This will help create a record of the language before it disappears, a fate which at this stage seems inevitable. -
В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T
В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T I N Ежемесячный научный журнал Scientific Monthly Серия «Языкознание» Linguistics Series № 5 (2009) Москва Moscow 2009 Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 1 (2009) Москва 2009 Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian State University for the Humanities Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 1 (2009) Moscow 2009 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. Акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М.: Изд-во РГГУ, 2009. ― № 1. ― xii + 164 с. ― (Вестник РГГУ: Ежемесяч- ный научный журнал; Серия «Языкознание»; № 5). Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Russian State University for the Humanities; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow: RSUH Publishers, 2009. ― Nº 1. ― xii + 164 p.. ― (RSUH Bulletin: Scientific Monthly; Linguistics Series; Nº 5). ISSN 1998-6769 http ://journal.nostratic.ru journal@ nostratic.ru Гарнитура Таймс Нью Роман / Times ew Roman™ typeface © 2006 The Monotype Corporation Дополнительные знаки: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Add-on symbols by S. G. Bolotov Компьютерная верстка: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Typeset by S. G. Bolotov © 2008 ISSN 1998676-9 9 771998 676003 ote from the Editors Dear friends and colleagues! It is a great pleasure for us to finally be able to present the first issue of our brand new “Journal of Language Relationship”. The Journal, jointly issued by the Russian State University for the Humani- ties and the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Science, is a peer-reviewed edition that will be published on a semi-yearly basis and, as its title implies, will be fully dedicated to issues of establishing, verifying, and clarifying various aspects of genetic relationship between the world’s languages and language groups. -
Abecedario Lettering Pdf
Abecedario lettering pdf Continue Vectors Photos Psd Icons Vectors Photos Psd Icons Training, how to pronounce the Spanish alphabet, or abecedario, easy! Most letters have only one sound, making their pronunciation quite simple. The table below shows the letters in abecedario, along with their Spanish name (s), as well as some tips on pronunciation them alone and in combination with other letters. Pronouncing the Spanish alphabet This letter sounds like the sound you use to express the realization in English: this one! This letter often sounds like English b. Especially when it happens between two vowels, it is pronounced with lips without touching, just like the Spanish V. You can also hear it called larga, be grand to be de burro. This letter often sounds like English k. Before e or i, it sounds like s (or th in thick in many parts of Spain.) Although it is not considered a letter anymore RAE, it sounds like a ch in cheese. This letter sounds just like English d, except you have to place the tongue against the upper teeth and not the roof of your mouth when pronouncing it. It often sounds like th in English then, especially when it comes between two vowels. This letter sounds like yes the sound you make when asking for clarification or agreement in English: Eh? What did you say? This letter sounds like an English F. This letter usually sounds just like English g. Before e or i, it sounds like harsh English h. It's very similar to J in Spanish. In general, this letter is silent.