Classes Lexicais E Gramaticalização: Adjetivos Em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas

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Classes Lexicais E Gramaticalização: Adjetivos Em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Letras Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Brasília Distrito Federal 2015 Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Linguística Línguas Clássicas e Português do Instituto de Le- tras da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Heloisa M. M. L. de A. Salles Marcus Vinicius de Lira Ferreira Classes Lexicais e Gramaticalização: Adjetivos em Línguas Geneticamente Não Relacionadas Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Linguística Línguas Clássicas e Português do Instituto de Le- tras da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística. Aprovada em: _______________________________________________________________ Banca Examinadora Profa. Dra. Heloisa Maria Moreira Lima de A. Salles – LIP/UnB Prof. Dr. Aroldo Leal Andrade – UNICAMP/FAPESP Profa. Dra. Helena Guerra Vicente – LIP/UnB Prof. Dr. Marcus Vinicius da Silva Lunguinho – LIP/UnB Profa. Dra. Walkiria Neiva Praça – LIP/UnB Profa. Dra. Rozana Reigota Naves – LIP/UnB 「 薫 人 へ 間 は 、 自 由 と い う 刑 に 処 せ ら れ て い る 」 i Agradecimentos 55 meses. 60 línguas. 197 referências. E, até agora, 3 endoscopias... Que valeram a pena! Foi um doutorado bastante atípico – começado após voltar de férias num Japão que pas- sou (comigo lá!) pelo quarto maior terremoto já registrado, por um maremoto, e pelo pior aci- dente nuclear da história do país; e terminado numa sexta-feira treze calma em Brasília (até porque, se formos comparar com o início, venhamos e convenhamos é difícil pensar numa situação que não seja calma!). Se eu precisasse passar por quase tudo isso de novo (tirando o terremoto que já foi desnecessário de início), só pela experiência de repassar por tudo que vivi nesses quase cinco anos, eu toparia sem nenhuma hesitação... Tá, eu teria sim alguma hesita- ção, mas só porque quero fazer outras pesquisas e aprender mais. Isso porque, mais do que qualquer coisa, pude receber a ajuda de várias pessoas que me fizeram crescer bastante (tanto como pessoa e fisicamente, já que tenho vinte quilos a mais hoje do que em 2011). E eu gostaria de agradecer a todas elas. Antes de mais nada, eu não poderia deixar de agradecer a minha primeira família: Meu pai, que me comprou o computador no qual estou escrevendo estas palavras e ia pro CEASA sempre se certificar de que eu tinha frutas, queijo, e tofu; minha mãe, que me deu de presente o Kobo no qual li vários dos livros que citei aqui (e e-mails super interessantes sobre “pilates para o cérebro” e “como dobrar meias”); minha irmã, por me fazer café sempre que eu ia visi- tar; e meu irmão, por cuidar do meu gato sempre que eu precisava viajar. O que me lembra de que eu preciso agradecer também a minha nova família! À Kim, que me ensinou que não preciso de tatuagens agora que tenho tantos arranhões e mordidas nos braços (e depois ela ainda me vem ronronando como quem não fez nada!) e, acima de tudo, à minha esposa Kaoru. E nisso, gostaria de tirar um tempo para explicar o porquê. Ao longo desses quase 12 anos, mudei bastante minha maneira de ver o mundo, e tudo graças à possibilidade de também poder ver o mundo através dos olhos dela. Se eu decidi por fazer tipologia e sempre fazer contas para conferir se o que eu estava procurando (ou lendo) fazia sentido, é porque ela sempre soube me avisar que minhas precisavam de uma base firme e eu precisava saber na prática o que diabos eu estava pensando depois de divagar tanto com Feyerabend e Wittgenstein (entendo perfeitamente como eles foram de cientista e engenheiro para filósofos). Meus melhores amigos me recomendaram ótimos livros – a minha esposa me recomendou uma filosofia inteira. Durante o tempo em que estivemos longe, ler Peirce, James e Dewey foi uma maneira de poder lembrar sempre dos conselhos mais importantes que ela me deu ao longo desse tempo. ii Na UnB, gostaria de agradecer a minha orientadora, por me ajudar apesar de todo o traba- lho que eu dei, e meus colegas do LET (Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução) onde mal posso esperar para poder oficializar minha entrada como professor. E eu preciso agradecer a Capes pela bolsa durante a maior parte do meu doutorado porque, afinal de contas, se eu sobrevivi durante esse tempo todo, foi em boa parte graças à querida agência de fomento. A lista de amigos a quem eu devo agradecer não mudou muito do mestrado para cá. Ain- da assim, agradeço novamente à companhia ao Rafael Ono durante várias madrugadas ao lon- go desse tempo – e, falando em companhia, eu tenho que agradecer de com força a Erika Sathler Guerra, que de tão companheira, teve a defesa marcada para o mesmo dia que o meu. Também não poderia deixar de mencionar a Nai Sano também que, também durante várias madrugadas, me ensinou bastante coisa (se alguém, além dela estiver lendo isso aqui, você sabe como se dá a metamorfose de uma borboleta? Pois é, não é como você está pensando!). E também não poderia deixar de agradecer aquelas pessoas com quem aprendi muito e que não estão entre nós... Porque estão fazendo intercâmbio mundo afora. Valeu, Evelyn Yuri Futura, pelas dicas de design; Patrícia Sanae Sujii, pelo convite para publicar naquela revista online (ainda termino aquele artigo, prometo!) e por toda a ajuda na área de biologia; e Paula Yumi Hirozawa por me confirmar dizendo que “sim, Lira, faz sentido!” toda vez que eu per- guntava se alguma coisa na área de psicologia era o que eu achava que era. De fato, era. Ufa! Além disso, eu simplesmente tenho que agradecer à equipe do Fran’s Café por todo o ca- fé, do Molen Cafés Especiais pelo café, do Emporium Roma pelo chocolate frio e pelo café, do Waku Sese em Manaus pelo café, da doceria do ICC pelo café (e pelas canecas!), e tam- bém do Outback Steakhouse e do Capital Steakhouse pelo refri. Quem dera tivessem café. Finally, I could not possibly forget to thank those people around the world who have helped me throughout the years. Firstly, I should like to thank Heiko Narrog, a former-would- be advisor who has always been kind and inspiring to me. Also, I have been really lucky to have been inspired and helped by Bernd Heine in Germany and, in spite of a failed attempt to visit the University of Amsterdam, Olga Fischer, Roland Norsk, and Jamey Tang. Oh, and dank je wel for both the help with the tickets and the mixtapes, Jamey! You’re totes my #1 DJ (even if I listen to all that hectic drum’n’bass most of the time). E não poderia deixar de agradecer a você também pore star lendo esta dissertação. Afinal, não faria sentido algum fazer esse trabalho se não fosse pela utilidade que um dia talvez ele venha a ter para outros pesquisadores. iii Resumo Diferentes de outras categorias lexicais como substantivos e verbos, que são, com raras e controversas declarações ao contrário, encontradas em todas as línguas, adjetivos são um tan- to problemáticos no sentido em que há línguas em que autores dizem que eles não existem (como em Yup’ik Central do Alasca) e línguas em que as descrições identificam não só uma, mas múltiplas categorias de adjetivo (em japonês, por exemplo). Suas propriedades sintáticas também diferem substancialmente em diferentes línguas, tornando ainda mais difícil prover uma explicação satisfatória de quais são suas propriedades e o que exatamente eles são. Tendo analisado as descrições de sessenta línguas numa amostra controlada para afiliação genética e proximidade areal, esse levantamento funcional tipológico dividiu as palavras identificadas como adjetivo, ou encontradas na função atributiva quando adjetivos não foram encontrados, em grupos distintos de acordo com suas propriedades morfossintáticas e buscou correlaciona- las com as diferentes propriedades das línguas, assim como seu relacionamento com substan- tivos e verbos na língua. Entre os resultados, sobressai-se o fato de que apenas quatro das lín- guas investigadas apresentam mais de uma classe de adjetivo: Cavineña (América do Sul), Japonês (Eurásia), Manange (Sudeste Asiático e Oceania) e Mani (África). Caberá aprofundar a investigação das propriedades dessas línguas a fim de explicar o isolamento desse fenômeno em relação às línguas examinadas. Palavras-chave: Adjetivos; Função Atributiva; Levantamento Tipológico; Categorias Le- xicais; Tipologia Funcional iv Abstract Unlike other lexical categories such as nouns and verbs, which are, with very few contro- versial claims to the contrary, found in all languages, adjectives are quite problematic in the sense that while there are languages in which authors claim they are lacking (such as Central Alaskan Yup’ik), there are also language descriptions that identify not just one, but multiple adjective classes (in Japanese, for instance). Its syntactic properties also differ substantially across different languages, making it all the more difficult to devise a satisfactory explanation of what its properties are and what exactly it is. Having analysed the grammatical descriptions of sixty languages in a sample controlled for genetic affiliation and areal proximity, this func- tional typological survey has divided the different words labelled as adjective, or found in the attributive function when adjectives were not found, into distinct groups according to its mor- phosyntactic properties and sought correlations between them and the different properties of the languages, along with its relationship with nouns and verbs in the language.
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