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Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Shan – Bamar – Buddhist – Military Officers – Maymyo – 1988 Uprising – SLORC – Courts – Written Notices – Bribery
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: MMR34750 Country: Myanmar Date: 19 May 2009 Keywords: Burma (Myanmar) – Shan – Bamar – Buddhist – Military officers – Maymyo – 1988 Uprising – SLORC – Courts – Written notices – Bribery This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. What is the status of the Shan and Bamar ethnic groups? 2. Is being a Buddhist consistent with being a military officer in the late 80’s/early 90’s? 3. Did the uprising in 1988 involve the town of May Myo and did it involve families of the military? 4. What is the SLORC? 5. Do courts, both civil and military issue written notices of charges issued to accused people and are written notices issued in respect of sentences handed down? 6. Do the military release people sentenced for long terms on the basis of being paid bribes? RESPONSE 1. What is the status of the Shan and Bamar ethnic groups? The ‘Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2007’ written by the Human Rights Documentation Unit of the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, a government-in-exile outside Burma, indicates that the Shan ethnic group is one of “the eight main ethnic families in Burma.” The yearbook also indicates that the Bamar ethnic minority is on “the SPDC [State Peace and Development Council] list of the 134 ‘officially’ recognized ethnic minorities from the eight main ethnic families in Burma.” The Bamar ethnic minority is one of the nine ethnic minorities from the Burman ethnic group. -
Security Integration in Myanmar Past Experiences and Future Visions
DISCUSSION PAPER Security integration in Myanmar Past experiences and future visions May 2017 Security integration in Myanmar Past experiences and future visions MAY 2017 About the Authors The lead author of this report was Kim Jolliffe, with additional input from John Bainbridge and Ivan Campbell. Kim Jolliffe is an independent researcher, analyst and resource person specialising in security, conflict and international aid in Myanmar. Since 2009, Kim has conducted research on Myanmar’s conflicts, armed actors and security challenges from a variety of angles. He has been working with Saferworld in Myanmar since 2013. John Bainbridge is Saferworld’s Myanmar Country Manager, based in Yangon. Ivan Campbell is a Senior Conflict and Security Adviser with Saferworld, based in London. Acknowledgements The research for this report was conducted by Kim Jolliffe in response to a request from Saferworld’s Myanmar programme. It has been managed and edited by John Bainbridge and Ivan Campbell, who advised on content, co-wrote and contributed to different sections of the paper. The paper also benefited greatly from a review by Martin Smith. Saferworld programme staff in Myanmar, Saw Lin Chel and Khin Thet San, also contributed to conceptualisation of the research, as did Matt Walsh, an independent consultant. The report was copy edited by Jatinder Padda, Ilya Jones and Jessica Summers. It was designed by Jane Stevenson. © Saferworld, May 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this publication. -
Zou Phonology Ch
Zou Phonology Ch. Yashawanta Singh & Lukram Himmat Department of Linguistics Manipur University, Canchipur Abstract Zou language is spoken in the Churachandpur and Chandel Districts, about 65 km. away from Imphal, towards the south west of Manipur and the Chin State and Sagaing Division of Myanmar (Burma). The data is collected from Zou Veng of Churachandpur District, India. It is geographically not too far from Imphal. This paper makes an attempt to discuss the phonological systems of Zou. Seven vowel phonemes i.e. /i, e, o, u, a, and ə/, and eight diphthongs have identified. Twenty-two consonant phonemes are identified. All the consonant phonemes except /w/ and /y/ can occur the initial position. All the vowels and consonants are established on the basis of minimal pairs (contrast). Consonant clusters can occur in initial, position. Introduction Zou is spoken in Churachandpur and Chandel Districts of Manipur. This paper makes an attempt to discuss the phonological systems of Zou. Seven vowel phonemes i.e. /i, e, o, u, a, and ə/, and eight diphthongs have identified. Twenty-two consonant phonemes are identified. All the consonant phonemes except /w/ and /y/ can occur in the initial position. The consonant phoneme /t/ is unique. All the vowels and consonants are established on the basis of minimal pairs (contrast). Consonant clusters can occur in initial. Zou has six syllabic patterns i.e. V, VC, CV, CVC, CCV, and CVCC. Minimal Pairs of Vowels Zou has 7 vowels, i.e. /i, e, o, u, and ə/. They are established on the basis of minimal pair (contrast). -
Senior General Min Aung Hlaing Addresses the Parade Held in Honour of the Graduation Ceremony of 58Th Intake of Defense Services Academy
3 December 2016 NATIONAL 9 Senior General Min Aung Hlaing addresses the Parade held in Honour of the Graduation Ceremony of 58th intake of Defense Services Academy Senior General Min Aung Hlaing receives salute of graduating cadets at Defence Services Academy in PyinOoLwin. PHOTO: C-IN-C’S OFFICE SENIOR General Min Aung Myint Maung, Chief Minister fense Services Academy, foreign is standing firmly on its six-point regulations of the defence services. Hlaing, Commander-in-Chief of of Mandalay Region, General ambassadors, diplomats, invited policy on restoring genuine and There is only one army in every the Defense Services addressed Mya Tun Oo , Chief of Gener- guests and parents of the cadets. sustainable peace and it is im- country and the Tatmadaw is per- the parade held in honour of the al Staff(Army, Navy, Air) and Commander-in-Chief of the portant for ethnic armed groups forming its duties of protecting the graduation ceremony of 58th In- wife, Admiral Tin Aung San, Defense Services took the salute, to abide by the provisions of the country. Then the senior general take of Defense Service Acade- Commander-in-Chief(Navy) and inspecting the cadets. Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement received the salute of the gradu- my held at the parade ground in wife, General Khin Aung Myint, Afterward, C-in-C of De- and to sign the truce. Myanmar is ating cadet. Pyin Oo Lwin, at 7:30 am on De- Commander-in-Chief (Air) and fense Service presented awards a country of various national races Later , the senior general met cember 2. -
The Burmese Labyrinth the Burmese Labyrinth a History of the Rohingya Tragedy
The Burmese Labyrinth The Burmese Labyrinth A History of the Rohingya Tragedy Carlos Sardiña Galache First published by Verso 2020 © Carlos Sardiña Galache 2020 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted The maps on pages vi and vii are reproduced with permission from New Left Review, where they first appeared in Mary Callahan’s “Myanmar’s Perpetual Junta.” 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-321-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-320-5 (LIBRARY) ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-322-9 (UK EBK) ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-323-6 (US EBK) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Minion Pro by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Contents Maps Note on Burmese Terms Introduction: Trapped in the Burmese Labyrinth Part I ‘Discipline-Flourishing Democracy’ 1. The Transition 2. The War in the ‘Green Hell’ 3. Days of Fury in Arakan 4. ‘We Will Build a Fence With Our Bones if Necessary’ 5. The Counted and the Excluded 6. The Burmese Cage Part II History and Its Traces 7. The Worlds of Precolonial ‘Burma’ 8. Burma Under the British 9. -
CHAPTER 3 Myanmar Security Trend and Outlook:Tatmadaw in a New
CHAPTER 3 Myanmar Security Trend and Outlook: Tatmadaw in a New Political Environment Tin Maung Maung Than Introduction In March 2016, the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF), or Myanmar Defence Services (MDS) which goes by the name “Tatmadaw (Royal Force),” supported the smooth transfer of power from President Thein Sein (whose Union Solidarity and Development Party lost the election) to President Htin Kyaw (nominated by the National League for Democracy that won the election).1 Despite speculations that the winning party and the Tatmadaw would lock horns as the former challenges the constitutionally-guaranteed political role of the military, the two protagonists seemed to have arrived at a modus vivendi that allowed for peaceful coexistence throughout the year. On the other hand, the last quarter of 2016 saw two seriously difficult security challenges that took the MDS by surprise both in terms of ferocity and suddenness. The consequences of the two violent attacks initiated by Muslim insurgents in the western Rakhine State, and an alliance of ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) in the northern Shan State, have gone beyond purely military challenges in view of their sheer complexity involving complicated issues of identity, ethnicity, and historical baggage as well as socio-economic and political grievances. Occurring at the border fo Bangladesh, the Rakhine conflagration, with religious and racial undertones, invited unwanted attention from Muslim countries while the fighting in the north bordering China raised concerns over potential Chinese reaction to serve its national interest. As such, Tatmadaw’s massive response to these challenges came under great scrutiny from the international community in general and human rights advocacy groups in particular. -
Languages of Myanmar
Ethnologue report for Myanmar Page 1 of 20 Languages of Myanmar [See also SIL publications on the languages of Myanmar.] Union of Myanmar, Pyeidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw. Formerly Burma. 42,720,196. Speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages: 28,877,000 or 78% of the population, Daic languages 2,778,900 or 9.6%, Austro- Asiatic languages 1,934,900 or 6.7%, Hmong-Mien languages 6,000 (1991 J. Matisoff). National or official language: Burmese. Literacy rate: 66% to 78%; 78.5% over 15 years old (1991). Also includes Eastern Tamang, Geman Deng, Iu Mien, Malay (21,000), Sylheti, Chinese (1,015,000), people from Bangladesh and India (500,000). Information mainly from F. Lebar, G. Hickey, J. Musgrave 1964; A. Hale 1982; B. Comrie 1987; R. B. Jones 1988; J. Matisoff et al. 1996; D. Bradley 1997; R. Burling ms. (1998). Blind population: 214,440. Deaf population: 2,684,514. Deaf institutions: 1. The number of languages listed for Myanmar is 109. Of those, 108 are living languages and 1 is extinct. Living languages Achang [acn] 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. Alternate names: Anchan, Chung, Atsang, Acang, Ngac'ang, Ngachang, Ngochang, Mönghsa, Tai Sa'. Dialects: Maingtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto- Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information. Akha [ahk] 200,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 449,261. Eastern part of Kengtung Shan State. Also spoken in China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani. -
Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue
7/24/2016 Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue Myanmar LANGUAGES Akeu [aeu] Shan State, Kengtung and Mongla townships. 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Akha [ahk] Shan State, east Kengtung district. 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 563,960. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Ak’a, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. More Information Anal [anm] Sagaing: Tamu town, 10 households. 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern. Comments: Non- indigenous. Christian. More Information Anong [nun] Northern Kachin State, mainly Kawnglangphu township. 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchve, Fuch’ye, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Dialects: Slightly di㨽erent dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported diഡculty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish. Comments: Di㨽erent from Nung (Tai family) of Viet Nam, Laos, and China, and from Chinese Nung (Cantonese) of Viet Nam. -
Clouded Alliance North Korea and Myanmar’S Covert Ties
PROLIFERATION & PROCUREMENT Clouded alliance North Korea and Myanmar’s covert ties The nature of military co-operation between North Korea and Myanmar has come under international scrutiny amid fears of nuclear proliferation activities. Bertil Lintner investigates the historical ties and extent of collaboration between the two pariah regimes. personnel and equipment near the new capital, officials, including four government ministers. Naypyidaw, among other locations. However, al- Following the attack, the Myanmar security au- KEYKEY POINTS POINTSKEY POINTS legations that Pyongyang is providing assistance thorities initiated a huge manhunt to capture the • North Korea and Myanmar have to Myanmar’s ruling junta in installing nuclear bombers. One of them, North Korean Major Zin a history of close ties and military co- research reactors and uranium prospecting at Mo (also known as Jin Mo), was arrested after operation, which has intensified since the various sites in the north of the country appear being spotted swimming across a creek in east countries renewed relations in 2007. far-fetched. Analysis of the reports of nuclear Yangon. Two days later, two North Korean demo- assistance suggests that no substantial nuclear lition specialists, Captain Kang Min-chul and • A leaked report suggests Myanmar is PA/1350631 looking to procure conventional weapons, co-operation has occurred or is likely to for the Captain Kim Chi-o, were discovered hiding on equipment and training from Pyongyang, foreseeable future, with satellite imagery over re- a riverbank. Capt Kim was killed, but Capt Kang but reports of nuclear co-operation remain ported sites corroborating the analysis. was taken into custody. -
Myanmar's Post-Election Landscape
Update Briefing Asia Briefing N°118 Jakarta/Brussels, 7 March 2011 Myanmar’s Post-Election Landscape increased. Restrictions on technical assistance from inter- I. OVERVIEW national financial institutions should also be removed. These bodies should be encouraged to work on pressing concerns The November 2010 elections in Myanmar were not free such as poverty alleviation, social and economic policy and fair and the country has not escaped authoritarian rule. reform, education, and capacity building. Restrictions that Predictably, in such a tightly controlled poll, the regime’s hold back the United Nations Development Programme own Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) (UNDP) and other UN agencies should be lifted. Broad- won a landslide victory leaving the military elite still in based economic sanctions such as those imposed by the control. Together with the quarter of legislative seats re- U.S. on imports and the EU’s denial of trade privileges served for soldiers, this means there will be little political should also go. space for opposition members in parliament. The new government that has been formed, and which will assume A new approach urgently needs to be adopted, one that power in the coming weeks, also reflects the continued provides much greater support for Myanmar’s people and dominance of the old order with the president and one of for the socio-economic reforms that are essential for im- the two vice presidents drawn from its ranks and a num- proving their lives, while convincing the leadership that a ber of cabinet ministers recycled. renormalisation of relations with the West is possible if they embark on a process of significant political reform. -
Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo
Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 A’ou [aou] Iouo China 2 Abai Sungai [abf] Iouo Malaysia 3 Abaza [abq] Iouo Russia, Turkey 4 Abinomn [bsa] Iouo Indonesia 5 Abkhaz [abk] Iouo Georgia, Turkey 6 Abui [abz] Iouo Indonesia 7 Abun [kgr] Iouo Indonesia 8 Aceh [ace] Iouo Indonesia 9 Achang [acn] Iouo China, Myanmar 10 Ache [yif] Iouo China 11 Adabe [adb] Iouo East Timor 12 Adang [adn] Iouo Indonesia 13 Adasen [tiu] Iouo Philippines 14 Adi [adi] Iouo India 15 Adi, Galo [adl] Iouo India 16 Adonara [adr] Iouo Indonesia Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Syria, 17 Adyghe [ady] Iouo Turkey 18 Aer [aeq] Iouo Pakistan 19 Agariya [agi] Iouo India 20 Aghu [ahh] Iouo Indonesia 21 Aghul [agx] Iouo Russia 22 Agta, Alabat Island [dul] Iouo Philippines 23 Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] Iouo Philippines 24 Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] Iouo Philippines 25 Agta, Dupaninan [duo] Iouo Philippines 26 Agta, Isarog [agk] Iouo Philippines 27 Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] Iouo Philippines 28 Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] Iouo Philippines 29 Agta, Pahanan [apf] Iouo Philippines 30 Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] Iouo Philippines 31 Agutaynen [agn] Iouo Philippines 32 Aheu [thm] Iouo Laos, Thailand 33 Ahirani [ahr] Iouo India 34 Ahom [aho] Iouo India 35 Ai-Cham [aih] Iouo China 36 Aimaq [aiq] Iouo Afghanistan, Iran 37 Aimol [aim] Iouo India 38 Ainu [aib] Iouo China 39 Ainu [ain] Iouo Japan 40 Airoran [air] Iouo Indonesia 1 Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 41 Aiton [aio] Iouo India 42 Akeu [aeu] Iouo China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,