Univerza V Ljubljani Filozofska Fakulteta Kritika

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Univerza V Ljubljani Filozofska Fakulteta Kritika UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA KRITIKA OBLASTI V SLOVENSKI IN ŠPANSKI POVOJNI DRAMATIKI Neža Gaberšček Delo je pripravljeno v skladu s Pravilnikom o podeljevanju Prešernovih nagrad študentom, pod mentorstvom red. prof. dr. Branke Kalenić Ramšak in izr. prof. dr. Mateje Pezdirc Bartol. Ljubljana, 2013 POVZETEK Špansko in slovensko povojno obdobje sta minili v znamenju kulturne represije. Gledališče in dramatika sta se v začetnih letih znašli pod strogim cenzurnim nadzorom, ki je skozi leta dobival liberalnejšo podobo, ob koncu režima pa se ponovno zaostril. Medtem ko je bila slovenska gledališka cenzura neuradna, je bila španska uradna. Da bi ustvarjalce puščala v večni negotovosti in tako pridobivala na moči, nobena ni vzpostavila jasnih norm. Ker so državna gledališča sledila togi uradni kulturni politiki, je v obeh državah nastala razvejana mreža eksperimentalnih gledališč. Takrat so španski in slovenski gledališki prostor končno napolnili sodobni evropski tokovi. V obeh državah sta se v povojnem času razvila socialni realizem, drama absurda in ostale novejše gledališke smeri, zanimiva pa je tudi primerjava med slovensko poetično in špansko simbolistično dramo. Ideološko enoumje, ustrahovanje in slab položaj kulturnikov sta mnoge dramatike spodbudila k pisanju kritične dramatike. Da bi prelisičili cenzuro, so nekateri avtorji kritiko zavili v neprebojen plašč metaforike, drugi pa so ostajali eksplicitni. Diplomsko delo se ukvarja z interpretacijo in primerjavo španskih in slovenskih dram, ki so se lotevale kritike enakih področij ali so kritiko izražale na podoben način, to so Las Meninas Antonia Buera Valleja in Disident Arnož in njegovi Draga Jančarja, Antigona Dominika Smoleta in Antígona ¡cerda! Luisa Riaze, En la Ardiente oscuridad Antonia Buera Valleja in Veliki briljantni valček Draga Jančarja, La doble historia del doctor Valmy Antonia Buera Valleja in Dialogi Primoža Kozaka. Primerjava omenjenih španskih in slovenskih dram pokaže, da literatura v času represivnih političnih sistemov odpira podobne probleme: nasilje in ideološko ukalupljanje posameznika v imenu ohranjanja oblastne strukture, prikazovanje umetnika in intelektualca kot družbeno škodljivega ali nepotrebnega, želje umetnika po preseganju ideoloških spon. Ključne besede: povojno gledališče / slovenska gledališka cenzura / španska gledališka cenzura / sodobna slovenska dramatika / sodobna španska dramatika 2 ABSTRACT The Spanish and Slovenian post-war periods were characterised by cultural repression. Theatre was subjected to intense scrutiny of the regime. Censorship evolved during the years and became more liberal in sixties, though once again sharpened when the regime was coming to an end. While Slovenian censorship was unofficial, the Spanish was official. In order to increase their power, the authorities never established clear norms of censorship, thus keeping authors in a constant state of insecurity. Since the state theatres were forced to follow the strict rules of cultural politics, both countries developed a wide network of experimental theatres, introducing contemporary European movements to Slovenian and Spanish theatre. In the post-war period, both countries engaged the theatre of social realism, theatre of the absurd and the rest of the contemporary theatrical movements. Comparing Slovenian poetic drama and Spanish symbolist drama is also interesting. Dramatists were encouraged to write critical theatre by the imposing ideological mindset, constant intimidations and the difficult position in which they found themselves. To outsmart the censorship, some authors wrapped their criticism in a bulletproof vest of metaphors while others remained explicit in their criticism. The thesis deals with interpretation and comparison of Spanish and Slovenian theatre plays that tackled the criticism of the same areas of life or expressed their criticism in a similar way. These works include Antonio Buero Vallejo’s Las Meninas and Drago Jančar’s Disident Arnož in njegovi, Dominik Smole’s Antigona and Luis Riaza’s Antígona ¡cerda!, Antonio Buero Vallejo’s En la Ardiente oscuridad and Drago Jančar’s Veliki briljantni valček, Antonio Buero Vallejo’s La doble historia del doctor Valmy and Primož Kozak’s Dialogi. The comparison of Slovenian and Spanish post-war critical plays indicates that the literature in the period of repression addresses similar issues: the use of violence and ideological molding of individuals in the name of maintaining governmental structure, the representation of an intellectual or an artist as a harmful or useless to the society, the artist's desire of breaking the ideological restraints. Keywords: post-war theatre / theatre censorship in Slovenia / theatre censorship in Spain / Slovenian contemporary theatre / Spanish contemporary theatre 3 ZAHVALA Naj se na začetku zahvalim mentoricama, izr. prof. dr. Mateji Pezdirc Bartol in red. prof. dr. Branki Kalenić Ramšak, za zaupanje v moje ideje, strokovno pomoč in prijazne nasvete. Zahvaljujem se staršem ter babicama in dedkoma za podporo vseh vrst, dober zgled in življenjske nasvete. Zahvaljujem se Simoni za dolge zgodovinsko-politične pogovore. Zahvaljujem se Brini za prijetne kratkočasne klepete. Zahvaljujem se Jaki za spodbudne besede in trdno oporo. Zahvaljujem se Zorku Simčiču in vsem ostalim, ki jim je režim prizadejal, a so kljub temu vztrajali in brez grenkobe odpustili. Njim je to delo tudi posvečeno. 4 KAZALO UVOD ........................................................................................................................................ 7 I POLOŽAJ KULTURE V POVOJNEM OBDOBJU ............................................................. 12 Španska kulturna politika ......................................................................................................... 12 Slovenska kulturna politika ...................................................................................................... 19 Obdobja slovenske in španske kulturne politike ...................................................................... 25 II SLOVENSKO IN ŠPANSKO POVOJNO GLEDALIŠKO ŽIVLJENJE ........................... 28 Dramatika in gledališče za novo državo................................................................................... 28 Špansko gledališče pobega pred družbeno resničnostjo ....................................................... 29 Slovensko gledališče, usmerjeno k socialni resničnosti ....................................................... 32 Državna gledališča pod budnim očesom oblasti ...................................................................... 33 Španski državni gledališči .................................................................................................... 34 Slovenska državna gledališča ............................................................................................... 36 Študentska gledališča ............................................................................................................ 38 Amaterska gledališča ............................................................................................................ 39 Komercialna gledališča ............................................................................................................ 39 Svobodnejša eksperimentalna gledališča ................................................................................. 41 Španska eksperimentalna gledališča ..................................................................................... 42 Slovenska eksperimentalna gledališča .................................................................................. 45 Gledališča na robu kulturnega dogajanja ................................................................................. 47 Sastrovi odri .......................................................................................................................... 47 Underground gledališče (‚Nuevo Teatro Español‘) .............................................................. 48 Krščanski realisti .................................................................................................................. 49 III CENZURA DRAMSKIH DEL IN GLEDALIŠKIH UPRIZORITEV ............................... 50 Uradna in neuradna cenzura ..................................................................................................... 50 Španska gledališka cenzura ...................................................................................................... 51 Slovenska gledališka cenzura ................................................................................................... 56 5 Cenzura gledaliških del in uprizoritev ..................................................................................... 57 Samocenzurni posegi v besedila ........................................................................................... 57 ‚Posibilismo‘ in ‚imposibilismo‘ .......................................................................................... 58 Kritične drame, ki se zaradi eksplicitnosti niso uspele izogniti prepovedi .......................... 60 Kritične drame, ki niso imele težav z uprizoritvijo oziroma objavo .................................... 63 Konec cenzure in možnost svobodnejšega izražanja ............................................................ 65 IV SMERI V SLOVENSKI IN ŠPANSKI POVOJNI DRAMATIKI ..................................... 67 Realistične smeri v dramatiki ..................................................................................................
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