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The Musculoskeletal System Building Bodies  Cells: Made of Molecules Such As Lipids (Fats), Glucose (Sugar), Glycogen (Startch) Proteins Etc

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The Musculoskeletal System Building Bodies  Cells: Made of Molecules Such As Lipids (Fats), Glucose (Sugar), Glycogen (Startch) Proteins Etc The Musculoskeletal System Building Bodies Cells: Made of molecules such as lipids (fats), glucose (sugar), glycogen (startch) proteins etc. These are the basic building blocks creating animal structures. Tissues: Collection of cells organized for a particular function. Ex: skin, muscles Organs: collections of tissues. Ex: Liver Organ system: collection of tissues that work together and have special functions in the body. Organ Systems: Circulatory Skeletal Respiratory Muscular Renal Endocrine Digestive Nervous Reproductive Skeletal + Muscular Systems = Musculoskeletal System Skeletal System: Comprised of bone joined by cartilage and ligaments Provides support for the body and protects the brain & organs Bone is the main component, material inside of bones is marrow which produces blood cells. Muscular System: Made up of muscle tissue to move the body. Functions: 1. Structure 3. Minerals reserve 2. Protection 4. Blood cell production Animal vs. Human Skeleton Humans have a clavicle or COLLAR BONE Differing Rib Pairs: Humans = 12 Cattle = 13+ Poultry = 7 Rabbit = 12 Humans have NO coccygeal vertebrae (tail) Human wrist = animal carpus Human ankle = animal tarpus Human foreman and leg have wider range of motion than animals. Human vs. Animal Skeleton (cont.) Number and placement of teeth: Humans = 32 evenly spaced Cattle = teeth mostly in back, approximately 8 up front Rabbit = all located in front of mouth Dogs = have 2 sets (milk teeth= 24) to 6 months old = 42 Skulls: Bone Structure: Bone Cells: Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Living bone is made up of: 50% water 26% mineral 20% protein 4% fat Dried bone made up of: 70% inorganic minerals- calcium, phosphate for hardness & strength 30% organic components- collagen fibers and cells give elasticity. Bone Structure: Diaphysis: Body of long bone Epipysis: enlarged ends of long bone Metaphysis: joining point between diaphysis and epiphysis Periosteum-Thin protective layer of bone Medullary cavity: space in bone filled with bone marrow Endosteum: thin inner protective layer in the medullary cavity. Bone Structure: Label the Parts of the bone Bone Types: Long: provide support and levers for movement, makes up most of skeleton. Ex: leg and arm bones. Short: found where long bones connect, knee, provide a way to keep long bones apart and minimizes friction. Flat: supply an area of attachment for muscles and protect animals vital organs. Ex: bones in a skull Sesamoid: provide specialized protection such as the kneecap Pneumatic bone: contain air space like the facial sinus cavities. Irregular: serve specialized functions, such as vertebrae, which serve to protect the spinal cord. Bone Types: Diagram of the Bone Directions Diagram Using your supplies you will need to create a diagram of the bone You must label the part AND give a description of its purpose. Include/Label the following parts: Epiphysis (Proximal and distal) Metaphysis Bone Marrow Grading: •Labeling: 15 points Endosteum •Information: 10 points Periosteum •Creativity/Quality: 5 points Diaphysis Total Points: 30 Medullary Cavity Artery Parts of the animal skeleton: Axial skeleton: contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, the parts necessary for organ, nerve and brain protection. Appendicular skeleton: consists of: Pectoral limb- skeletal parts of the front legs and shoulders Pelvic limb – parts of the hind legs pelvic girldle Axial Pelvic Pectoral Parts of the vertebral column (Axial) Cervical = neck Thoracic = chest/body Lumbar: back Sacral = pelvic Coccygeal (caudal) = tail Axial Skeleton 2. Thoracic: always have rib attached and spine on top True, False, Floating Ribs 1. Cervial: There are cervical vertebrae in ALL mammals. 3. Lumbar: Lower back Humans have 7 Carnivores vs. Herbivores How many does a giraffe 4. Sacral: Pelvic Region have??? Fused on ventral side Carnivore vs. Herbavore 5. Coccygeal: Tail Used for balance Larger to smaller Appendicular Skeleton: Bovine Skeleton *Use your worksheet to label the skeletons Feline Skeleton Human Skeleton Skull structure of a horse: Common Fractures: Open (compound): broken bone that penetrates through skin. Closed: does not penetrate through skin Compression: Spine /Vetebral breaks Sress: often seen in athletes from overuse, lower force of break but often Avulsion: injury where tendon or ligament attaches to bone (pulls off bone) Greenstick: incomplete break, side break or bending. Often in young children. Transverse: Complete break without penetrating skin Comminuted: splintered or crushed into pieces Impacted: compressed together, common with hip fractures or by breaking a fall. Connective Tissue: Specialized cells that support and protect the body and its organs. These are embedded in extracellular material produced by connective tissue cells called the MATRIX. Bone: Mineralized cellular tissue Cartilage: cellular tissue Tendons: Connects muscles to bones; Fibrous and composed of collagen Ligaments: Connects bone to bone; Fibrous and contains ELASTIN which helps in stretching. Adipose tissue: cells filled with lipids (fat) Blood: special connective tissue suspended in matrix called plasma. Joints: Fibrous: joined with dense connective tissue NO movement Called suture in skull Ex: Vertebrae in spine Cartilage: Connected with cartilage Ex: growth plate in young animals which will be replaced with bone or SYMPHYSIS found between pelvis or lower jaw Joints (Cont.) Synovial joints: Truly moveable joints Made up of dense layer of bone Covered with layer of Articular Cartilage Enclosed in joint capsule Lubricated with Sunovial fluids (carries nutrients) Some have a Meniscus: hard cartilage pad which cushions the bone ends. Pivot Joints found in Neck and Forearm Ball & Socket found in hips and shoulders Hinge: found in apendage HINGE Ball and Socket Types of Muscle: Skeletal: voluntary muscle, attaches to the skeleton to allow for motion. Controlled by nerves Smooth: involuntary muscle, located in hollow organs such as Gastrointestinal tract, bladder and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle, found in the heart Note: Involuntary muscles function at ALL times Muscle cells, aka MYOFIBERS organize into parallel rows. Types of muscle (cont.) How muscles “move it move it” Nerve cells (neurons) simulate contraction through myofilaments Nerve impulse stimulates release of calcium that is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum Calcium flow causes filaments to slide across each other While relaxing, calcium is transported back to endoplasmic reticulum. This whole process require energy (ATP) Muscle and Neuron Structure: Neuron Structure: Dendrites: tree-like extensions. Help increase surface area covered with synapse which receive information. Axon: elongated fiber that transmits neural signal Cell Body: Makes proteins and uses energy for growth Myelin sheath: protective layer around axons Terminals: Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Handmade Neuron: (INDIVIDUAL) Using pipe-cleaners, create the structure of a Neuron. Label and describe the following: -Dendrites -Cell Body -Myelin -Axon -Terminals How does muscle become meat??? Immobilization: render the animal unconscious Exsanguination: removal of animals blood Rigor Mortis: muscles stiffen after death. Occurs because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium back. No energy = no relaxation of muscles = rigor mortis Grading: Yield and Quality Cutting: Cut into wholesale and retail cuts Muscle Contraction and Rigor Mortis Marbling: (Quality Grade).
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