The Musculoskeletal System Building Bodies  Cells: Made of molecules such as lipids (fats), glucose (sugar), glycogen (startch) proteins etc. These are the basic building blocks creating animal structures.  Tissues: Collection of cells organized for a particular function. Ex: skin, muscles  Organs: collections of tissues. Ex: Liver  Organ system: collection of tissues that work together and have special functions in the body. Organ Systems: Circulatory Skeletal Respiratory Muscular Renal Endocrine Digestive Nervous Reproductive Skeletal + Muscular Systems = Musculoskeletal System  Skeletal System:  Comprised of bone joined by cartilage and ligaments  Provides support for the body and protects the brain & organs  Bone is the main component, material inside of bones is marrow which produces blood cells.  Muscular System:  Made up of muscle tissue to move the body.  Functions:  1. Structure 3. Minerals reserve  2. Protection 4. Blood cell production Animal vs. Human Skeleton

 Humans have a clavicle or COLLAR BONE  Differing Rib Pairs:  Humans = 12  Cattle = 13+  Poultry = 7  Rabbit = 12  Humans have NO coccygeal vertebrae (tail)  Human wrist = animal carpus  Human ankle = animal tarpus  Human foreman and leg have wider range of motion than animals. Human vs. Animal Skeleton (cont.)

 Number and placement of teeth:  Humans = 32 evenly spaced  Cattle = teeth mostly in back, approximately 8 up front  Rabbit = all located in front of mouth  Dogs = have 2 sets (milk teeth= 24) to 6 months old = 42 Skulls: Bone Structure:  Bone Cells:  Osteoblasts  Osteocytes  Osteoclasts  Living bone is made up of:  50% water  26% mineral  20% protein  4% fat  Dried bone made up of:  70% inorganic minerals- calcium, phosphate for hardness & strength  30% organic components- collagen fibers and cells give elasticity. Bone Structure:  Diaphysis: Body of long bone  Epipysis: enlarged ends of long bone  Metaphysis: joining point between diaphysis and epiphysis  Periosteum-Thin protective layer of bone  Medullary cavity: space in bone filled with bone marrow  Endosteum: thin inner protective layer in the medullary cavity. Bone Structure:

Label the Parts of the bone Bone Types:

 Long: provide support and levers for movement, makes up most of skeleton. Ex: leg and arm bones.  Short: found where long bones connect, knee, provide a way to keep long bones apart and minimizes friction.  Flat: supply an area of attachment for muscles and protect animals vital organs. Ex: bones in a skull  Sesamoid: provide specialized protection such as the kneecap  Pneumatic bone: contain air space like the facial sinus cavities.  Irregular: serve specialized functions, such as vertebrae, which serve to protect the spinal cord. Bone Types: Diagram of the Bone Directions Diagram  Using your supplies you will need to create a diagram of the bone  You must label the part AND give a description of its purpose.  Include/Label the following parts:  Epiphysis (Proximal and distal)  Metaphysis  Bone Marrow Grading: •Labeling: 15 points  Endosteum •Information: 10 points  Periosteum •Creativity/Quality: 5 points  Diaphysis Total Points: 30  Medullary Cavity  Artery Parts of the animal skeleton:  Axial skeleton: contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, the parts necessary for organ, nerve and brain protection.  Appendicular skeleton: consists of:  Pectoral limb- skeletal parts of the front legs and shoulders  Pelvic limb – parts of the hind legs pelvic girldle

Axial

Pelvic Pectoral Parts of the vertebral column (Axial)  Cervical = neck

 Thoracic = chest/body

 Lumbar: back

 Sacral = pelvic

 Coccygeal (caudal) = tail Axial Skeleton  2. Thoracic: always have rib attached and spine on top  True, False, Floating Ribs  1. Cervial: There are cervical vertebrae in ALL mammals.  3. Lumbar: Lower back  Humans have 7  Carnivores vs. Herbivores

How many does a giraffe  4. Sacral: Pelvic Region have???  Fused on ventral side  Carnivore vs. Herbavore

 5. Coccygeal: Tail  Used for balance  Larger to smaller Appendicular Skeleton: Bovine Skeleton *Use your worksheet to label the skeletons Feline Skeleton Human Skeleton Skull structure of a horse:

Common Fractures:  Open (compound): broken bone that penetrates through skin.  Closed: does not penetrate through skin  Compression: Spine /Vetebral breaks  Sress: often seen in athletes from overuse, lower force of break but often  Avulsion: injury where tendon or ligament attaches to bone (pulls off bone)  Greenstick: incomplete break, side break or bending. Often in young children.  Transverse: Complete break without penetrating skin  Comminuted: splintered or crushed into pieces  Impacted: compressed together, common with hip fractures or by breaking a fall. Connective Tissue:

 Specialized cells that support and protect the body and its organs. These are embedded in extracellular material produced by connective tissue cells called the MATRIX.

 Bone: Mineralized cellular tissue  Cartilage: cellular tissue  Tendons: Connects muscles to bones; Fibrous and composed of collagen  Ligaments: Connects bone to bone; Fibrous and contains ELASTIN which helps in stretching.  Adipose tissue: cells filled with lipids (fat)  Blood: special connective tissue suspended in matrix called plasma. Joints:  Fibrous:  joined with dense connective tissue  NO movement  Called suture in skull  Ex: Vertebrae in spine  Cartilage:  Connected with cartilage  Ex: growth plate in young animals which will be replaced with bone or SYMPHYSIS found between pelvis or lower jaw Joints (Cont.)  Synovial joints:  Truly moveable joints  Made up of dense layer of bone  Covered with layer of Articular Cartilage  Enclosed in joint capsule  Lubricated with Sunovial fluids (carries nutrients)  Some have a Meniscus: hard cartilage pad which cushions the bone ends.

Pivot Joints found in Neck and Forearm Ball & Socket found in hips and shoulders Hinge: found in apendage HINGE

Ball and Socket

Types of Muscle:

 Skeletal: voluntary muscle, attaches to the skeleton to allow for motion. Controlled by nerves

 Smooth: involuntary muscle, located in hollow organs such as Gastrointestinal tract, bladder and blood vessels.

 Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle, found in the heart

 Note:  Involuntary muscles function at ALL times  Muscle cells, aka MYOFIBERS organize into parallel rows. Types of muscle (cont.) How muscles “move it move it”   Nerve cells (neurons) simulate contraction through myofilaments

 Nerve impulse stimulates release of calcium that is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum  Calcium flow causes filaments to slide across each other

 While relaxing, calcium is transported back to endoplasmic reticulum.

 This whole process require energy (ATP) Muscle and Neuron Structure: Neuron Structure:  Dendrites: tree-like extensions. Help increase surface area covered with synapse which receive information.  Axon: elongated fiber that transmits neural signal  Cell Body: Makes proteins and uses energy for growth  Myelin sheath: protective layer around axons  Terminals: Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Handmade Neuron: (INDIVIDUAL)  Using pipe-cleaners, create the structure of a Neuron.  Label and describe the following: -Dendrites -Cell Body -Myelin -Axon -Terminals How does muscle become meat???  Immobilization: render the animal unconscious  Exsanguination: removal of animals blood

 Rigor Mortis: muscles stiffen after death.  Occurs because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium back. No energy = no relaxation of muscles = rigor mortis

 Grading:  Yield and Quality  Cutting: Cut into wholesale and retail cuts Muscle Contraction and Rigor Mortis

Marbling: (Quality Grade)