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Gene and Protein Expression Profile of Naive and Osteo-Chondrogenically Differentiated Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

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Gene and Protein Expression Profile of Naive and Osteo-Chondrogenically Differentiated Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells 745-755 23/4/2009 01:08 ÌÌ Page 745 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE 23: 745-755, 2009 745 Gene and protein expression profile of naive and osteo-chondrogenically differentiated rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells SUSANNE GRÄSSEL1, NAZISH AHMED2, CLAUDIA GÖTTL1 and JOACHIM GRIFKA3 1Experimental Orthopedics, Centre for Biotechnology, BioPark I, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; 2Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3 Department of Orthopedics, University of Regensburg, Kaiser Karl V Allee 3, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany Received December 5, 2008; Accepted February 12, 2009 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm_00000188 Abstract. Adult mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are lysate of MPCs according to their differentiation commitment. adherent stromal cells of non-haematopoietic origin derived Identification of differentially expressed genes and proteins from bone marrow and other tissues. Upon limited in vitro along the osteo-chondrogenic lineage provides a foundation expansion, they retain their self-renewal capacity as well as for a more reproducible and reliable quality and differentiation their potential to differentiate into tissues of mesenchymal control of rat bone marrow-derived MPCs used for osteo- lineage, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and connective chondrogenic differentiation studies. tissues. Amongst these tissues, cartilage is the only one with insufficient self-renewal capacity, thus MPCs would qualify as Introduction an excellent tool for therapeutic regeneration of focal cartilage lesions. However, optimal in vitro manipulation of MPCs is Adult mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) also known as a prerequisite; identification and a better understanding of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are precursors of the tissues molecular mechanisms regulating their differentiation of mesenchymal lineage. These osteo-chondroprogenitor pathways are needed. Despite wide usage of rats as a MPCs reside as part of the stroma in the medullary cavity of mammalian experimental model for preclinical fracture the bone (1) and make up ~0.1% of the bone marrow cellular healing and orthopaedic tissue regeneration studies, basal population which is otherwise dominated by haematopoietic gene and protein expression profiles of the osteo-chondrogenic cells. In vitro expansion of bone marrow cells leads to differentiation lineages of adult rat MPCs have rarely been separation of the stromal MPCs based on their capacity of investigated. Therefore, this study was carried out for a adherence to the plastic surface of tissue culture vessels. Upon quantitative RT-PCR based time-course profiling of osteo- and limited expansion these cells retain not only their self-renewal chondrogenesis related gene expression in undifferentiated and capacity, but also their differentiation competence (2). This differentiated rat adult MPCs. In addition, with an antibody intrinsic competence is invoked under controlled nutritional array analysis TIMP-1, MCP-1 and VEGF·-164 were detected and mechanical conditions to differentiate MPCs into bone, in the culture supernatant and CINC-2 and ß-NGF in the cell cartilage, muscle, tendon and connective tissue cells (3). MPCs have already shown promise for ex vivo regenerative medicine _________________________________________ such as treatment of large bone defects (1,4,5-7) and focal cartilage lesions (8-10). Lack of precise molecular definition and common standards Correspondence to: Dr Susanne Grässel, Department of Orthopedic for initial cell preparations are major obstacles for MPC-based Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, ZMB/BioPark 1, Josef- research and application. Nevertheless, genetic profiling of Engertstrasse 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany human MPCs for trans-differentiation capacities has shown E-mail: [email protected] differential gene expression according to origin and commitment status of MPCs (11). In contrast, very little is Abbreviations: MPCs, mesenchymal progenitor cells; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases; MMP, matrix metalloproteases; known about the genomic and proteomic profile of MPCs from VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor; other species which may qualify as osteo-chondroprogenitor MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; CINC, cytokine-induced cells. Mammalian animal models, like rat, share many aspects neutrophil chemoattractant; NGF, nerve growth factor; Ihh, Indian of the human genomic, cellular and immunological structures. hedgehog; TGF, transforming growth factor; COMP, cartilage Several inbred strains are available; parallel to the small size, oligomeric matrix protein; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; IFN, rapid development of the animals and high experimental interferon; IL, interleukin; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein reproducibility are advantages of employing rat MPCs for in vitro studies. Rats are routinely used for fracture healing Key words: mesenchymal progenitor cells, rat, osteogenic, studies, which is a specialized post-natal repair process that chondrogenic, profiling recapitulates embryological skeletal development (12). Besides 745-755 23/4/2009 01:08 ÌÌ Page 746 746 GRÄSSEL et al: GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILE OF MPCs studies using genetically engineered MPCs to analyse their rat CD45 (CBL 1502, Chemicon, Germany), rat CD49a (SM effects on healing critical sized fractures (13,14), many reports 805P, Acris, Germany), rat CD71 (#554890) and rat CD106 exist which analyse factors affecting fracture healing and (#559165) (both BD Bioscience Pharmingen, USA). The osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells residing in the CD45-negative, unlabelled fraction was used for further callus during endochondral ossification in the rat model differentiation studies while the CD45-positive, labelled (15-18). Importantly, rats are additionally employed for fraction was discarded. osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation studies of bone marrow derived or synovial MPCs (19-21). In order to elucidate Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MPCs. For molecular signalling pathways during fracture healing, a tran- chondrogenesis, cells were cultured for up to 21 days in high scriptional profiling of temporal gene expression rates during density 3-D alginate bead cultures. To prepare the culture callus maturation was performed in the rat model. Here, RNA 107 cells/ml were suspended in 1.2% alginate. The cell-alginate was isolated from total callus tissue which contained a mixture amalgam was dropped into 102 mM CaCl2 solution via a of not well defined cells in various differentiation stages (22). syringe which resulted in a formation of beads with a However, genomic and proteomic profiling of rat CD45- diameter of 2-3 mm containing ~105 cells/bead. Beads were depleted MPCs during progression along the osteogenic/ cultured in 2.3 ml chondrogenic medium in 12-well tissue chondrogenic differentiation pathway is either incomplete or culture plates. Ten alginate beads per culture set up were unavailable. used for RNA isolation and gene expression analysis. Cells Therefore, this study undertook mRNA level profiling of were released from alginate by incubation at 37˚C for 30 min selected genes in undifferentiated adult rat MPCs defined as in 55 mM sodium citrate and 0.15 M sodium chloride buffer baseline gene expression profile. Changes in gene regulation followed by cell recovery with a 3 min spin at 750 x g. were then evaluated in an in vitro time-course study during Chondrogenic medium contained, ITS+ premix 6.25 μg/ml osteo-chondrogenic differentiation. insulin, 6.25 ng/ml selenium acid, 6.25 μg/ml transferrin, Additionally, a protein profile of selected growth factors 1.25 mg/ml BSA and 5.35 μg/ml linoleic acid (BD and cytokines generated from undifferentiated MPCs was Biosciences), 110 μg/ml pyruvate, 40 μg/ml proline, 0.1 μM compared with that of cells which were differentiated along dexamethasone, 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid and 10 ng/ml TGFß-3 osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. (24) (R&D Systems) in ·-MEM high glucose medium (Gibco, Establishing a differential, temporal gene and protein Invitrogen). Alginate sodium salts were acquired from Sigma expression profile allowed identification of markers suitable Aldrich. For osteogenesis, 2.5x105 cells/well were cultured for for monitoring progression of rat MPCs along the osteogenic up to 21 days in 6-well culture plates as monolayer in osteo- and chondrogenic pathway. This knowledge is essential for genic medium containing 10% FCS, 1% pen/strep, 10 nM providing proper and optimized conditions for in vitro dexamethasone, 50 μg/ml ascorbate 2-PO4 and 10 mM ß-Na- differentiation studies of MPCs. glycerophosphate (Sigma Aldrich) in ·-MEM high glucose medium. Materials and methods Immunofluorescence. For immunofluorescence analysis, Preparation of MPCs and cell culture. MPCs were isolated alginate beads were irreversibly polymerized by replacing from rat bone marrow as described earlier (23). Briefly, bone CaCl2 with 100 mM BaCl2 (25). The beads were fixed with marrow was removed from the tibiae and femora of 6-week old 4% paraformaldehyde and after sequential dehydration male Sprague-Dawley rats by centrifugation (800 x g for 3 min embedded in paraffin. Sections (4 μm) were acquired and the in an Eppendorf mini-centrifuge). Homogenized bone marrow deparaffinized and rehydrated sections were used for staining was cultured in 175 cm2 tissue culture flasks in proliferation after
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