DOCSLIB.ORG

School of Physical Education and Sports Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
School of Physical Education and Sports Science ARISTOTELIAN UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI School of Physical Education and Sports Science Bachelor's Thesis: "MYOFASCIAL NETWORK IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND TRAINING" Name: Tsourvakas Konstantinos Supervisor: Papadopoulos Panagiotis PhD Thessaloniki, June 2018 1 ABSTRACT Physical activity can lead people, regardless of age, to a healthier and more quality life. Especially nowadays, that most people follow an intense routine, good physical condition is an essential factor to take care of in order to achieve health and well- being. This project refers to the myofascial system of the human body. It is about a scientific review whose purpose is to highlight the importance of self myofascial release (SMR), to quote the process of SMR through the use of specific tools and methods, and the analysis of its effects to the human body. In the first place, the fascial network of the human body is described, along with the properties, the function and the usefulness of the fascia. Subsequently, the assignment focuses on the significance of self myofascial release for the human body and mostly the way it increases and improves the range of motion. In addition, there is a presentation of SMR's techniques and methods with the application of tools such as foam rollers, roller massagers and tennis balls. The assignment ends up with conclusions and suggestions on further improvement of range of motion. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………….………2 Table of Contents ……………………….......………………………………………...3 1. Introduction...………………………………………………………………..……...4 2. The Fascial System………………………………………………..………………..5 2.1 Definition….…………………………………………………..…………………..5 2.2 Structure….……………………………………………………………..…………5 2.3 Function………………………………………………………………..…………22 3. Importance of training fascia …………….....……………………………………..27 3.1 Principles of training fascia....................................................................................27 3.2 Fascia and elastic recoil.........................................................................................31 4. Fascia Training…………………………………………………………………….33 4.1 Effect of Yoga in fascia training………………..………………………………..33 4.2 Fascia and yoga training………………………………………………………….34 4.3 Fascia and functional training……………………………………………..……..39 4.4 Fascia and plyo training.........................................................................................42 5. The importance of Self Myofascial Release…………………….………………..46 5.1 Definition………………………………………………………………………...46 5.2 Utility……………………………………………………….……………………46 5.3 Benefits………………………………………………………………………….48 6. Tecniques and Methods of Self Myofascial Release……………………………..50 6.1 Foam roller………………………………………………………………………50 6.2 Tennis ball……………………………………………………………………….56 6.3 Roller massager……………………………………………….………………….60 7. Conclusion…………………………………………………..……………………..64 References……………………………………………………..……………………..65 3 1. INTRODUCTION Due to new research results in the past few years, interest in the fascia of the human body has increased. Fascia is virtually inseparable from all structures in the body and acts to create continuity amongst tissues to enhance function and support. In the past fascia was difficult to be studied. As a result, ambiguities were aroused in terminology, which have only recently been addressed. The review of the available literature has lead in deep fascia investigation and the handling of issues related to terminology, descriptions and clinical relevance of fascia. The Fascia Research Society states, “Fascia is the most pervasive, but perhaps least understood network of the human body.” It is a fact, that until recently, the body was considered to be composed of, literally, skin and bones, which supported internal systems such as muscles, organs and the fluids that make up over 60% of the body. Nevertheless, there is also something that keeps all the water and fluid in the body from pooling down. Thomas W. Meyers, of Anatomy Trains, poses that “Individual muscles acting on bones across joints’ simply does not adequately explain human stability and movement.” The answer lies in fascia. Fascia has gone from being something insignificant to being the current biological phenomenon that is receiving great attention from body workers, athletes, medical professionals, alternative practitioners and researchers. In fact, fascia could be the answer to a lot of questions about structure, movement, stability, pain and healing. 4 2. THE FASCIAL SYSTEM 2.1 Definition Fascia is a web of connective tissue formed in bands that wraps around all the internal parts of the body from head to toe. It allows the muscles to move freely alongside other structures and reduces friction. It can be found immediately beneath the skin, around muscles, groups of muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, organs and cells. (“Understanding fascia: the bands that bind us”, August 3, (2016), link: https://deeprecovery.com/understanding-fascia/) Fascia is made up of fibrous connective tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull, just like ligaments, aponeuroses, and tendons,. It is consequently flexible and able to resist great unidirectional tension forces until the wavy pattern of fibers has been straightened out by the pulling force. These collagen fibers are produced by fibroblasts located within the fascia. In other words, fascia is body’s connective tissue network, a biological fabric that binds cells all together in their proper placement. 2.2 Structure According to the layer, fascia can be classified as superficial fascia, deep fascia and visceral or parietal fascia. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia) Superficial fascia Superficial fascia is the lower layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, which primarily determines body’s shape. It consists mainly of loose areolar, and fatty adipose connective tissue and it is also present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the breastbone. Apart from the face, superfascial fascia is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and it serves as a storage medium of fat and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia" It is remarkable that after pregnancy and weight loss, the superficial fascia slowly reverts to its original level of tension. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia) 5 Visceral fascia Visceral fascia (also called subserous fascia) suspends the organs within their cavities and covers them with layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is wrapped in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. • The outer wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer • The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. For example, in the brain, they are known as meninges in the heart they are known as pericardia, in the lungs they are known as pleurae and in the abdomen they are known as peritonea. Visceral fascia is less extensible than superficial fascia. Due to its restraining role of the organs, it needs to maintain its tense. If it is too lax, it contributes to organ protrusion, whereas if it is hypertonic, it restricts proper organ motility. Deep fascia Deep fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds individual muscles, and also divide muscles’ groups into fascial sections. This fascia has a high density of elastin fibre that determines its extensibility or resilience. Deep fascia was originally considered to be essentially non vascular. However, more recent investigations confirmed a significant amount of thin blood vessels. Deep fascia is also supplied with sensory receptors.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia" Examples of deep fascia are fascia lata, fascia cruris, brachial fascia, plantar fascia, thoracolumbar fascia and Buck's fascia.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia"HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia"HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia) Every region of the body has a wide range of different fascial types. The thigh is an example of a body region which contains all four fascial categories: Illiotibial band (Linking), perimysium of the quadriceps femoris muscle (Fascicular), fascia lata (Compression), and subcutaneous tissue (Separating). 6 I. Linking Fascia The linking category is predominantly dense connective tissue with the presence of collagen type I. This includes fasciae of muscles, fasciae of regions (head & neck, trunk, limbs), aponeuroses, tendinous arches and neurovascular sheaths. This category is subdivided into dynamic and passive divisions. The dynamic division includes major fascial groups more significantly related to movement and joint stability. It is composed of fasciae of muscles (investing layer, fascia of individual muscle), and fasciae of the trunk. The passive division is acted on by other extra muscular tissues to maintain continuity throughout the body or form pouches. The passive division incorporates fasciae of muscles (muscle sheaths), fasciae of the head and neck, fasciae of limbs, aponeuroses, tendinous arches, and retinaculae. The passive linking fasciae can only transmit force when they are stretched and loaded. On the other hand, dynamic fasciae can theoretically contract more autonomously
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ICRS Heritage Summit 1
    ICRS Heritage Summit 1 20th Anniversary www.cartilage.org of the ICRS ICRS Heritage Summit June 29 – July 01, 2017 Gothia Towers, Gothenburg, Sweden Final Programme & Abstract Book #ICRSSUMMIT www.cartilage.org Picture Copyright: Zürich Tourismus 2 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Aesculap Biologics Facing a New Frontier in Cartilage Repair Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Biologic approaches to tissue repair and regeneration represent the future in healthcare worldwide. Available Sizes Aesculap Biologics is leading the way. 2x2 cm Learn more at www.aesculapbiologics.com 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Aesculap Biologics, LLC | 866-229-3002 | www.aesculapusa.com Aesculap Biologics, LLC - a B. Braun company Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 ICRS Heritage Summit 3 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Available Sizes 2x2 cm 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 4 Level 1 Study Proves Efficacy of ACP in
    [Show full text]
  • Synovial Joints Permit Movements of the Skeleton
    8 Joints Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Structure and Movement Learning Outcomes 8.1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each category. 8.2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common accessory structures and their functions. 8.3 Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Structure and Movement Learning Outcomes (continued) 8.4 Describe flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, and circumduction movements of the skeleton. 8.5 Describe rotational and special movements of the skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joints are classified according to structure and movement Joints, or articulations . Locations where two or more bones meet . Only points at which movements of bones can occur • Joints allow mobility while preserving bone strength • Amount of movement allowed is determined by anatomical structure . Categorized • Functionally by amount of motion allowed, or range of motion (ROM) • Structurally by anatomical organization © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joint classification Functional classification of joints . Synarthrosis (syn-, together + arthrosis, joint) • No movement allowed • Extremely strong . Amphiarthrosis (amphi-, on both sides) • Little movement allowed (more than synarthrosis) • Much stronger than diarthrosis • Articulating bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage . Diarthrosis (dia-, through) • Freely movable © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joint classification Structural classification of joints . Fibrous • Suture (sutura, a sewing together) – Synarthrotic joint connected by dense fibrous connective tissue – Located between bones of the skull • Gomphosis (gomphos, bolt) – Synarthrotic joint binding teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis Domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana)
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2001 Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Lee Anne Cope University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cope, Lee Anne, "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2046 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lee Anne Cope entitled "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Animal Science. Robert W. Henry, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. R.B. Reed, Dr. C. Mendis-Handagama, Dr. J. Schumacher, Dr. S.E. Orosz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R.
    [Show full text]
  • Synovial Fluidfluid 11
    LWBK461-c11_p253-262.qxd 11/18/09 6:04 PM Page 253 Aptara Inc CHAPTER SynovialSynovial FluidFluid 11 Key Terms ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY ARTHROCENTESIS BULGE TEST CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHRITIS GROUND PEPPER HYALURONATE MUCIN OCHRONOTIC SHARDS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) RHEUMATOID FACTOR (RF) RICE BODIES ROPE’S TEST SEPTIC ARTHRITIS Learning Objectives SYNOVIAL SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 1. Define synovial. VISCOSITY 2. Describe the formation and function of synovial fluid. 3. Explain the collection and handling of synovial fluid. 4. Describe the appearance of normal and abnormal synovial fluids. 5. Correlate the appearance of synovial fluid with possible cause. 6. Interpret laboratory tests on synovial fluid. 7. Suggest further testing for synovial fluid, based on preliminary results. 8. List the four classes or categories of joint disease. 9. Correlate synovial fluid analyses with their representative disease classification. 253 LWBK461-c11_p253-262.qxd 11/18/09 6:04 PM Page 254 Aptara Inc 254 Graff’s Textbook of Routine Urinalysis and Body Fluids oint fluid is called synovial fluid because of its resem- blance to egg white. It is a viscous, mucinous substance Jthat lubricates most joints. Analysis of synovial fluid is important in the diagnosis of joint disease. Aspiration of joint fluid is indicated for any patient with a joint effusion or inflamed joints. Aspiration of asymptomatic joints is beneficial for patients with gout and pseudogout as these fluids may still contain crystals.1 Evaluation of physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of synovial fluid comprise routine analysis. This chapter includes an overview of the composition and function of synovial fluid, and laboratory procedures and their interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, and Nerve Plexus Spinal Nerves
    Chapter 13 Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, and Nerve Plexus Spinal Nerves Posterior Spinous process of vertebra Posterior root Deep muscles of back Posterior ramus Spinal cord Transverse process of vertebra Posterior root ganglion Spinal nerve Anterior ramus Meningeal branch Communicating rami Anterior root Vertebral body Sympathetic ganglion Anterior General Anatomy of Nerves and Ganglia • Spinal cord communicates with the rest of the body by way of spinal nerves • nerve = a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue – mixed nerves contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers – composed of thousands of fibers carrying currents in opposite directions Anatomy of a Nerve Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epineurium Perineurium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endoneurium Nerve Rootlets fiber Posterior root Fascicle Posterior root ganglion Anterior Blood root vessels Spinal nerve (b) Copyright by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon, Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1979, W.H. Freeman, All rights reserved Blood vessels Fascicle Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) Endoneurium Myelin General Anatomy of Nerves and Ganglia • nerves of peripheral nervous system are ensheathed in Schwann cells – forms neurilemma and often a myelin sheath around the axon – external to neurilemma, each fiber is surrounded by
    [Show full text]
  • A MODEL of SYNOVIAL FLUID LUBRICANT COMPOSITION in NORMAL and INJURED JOINTS ME Blewis1, GE Nugent-Derfus1, TA Schmidt1, BL Schumacher1, and RL Sah1,2*
    MEEuropean Blewis Cells et al .and Materials Vol. 13. 2007 (pages 26-39) DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v013a03 Model of Synovial Fluid Lubricant ISSN Composition 1473-2262 A MODEL OF SYNOVIAL FLUID LUBRICANT COMPOSITION IN NORMAL AND INJURED JOINTS ME Blewis1, GE Nugent-Derfus1, TA Schmidt1, BL Schumacher1, and RL Sah1,2* Departments of 1Bioengineering and 2Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA Abstract Introduction The synovial fluid (SF) of joints normally functions as a The synovial fluid (SF) of natural joints normally biological lubricant, providing low-friction and low-wear functions as a biological lubricant as well as a biochemical properties to articulating cartilage surfaces through the pool through which nutrients and regulatory cytokines putative contributions of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), traverse. SF contains molecules that provide low-friction hyaluronic acid (HA), and surface active phospholipids and low-wear properties to articulating cartilage surfaces. (SAPL). These lubricants are secreted by chondrocytes in Molecules postulated to play a key role, alone or in articular cartilage and synoviocytes in synovium, and combination, in lubrication are proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) concentrated in the synovial space by the semi-permeable (Swann et al., 1985) present in SF at a concentration of synovial lining. A deficiency in this lubricating system may 0.05-0.35 mg/ml (Schmid et al., 2001a), hyaluronan (HA) contribute to the erosion of articulating cartilage surfaces (Ogston and Stanier, 1953) at 1-4 mg/ml (Mazzucco et in conditions of arthritis. A quantitative intercompartmental al., 2004), and surface-active phospholipids (SAPL) model was developed to predict in vivo SF lubricant (Schwarz and Hills, 1998) at 0.1 mg/ml (Mazzucco et al., concentration in the human knee joint.
    [Show full text]
  • PN1 (Midha) Microanatomy of Peripheral Nerves-Part1.Pdf
    Peripheral Nerve Basics • Consist of processes of cell bodies found in the DRG, anterior horn, and autonomic ganglia • Organized by several distinct connective tissue layers – the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium • Vascular supply provided by the vasa nervorum Peripheral Nerve Basics • Neuronal processes bound into fascicles by perineurium • Fascicles bound into nerves by epineurium • Endoneurium is a division of the perineurium which form thin layers of connective tissue surrounding neuronal fibers in a fascicle Sural nerve in cross-section Epineurium • Loose areolar tissue with sparse, longitudinally-oriented collagen fibers • Some elastic fibers where epineurium abuts perineurium • Able to accommodate a significant amount of nerve stretching and movement • Increases in thickness where nerves cross joints • Constitutes an increasing proportion of nerves as they increase in size • Epineurial fat helps cushion nerves from compressive injury • Decreased epineurial fat found in patients with diabetes Perineurium • Cellular component composed of laminated fibroblasts of up to 15 layers in thickness which are bounded by a basal lamina • Semi-permeable: inner lamellae have tight junctions, providing a barrier to intercellular transport of macromolecules – Tight junctions can be loosened with topical anaesthetics and with osmotic change Perineurium • Exhibits a slightly positive internal pressure – Fascicular contents herniate upon perineurial injury • Under tension longitudinally – Nerve segment shortens upon transection – may complicate surgical repair as nerve can be stretched only approximately 10% before being inhibited by collagen Endoneurium • Intrafascicular connective tissue consisting of a collagenous matrix in the interstitial space • Develops into partitions of dense connective tissue between diverging fascicles and eventually becomes perineurium when the fascicles separate • Collagen fibers are longitudinally-oriented and run along nerve fibers and capillaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nerve and Nerve Injuries” Sunderland : 50 Years Later
    2019 Nerve and Nerve Injuries” Sunderland : 50 years later Faye Chiou Tan, MD Professor, Dir. EDX, H. Ben Taub PMR, Baylor College of Medicine Chief PMR, Dir. EDX, Harris Health System 2019 Financial Disclosure • Elsevier Book Royalties for “EMG Secrets” textbook • Revance, consultation panel 2019 Warning Videotaping or taking pictures of the slides associated with this presentation is prohibited. The information on the slides is copyrighted and cannot be used without permission and author attribution. Introduction – Sydney Sunderland was Professor of Experimental Neurology at the University of Melbourne. – His textbook “Nerve and Nerve lnjuries” published in 1968 is no longer in print (copies $1000 on the internet) – Here is a review as relates to new technology: Ultrahigh frequency musculoskeletal ultrasound Part I – I. Anatomic and physiologic features of A. Peripheral nerve fibers B. Peripheral nerve trunks I.A. Peripheral nerve fibers – Axoplasm – Increased flow of cytoplasm from cell body into axons during electrical stimulation (Grande and Richter 1950) – Although overall proximal to distal axoplasmic flow, the pattern of streaming in the axon is bidirectional and faster (up to 3-7 cm/day) (Lubinska 1964). I. A. Peripheral nerve fibers – Sheath – Myelinated – Length of internode elongates with growth (Vizoso and Young 1948, Siminoff 1965) – In contrast, remyelination in adults produce short internodes of same length (Leegarrd 1880, Young 1945,…) – Incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann are clefts conical clefts that open when a nerve trunk is stretched thereby preventing distortion of myelin. (Glees, 1943) Schmidt-Lantermann Clefts Sunderland S. Nerve and Nerve Injuries, Sunderland, Livingstone,LTD, Edinburgh/London, 1968, p. 8 I. A.
    [Show full text]
  • Skeletal System
    Skeletal System Overview • The skeletal system composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments, accounts for about 20% of the body mass (i.e., about 30 pounds in a 160-pound person). o Bones make up most of the skeleton o Cartilages occur only in isolated areas, such as the nose, parts of ribs, and the joints o Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints, allowing required movements while restricting motions in other directions. o Joints are the junctions between bones which provide for the mobility of the skeleton Skeletal Cartilages • Human skeleton initially made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes; most are soon replaced with bone • In adults, the few areas where cartilage remains are mainly where flexible skeletal tissue is needed. • Cartilage tissue consists mainly of water—approximately 80%; high water content allows cartilage to be resilient (i.e., spring back to its original shape after being compressed). • Cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels. • Perichondrium (“around the cartilage”) is dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the cartilage and acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when cartilage is compressed. o Perichondrium contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells. This mode of nutrient delivery limits cartilage thickness. • Three types of Cartilage Tissue in body o All three have cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (called lacunae) within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers. o Skeletal cartilages contain representatives from all three types. Hyaline cartilages • Looks like frosted glass • Most abundant skeletal cartilages • Their chondrocytes appear spherical • Only fiber type in their matrix is fine collagen (undetectable microscopically) • Skeletal hyaline cartilages include: o Articular Cartilages —cover ends of most bones at movable joints o Costal cartilages —connect ribs to sternum o Respiratory cartilages —form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other respiratory passages.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Chondrogenesis and Spontaneous Cartilage Repair in the Skate, Leucoraja Erinacea Aleksandra Marconi1, Amy Hancock-Ronemus2,3, J Andrew Gillis1,3*
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea Aleksandra Marconi1, Amy Hancock-Ronemus2,3, J Andrew Gillis1,3* 1Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 2Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States; 3Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States Abstract Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair. Here, we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) mirrors that of mammals, with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5, Sox6 and Sox9. However, in skate, transcriptional features of developing cartilage persist into adulthood, both in peripheral chondrocytes and in cells of the fibrous perichondrium that ensheaths the skeleton. Using pulse-chase label retention experiments and multiplexed in situ hybridization, we identify a population of cycling Sox5/6/9+ perichondral progenitor cells that generate new cartilage during adult growth, and we show that persistence of chondrogenesis in adult skates correlates with ability to spontaneously repair cartilage injuries. Skates therefore offer a unique model for adult chondrogenesis and cartilage repair and may serve as inspiration for novel cell-based therapies for skeletal pathologies, such as osteoarthritis. Introduction Hyaline cartilage is a skeletal tissue that consists of a single cell type (the chondrocyte) embedded *For correspondence: [email protected] within a homogeneous, collagenous extracellular matrix (reviewed in Gillis, 2018). In mammals, hya- line cartilage is predominantly an embryonic tissue, making up the anlage of the axial (chondrocra- Competing interests: The nial, vertebral and rib) and appendicular (limb) endoskeleton. The vast majority of mammalian authors declare that no hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of endochondral ossification, with cartilage competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]