Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Macrocosm and Its Dark in Cherkess Women's Poetry Today

Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Open Access

Research Article Macrocosm and Its Dark in Cherkess Women's Poetry Today

Кhuako Fatimet Doctor of Philology, Professor, Maikop State Technological University, Russia *Corresponding Author Кhuako Fatimet Abstract: As revealed in the presented work, the Circassian literature of the post- Soviet period, based on the then newly emerged concept of the macrocosm and personality, exacerbated the layer of creative immersion in being. This was due to the Article History fact found in the work: the word-creation of poets, caused by the oppressive Received: 30.04.2021 destruction of perestroika, is often aimed at regulating ordinary issues, necessarily Accepted: 10.05.2021 saturated with black-and-white problems and its antipodes. Accordingly, the closeness Published: 20.05.2021 of the art authors considered in the article as research objects to the media environment that paints the realities of life is evident. The analyzed materials here are Citations: poetic works of female Circassian lyrics (in particular, Sanyat Gutova, Muliat Emizh). Кhuako Fatimet. (2021); Macrocosm and The rationale for this choice is given in the Introduction, and it allows us to assume Its Dark in Cherkess Women's Poetry Today. the relevance of the study. The methods involve textual comparison, analysis, Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte, 2(3) 9-14 commenting based on facts and personal experience. The direct and natural rhythmization of the century that has come with a peculiar, thorough reflection on the Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the macrocosm has perceptibly determined, in particular, the literary texts of the Creative Commons Attribution license which Circassian poetesses who create today, and in various genres. The image of darkness permits unrestricted use, distribution, and within the modern macrocosm drawn by the Circassian poetesses, which is of interest reproduction in any medium for non to the author of the article, appears in the history of world literature as one of the most commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY- mysterious figures. At the same time, as noted in the article, the preoccupation of NC) provided the original author and source ardent hopelessness, which is indispensable in women's texts by Circassian authors, are credited. enables the attentive reader to concentrate on shots of life radiating close by. As far as it is established in the work regarding the combination of the creative pen with the career processing of the word, more often the level of creative productivity is not at all predetermined by the degree of journalistic skill of the individual. And this thesis is proved in the article on the material of selected Circassian poetesses of the new era.

Keywords: Macrocosm, modern Circassian poetry, gender, darkness .

INTRODUCTION Circassian literature of the post-Soviet period, based on the then newly emerged concept of the macrocosm and personality, exacerbated the layer of creative immersion in being. The word-creation of poets, caused by the oppressive destruction of perestroika, is often aimed at regulating ordinary issues, necessarily saturated with black-and-white problems and its antipodes. Black gloom, not only in landscape decor, but also in character portraits, has intensively captured the postmodern manifestations of many planetary cultures. In particular, the basic text, which should be cited when talking about the forces of evil in the West cultures, is the "Bible" and its demonic characters. However, scientists today often emphasize the actual absence of really derived representatives of evil in the biblical text. In addition to the Serpent as the main character in the "Book of Genesis", carrying a free supply of information to man, there is only an abstract Beast, as the main character in the book "Revelations", predicting the end of life and acting as the last planetary ruler. This abruptly ends here the satanic series, and the evil deeds performed in the biblical psalms belong to the hand of a human or even divine. There is also no direct description of any particular kingdom of darkness.

Only in the second half of the XIII - early XIV centuries. Dante Alighieri, a brilliant representative of Italian culture, being a worthy civilizational thinker, religious figure and native speaker, produces with his pen a "Comedy" that combines the late Middle Ages. It contains and outlines in detail a demonic character who builds and protects his own dark empire. According to scientists, directly through the works of Dante in Christian culture, specific hellish and heavenly pictures arose, sometimes occupied by the author in other civilizational models and converted to Christianity. Thus, the great and then unexpected "Divine Comedy" threw demonic pearls into the necklace of world culture, which at that time did not have clear artistic descriptions of the kingdom of evil.

Кhuako Fatimet; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 9-14 Subsequently, only in the 17th century british poet say a much more permissible truth about the ethnos and John Milton, who belongs to the classics of English its history, which had previously been placed under an culture, its religious and political word-creator, thinking immutable ban. There is a conversation about the philosopher and revered orator, in his treatises and imperial wars in the Caucasus, about the tragic pamphlets launched the image of Lucifer as a expulsion from their native spaces, vivid episodes of the representative of evil that exists today in world thousand-year national fate of the Circassians arise, and civilization. The rise and fall of the protagonist-demon, the plots of their habitation in newly acquired by analogy with the alien myths borrowed by Dante, are conditions also become possible. At the same time, the outlined by J. Milton in Paradise Lost, attributed to the internal environment of both the individual and the genre of the poem. The most active representative ethnos, which can shine with an unfading ray, shine among the angels, light-creating and previously with abundant facets that feed the genres of art (word, gratuitous, ventured to ascend his own throne to the top dance, song, painting, etc.), becomes a very noticeable of the peak, despite the divine regalia. This could not object for modern authors. In reality, according to the but cause discontent of the Almighty, who, in his rage, book produced today by the Circassian poets, it is expelled the freedom-lover. Ultimately uttering the permissible to see and reasonably conclude: “to love, well-known phrase about the preference "to rule in hell" create and bear fruit – this is the core principle of every over serving in heaven, Lucifer triumphantly left the Adyghe word-creator” (Khuako F, 2015). Productivity Kingdom of God, building his own dark kingdom in is one of the basic lines in the ancient moral Aristotelian opposition to it. environment. At the same time, Aristotle unconditionally attributed such a personal line to the In Russian literature, current authors who have been number of personal qualities. As far as it is even today, creating science fiction already in the post-Soviet era it is permissible to call the position in which the speaker touch on the line of the dark kingdom and its develops the most effective work, which stipulates the representatives much more intensely in comparison reader's respect, sincere perception, by word-creative with their foreign colleagues. Apparently, they, who productivity. Such linearity in a literary text also lasts, acquired any religious canons only in the 90s. XX strengthens, intensifies from the carriers of today's century, a very young pro-Christian dogma is less lyrical space, which can develop an abundance. inherent. Domestic fantasy production in the field of According to one of the modern Circassian researchers, literary texts has not yet established itself in any word- Professor Shamset Erguk-Shazzo, at the moment of the creation standards. John Tolkien, who was in Western emergence of this lyrical stream “we are dealing with literature and carried postmodernism, is considered an an extremely complex phenomenon, with a continent, a artistic standard, a teacher, a classic for his followers. planet that live their own life, with their colors, sounds, Neither in the USSR nor in Russia there was anything smells, etc." (Shazzo-Erguk Sh, 2005). In addition, similar, and this made it possible today, already beyond according to her, at the moment, in a single move into the boundaries of atheistic prohibitions, to demonstrate poetry came "... interesting lyrics with a pronounced a considerable intention. So, for example, the intention epic bias, poets thinking, understanding life, able to see is noticeable not only in the text, but also in other its colors" (Shazzo-Erguk Sh, 2005). cultural formats. In particular, government-funded groups that sometimes discuss the image of light and In such word-creative productivity, mandatory darkness in Russian literature gather: on August 13, at personality traits, as well as talented author's donations, 17.00, 2008, a discussion club meeting on a relevant acquire manifestations. Scientists unanimously refer to topic was held in the library of world art culture of the such an ingenious system of the Circassians of the new Chitai-Gorod business center. According to the century, firstly, Nalbiy Kuek, after - the newer word- organizers, the discussion is based on the main works of creators who came later, in particular: Mugdin Tlekhas, art, bearing dark and light characters - God, the Devil, Shambiy Kuev, Muliat Emizh, Sanyat Gutova, Timur angels, devils and other ministers or representatives of Derbe, Mugdin Medzhashev, etc. For some of them, the dark or light forces. At the beginning of the discussion, productive borrowing of N. Kuek's mythopoetics is one the presentation of the problem of confrontation of the most effective ways of presenting in creativity. between dark and light sides took place, based on the The above-cited professor Sh. Erguk-Shazzo describes material of the first folklore works (fairy tales, epics, a similar process in a similar way: “a group of young myths about the universe), the first written monuments people who, in our opinion, experienced the direct (the lives of the saints) and with the conclusion of spiritual influence of N. Kuek, and now have become literary works of our time. Thus, a free discussion took respectable authors - Muliat Emizh, Tlehas Mugdin, place in the indicated format. Khunagova Saida, Gutova Sanyat, Khurumov Khusen, a dozen other young authors clearly writing “for The direct, concentrated flame of the new century Nalbiy” (Shazzo-Erguk Sh, 2005). The modern with a special and careful comprehension of the Circassian authors Muliat Emizh and Gutova Sanyat, macrocosm in its darkness tangibly predetermined the who are analyzed by us today for the presence of the creative searches of a whole series of Circassian poets. blackness of the macrocosm in their feminine poetic After perestroika in the country, it became necessary to line, combine mental Circassian preferences with the

Кhuako Fatimet; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 9-14 general global tendencies of the postmodern dark example, the immediate rhythm of the new era with a macrocosm in their work. In this case, not only artistic, simultaneous unique, detailed comprehension of what but also journalistic manifestations of such was happening tangibly conditioned the soulfulness of combinations are possible, since the selected authors are the verbal production of the 90s, including the current biographically close to the frequent media environment author Muliat Emizh (for example, in her book today. So, in particular, Sanyat Gutova is the presenter "Thal'e1u" ("Prayer", 1992 )). Already then a new need of the radio programs of the State Television and Radio arose and an opportunity to pour out the truth about the Broadcasting Company "Adygea", a member of the history of ancestors, which had hitherto been huddled Writers' Union of Russia since 2000. She is the author under an invariable ban. The constructive strategy that of the lyrical Adyghe language collections "Keblag" (= followed during the past beginning of the new century "Welcome"), "Waipch" (= "Time to make a wish"), the was supported by sudden zigzags of perestroika. This book of stories "ShIenyge shef" (= "Secret caused, firstly, the awareness of the theme, knowledge"), the book "Tkhyphe" (= "Patterns”), which accompanied by the historical factor, but without included poems, poems, a story. The new book by S. neglecting the noticeable "stylish" directions. A similar Gutova "GushyIer MakIeu" (= "Without further ado focus also evolves, develops and receives mental and ...") was published in Maykop in 2016. Such a emotional support from the members of the word- productive selection clearly demonstrates the author's creation process, working in the modern environment. word-creative fruitfulness. Or another author chosen by Thus, at the stage under consideration in the female us (Emizh Muliat), active in the second half of the last Circassian poetry, word-creators, attracting the reader's century, was born in the village of Assokolay in Adygea interest, have emerged, who have a clear philosophical and after completing secondary school in 1968 she motivation, who think, feel life, and are also able to studied for three years at the singing department in one dispose of the thought. These illuminate, control, of the educational institutions of the Kuban capital adequately perceive the sheer volume of all kinds of (Krasnodar). For many years in the second half of the aspects of being. twentieth century poetry, screenplays by her (M. Emizh) were published on the lines of central The direct and natural rhythmization of the century newspapers and magazines. At the same time, her that has come with a peculiar, thorough reflection on drama was staged in the Circassian language in the the macrocosm has perceptibly determined, in Adyghe Drama Theater ("You are an Adyg, boy!"). In particular, the literary texts of Muliat Emizh, and in addition, M. Emizh constantly carried out periodic various genres. This is both prose and poetry, and it is Russian-Circassian and Circassian-Russian translation especially perceptible - drama. So, for example, in one broadcasts. Thus, we see the closeness of the art authors of her many new millennium plays "Butterfly Wings", considered by us as research objects to the media included in the collection "The Place of the Dog" in environment that paints the realities of life. 2006, the tendency to highlight the regional and extraneous mentality is already noticeable from the acts ATERIAL AND ETHODS of initiation. For example, highlighting his participants M M in the initial lines, introducing them to the viewer, M. The analyzed materials of the work presented by us Emizh already with their starting dialogue indicates the are poetic works of female Circassian lyrics (in difference between the southern and other mentalities, particular, Sanyat Gutova and Muliat Emizh). The and this is also the macrocosm we are looking for. Such rationale for this choice is given in the Introduction, and a global current progresses and acquires an upgrade it allows us to assume the relevance of the study. The (from the English "saturation") from those who discover methods involve textual comparison, analysis, today's lyrical space, which carries an abundant commenting based on facts and personal experience. resource. The reader can only sincerely thank the analyzed poetesses for such a macrocosm immersion in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the realities of the new century. In this case, it is In the new century, the entry of the lyrical stream reasonable to quote what was said about the texts of into prose circulation gave innovation to unusual fiction Sanyat Gutova by the master of Circassian literary novels, which were concentrated in the publications of criticism, academician Kazbek Shazzo. He recreates the F. Mamrukova "Zhim kylyesyre dzheuap" (= "Answer fire again and again the final, here passing, burnt coals: brought by the wind", 1994), Sh. Erguk-Shazzo “... I know that smoke comes from the fire, there are“ "Buzyuzhiy" (= "Bird"), in small stories by Z. hot coals ”, but they also go out sometime, covered with Khakunova, published in the magazine "Zekoshnyg" (= ash, until the last ember goes out, I look into the stove "Friendship"). As the Circassian professor Ruslan ... Of course, with the hope that there will be at least Mamiy comments on this historical period, then one ember left to light a fire in the stove again in the “Adyghe poetry, having moved away from morning ”(Shazzo K, 2006). Directly, not less declarativeness, a laudatory and enthusiastic style, was figuratively than that of the poetess, the master of filled with philosophical thought, subtle all-pervading Circassian criticism represents the flame, the warmth of lyricism, thoughts about a person and the world around her lyrical motives. him in their indivisible totality” (Mamiy R, 2006 ). For 11

Кhuako Fatimet; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 9-14 At the same time, Kazbek Shazzo and other opposes the individual. This peak in its power researchers in the texts of modern Circassian poetesses necessarily turns out to be close to a person, joins him, trace clearly deduced actors, accompanied by mental and sometimes knows how to enter his destiny by his conditioning. So, in particular, the line of the deed. Possible, very probable personality traits are motherland, mother and home accents are clearly present both in various vegetation and in the animal visible in the modern texts of the Circassian poetesses. representatives living in it. At the same time, the trust of However, domestic (Russian) poets in general, albeit this unusual group in the individual is already set in the fairly decently illustrating portraits, sometimes produce preface by S. Gutova. The blue vault works for the obligatory psychological defects, attributing personality author to help a person, since the rain and snow matter traits to the demonic characters of interest to us, which erupting by him comes to the residential area, usually are hardly capable of belonging to those walking the giving the inhabitant very useful circumstances both in Path of Evil, from time to time somewhere even excuse everyday life and in work. them. In general, the powerful personal-value, psychological-personal thread that pierced the domestic Consequently, the ethnic dubbing of the cult appeal works of the second half of the 20th century, lasted, (not always expressed, sometimes conditional) to the even became firmly established in the modern exciting, caring fate of the motherland, which is used by Circassian artistic line. When we turn to the functioning the modern poetess, happens. Meaning the characters narrator in S. Gutova, here the subject directly deviates and deeds, the pros and cons of such natural characters, from the Soviet ideology, exacting, strict limits in his the author allows the narrator to captivate the recipient reasoning, emotions, dreams. So, for example, the main with his inherent tonality. As is often seen in general in character wanders in a field of blades of grass rushing modern texts, a gloomy hero, supposedly carrying evil, into the sky. Dreaming of lofty mountain peaks, looking is not at all a guaranteed sadist, by no means necessarily at a working companion at the root of a tree, he is in no for his pleasure to use force and kill. Sometimes it way able to act as a labor foreman who respects the happens like this: the dark hero appreciates his internal humming machine. motivation more, which he considers worthy, but his personal worldview is capable of somehow repeating In a similar reciprocal contact stream, in the texts of social ethics, but the motives can be clearly opposite. S. S. Gutova, there is an indisputable, legible, sharp, clear Gutova's character, contemplating being and watching reference to the soil. Preferring her as a partner in the mountain peak, plans his travel scenario. Sometimes dialogue, the speaker, constantly calling out to her in he is inspired by their white clarity and unshakable any verse, extols her achievements. By interpreting her purity. Sometimes he gets upset watching the glowing planetary whirling, the narrator explains his constant peaks in the distance fade away. A man here is disposed affection for him, and this motivates joy. The hourly to despair, being unable to consider some mountain productivity of the soil, which constantly generates wall, however, having sharply made out the grass being, is also gratifying for the patriotic narrator. This shining on the slope, he is happy with its vivacity, and patriotic tendency is repeatedly confirmed in such this contributes to his personal self-determination with poems by S. Gutova as "My Motherland", "Thank you, future life plans. There is also a snowy energy, which is my aul!" For example, thanks to his own aul, the relatively involved in human genesis. narrator discovers rather peculiar, not at all stereotyped expressive means. In this way, the speaker describes the Moreover, the following fact is very obvious: in locality close to him as "spring pleasure"; gives the aul general, in the works of world literature dedicated to the a function that allows its heart to live and actively dark kingdom and their representatives, there are exude warmth; looks through in any of its territorial practically no scenario nodes built on a character who trifles an undoubted treasure for the word-creator: consciously enters the empire of evil. The predominant "Your fertile steppes are a delight for me, / Your fine choice of a dark move in his fate is not at all a natural days bring my work" (Gutova S, 2012). Indeed, as you path of personal progress for the hero. In the event that know, any really expressive line is not a primitive there was an option, he would definitely be the chosen pictorial presentation, documenting facts or landscapes, one. A similar strict predestination of darkness, even a but a psychological, philosophical restoration of deadly choice, is inherent in the texts of Sanyat Gutova. character mores, including a reflection of possible In some of his essays, such as "Usar", "Kanshau" (= reader reactions. By lowering the recipient into the "Kanshau", "TIumyr" (= "Tum"), "Damy" (= "Damiy"), vividly working natural character of the land and sky, "Damyire Usarere" (= "Damiy and Usar") she the poet manages to convincingly assign them the sometimes manages to paint, to voice the fatal motives function of acting heroes, hearing the narrator. In inherent in life philosophy, sometimes containing death. particular, S. Gutova's land often plays the role of a In reality, her modern essays are directly devoted to mother, while the role is meaningful, carrying not just these, albeit abstract, but indispensable for the ordinary an extreme reaction, but also an equivalent acceptance. recipient of the axioms. Indeed, already in this fragment In addition, one of the central persons in "Peuble of the preface, the narrator, “stroking his hands”, pours Gupshys" (= "Preliminary Thoughts") is the Kai-Kaus out mighty streams on the theme “lienyge” (= “death”) mountain peak, which sometimes supports, sometimes (hereinafter interlinear translation – F.Kh.): “This is

Кhuako Fatimet; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 9-14 how death begins” – this has recently excited the man. (both Russian and Circassian), which gave them the Besides death, there is no sense in it?! Why is there opportunity to work with the text professionally further. such a weak person for everyone, the only one why Such professional attribution is inherent in M. Emizh, doesn’t come from there? Or is a soft move pouring in? S. Gutova. In addition, this inclination has become Thoughts expand. The world and existence to whom is much more fruitful over time, gave the desired result, bored? What happens by itself is deceived. is he being and since the beginning of the 80s XX century the deceived?!" (Gutova S, 2012). required artistic product arises in their author's production. So, for example, in the case of S. Gutova, At the same time, the preoccupation of ardent the All-Union State Television and Radio Company of hopelessness, which is indispensable in the women's the region agreed to a similar employee of the word texts of Circassian authors, enables the attentive reader already in 1986, besides for a long time (since the to focus on the shots of life radiating close by. So it is in poetess still works in it). At the same time, the diversity the final novella ("KIeuh gupshys" (= "Thought of the of the existing job profile is very clear: both the editor end")) of the collection "Osh'oguitIum azyfagu" (= of some of the functioning, thematic and news "Between two heavens"). It begins with the same thing - programs, and (already in the new century) - the host of “The darkness seized everywhere” (Gutova S, 2012), the program. Or M. Emizh from 1991 to 1993. She was but even here, although there is despair, one can expect the editor of the state television and radio company, and hope, which at that moment has subsided, but is strictly also functioned as the editor of the poetry department of obliged to awaken. Here is the wooden material in the republican magazine "Zekoshnyg" (= "Friendship"). which the dark could be buried - a strong material. In Thus, the analyzed poetesses M. Emizh and S. Gutova general, with the aim of literary derivation of the line of easily had to enter the professional media atmosphere of confrontation between darkness and light, which has the new time, being already tested specialists. interested a person for long eras, the fantasy genre is most actively used by many rows of lyricists, since CONCLUSION what will happen in the end is always predetermined. Such communication gives rise to the right path for The image of darkness that interests us today within darkness: good will overcome evil, its execution is the limits of the modern macrocosm drawn by cruel. And on this axiom all subsequent contacts of the Circassian poetesses appears in the history of world crown with Man, Soul and World are built. The speaker literature as one of the most mysterious figures. It is of the Circassian authors managed to determine for actually mandatory wherever some kind of himself what is true in the world. Seeing the light, such confrontation between good and evil is required to a heroine, for example, by S. Gutova, understood the exacerbate the plot, and this is necessary in most truth. Arranging a series of philosophical questions in classical works (for example, in the texts of Madach, one of the paragraphs, the poetess asks herself and the Gogol, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Bulwer-Lytton, reader the structure of the forthcoming reflections: Lermontov, Hawthorne, etc.). Subsequently, when the “What did the Darkness want, starting its movement in XX century actually turned out to be the era of the unfamiliar places? To put in order the World, to media and techno environment, the demonic image was dissolve all the People living in it?" (Gutova S, 2012). also used by the majority of artists and workers of the The interpretation of abstraction in this case is evident word, who very freely and personally presented this in relation to the forces of darkness, since there is a classic image. In the first decades of the XXI century certain solid stereotype of Good in its power, nevertheless, the template developed over the centuries simultaneously with a small certainty in the literature of about the opposition of good and evil, leading to the the image of Evil. And therefore, in the final paragraph inevitable victory of light, has been preserved. Many - the sun again takes its place, lightning flashed, the studies are devoted to his activity, but only some of mountain praised in the text with its top sufficiently their copies are really reliable, since they act as an covered it. The last field of vision with such a number objective analytical substantiation of the dark empire of thoughts, seized by excitement, realized that his and its representatives in the works. The image of the dream was somehow related to him. most evil darkness, saturated with evil as much as possible and not willing to change, is considered Reality and illusion mixed between two heavens in unsuccessful in research. However, we see in his Sanyat Gutova, as in one of those who combined author's variations the black hero's compulsion to creativity with a career and, thus, looked for their embark on a dark path and his possible disposition to artistic sources in the resources of being. The approach turn to the good. A similar imagery is inherent in the to working with text required in today's media considered by us S. Gutova, vividly illustrating atmosphere, in addition to the required number of existential dominants in the need for their consolidation, practical skills, proclaims the demand for the author's in order to satisfy the constant human need for them. creative word-creation. Accordingly, the analyzed poetesses who often graduated in Soviet times from regional universities, while receiving pedagogical and philological specialties, theoretically mastered the word

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