Evaluation of the Concentration of 4-Nonylphenol and Octylphenol

Original Paper

dx.doi.org/10.22093/wwj.2019.148977.2748 Archive of SID 76

Jouranl of Water and Wastewater, Vol. 31, No.2, pp: 76-87 Evaluation of the Concentration of 4-Nonylphenol and Octylphenol Estrogen-like Compounds in Surface Sediments of the South and Southeast Rivers of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province

N. Komaki1, A. R. Riyahi Bakhtiari2

FormerGraduateStudent,DeptofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofNatural ResourcesandMarineSciences,TarbiatModaresUniversity,Tehran,Iran Prof,DeptofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofNaturalResourcesand MarineSciences,TarbiatModaresUniversity,Tehran,Iran (CorrespondingAuthor) riahi@modaresacir

(Received Sep. 16, 2018 Accepted July 23, 2019)

To cite this article: Komaki, N., Riyahi Bakhtiari, A. R., 2020. “Evaluation of the concentration of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol estrogen-like compounds in surface sediments of the south and southeast rivers of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province” Journal of Water and Wastewater, 31(2), 76-87. Doi: 10.22093/wwj.2019.148977.2748. (In Persian)

Abstract Estrogen-like compounds are very important for causing negative effects in humans and animals. These compounds at low concentrations cause negative effects and can be transported through the food chain. Therefore, there is concern about the presence of these pollutants in Caspian coastal waters. In order to determine the concentration of 4- nonylphenol and octylphenol compounds, surface sediment samples from 25 rivers leading to the Caspian Sea were collected in Mazandaran province. After the preparation steps (drying, extraction and column chromatography), the specimens were injected into a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) gas chromatography apparatus. The mean concentration of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol compounds was determined in the range of 114.43-4681.31 ng/gdw for 4-nonylphenol and 7.26-1281.52 ng/gdw for octylphenol, respectively. Based on the results of this research, stations located in densely populated and urban areas showed higher concentrations than stations located in low-population and rural areas. No significant relationship was found between these compounds and TOC. Therefore, the changes in the concentration of these compounds are not a function of changes in the concentration of TOC in sediments. Therefore, it is expected that the arrival of untreated sewage will control the distribution of these compounds in river water. In general, the results of this study point to the necessity of continuous improvement of sewage treatment systems in Mazandaran province. Keywords: Rivers of Mazandaran Province, Estrogen-like Compounds, 4-Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, TOC

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2 1 Alkylphenols Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

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+ * ; &$ 41 " L/ # ) B *+ œ0$ "4 3J 4!B .(Liu et al., 2011)# H)+ ,/$ ) ( ; ! * 3 < H#% *G ) " " )!/9 #/= #3" M\ ; + #3 : " H#3 5 * /N "H H(T 4` " " H# n # n 3$ #> .(Xu et al., 2008) % N( *%) .(Cherniaev et al., 2016) # % ) {3 ) + * )#G C3 ) $ 4B) < ) ) + * H) Y` *3E" n 4 3 J 4 x” + L/ *G Y#" D" 2I * 39 43J 4!B + + %) I )O ›? .# % S7 # ; >) () ‘~ ) 43J 4+ ; #3 S?9 O' ": + ) › '( + ) () ‘~ ; ) <7 (+ b ( ": ?uJ < ; O ) 43J4+ & " DV ; S ~Œ 0 : " () !?I Y | : " ( A` ; 4N & " $ Hb) ; H)A Q AN {9 ; (,` \ )0 ) # % " O ) U P+ + * <#3" f 1 ; [I " .#% C$ * : ) '( }G ) Z H7 ; . ) #33+ Z^ 0 * / _ ) # # % Z # + < 3 B 4 J 4() ) *J ) ; /9 . (Vazquez-Duhalt et al., 2005) #3") 1 -‘Œ ) ) () ) 4=3 Hb@ ; •@( c ) ; 4 + * <F ) ZI.?O , u ) @= y 4!% .# #% #&b A" \ # k / $)

1 Xenobiotic 2 4-Nonylphenol 4 3 Grab Van Veen Octylphenol

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Fig. 1. The map of the stations studied in the rivers of Mazandaran province # ; " () ) GB' ) "Hb @= -- ZJ

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& ) .#% S7 H#% #$ 1 l 0" @ 1 Merck 2 3 Capillary Column Surrogate Internal Injection Standard (SIIS)

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) " " : )+ s( .n!/ )+ + .#% .#3" " \ )0 H# ) "L/ + #% H#"@ !% Hb) ; H)A H ) < )+ I * MR ; + " L/ G YO </+ H#91 \ 39 41 / ) < J 7 D"+ .#% H)) ! k * . . 1 41 ) ; "H)) 1) ) % *G #N) x” + ;#$ .#% Z .n!/ #N) f/Ri 43J 4 xf + G YO 0 0b" /+ ) .? B / ‘Œ ; 43J4+ 43J 4 )) @ • .#% O #N) e/Ql 43J 4+ + ; H#% #$ + #% H)A •~:•~ 7 . . . 1 41 ) ) ;

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GB' ) " ( O' ) 43J 4+ 43J4 x” + )# YO L/ *b x- )P Table 1. Average concentration and standard deviation of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol compounds in surface sediments of studied rivers Code River name 4-NP±SD OP±SD R1 Nekarood 87.483±24.1406 229.40±116.47 R2 Chinam Dehne 592.72±172.75 97.07±27.15 R3 Tajan 779.90±82.07 228.95±64.46 R4 Siyahrood 2626.55±159.54 434.14±98.41 R5 Talarood 2787.18±974.56 1281.52±122.49 R6 Shazderood 770.38±142.13 206.69±9.45 R7 Babolrood 3283.38±41.11 367.25±18.74 R8 Fereydunkenar 353.87±28.08 59.62±4.21 R9 Sorkhrood 1145.43±115.40 618.03±85.51 R10 Mahmudabad 2591.16±321.04 355.81±11.83 R11 Chapakrood 822.10±325.52 143.40±33.94 R12 Nur 774.84±94.14 466.94±116. 12 R13 Royan 177.71±36.95 13.97±5.58 R14 Kheirood 634.60±180.51 345.01±143.71 R15 Nowshahr 1261.62±237.69 148. 78±35.92 R16 Chalus 2000.61±481.45 284. 39±89.39 R17 Sardabrood 193.24±88.17 33.93±1.85 R18 Hachirood 311.96±88.49 48.05±17.42 R19 Namakabrood 114.43±25.73 7.26±2.12 R20 Kazemrood 729.40±288.92 733.34±171.28 R21 Nashtarood 2430.92±1013.00 329.50±130.60 R22 Cheshmekileh 49.526±31.4681 786.19±3.21 R23 Shirood 2775.39±503.44 912.80±148.04 R24 Chalakrood 667.19±145.07 74.83±23.75 R25 Nesarood 4162.05±241.30 714.80±117.61

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/+ @F " () ) , 43J 4+ 43J4 x” * (p>Œ/Œ~) ) 3G Y?( ) $ H #3") @ 4N () ) + * 0 * + (R5) ) 5 (R22) ; 0$ ZB <) ) " () <3@ &% " BGJ ) A .#% 3% (R19) ) \ 4N • ‘ 4€% ) .#% H)A *! ) *b = ; ) " () I ) ; @+ G3N < ) 43J 4+ • 4€% ) 43J 4 x” ,+ L/ = ; * L/ ) A /N 4 9 39 # D" 2I + L/ * @ . H#% > ) " ()

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) ) ; " () + Pearl () ,` ) <3; * ) H#% S7 D" 2I .#% " () * ) + ) , 43J 4 x” 43J 4+ 0 <# % 0 < p/V {3 ) + * L/ ) A /9 { . H) ‹ŠŒ‹ng/gdw ~‰ ‰• ng/gdw y O' .(Liu et al., H) DV :?uJ ) C1 G3N {3 ) + " () ) D" 2I * • .2011) r= ; @ , + * 0 <# H#% # ) n % "H #3 5 ƒ C1 ) .(Chen et al., 2014) ; ! H#3 5 C3 ; /NJ + #% )#G 4 9 ; tz @ ) " () ) + * /+ = . a `( * ) H#% +T ) * & . 43J4 + ; @ , 43J4 x” #= + )) " @ #3 " +J 0 " D" 2I ; ƒG ) ) 43J 4+ 43J 4 x” L/ ) @ ” 4!% 4 9 ; ! 0J #% DVI r?( <) < % <` ) * .#") @ ) " () O' H#% +T ) " H #3 5 * C7 ) Z tz + #3" "4 3J4!B S + H# ; " ; ,+ S7 "D " 2I u D" 2I • . (Yang et al., 2011) ) ( H# 1 #N) ‘Œ 43J 4+ #N) ŠŒ 43J 4 x” .#") @ &@ U # " @+ ) H#% .#") a`( ) 43J4 ! B + 0 /b ) y‰‰‰ . ) :?uJ A` "#3 J O ) " 43J 4!B Tyne Tees , ` ) ; " .#% H;# ) ( H# ; " & ) # % ; 07 F) ) 43J 4 x” 0 Tees G3N ='3 ) .# #% C$ : . + bB , u <* H ?9 .# % 4 # ng/gdw •Œ 43J4+ 0 y•ŒŒ ng/gdw ‰~ + ”/y‘ 4 3 J 4 + ”/”Š 4 3 J 4 x” (LogKo/w) < %) + G3N J@I + Tyne ,` ) •”Œ C7 43J 4+ 43J 4 x” @ 4 H#3") @ ŠŒ ng/gdw •Œ 43J 4 x” + * 0 " () ) @ " L/ H#"@ 7 ) ) .(Lye et al., 1999) H) ‘Œng/gdw ‘ 43J4+

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Station Fig. 4. Comparison of the mean concentration of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol in surface sediments of 25 rivers studied in Mazandaran province # ; ) GB' ) () ‘~ O' ) 43J4 + 43J4 x” L/ *b = xi ZJ

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( Z$ Z%>K Z$ Z%*+* 6E ?2%K,D =t u F:>/2 66 .(Ahel et al., 1994) ) (TOC) ZK F I(,K ) 43J 4+ 43J 4 x” L/ #= ‘ . #$ ) C7 ) + ) & " +J ; ! TOC . H#% H) = &$ p/V {3 " () $ + * <) $ * Z tz B " H#3 5 ) " () ) + * L/ " D3+ ' TOC ) ) <# ) + ) " () 3$ H+ ) Han < J ) Seine " () .(David et al., #3 C7 #G ) ) ) : B0 :5 B H) @ *F ) Huangpu " 43J4!B L/ #") @ )#G " D" 2I 2009) G3N &% " :?uJ ) . H) + , :Z$ ) & D= + ) ) $ TOC 0 .#3" t† 4 9 /$ ; b%) 3@ &% G ' .(Johnson et al., 1998) )) + * U = ) ( ; " B; ; @V <G$I "&% ) 43J4 + 43J 4 x” L/ * r .(Takada et al., #33+ ) " + " () .# % H)A I b" ; ; K Z$Z %*+* 6E ?2%K,D =t u F:>/2 66 #3 O' ) 43J 4+ 43J 4 x” + I b" ; ; <" H)) ) . $ b" 4/O 07 .# )+ H;# ) ’3% >_ • .#% H)A 43J 4+ 43J 4 x” L/ * ' *G L/ .3+ ) & D= B ) 4+ B *+ + )) @ p<Œ/Œ~) ) 3 G P b" + )) @ .(Dong et al., #3_ A ) 43J4 + 43J4 x” b" .)) ) $ + * L/ 0 * (r=Œ/••Š .2015) ) " ! @ C3 b U5 + * * . ) " ()

# ; " () ) 4 3J4 !B + L/ H#% d0 )= = 60 )P (ng/gdw) &$ p/V {3 ) H#% S7 GB' ( Table 2. Comparison of reported concentrations of alkylphenol compounds in sediments of Mazandaran rivers with some studies in different regions of the world (ng /gdw) Area 4-Nonylphenol Octylphenol Source France, Seine river 22-2087 1-400 (Fenet et al., 2003) South Korea, Han River 46-256 - (Li et al., 2004) Iran, Anzali Wetland 50-29000 10-1260 (Mortazavi et al., 2012) China, Huangpu River 119/44 9/49 (Wu et al., 2013) Iran, 25 Mazandaran Rivers 114/43-4681/31 7/26-1281/52 Present study

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Fig. 5. Correlation between the concentration of alkylphenol compounds in sediments of 25 rivers studied in Mazandaran province # ; ) GB' ) () ‘~ ) 4 3J4 !B + L/ * b" xn ZJ

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0 o 0 10 30 50 70 90 110 C 10 30 50 70 90 110 TOC (mg/g) TOC (mg/g)

Fig. 6. Correlation 4-nonylphenol (a) and octylphenol (b) concentration in surface sediments of 25 rivers leading to Caspian Sea with TOC TOC 0( ) &3 () eQ O' ) (b) 43J4+ (a) 43J4 xf L/ b" xN ZJ

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F*)e 6L "L/ = ) 0( ) &3 " () B G 1 #% 3%_ I 7 D" 2I * B% "&% ) .) @ ) r= ) H#% d0 Hb@ ) G C3 H#€@ ) Hb@ ; ) _ !+ = ":?uJ <:?uJ A` #=J /9 kq , b@" 2I . H#% S7 k# .# % " + ) H#@ A` • D" 2I * S7 _ )J ; ) ( €@ * ) &% :?uJ " (A` z ¦# .#3 S?9 <# ) 0 " + :?uJ @ # {3 .#") D"+ &$ 41

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