9781107069879 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06987-9 — The Qing Empire and the Opium War Mao Haijian , Translated by Joseph Lawson , Peter Lavelle , Craig Smith , Introduction by Julia Lovell Index More Information

Index

18th Regiment , 286 , 306 35 – 37 , 45 , 119 – 21 , 122 , 209 ; coastal , 34 , 26th Regiment , 205 , 242 , 286 35 – 36 , 38 , 115 ; concealed , 208 ; early- 37th Regiment , 257 warning , 199 ; fortii ed , vi , 36 , 121 , 209 , 37th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry , 206 218 – 20 , 281 , 493 ; sand- bagged , 210 , 218 , 49th Regiment , 205 , 286 232 , 309 55th Regiment , 286 , 306 Battle at Dinghai, showing the British attacks, 98th Regiment , 384 Qing defensive positions, and the walled town of Dinghai , 305 Ackbar , 385 Battle at Guangzhou, showing British Aigun , 500 attacks , 241 American citizens , 452 , 456 – 58 , 460 , 462 , Battle at Humen, showing the British attacks 463 – 64 , 465 – 68 , 475 , 478 , 511 , 513 and Qing defensive positions , 198 American envoys , 458 – 59 , 461 Battle at Wusong, showing British attacks and American merchants , 96 , 97 – 99 , 152 , 218 , Qing defensive positions , 380 227 , 455 – 57 , 503 Battle at Xiamen, showing main British American ships , 103 , 456 – 57 , 467 attacks and Qing defensive positions , 287 American treaties , 478 Battle at Zhapu, showing Qing defensive Amoy , 427 , 452 positions and British attacks , 376 Anhui , 50 – 51 , 88 , 111 , 163 – 64 , 178 , 324 , 328 , Battle at Zhenhai, showing the Qing defensive 331 , 353 – 54 , 358 positions and British attacks , 311 Ansei Five- Power Treaties , 488 Battle at Zhenjiang, showing British attacks Anstruther , 169 , 171 – 72 , 179 – 80 and the walled city of Zhenjiang , 388 anti- opium efforts on stopping the trade at the Battle of Chuanbi , 4 , 114 – 15 , 116 , 118 – 19 , ports , 12 , 75 – 76 , 78 , 81 , 106 , 110 126 , 205 anti- prohibitionists , 78 Battle of Humen , 83 – 85 , 92 – 93 , 120 – 21 , Archimède (steam- powered vessel from 126 – 28 , 192 – 93 , 197 – 205 , 211 – 15 , 219 – 21 , France) , 478 245 – 46 , 447 – 49 Atalanta , 127 , 242 Battle of Kowloon , 116 Auckland , 385 Battle of Kwun Chung , 114 Aurora (Dent’s merchant ship) , 239 Battle of Xiamen , 58 , 288 , 290 Battle of Zhenhai , 141 , 318 , 322 , 331 , 333 Bai Hanzhang , 145 , 171 Battle of Zhenjiang , vi , 35 , 43 , 50 , 55 , 243 , Bai River , 15 374 , 384 – 92 , 397 , 400 – 02 , 404 Bandi , 291 , 293 , 310 , 312 Battle on the river at Guangzhou, showing bandits , 73 , 126 , 301 , 316 , 320 , 350 , 353 , British attacks , 219 419 , 497 battlei elds , 32 , 56 , 126 , 130 – 31 , 211 – 12 , 300 , banner troops , 375 , 377 , 386 – 89 , 390 323 , 348 , 378 , 395 Bao Peng , 194 battlements , 31 , 36 – 37 ; see also batteries Baoshan , vi , 38 , 50 , 162 , 377 – 83 , 384 , 389 , Becher (sometimes written Bixia) , 257 396 , 398 Beijing , 86 – 87 , 138 – 40 , 188 , 212 – 14 , Baoshan Gazetteer , 4 5 227 – 30 , 271 – 72 , 458 – 60 , 462 – 64 , 475 – 77 , batteries , 36 – 38 , 119 – 23 , 135 , 198 – 201 , 205 , 512 – 13 ; Daoguang emperor in , 328 ; and 208 – 9 , 211 , 219 – 21 , 309 , 377 – 78 ; cannon , the Eight Banners forces in , 39 ; and the 537

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06987-9 — The Qing Empire and the Opium War Mao Haijian , Translated by Joseph Lawson , Peter Lavelle , Craig Smith , Introduction by Julia Lovell Index More Information

538 Index

grain shortage , 15 ; and the Imperial Palace British government , xvi , 7 , 91 , 96 , 97 – 99 , 106 , Museum , 40 ; ofi cials in , 177 ; Sino- Russian 196 , 374 , 383 , 513 negotiations in , 500 British governor of Hong Kong , 503 Bengal , 105 – 06 , 372 British marines , 121 , 205 – 06 , 289 Benoit (Consul) , 471 – 74 British merchandise , 423 , 435 Bernard, W.D. , 304 British merchant vessels , 84 , 117 , 221 Bingham, J.E. , 220 , 257 , 304 British merchants , 97 – 99 , 119 , 189 , 195 – 96 , Bixia , 257 ; see also Becher 226 , 227 , 429 , 432 , 454 , 456 blockade , 91 – 92 , 94 – 95 , 98 , 127 – 28 , 138 – 39 , British military expenses , 150 – 51 , 161 , 170 , 163 , 165 , 218 , 384 – 87 , 401 ; British , 99 , 185 , 196 , 273 , 282 , 415 , 433 , 495 139 , 162 , 185 , 433 ; of Guangzhou , 103 British navy , 10 – 13 , 35 , 54 – 56 , 103 , 106 – 07 , Board of Personnel , 3 , 67 109 – 10 , 115 , 135 – 36 , 152 , 273 – 74 Board of Punishments , 1 , 76 , 79 , 161 , 231 British ofi cers , 135 , 150 , 169 , 171 , 253 , 257 , Board of Revenue , 232 , 283 , 361 – 62 , 430 , 281 , 294 446 , 449 , 468 British ofi cials , 4 , 185 , 187 , 190 , 505 Board of Shipbuilding , 34 British opium merchants, xvi , 79 , 92 , 98 , 100 , Board of Works , 34 141 , 200 Bourchier, Thomas , 181 British Plenipotentiary , 64 , 170 , 393 Bremer, James , 126 – 28 , 131 , 133 , 134 – 35 , British prisoners , 295 , 316 , 393 – 95 , 417 , 442 168 – 70 , 171 , 207 – 09 , 250 , 253 , 256 – 57 British records , 114 , 135 , 203 , 217 – 18 , 242 , bribes , 3 – 5 , 11 , 41 , 62 , 69 , 75 , 91 , 94 , 203 , 244 , 254 , 303 , 304 , 335 – 36 317 British reinforcements , 397 brigades , 43 – 46 , 48 , 51 , 58 , 59 , 68 , 69 , 70 , British ships , 112 – 13 , 120 – 21 , 123 – 25 , 338 , 388 ; cavalry , 51 ; left , 49 , 58 ; right , 49 , 205 – 06 , 239 – 40 , 286 , 303 – 04 , 333 – 34 , 58 ; water force , 131 428 , 429 Britain , 7 – 9 , 97 – 98 , 104 – 06 , 149 – 50 , British smugglers , 186 185 – 86 , 416 – 17 , 428 – 29 , 451 – 52 , 469 – 70 , British soldiers , 16 , 30 , 56 , 122 , 124 , 171 , 485 – 88 ; military strength of , 82 ; prestige 206 , 223 , 225 , 251 – 53 , 257 , 288 , 290 , of , 457 ; rights and privileges in China , 452 ; 294 , 298 , 306 , 428 , 439 ; and Han traitors , scientists and manufacturers , x , 31 ; see also 253 ; defending Sifang Fort , 259 ; on England Jinjishan , 313 British attacks , vi , 135 , 139 , 219 , 241 – 42 , 305 , British steamships , 335 , 385 , 387 , 391 311 , 380 , 382 , 388 ; delayed by typhoons , British steamships in Chinese waters in 249 ; main , vi , 287 ; potential , 54 ; and Qing August 1842 , 385 defensive positions , 376 British subjects resident in China , 149 , 171 , British cannon balls , 30 , 205 , 210 , 218 – 19 , 419 , 427 , 432 , 450 , 453 , 454 , 465 , 505 250 , 280 , 286 , 289 , 310 – 12 , 377 British traders , 132 , 427 British commanders , 128 , 138 , 157 , 187 , 243 , British viewing Guan’s preparations for 259 , 335 battle , 208 British communications , 145 , 156 , 172 , 197 British warships in Chinese waters in August British Consul , 448 , 494 , 503 1842 , 385 British Crown , 17 , 105 – 06 , 149 British warships outside Humen in by the end British expeditionary forces , 27 , 42 , 54 , 114 , of June 1840 , 127 131 , 138 , 358 , 369 , 374 , 383 – 84 British weapons , 27 – 28 British expenses during the Opium War , 415 British withdrawal , 260 – 61 , 423 , 428 British i eld batteries , vi , 205 , 210 , 305 Brunswick ril es , 28 – 30 British l eet , 128 , 132 , 156 , 277 , 281 , 286 , Burma , 164 , 398 387 British forces , 234 – 37 , 253 – 54 , 302 – 04 , Callery, Joseph Marie , 480 349 – 50 , 369 – 71 , 373 – 78 , 380 – 90 , 394 – 95 , candidates , 62 – 63 , 78 , 259 , 262 , 316 , 337 – 39 400 – 1 , 404 – 05 ; overcoming a fortii ed cannon balls , 32 , 219 , 312 , 368 battery at Dahuangyan , 218 ; in Tianjin , 171 ; cannon batteries , 35 – 37 , 45 , 119 – 21 , wreaking havoc in eastern Zhejiang , 354 ; in 122 , 209 Wusong and Baoshan , 384 cannons , 30 – 37 , 115 – 16 , 121 – 24 , 199 – 200 , British foreign secretary , 83 , 100 204 – 10 , 279 – 82 , 288 – 90 , 296 – 99 , 366 – 69 ,

Index 539

385 ; “alphabet- letter” , 38 ; barrages of , 210 ; Chinese people , xviii – xix , 5 – 7 , 25 , 266 , exchange of , 135 , 306 ; heavy , 37 , 210 ; 429 , 431 , 451 , 461 , 464 , 513 ; and light , 209 , 306 ; total number of , 209 , 281 attitudes to foreigners , 429 ; ordinary , xvii ; Canton River , 128 struggles , 270 Cantonese merchants , 77 Chinese Repository , 131 , 344 Cao’e , 338 Chinese ships , xvii , 335 Cao’e River , 330 – 31 , 336 , 338 , 346 Chinese smugglers , 75 , 89 , 114 Carson, Caleb , 459 , 461 Chongqing , 314 , 325 , 506 , 513 casualties , 135 , 207 , 221 , 240 , 255 , 257 , 304 , Christianity , 478 – 79 , 481 – 84 313 , 335 – 36 , 390 ; British , 221 , 253 , 257 , Chuanbi, Battle of , 4 , 114 – 15 , 116 , 118 – 19 , 381 – 82 , 389 ; heavy , 312 ; Qing , 58 , 115 , 126 , 205 288 , 390 – 91 Chuzhou , 299 , 301 , 303 , 318 – 19 , 333 Catholicism , 482 – 83 Cixi , 329 , 335 – 36 , 338 , 350 ceasei res , 173 , 175 , 207 – 08 , 215 , 217 , coastal batteries , 34 , 35 – 36 , 38 , 115 223 – 24 , 234 – 35 , 247 , 255 , 260 – 61 coastal provinces , vii , 50 – 53 , 106 – 08 , 109 , Censorate , 76 , 317 125 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 172 , 443 Chahar , 43 , 53 , 72 , 358 cohong merchants , 90 , 93 – 94 , 185 , 195 – 96 , Changxiling , 332 , 333 , 336 409 , 417 , 422 , 431 – 32 , 493 , 495 Changzhou- Zhenjiang circuit intendant , 386 , collapse of the Southeastern Ramparts , 401 , 421 271 – 341 Chaozhou , 368 communications , 8 , 9 – 10 , 82 – 84 , 136 , 140 , Chen Huacheng , 62 , 64 , 136 , 162 , 316 , 142 – 43 , 144 – 45 , 162 , 187 , 188 ; British , 323 – 24 , 377 – 78 , 381 – 82 145 , 156 , 172 , 197 ; diplomatic , 16 , 93 ; Chen Liansheng , 322 – 23 electronic , 101 ; envoy’s , 16 ; systems , 110 , Chen Luan , 76 , 137 , 292 , 398 140 ; written , 504 Chen Qingyong , 490 compromise 17 , 21 – 22 , 98 , 159 – 60 , Cheng Yicai , 460 – 61 363 – 64 , 370 , 461 , 462 , 477 , 480 ; see also Cheng, Prince , 324 negotiation China , xiv – xvii , xviii – xix , 5 – 8 , 24 – 25 , concessions , 156 , 160 , 170 , 186 – 88 , 189 , 190 , 97 – 103 , 417 – 18 , 449 – 53 , 464 – 69 , 473 – 77 , 194 – 95 , 371 , 373 , 411 – 12 482 – 88 ; and Britain , 5 , 9 , 82 , 105 , 112 , “conciliating Yi” , 344 , 373 150 , 416 , 428 , 437 , 451 ; Britain rights and conciliation , v , 129 – 30 , 154 – 55 , 159 – 60 , privileges in , 452 ; British subjects resident 325 – 26 , 342 – 43 , 347 , 363 – 66 , 372 – 73 , in , 149 , 171 , 419 , 427 , 432 , 450 , 453 , 454 , 507 – 08 ; daily record of , 174 ; factions , 365 ; 465 , 505 ; conquest of , 57 , 386 ; diplomatic policies , 155 , 159 , 168 ; strategies , 156 missions to , 7 , 474 ; and foreign countries , Confucian principles , 19 , 134 , 197 , 261 , 420 , 454 ; northern , 15 ; ports of , 186 , 278 , 300 , 458 466 ; post- war , 498 ; pre- war , 498 ; provinces corruption , xviii – xix , 5 , 40 , 62 , 65 – 69 , 73 , of , 371 ; relationship with foreign countries , 79 – 81 , 90 , 284 420 ; rights and interests of , 443 , 445 , criminals , 69 , 95 – 96 , 110 , 113 , 225 , 256 , 484 ; sovereignty of , 436 ; trade , 105 , 428 ; 419 , 429 , 468 ; British , 111 , 451 – 52 ; treaties , 485 Chinese , 451 China Repository , 257 Cushing, Caleb , 459 – 64 , 466 , 474 , 475 – 76 China Sea , 455 , 461 , 476 Chinese and British governments , 185 , 187 , Dahuangyan , 218 – 21 , 225 , 226 , 232 190 , 197 , 513 Daoguang emperor , 86 – 88 , 106 – 12 , 141 – 43 , Chinese government , 92 , 99 , 186 , 195 , 273 , 153 – 56 , 227 – 32 , 307 – 10 , 323 – 26 , 369 – 74 , 429 , 448 , 465 , 467 , 473 421 – 26 , 495 – 99 ; attitude of , 345 , 492 ; Chinese historiography , xviii , 18 , 21 – 22 edict , 407 , 409 , 411 , 425 , 427 – 28 , 431 , 437 , Chinese history , x , xv – xvi , xix – 1 , 63 , 88 , 160 , 439 , 455 , 457 ; instructions , 158 , 172 – 73 , 252 , 269 – 70 , 486 , 488 233 ; and Lin Zexu , 133 ; mistook a ceasei re Chinese merchants , 90 , 94 , 222 , 423 , 435 , in one province for peace in the entire 499 , 502 – 03 realm , 247 ; orders , 88 , 93 , 285 ; orders Chinese ofi cials , xiii , xv , 21 , 82 , 114 , 432 , stipulated that the cohong were to “transmit 451 , 473 the order to the foreigners” , 93 ; orders were

540 Index

for Lin to stop the opium trade without Douglas (owner and captain of the starting any disputes on the periphery , 88 ; Cambridge , 114 – 15 plan for attacking Dinghai , 163 ; reign of , Driver , 385 vii , 18 , 71 , 112 , 129 – 30 , 154 , 253 – 54 , 381 , Dutch merchants , 97 429 , 431 ; secret edict , 401 ; and his state of Duan Yongfu , 245 – 46 mind , 326 Daoguang, era , 342 , 373 , 458 earth walls of Zhoushan. , 296 Davis, John Francis , 503 , 505 East Asia , 5 – 6 , 8 , 189 , 487 Daxia River , 308 , 310 – 12 , 318 , 320 East Indies and China Station , 82 , 126 , 134 , 272 death , 79 , 80 , 300 – 1 , 307 , 322 – 23 , 326 – 27 , edicts , 130 , 191 – 93 , 236 – 37 , 369 – 70 , 402 – 3 , 389 – 90 , 491 , 492 , 501 421 – 23 , 427 , 456 – 57 , 460 – 61 , 468 – 69 ; death sentences , 76 – 77 , 113 , 184 emperor’s , xv , 153 – 54 , 191 , 395 , 407 , debts , 150 – 51 , 185 , 196 , 215 , 245 – 46 , 426 , 437 ; fake , 497 ; government’s , 436 ; 273 , 412 , 427 , 433 ; commercial , 359 ; imperial , xv , 113 , 146 , 153 , 369 , 371 , 402 , unpaid , 196 407 , 410 , 421 defences , 107 , 108 – 10 , 122 – 23 , 126 , 198 – 99 , Eight Banners (troops) , 42 – 43 , 48 – 49 , 52 , 57 , 200 – 1 , 205 – 07 , 281 – 82 , 303 – 04 , 310 – 12 ; 58 , 60 , 70 , 291 coastal , 108 , 110 , 276 , 284 , 306 , 502 ; Elliot : Admiral George ; actions and impregnable , 277 , 285 ; natural , 101 , 308 ; of motivations , 189 ; behaviour , 188 ; Dinghai , 295 , 298 ; of Guangdong , 129 ; of bingtie , 99 ; concessions and conditions , Qing , 209 ; of Xiamen , 138 , 282 , 284 , 288 ; 196 , 217 , 223 , 243 ; correspondence , 176 ; of Yuqian , 299 ; strengthening of , 133 , 178 , dismissal , 272 , 273 ; hardline attitude and 189 , 310 language , 223 ; lacking intelligence , 218 ; defenses, coastal , 35 , 40 , 51 – 54 , 262 , 370 , plan criticized by Commodore Bremer , 419 , 422 , 424 , 428 ; shore , 46 ; strengthening 234 , 276 ; unhappy about the loss of proi ts of , 224 from opium , 105 , 113 , 193 ; Charles , 4 , 157 , Deng Tingzhen , 34 , 83 – 85 , 89 – 90 , 92 – 93 , 158 – 59 , 170 – 71 , 187 – 88 , 212 , 215 , 250 , 137 – 38 , 143 , 152 , 271 , 279 , 282 – 83 ; ailing , 271 , 272 492 ; Governor- General , 82 ; and Lin Zexu , Elliot, Admiral George , 82 – 84 , 99 – 100 , 102 , 188 , 191 , 344 113 – 14 , 115 – 19 , 170 – 77 , 187 – 90 , 192 – 97 , Dent, Lancelot , 91 – 94 , 194 , 262 221 – 23 , 234 – 36 development , 27 , 30 , 35 , 37 , 42 , 56 , 57 , 63 , Emperors of China , 5 , 273 , 427 , 449 , 452 265 , 267 ; economic , 61 ; progressive , 347 ; encampments , 203 , 205 , 209 – 11 , 220 , 327 ; rapid , 250 , 488 ; social , 8 large , 331 ; new , 209 ; walled , 297 – 98 Dezhubu , 401 England , xviii , 7 – 8 , 79 , 104 , 273 , 320 , 372 , Dinghai , 50 – 52 , 109 – 10 , 131 – 32 , 141 – 43 , 379 , 384 , 509 165 – 75 , 294 – 99 , 301 – 09 , 333 , 344 – 45 , Enterprise , 127 375 – 78 ; Battle of , 56 , 137 , 143 , 162 – 63 , Erigone , 470 293 ; defences of , 295 , 298 ; loss of , 51 , Ershawei , 218 – 19 , 224 , 232 , 241 163 , 307 ; occupation of , 9 , 142 , 277 , 328 , expeditionary forces , 100 , 127 , 132 , 234 – 35 , 343 , 349 ; recapture of , 166 – 67 , 170 – 71 , 249 , 273 172 , 175 , 177 – 78 , 179 , 293 ; residents of , expenses , vii , 68 , 100 , 276 , 288 , 337 , 358 – 61 , 174 , 176 366 , 387 , 415 ; British military , 150 – 51 , Dinghai County , 61 , 131 , 133 , 169 161 , 170 , 185 , 196 , 273 , 282 , 415 , 433 , diplomacy , 174 , 197 , 397 , 406 , 409 , 506 495 ; food , 359 ; reported , 358 diplomatic negotiations , 409 , 410 Eyres, Harry , 304 diplomatic relations , 159 , 187 , 197 , 400 , 416 Eyun (an ofi cial whose original name was disease , 171 – 72 , 249 , 492 Lianbi) , 337 – 40 disobeying military orders , 105 , 197 , 255 , 399 disputes , 87 , 98 – 99 , 101 , 160 , 247 , 419 – 20 , factories , 91 – 92 , 94 – 95 , 97 – 98 , 218 – 20 , 442 , 451 , 462 , 465 ; inciting of , 86 ; legal , 222 , 227 , 234 – 35 , 238 – 39 , 241 – 42 , 70 , 429 , 450 ; unexpected , 101 243 – 44 docks , 16 , 75 , 193 , 198 , 223 , 239 , 423 ; Fairbank, John , x , 504 Guangzhou , 226 ; temporary , 16 Feng Shentai , 314 , 317 – 19 , 321 , 323 Dongguanzhen , 332 , 336 Fenghua , 329 , 335 , 350

Index 541

Fenghuanggang , 218 – 19 , 225 – 26 , 237 , land- based , 34 ; permanent , 280 , 330 ; 239 – 41 regional , 43 Fengtian (present- day called Liaoning) , 155 Ge Yunfei , 179 – 81 , 301 – 03 , 305 – 06 , 315 , 323 i eld batteries , 133 , 205 , 210 , 242 , 304 – 06 Gegu brigade , 48 i rearms , 27 – 29 , 33 , 125 , 334 , 348 , 390 gentry , 260 , 261 , 264 – 66 , 268 , 269 , 271 , 291 , i reboats , 233 , 239 , 334 293 , 299 , 301 ; and ofi cials , 8 , 261 , 269 , First Opium War , vii – ix , xiii – xvii , xviii – 2 , 291 , 301 ; Guangzhou , 505 ; local , 75 , 125 , 18 – 21 , 22 – 28 , 31 – 33 , 35 – 40 , 354 – 63 , 338 ; patriotic , 264 415 – 16 , 512 – 13 Gong Zizhen , 87 – 88 First Sino- Japanese War , 21 , 267 Gong, Prince , 300 Forbes, Paul S. , 455 , 457 – 59 , 472 Gonggu fort (Luwan) , 199 , 209 , 210 Forbidden City , xv , 4 , 130 , 147 , 216 , 372 Gough, Hugh , 234 , 254 – 55 , 257 , 260 , 286 , foreign merchants , 16 , 75 , 90 – 97 , 99 , 108 , 302 – 03 , 310 , 374 – 76 , 393 , 395 111 , 120 , 238 , 308 , 417 Grand Council , 3 – 4 , 20 , 130 , 146 , 148 , 283 , foreigners , x – xi , 79 – 80 , 90 – 91 , 93 – 96 , 99 , 317 – 18 , 321 – 23 , 326 , 468 101 , 144 – 45 , 266 , 427 , 443 – 45 ; rebel , 392 ; Great Britain , x ; see Britain regulations barring , 468 Great Cape , 16 , 55 , 190 , 199 – 200 , 205 – 06 fortii ed batteries , vi , 36 , 121 , 209 , 218 – 20 , Great Emperor , 9 – 10 , 145 , 151 , 156 , 158 , 159 , 281 , 493 170 , 245 , 418 , 462 – 63 ; inspection , 458 ; forts , 37 – 39 , 197 – 201 , 204 – 06 , 208 – 11 , 261 – orders of , 458 ; rule of , 152 62 , 281 – 82 , 285 – 86 , 299 , 306 – 07 , 311 – 12 ; Great Qing Emperor , 223 , 320 , 436 , 452 , 485 ; abandoned , 225 ; Gonggu , 199 , 209 , 210 ; see also Qing Hengdang , 199 , 211 ; Hong Kong , 415 ; Great Wall , 201 , 324 Jingyuan , 210 ; Pazhou , 215 ; Qing , 205 , Green Standards (troops) , vii , 39 , 42 – 49 , 52 , 208 , 210 , 216 , 286 ; Sifang , 237 , 242 , 254 , 57 , 58 – 60 , 65 , 67 – 69 , 314 255 , 259 , 262 ; Weiyuan , 199 , 204 , 208 , ground forces , 306 , 389 210 , 309 ; West , 218 , 236 , 239 – 41 ; Yong’an , Guan Tianpei , 42 , 62 , 64 , 83 – 85 , 116 – 18 , 123 , 199 , 210 ; Zhenyuan , 199 , 303 , 304 – 05 198 – 204 , 205 – 10 , 211 – 12 , 322 – 24 Foshan , 71 , 232 – 33 , 236 – 37 , 505 Guan Zhong , 403 France , 445 , 469 – 70 , 472 – 75 , 476 – 77 , Guangdong , 11 – 13 , 50 – 56 , 81 – 89 , 101 – 03 , 478 – 80 , 482 , 484 – 86 , 488 , 507 , 511 – 12 ; 109 – 13 , 166 – 67 , 247 – 48 , 283 – 86 , 439 – 40 , and the supply of weapons to the Qing 441 – 45 ; authorities and ofi cials , 79 , 86 , 94 , Dynasty , 471 ; and the United States , 445 , 110 , 126 , 196 , 422 , 469 ; Customs House , 452 , 484 – 85 430 , 449 ; governors , 217 ; Institute of French envoy , 475 History and Culture , 265 , 266 ; water force , French government , 471 – 72 , 474 , 480 41 , 83 , 97 , 115 , 120 , 123 , 198 – 99 French merchants , 455 , 469 Guangxi , 51 , 53 , 56 , 72 , 76 , 79 , 229 , 231 , French warships , 430 , 469 – 70 , 473 , 475 , 354 – 58 , 495 478 , 484 Guangzhou , v – vii , 71 – 72 , 90 – 93 , 190 – 93 , Fujian , 143 ; land units , 166 ; military 212 – 15 , 216 – 24 , 230 – 46 , 258 – 62 , 470 – 73 , spending , 283 ; ports , 78 , 418 ; water 503 – 07 ; authorities , 83 , 218 , 222 , 236 , 246 , forces , 35 , 46 , 50 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 69 – 70 , 260 ; gentry and masses , 505 ; government 166 , 278 of , 4 ; occupied by an Anglo- French Fuzhou (formally called Houguon) , 43 , 49 , coalition , 512 ; ofi cials , 275 , 276 ; port 419 , 421 , 425 , 426 – 27 , 430 , 493 – 95 , authority , 97 502 – 04 Guiliyang , 75 – 76 Guizhou , 51 , 53 , 67 , 73 – 71 , 137 , 164 , 277 , Gan, Prince , 512 358 – 60 , 493 , 498 Gangjiao merchants , 237 Guizot , 472 – 73 , 474 – 76 Gansu , 324 , 328 , 330 – 31 , 333 , 348 , 358 , 375 , Gulangyu Island , 46 , 279 – 81 , 286 , 302 , 329 , 379 , 490 , 492 383 – 84 , 411 – 12 , 423 , 428 Gaoqi battery , 279 gunboat diplomacy , xvii garrisons , 34 – 36 , 37 – 38 , 40 , 67 – 68 , 205 – 06 , gunpowder , 27 – 28 , 31 , 32 – 33 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 63 , 286 – 87 , 309 , 312 , 323 , 331 – 32 ; Banners , 117 , 123 , 131 1 , 49 , 325 ; divided , 366 ; Humen , 16 ; Guo Songtao , 507 , 512

542 Index

Gutzlaff, Charles , 394 , 419 HMS Nimrod , 127 , 241 Gützlaff, Karl , 419 , 480 HMS North Star , 385 HMS Pelican , 385 Hai guo si shuo , 511 HMS Pylades , 127 , 136 , 239 Hai guo tu zhi , 493 , 509 – 11 HMS Royalist , 385 Hailing , 387 – 88 , 390 – 91 HMS Samarang , 206 , 210 Haizhu battery , 218 , 241 HMS Serpent , 385 “Han traitors” , 266 HMS Sulphur , 241 Hangzhou , 312 – 13 , 320 , 330 – 32 , 336 – 37 , HMS Thalia , 385 346 – 47 , 352 , 353 , 377 , 392 , 395 – 96 ; HMS Vindictive , 385 acting general of, 369 – 70 ; and HMS Wanderer , 385 Yijing visits the temple of Guandi, HMS Wellesley , 13 , 127 , 131 , 133 , 144 , 174 , 332 ; reached by Qiying on 9 May 210 – 11 , 304 1842 , 373 HMS Wolverine , 385 Hangzhou Bay , 131 , 307 , 372 , 375 Hong Kong , xiv , 16 – 17 , 119 – 20 , 192 – 93 , “Heavenly Dynasty” , ix , 5 – 7 , 84 – 85 , 195 , 249 – 50 , 328 – 29 , 383 – 84 , 421 – 22 , 111 – 13 , 175 – 77 , 188 – 89 , 372 – 73 , 431 – 32 , 445 – 46 ; and Kowloon , 114 ; and Zhoushan , 455 – 56 , 483 – 85 329 ; British governor of , 503 ; British Heilongjiang , 43 , 53 , 325 , 358 , 499 , 501 seizure and ceding of , 17 , 190 , 212 , 272 ; Henan , 51 – 53 , 72 , 75 – 76 , 324 , 327 – 28 , 331 , detachment occupying , 273 ; forts , 415 ; 333 , 354 , 358 , 490 – 91 government , 383 ; Qing forces on , 17 ; Hengdang batteries , 200 , 209 secretly ceding , 193 Hengdang forts , 199 , 211 hong merchants , 82 , 227 , 232 , 246 , 260 , Hengdang Island , 200 , 205 – 07 , 210 427 , 433 Herbert, Thomas , 257 Hooghley , 385 Hevia, James , xviii hospital ships , 384 hired civilian ships , 369 House of Commons , 100 hired steamships , 127 Houshanbo , 338 hired transport ships , 384 Huang Entong , 411 , 413 , 437 – 38 , HMS Algerine , 127 , 239 , 385 443 – 45 , 455 , 462 – 63 , 476 – 78 , 480 – 81 , HMS Alligator , 126 – 27 , 239 483 – 84 , 507 – 08 HMS Blenheim , 127 , 169 , 210 , 385 Huang Juezi , 70 , 74 , 76 – 77 , 78 , 81 – 82 , 137 HMS Blonde , 127 , 134 – 35 , 136 , 137 , 286 , Huangcuo battery , 279 304 , 306 , 385 Huangpu River , 38 , 227 , 232 , 240 – 41 , 377 , HMS Calliope , 205 , 210 , 241 , 257 , 385 381 – 83 , 384 , 387 , 478 , 482 HMS Cambrian , 385 Hubei , 51 – 53 , 71 – 72 , 76 , 112 , 328 , 331 , 353 , HMS Cambridge , 114 – 15 , 124 , 219 354 – 58 , 387 , 390 HMS Childers , 385 Huguang , 14 , 51 , 60 , 75 , 78 , 80 – 81 , 111 HMS Clio , 385 Humen , 83 – 85 , 92 – 93 , 120 – 21 , 126 – 28 , HMS Columbine , 127 , 206 , 304 , 334 , 385 192 – 93 , 197 – 205 , 211 – 15 , 219 – 21 , 245 – 46 , HMS Conway , 127 447 – 49 ; defence infrastructure , 41 , 120 , HMS Cornwallis , 385 , 413 – 14 , 433 197 , 204 ; garrisons , 16 HMS Cruizer , 127 , 385 Humen zhai (Stockade) , 198 HMS Dido , 385 Hunan , 51 , 53 , 61 , 64 , 69 , 71 – 72 , 215 – 16 , HMS Druid , 103 , 126 – 27 , 206 , 210 229 , 231 – 32 , 314 HMS Endymion , 385 HMS Harlequin , 385 Ili , 229 , 248 , 293 , 491 – 92 , 496 , 498 – 99 , 501 HMS Hazard , 385 Ilibu , 161 – 84 , 277 , 342 – 46 , 371 , 392 – 98 , HMS Hebe , 385 399 – 408 , 410 – 14 , 445 – 48 , 457 ; awarded HMS Herald , 210 , 385 posthumous title Grand Guardian of the HMS Hyacinth , 114 , 116 – 17 , 119 , Heir Apparent , 444 ; and Deng Tingzhen , 127 , 205 271 ; Governor- General of Liangjiang , 50 , HMS Larne , 114 , 127 , 205 143 , 292 ; “Grand Secretary” , 424 ; and HMS Lord Amherst , 3 8 Huang Entong , 455 ; and Kišan , 184 , 233 , HMS Modeste , 127 , 206 , 239 , 304 , 385 342 , 344 , 363 , 425 , 489 ; memorial , 168 ,

Index 543

176 , 178 , 180 – 81 , 183 ; memorial arrives actions during the Opium War , 24 , 196 , in Beijing as the British were departing 490 – 91 ; anti- prohibition faction designed Tianjin , 168 ; memorial consists of several to undermine the suppression campaign , pages of bold words , 181 ; message , 396 , 76 ; arrest of , 228 , 231 , 248 ; conducts a 400 , 408 ; and Niu Jian , 406 , 419 , 420 ; consultation programme , 191 ; and the ordered to go to Zhejiang to render service Daoguang emperor , 159 , 214 ; defence of , in the military camps , 143 , 370 , 401 , 441 ; 10 , 18 ; diplomacy of , 22 , 196 ; and Ilibu , proposal for a conciliuation policy , 168 – 70 , 184 , 233 , 342 , 344 , 363 , 425 , 489 ; Iliyang’s 171 ; and Qiying , 371 , 374 , 392 , 396 – 97 , attack on , 285 ; Jiang’s characterization of , 399 – 404 , 408 , 411 , 414 , 426 , 457 ; servant 18 ; memorials , 156 , 171 , 191 , 197 , 213 ; Zhang Xi , 170 , 374 , 424 ; strategy for post war record , 491 ; property inventory , negotiating with the British , 182 , 294 ; and 2 – 3 ; reports about the British ofi cers, Yu Buyun , 170 , 441 150 , 154 , 212 ; traitorous surrender , 23 ; Iliyang , 17 , 109 – 10 , 201 , 219 , 223 , 226 , 228 , withdrawal of troops , 201 233 , 236 – 37 , 243 – 44 Kite , 169 Illustrated London News , xvi Korea , 199 Imperial City , 59 – 60 Kowloon , 113 – 16 , 118 – 20 , 126 , 201 – 2 , 215 India , 56 , 100 – 01 , 102 , 105 – 06 , 127 , 254 , Kwun Chung, Battle of , 114 256 , 272 , 374 , 383 Indian soldiers , 252 , 260 , 395 , 399 land forces , 295 , 383 – 84 landing craft , 93 , 114 , 119 , 135 Jahangir , 88 , 141 , 154 – 55 , 216 , 224 , 229 , 231 , Langshan , 51 , 309 314 , 324 Lannoy, J (Belgian Consul, Manila) , 484 Japan , 270 , 278 , 485 – 88 , 497 , 513 letters , 86 – 88 , 100 – 01 , 106 – 10 , 135 – 36 , Japanese invasion , 21 , 22 – 23 149 – 51 , 157 – 59 , 185 – 86 , 436 – 39 , 458 – 64 , Jardine, William , 92 – 93 472 – 73 ; diplomatic , 426 , 430 , 455 ; of Jiang Zemin , xiv Benoit , 472 ; of Cushing , 462 ; of Lin , 107 ; Jiangnan , 38 , 64 , 136 , 162 , 377 , 387 , 402 , of Perry , 487 ; of Qiying , 475 ; of Yishan , 404 , 418 – 19 , 422 244 ; “response” , 395 , 406 Jiangning (now Nanjing) , 43 , 292 , 331 , 386 , Li Hongzhang , 5 , 485 – 86 , 513 401 , 411 , 421 , 445 Li Xingyuan , 261 , 351 , 367 , 370 , 418 , 437 , Jiangsu , 14 , 50 – 52 , 53 – 54 , 72 , 108 – 09 , 162 – 492 , 495 64 , 291 – 93 , 309 – 10 , 354 – 56 , 396 – 97 ; Liang Tingnan , 238 , 253 – 55 , 257 – 58 , 260 , governor Chen Luan , 137 , 397 ; Province , 261 , 263 , 264 , 289 , 326 , 511 – 12 346 , 377 , 424 ; water force , 163 , 166 Liang Zhangju , 79 , 346 , 418 Jiangxi , 51 – 53 , 163 , 164 , 214 , 216 , 218 – 19 , Liangguang , 7 , 11 , 82 – 83 , 89 – 90 , 92 , 137 , 229 – 31 , 328 , 331 , 354 – 58 141 , 231 – 32 , 460 – 61 , 472 Jiangyin , 386 – 87 Liangjiang , 111 – 12 , 141 – 43 , 162 – 63 , 291 – 93 , Jiaqing reign , 41 , 62 , 80 , 147 , 198 , 229 364 – 65 , 367 , 378 – 80 , 424 , 425 – 26 , 441 – 42 Jiaxing , 330 , 332 , 394 , 395 – 96 , 501 Liede , 219 , 224 , 226 , 232 – 33 , 239 Jinghai Temple , 409 – 10 , 411 , 413 Lin Zexu , 12 – 14 , 19 – 20 , 22 – 24 , 78 , 85 – 87 , Jingkou , 43 , 51 , 386 , 390 127 – 30 , 217 – 21 , 222 – 23 , 366 – 68 , 508 – 09 ; Jingyuan batteries , 210 anti- opium campaign , 89 , 156 ; claims he Jingyuan forts , 36 , 121 , 200 , 209 – 11 had given warning of the British plans to Jiushan Island , 131 – 32 , 309 – 13 , 318 attack Dinghai and Tianjin , 109 ; memorials , Jocelyn, Robert , 133 78 , 81 , 103 , 106 , 109 , 111 , 114 – 15 , 116 , joint plenipotentiary, Charles Elliot , 134 119 , 201 – 02 joint plenipotentiary, George Elliot , 127 , 170 Lion Sea , 197 ; see also Shiziyang Liu Yunke , 313 – 14 , 336 – 37 , 341 – 47 , 349 , Kangxi Emperor , 8 , 30 , 39 – 40 , 47 , 131 , 198 , 351 – 54 , 362 – 64 , 369 – 70 , 428 – 30 , 431 , 229 , 372 , 481 – 82 501 – 3 Kearny, Lawrence , 456 , 457 Loch, Granville G. , 412 Khoqand , 154 London , 82 , 101 , 188 , 190 , 221 – 22 , 249 , Kišan , 1 – 5 , 12 – 22 , 142 – 45 , 156 – 59 , 186 – 97 , 271 – 72 , 417 202 – 04 , 206 – 08 , 212 – 15 , 218 – 22 , 489 – 91 ; Longhai County , 46 , 279

544 Index

Longwen , 224 , 227 , 232 , 236 , 240 , 243 – 44 Ming Emperor Jiajing , 28 Lord Palmerston , 100 , 128 , 149 , 151 , 186 – 89 , Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang , 146 190 , 193 , 196 , 271 – 74 , 433 – 34 money , 61 , 62 , 68 – 69 , 155 – 56 , 282 , 284 , 338 , Louisa , 114 – 16 , 239 , 250 350 , 354 – 61 , 386 – 87 ; donating of , 401 ; Lovell, Julia , iii – v embezzling of , 68 ; extorting of , 66 , 68 , 70 , Lower Hengdang Island , vi , 198 , 210 330 ; losing , 41 , 97 Lu Kun , 8 , 11 , 120 Monthly pay of soldiers in the Green Standard Lyra (opium merchant’s ship) , 316 and Eight Banners , 6 0 Lyubimov, Nikolai , 230 Monthly wages of Green Standard ofi cers in taels , 6 5 Macao , 93 , 102 , 119 – 20 , 201 – 02 , 235 – 36 , Morrison, John , 116 , 174 , 405 – 06 , 409 – 11 , 448 250 , 274 , 460 , 470 – 72 , 475 – 76 Mujangga , 3 , 96 , 148 , 369 – 70 , 446 , 447 , Macartney, George , 7 , 458 468 – 69 , 490 Madagascar , 126 – 27 Muraviev, Nikolai , 500 Maitland, Frederick , 13 , 82 , 83 – 86 , 144 , muskets , 27 – 30 , 31 , 38 – 39 , 42 , 123 – 24 , 255 , 199 – 200 286 , 290 Maitland, Thomas , 144 Malcolm, Maj. G.A. , 273 – 76 , 409 , 410 Nanjing , 400 – 01 , 404 – 09 , 416 – 17 , 425 – 28 , Manila , 469 – 70 , 484 429 – 31 , 434 – 39 , 440 – 41 , 445 – 50 , 456 – 58 , marches , 55 – 56 , 71 , 91 – 92 , 99 – 100 , 215 , 471 ; and stipulations on trade relations , 431 ; 216 – 26 , 230 – 32 , 242 – 43 , 334 – 36 , 459 – 60 captured by the Taiping army , 501 ; Pottinger marines , 37 , 122 , 133 , 205 , 210 – 11 , 290 , enters to say farewell at the Zhengjue 303 – 06 , 311 – 12 Temple, xiv , 439 ; see also Jiangning Masaya, Sasaki , 13 , 323 Napier, William , 7 , 94 , 201 Medusa , 385 negotiations , 177 – 79 , 187 – 88 , 395 – 97 , Memnon , 385 408 – 13 , 426 – 27 , 435 – 37 , 438 – 39 , memorials , 75 – 79 , 101 – 05 , 108 – 10 , 141 – 43 , 443 – 45 , 447 – 50 , 478 – 81 ; conduct of , 320 ; 166 – 68 , 175 – 79 , 274 – 77 , 317 – 19 , 394 – 98 , diplomatic , 409 , 410 ; Guangdong , 425 ; 445 – 48 ; deceptive , 226 ; earlier , 110 , 167 , items of , 429 – 31 , 436 , 452 , 453 ; reopening 482 , 502 ; joint , 274 , 319 , 494 ; Kišan , of , 411 ; treaty , 418 , 463 , 477 , 479 156 , 171 , 191 , 197 , 213 ; Lin , 78 , 81 , 103 , Nemesis , 209 , 210 , 221 , 239 , 242 , 302 – 04 , 106 , 109 , 111 , 114 – 15 , 116 , 119 , 201 – 02 ; 306 , 335 , 385 long , 169 , 482 ; original , 370 ; Qiying , 399 ; Netherlands , 484 , 486 , 488 second , 111 , 181 , 191 , 253 ; secret , 350 , Ningbo , 331 , 333 , 335 ; abandoned by the 369 , 503 ; Yang’s , 225 , 227 ; Yishan’s , 230 , British, 56 , 374 , 383 , 392 ; attacks on, 331 , 238 , 239 , 246 , 248 , 256 , 264 ; Yuqian’s , 177 334 merchant ships , 115 , 163 , 178 , 368 , 398 , Ningpo , 452 428 , 467 ; detaining of , 419 ; procured , 282 ; Niu Jian , 365 , 367 , 378 – 82 , 386 – 87 , 397 , 402 , requisitioned , 163 ; Thomas Coutts , 116 404 – 08 , 410 – 13 , 424 , 441 ; and Ilibu , 410 ; merchants , 91 – 94 , 95 – 97 , 99 – 100 , 101 , 105 , and Wang Zhiyuan , 381 – 82 ; emperor’s edict 151 , 157 – 58 , 221 – 23 , 463 , 499 ; American , ordering that the British must bew handled 96 , 97 – 99 , 152 , 218 , 227 , 455 – 57 , 503 ; appropriately , 411 ; memorial , 402 British , 97 – 99 , 119 , 189 , 195 – 96 , 226 , 227 , Noriega, Manuel , 98 429 , 432 , 454 , 456 ; Cantonese , 77 ; Chinese , Numbers of Qing soldiers in provinces outside 90 , 94 , 222 , 423 , 435 , 499 , 502 – 03 ; Dutch , main theatres of conl ict in the Opium War, 97 ; foreign , 16 , 75 , 90 – 97 , 99 , 108 , 111 , and percentages redeployed from those 120 , 238 , 308 , 417 ; French , 455 , 469 ; provinces to the coast , 5 3 Gangjiao , 237 ; hong , 82 , 227 , 232 , 246 , Numbers of Qing soldiers normally in the 260 , 427 , 433 ; opium , 79 , 91 – 92 , 98 , coastal provinces, and redeployed there 99 – 100 , 105 , 200 ; salt , 401 ; Xiamen , 278 during the war , 5 2 military examinations , 62 – 63 military expenditures , 35 , 41 , 68 , 283 , 358 , o f i cers , 43 – 45 , 57 , 62 – 65 , 66 – 68 , 70 – 73 , 361 – 63 , 421 142 – 43 , 248 – 49 , 262 – 63 , 300 – 01 , 329 – 30 ; military orders, disobeying of , 105 , 197 , British , 135 , 150 , 169 , 171 , 253 , 257 , 281 , 255 , 399 294 ; high- ranking , 391 ; Kišan’s liaison , 4 ;

Index 545

liaison , 140 , 158 ; low ranking , 145 , 350 , ports , 74 – 76 , 78 , 101 – 02 , 108 , 132 , 172 – 73 , 406 ; low- ranking , 180 , 404 , 405 ; police , 427 – 28 , 430 , 452 – 54 , 503 ; Amoy , 427 , 452 ; 49 ; Qing , 83 , 180 , 210 , 243 , 307 , 349 ; Fuchow , 452 ; Fujian , 78 , 418 ; Hong Kong , supernumerary , 37 xiv , 16 – 17 , 119 – 20 , 192 – 93 , 195 , 249 – 50 , opium , 10 – 12 , 75 – 76 , 79 – 80 , 89 – 93 , 95 – 96 , 328 – 29 , 383 – 84 , 421 – 22 , 445 – 46 ; Ningpo , 97 – 99 , 108 , 110 – 12 , 113 – 14 , 157 – 58 ; 452 ; Quanzhou , 137 – 38 , 278 , 282 , 368 , cargos , 92 , 113 ; chests of , 91 – 92 , 97 , 108 , 421 ; Shanghai , 38 , 377 , 384 – 87 , 389 , 396 , 111 ; crackdown on , 85 , 87 , 187 , 263 , 274 , 419 , 421 , 426 – 27 , 430 , 433 ; treaty , 419 , 474 ; dealers , 12 , 80 , 89 , 92 , 96 ; destruction 422 , 425 , 429 – 31 , 432 – 33 , 452 – 55 , 457 , of , 156 , 185 , 186 , 189 , 195 , 246 , 433 ; 460 , 473 , 475 ; Zhoushan , 106 – 07 , 127 – 28 , domestic , 11 ; merchants , 91 , 99 – 100 , 105 ; 131 – 32 , 134 – 35 , 136 , 168 – 69 , 171 – 73 , pipes , 89 , 507 ; price of, 106 , 401 ; selling 177 – 82 , 423 , 428 of , 9 , 95 – 96 , 108 ; smokers , 79 ; smoking of , Pottinger, Sir Henry , 272 – 76 , 285 – 86 , 75 , 77 , 110 ; smugglers , 11 , 47 , 69 , 82 – 83 , 393 , 396 – 97 , 400 – 1 , 402 – 4 , 406 – 9 , 432 – 108 , 119 , 137 , 141 , 456 , 457 ; smuggling 37 , 442 – 44 , 445 – 48 : arrival in the East , of , 110 , 266 ; supplying of , 98 , 160 ; 271 – 72 , 276 ; British plenipotentiary , xvii , suppression campaign , 76 , 78 – 81 , 85 , 89 , 433 , 444 ; experiences in Asia , 272 111 ; surrender of , 111 ; trade , xvi , 79 – 80 , Prince Yu , 324 88 , 98 , 101 , 104 – 05 , 434 ; traders , 80 , 125 ; prisoners , 16 , 47 , 169 – 73 , 174 – 75 , users , 75 – 77 , 78 179 – 80 , 207 , 211 , 216 , 294 – 95 , 316 ; Opium War expenses for provinces not British , 295 , 316 , 393 – 95 , 417 , 442 ; included in table 6.1 , 357 interrogating of , 371 ; Qing , 395 ; opium wars , xv , 11 ; see First Opium War, and releasing of , 365 Second Opium War privileges , 151 , 275 , 452 – 53 , 462 , 465 , 474 – 75 , 478 , 484 ; trading , 472 ; treaty , 485 ; Palmerston, Lord , 100 , 128 , 149 , 151 , unequal , 464 , 485 186 – 89 , 190 , 193 , 196 , 271 – 74 , 433 – 34 ; prohibition , 10 – 13 , 74 – 75 , 77 – 78 , 92 , 108 , draft treaty , 185 , 433 , 434 ; instructions 480 – 82 , 484 , 495 ; of opium, concerning the Treaty , 185 – 86 , 188 , 190 , 89 , 96 , 434 – 35 ; relaxation of , 479 ; 291 , 433 , 435 , 449 , 452 ; letter to the unenforced , 12 “Minister of the Emperor” , 134 – 35 , 136 , Proserpine , 385 144 – 45 , 148 – 50 , 154 , 156 , 185 , 187 , provinces , vii , 51 – 56 , 109 – 11 , 164 – 65 , 247 , 191 , 400 – 01 330 – 31 , 348 , 350 – 51 , 353 – 58 , 418 – 19 ; paramilitaries , 16 , 51 , 125 , 181 coastal , vii , 50 – 53 , 106– 08 , 109 , 125 , 161 , Paris , 470 , 476 , 507 162 , 164 , 172 , 443 ; interior , 50 – 52 , 77 ; Parker, Peter , 463 maritime , 52 , 290 , 308 Parker, William , 272 , 286 , 302 – 04 , 310 , 320 , provincial commanders , 44 – 46 , 59 , 61 , 64 – 65 , 335 , 374 , 393 , 463 166 , 168 , 314 – 15 , 317 , 319 , 323 patrol posts , 45 – 46 , 50 – 51 , 60 , 67 provincial governors , 47 , 51 , 65 , 75 – 76 , 77 , Pazhou forts , 215 107 , 109 – 10 , 142 , 277 , 282 peace , 243 – 44 , 246 – 47 , 349 – 50 , 392 – 93 , publications: Baoshan Gazetteer , 4 5 ; China 398 , 400 – 1 , 410 – 11 , 470 , 495 , 504 – 05 ; Repository , 257 ; Chinese Repository, 131 , advocating , 363 , 506 ; enduring , 296 ; 344 ; Hai guo si shuo , 511 ; Hai guo tu zhi , maintaining of , 80 ; negotiating , 370 , 400 , 493 , 509 – 11 ; Illustrated London News , 404 , 409 ; treaties , 222 , 274 , 428 , 437 , xvi ; The Collected Works of Lin Zexu, 108 ; 439 , 464 Treatise on Cannons , 368 ; Ying huan zhi Pearl River , 119 – 20 , 125 , 127 – 28 , 156 , 197 , lüe , 510 – 11 214 , 232 – 33 , 238 People’s Liberation Army , 140 Qi Gong , 231 – 32 , 240 , 244 , 247 , 253 – 54 , 263 , Perdue, Peter , xviii 274 , 456 , 471 – 73 , 496 Philippe I, King Louis , 477 Qing anti- opium measures , 89 Philippe, Louis (“Great Emperor of Qing archives , 68 , 146 France”) , 477 Qing army , xviii , 29 – 30 , 54 , 57 , 177 , 181 – 82 , Phlegethon , 302 , 304 , 335 , 385 197 , 205 – 09 , 212 , 218 Pluto , 385 Qing attack on Ningbo and Zhenhai , 332

546 Index

Qing authorities , 91 , 102 , 116 , 173 , 198 , 206 , 392 , 396 – 97 , 399 – 404 , 408 , 411 , 414 , 426 , 217 , 226 , 433 , 505 457 ; and the relaxation of the prohibition Qing batteries , vii , 32 , 38 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 205 , of Christianity , 479 ; appointed as imperial 221 , 239 , 286 commissioner , 64 , 371 , 394 , 444 , 472 ; Qing bureaucracy , 1 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 177 , 443 becomes secretary in the Imperial Clan Qing cannon- i re , 30 – 32 , 117 , 124 , 240 , 281 , Court , 424 ; directed to stay in Hangzhou 286 , 304 – 05 , 505 to assist with defense , 395 ; June , 463 ; Qing casualties , 58 , 115 , 288 , 390 – 91 memorials , 399 Qing casualties at Zhenjiang by military Quanzhou , 137 – 38 , 278 , 282 , 368 , 421 division , 391 Queen , 127 , 210 , 304 , 311 , 335 Qing coastal forts , 32 , 36 , 120 Queen Victoria , 118 Qing court , 51 – 52 , 113 , 125 , 136 , 140 , 189 , 273 , 352 , 387 , 500 Ranks of civil and military ofi cials , 6 6 Qing defeat , xvi , 24 , 299 , 381 , 489 Rawski, Evelyn , xviii Qing Dynasty , i – iii , 47 – 48 , 350 – 54 , regiments , 206 , 242 , 257 , 286 , 306 , 320 , 360 – 63 , 416 , 419 – 20 , 434 , 475 – 76 , 383 – 84 485 – 86 , 489 reinforcements , 51 – 52 , 55 – 57 , 164 , 165 , Qing Empire , i , ix , xi , xviii , 8 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 201 – 04 , 330 , 331 , 348 , 374 – 75 , 383 – 84 ; 127 , 487 British , 397 ; naval , 384 ; Qing , 231 , Qing examination system , 62 ; see also 235 ; refused , 16 ; requesting of , 256 ; candidates withdrawing of , 285 Qing forces , 27 – 31 , 114 – 18 , 286 – 87 , 333 – 35 , Reported Opium War expenses by 347 – 48 , 349 – 51 , 359 – 60 , 375 – 77 , 381 , province , 355 387 – 90 ; dispersed , 60 ; harassed , 329 ; on resistance , 22 – 24 , 182 – 83 , 250 – 54 , 256 , Upper Hengdang Island , 210 ; on Wuyu , 286 258 – 62 , 264 – 66 , 267 – 68 , 269 – 71 , 312 – 13 , Qing garrisons , 219 , 225 488 – 89 ; armed , 17 , 157 , 266 , 269 , 489 ; Qing government , x – xi , xvi , 7 – 8 , 94 – 96 , Japanese , 488 ; movements , 260 , 264 ; 156 – 57 , 184 – 87 , 419 , 428 , 449 – 50 , 489 ; popular , 251 – 52 , 260 , 261 , 263 , 269 , 507 ; decisions made in the early stages of the Qing military , 214 ; Yuqian’s loyal , 322 war , 140 ; fails to establish a long- term plan retreating , 117 , 227 , 255 , 307 , 319 , 332 , 402 ; for weapons development , 40 ; handling blocking of , 226 , 237 ; by the British , 115 ; of the Opium War , 508 ; relied solely to beyond Humen , 245 – 46 ; to Ningbo , 319 ; upon ocean transport out of Shanghai and by the Qing , 117 other places , 352 ; resolution to ban drug ril es , 28 , 32 , 459 , 497 , 500 ; British l intlock, smuggling , xvi ; unfamiliarity with the 255 ; Brunswick , 28 – 30 ; new style British , 74 percussion cap , 496 Qing governors , x , 81 – 82 , 90 , 144 , 165 , 221 rivers Qing law , 76 , 95 – 97 , 197 , 323 Daxia River , 308 , 310 – 12 , 318 , 320 ; Qing ofi cers , 83 , 180 , 210 , 243 , 307 , 349 Ussuri River , 500 ; Wusong River , 39 ; Qing ofi cials , xi , 80 , 84 , 90 , 94 , 101 , 104 , Xiangfu River , 327 ; Xiaoxia River , 311 ; 274 – 75 , 365 , 443 – 44 Yang- Tse River , 128 ; Yangzi River , vi , Qing redeployments during the Opium War , 7 1 112 , 328 – 78 , 380 , 384 – 86 , 388 , 392 , 412 ; Qing reinforcements , 231 , 235 Yellow River , 80 , 128 , 135 , 163 , 164 , Qing ships , vi , 116 – 17 , 133 , 206 – 09 , 295 , 380 379 – 80 , 491 , 504 ; Yong River , 135 , 307 ; Qing soldiers , 27 , 30 , 49 , 53 – 55 , 58 – 59 , Yongding River , 15 61 – 62 , 115 , 243 – 44 , 334 , 489 ; brave , 388 ; Russia , 5 , 451 , 481 , 486 , 488 , 499 – 500 , 512 weary , 56 Qingdaoguan , 338 Sakimitsu, Yanagiwara , 485 Qingzhou (now Yidu) , 43 , 387 , 391 salaries , 61 , 65 , 68 , 359 ; employee’s , 105 ; Qiying (Governor- General) , 394 – 402 , 410 – 13 , government , 69 ; military , 283 ; ofi cial , 66 424 – 32 , 435 – 39 , 440 – 42 , 444 – 47 , 450 – 55 , salt smugglers , 52 , 327 457 – 64 , 474 – 86 , 504 – 8 ; and Huang Entong , Samarang , 206 , 210 448 , 450 , 463 , 467 , 475 , 476 , 480 , 483 , 508 , Sand Cape , 16 , 116 , 190 , 199 , 205 – 08 , 211 , 510 ; and Huang’s strategy for negotiation 242 , 281 , 290 with the French , 479 ; and Ilibu , 371 , 374 , Sanmen channel , 208 – 09

Index 547

Sanyuanli , 250 , 252 – 54 , 255 – 62 , 263 – 64 , 385 ; Proserpine , 385 ; Queen , 127 , 210 , 266 – 70 304 , 311 , 335 ; Sesostris , 304 , 334 – 35 , 385 ; Second Opium War , 21 , 260 , 466 Tenasserim , 385 ; Vixen , 385 Senhouse, Capt. Humphrey , 169 , 171 , 243 , suppression , 130 , 140 – 41 , 197 , 215 , 343 – 44 , 249 347 – 49 , 363 – 66 , 371 , 373 , 402 ; archive of , sentry posts , 46 , 47 – 49 xv , 130 ; of opium campaign , 76 , 78 – 81 , 85 , Sesostris , 304 , 334 – 35 , 385 89 , 111 ; of opium smuggling , 162 Shaanxi , 51 – 53 , 56 , 327 , 328 , 330 – 31 , 348 , surveying ships , 384 354 – 58 , 490 , 492 Suzhou , 162 , 163 , 292 , 329 – 30 , 337 , 346 , 352 , Shandong , 43 , 52 , 108 – 09 , 110 , 155 , 161 , 325 , 397 , 399 – 400 , 403 327 , 331 , 354 – 57 Shanghai , 38 , 377 , 384 – 87 , 389 , 396 , 419 , Tafenbu , 408 , 410 , 412 421 , 426 – 27 , 430 , 433 Taiping Rebellion , 140 , 352 – 53 , 363 Shanxi , 51 , 53 , 164 , 331 , 358 Taiping War , 490 , 501 Shaoxing , 319 , 336 – 38 , 350 , 353 Taiwan , 65 , 69 , 131 – 32 , 278 , 422 , 442 , 471 Shengjing , 34 , 43 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 76 , 108 , 357 , Tao Shu , 14 , 78 , 111 , 271 365 , 369 Tarbaghatai , 229 , 499 Shenguang Temple incident , 494 – 95 , 504 tariffs , xvii , 422 , 423 , 435 – 36 , 443 – 44 , 446 , Shetouwan , 193 – 94 447 – 49 , 463 , 465 , 488 ; i xed , 449 , 464 – 65 , Shiziyang , vi , 120 , 123 , 197 , 198 , 201 478 , 485 – 86 ; rates , 430 , 444 , 449 – 50 , 465 ; Shouchun , 51 , 299 , 301 , 303 , 410 – 11 regulations , 417 , 431 , 449 Sichuan , 51 – 53 , 56 , 71 – 72 , 231 – 32 , 261 , 314 , taxes , 11 , 47 , 57 , 66 , 69 , 97 , 112 , 155 , 196 , 269 ; 328 , 330 – 33 , 354 – 58 , 490 and payment of customs , 90 ; avoiding , 90 , Sifang Fort , 237 , 242 , 254 , 255 , 259 , 262 195 ; ev asion of , 70 ; impede the levying of , 428 silver , 3 , 60 – 61 , 65 , 68 , 256 , 284 , 337 – 38 , Tchusan Islands , 128 360 – 62 , 420 , 450 ; coins , 118 ; contributions Tenasserim , 385 of , 356 – 58 ; dollars , 61 ; ingots , 3 ; outward texts , 16 , 76 , 86 , 89 , 146 , 149 , 259 , 441 , l ow of , 11 ; taels of , 3 , 60 – 61 , 88 , 118 , 155 , 446 – 48 , 468 – 69 ; ancient , 64 ; original , 149 ; 162 , 181 , 232 , 328 , 337 – 39 ratii ed , 446 ; transcribed , 447 Sino- American Treaty of Wanghia , 455 , texts original , 149 464 – 68 , 475 , 477 , 478 , 484 – 85 , 507 ; The Collected Works of Lin Zexu , 108 see also Treaty of Wanghia The Regulations for the Five Trade Ports: Sino- British Treaty , 433 , 466 ; of Nanjing , 416 ; Customs Tax Regulations , 437 of the Bogue , 433 , 464 Thom, Robert , 406 , 444 , 445 , 448 Sino- Franco Treaty , 469 , 479 Thomas Coutts , 116 Sino- Russian Secret Treaty , 5 Tianchao (Heavenly Dynasty) , ix – x , 5 Smith, Henry , 114 , 116 – 17 , 119 Tianjin , 9 , 14 – 15 , 77 – 78 , 107 , 109 , 142 – 44 , smoking, suppression of , 74 152 – 53 , 167 – 69 , 171 – 73 , 369 – 70 smugglers , 11 , 75 , 77 , 87 , 96 , 101 , 108 , 126 , Tianzun Temple , vi , 376 141 ; armed , 137 ; boats , 114 ; British , 186 ; Tibet , 490 – 91 Chinese , 75 , 89 , 114 ; foreign , 113 ; local , Tingzhanglong , 69 , 284 , 510 89 ; opium , 11 , 47 , 69 , 82 – 83 , 108 , 119 , Tobin, Beth , xi 137 , 141 , 456 , 457 ; salt , 52 , 327 Tokugawa shogun , 487 – 88 South China Sea , vi , 198 , 249 , 474 Tokyo Bay , 487 , 509 Southeastern Ramparts , v , 271 ; collapse of Tong’an , 46 , 137 , 278 – 79 , 287 , 337 – 39 the , 271 – 341 trade , 7 – 8 , 90 – 91 , 94 – 97 , 144 – 45 , 151 – 53 , Spain , 372 , 484 , 486 222 – 24 , 226 – 28 , 234 – 37 , 245 – 47 , 503 – 04 ; steamships , 56 , 136 , 142 , 220 – 21 , 225 , 240 , chief superintendent of , 7 – 8 , 82 , 94 , 188 , 245 , 375 , 380 , 383 – 84 ; Ackbar , 385 ; 221 , 252 , 275 , 329 ; domestic , 278 ; foreign , Atalanta , 127 , 242 ; Auckland , 385 ; Driver , 132 , 185 , 278 , 308 , 417 , 431 , 433 ; global 385 ; Enterprise , 127 ; fake , 378 ; hired, system , 189 ; illegal , 416 ; international , 127 ; Hooghley , 385 ; Madagascar , 126 – 27 ; 278 – 79 , 417 , 421 , 459 , 485 ; relations , 95 , Medusa , 385 ; Memnon , 385 ; Nemesis , 209 , 354 , 393 , 394 , 398 – 99 , 400 , 404 , 409 , 431 ; 210 , 221 , 239 , 242 , 302 – 04 , 306 , 335 , 385 ; resumption of , 156 , 170 , 172 , 190 , 226 , 228 , Phlegethon , 302 , 304 , 335 , 385 ; Pluto , 235 , 244 , 246 ; silk , 221 ; triangular , 98

548 Index

transport , 14 , 47 – 48 , 127 , 163 , 167 , 283 , 423 ; Waley- Cohen, Joanna , x commercial , 352 ; troop , 384 Wang Tinglan , 252 , 254 transport ships, 127 , 136 , 169 , 221 , 249 , Wang Xipeng , 62 , 166 , 179 , 301 , 303 – 04 , 302 , 304 , 310 , 383 – 84 ; hired , 384 ; 306 , 323 troop , 384 Wang Zhiyuan , 378 , 381 – 82 Treatise on Cannons , 368 warships , 34 , 83 – 85 , 126 – 28 , 219 – 21 , 233 – 34 , treaty , 413 – 17 , 418 – 19 , 420 – 24 , 425 – 28 , 239 – 42 , 285 – 86 , 366 – 68 , 383 – 84 , 428 ; 34- 430 – 37 , 446 – 55 , 459 – 68 , 471 – 73 , 477 – 80 , cannon, 219 ; American and French, 430 , 484 – 88 ; agreements , 422 ; countries , 465 ; 484 ; HMS Algerine , 127 , 239 , 385 ; HMS criminal extradition , 451 ; international , 427 ; Alligator , 126 – 27 , 239 ; HMS Blenheim , 127 , ratii ed , 440 – 41 ; signed , 440 , 458 , 465 , 484 ; 169 , 210 , 385 ; HMS Blonde , 127 , 134 – 35 , trading , 474 , 478 136 , 137 , 286 , 304 , 306 , 385 ; HMS Calliope , treaty negotiations , 418 , 463 , 477 , 479 205 , 210 , 241 , 257 , 385 ; HMS Cambrian , Treaty of Aigun , 500 385 ; HMS Cambridge, 114 – 15 , 124 , 219 ; Treaty of Humen , 437 , 445 , 447 – 48 HMS Childers, 385 ; HMS Clio , 385 ; HMS Treaty of Kiakhta City , 451 Columbine, 127 , 206 , 304 , 334 , 385 ; HMS Treaty of Kulja , 499 Conway, 127 ; HMS Cornwallis, 385 , 413 – 14 , Treaty of Nanjing , 425 , 427 – 28 , 429 – 31 , 433 ; HMS Cruizer , 127 , 385 ; HMS Dido , 432 – 33 , 434 – 39 , 445 – 46 , 448 – 50 , 452 , 454 , 385 ; HMS Druid , 103 , 126 – 27 , 206 , 210 ; 456 – 58 HMS Endymion , 385 ; HMS Harlequin, 385 ; Treaty of Nerchinsk , 451 , 500 HMS Hazard , 385 ; HMS Hebe, 385 ; HMS Treaty of the Bogue , 447 – 49 , 451 – 52 , 454 – 55 , Herald , 210 , 385 ; HMS Hyacinth, 114 , 116 – 457 – 58 , 463 , 464 , 466 , 475 , 477 , 484 17 , 119 , 127 , 205 ; HMS Larne , 114 , 127 , 205 ; Treaty of Wanghia , 464 – 68 , 475 , 477 , 478 , HMS Lord Amherst , 38 ; HMS Melville, 127 , 484 – 85 , 507 136 , 210 ; HMS Modeste , 127 , 206 , 239 , 304 , Treaty of Whampoa , 478 – 79 , 484 , 507 385 ; HMS Nimrod , 127 , 241 ; HMS North treaty ports , 419 , 422 , 425 , 429 – 31 , Star , 385 ; HMS Pelican , 385 ; HMS Pylades , 432 – 33 , 452 – 55 , 457 , 460 , 473 , 475 127 , 136 , 239 ; HMS Royalist , 385 ; HMS treaty privileges , 485 Samarang, 206 , 210 ; HMS Serpent, 385 ; troops , 47 – 49 , 51 – 56 , 163 , 201 – 03 , 247 , HMS Sulphur, 241 ; HMS Thalia, 385 ; HMS 348 , 375 – 77 , 382 , 386 – 87 , 402 – 04 ; bogus , Vindictive , 385 ; HMS Volage , 114 – 17 , 119 , 372 ; court reassigning , 50 ; crack , 330 , 127 ; HMS Wanderer , 385 ; HMS Wellesley , 1 3 , 331 , 348 , 353 ; defeated , 347 ; defensive , 127 , 131 , 133 , 144 , 174 , 210 – 11 , 304 ; HMS 378 ; elite , 56 , 324 ; garrison , 378 , 428 ; Wolverine, 385 ; triple- masted , 245 , 303 redeployment of , 51 , 204 ; reinforcement Wei Shaoguang , 264 – 65 of , 348 , 384 Weiyuan batteries , 200 , 209 – 10 Tsim Sha Tsui , 115 , 120 – 21 Weiyuan forts , 199 , 204 , 208 , 210 , 309 Western countries , 8 , 18 , 42 , 381 , 405 , 416 , Uliastai , 43 431 , 480 , 484 United States , 98 , 455 , 458 – 59 , 462 , 464 – 69 , World Trade Organization , 450 473 – 74 , 486 , 488 , 507 , 512 ; and Britain , Wusong , 394 ; attacking of , 380 , 395 ; capture 511 ; and China , 465 of , 383 ; garrison , 38 Upper Hengdang Island , 199 – 200 , 208 – 11 Wusong River , 39 Urgungge , 76 , 132 , 135 – 36 , 141 – 43 , 163 , Wuxi , 402 – 04 165 – 66 , 169 , 269 , 441 Ussuri River , 500 Xiabi , 253 – 54 , 256 – 57 , 269 Xiamen , vi , 136 , 137 , 138 , 234 , 235 , 278 , 287 ; Victoria Harbour , 119 battle of , 58 , 288 , 290 ; “coastal defence victory , 24 , 25 , 154 – 55 , 225 – 26 , 290 – 91 , vice- prefect” , 278 ; defences , 138 , 282 , 284 , 300 – 01 , 306 – 07 , 322 – 23 , 326 – 27 , 333 ; 288 ; governors of , 284 ; Qing forces in , 50 , achieved , 381 ; decisive , 224 ; delivered , 117 , 286 ; Qing garrison in , 278 ; stonewall of , 286 ; extraordinary , 225 ; granted counter- 277 ; west gate and coastal drill tower , 46 factual , 20 ; news of , 225 , 240 , 293 , 307 , Xiamen Island , 46 , 285 – 86 324 , 333 ; reported , 141 Xiamen merchants , 278 Vixen , 385 Xiamen’s Stonewall , vi , 280

Index 549

Xiangfu River , 327 memorials , 177 ; ordered , 184 ; ordered to Xiaoxia River , 311 investigate the receiving of gifts by Ilibu Xishanzui fortii ed battery at Zhapu , 3 6 from the British , 184 ; suicide of , 314 , 319 Yusuf, Mohammed , 324 Yan Botao , 184 , 271 , 277 – 78 , 279 , 283 , Yuyao , 319 , 329 , 331 , 333 , 335 , 350 287 – 88 , 293 , 295 , 298 , 363 – 64 Yuzaiwei , 281 , 286 Yan Chongli , 401 Yan Fu , xix Zang Yuqing , 325 – 28 , 336 Yang Fang, and Yishan , 271 , 322 , 363 , 393 , Zeng Guofan , 70 – 73 , 131 , 140 , 268 482 Zengbu , 242 Yangzi River , vi , 112 , 372 , 374 , 377 – 78 , 380 , Zhang Chaofa , 132 – 33 , 138 384 – 89 , 392 , 397 , 412 Zhang Jixin , 69 , 284 , 288 Yellow River , 80 , 128 , 135 , 163 , 164 , 379 – 80 , Zhangjiakou , 326 , 371 , 490 491 , 504 Zhangzhou , 46 , 282 , 368 , 501 , 510 yi , x – xii , 6 – 7 , 18 – 20 , 135 – 38 , 143 , 162 , 245 – Zhaobaoshan , 282 , 308 – 12 , 313 , 318 , 374 , 48 , 371 – 72 , 504 – 06 , 509 – 11 ; adversarial , 394 , 412 345 , 365 – 66 , 370 , 372 – 73 , 402 ; British , xi , Zhapu , 35 – 37 , 50 , 331 , 352 , 375 – 77 , 390 , 69 , 141 , 144 , 154 , 261 , 364 , 453 , 471 , 475 ; 392 – 95 , 403 , 405 , 406 – 07 opium dealers , 138 ; rebellious , 20 , 21 , 168 , Zhapu garrison , 64 170 , 177 , 182 , 191 , 420 , 425 , 429 ; rebels , Zhejiang , 234 ; and Fujian governors , 108 ; 142 , 143 , 162 , 168 , 226 , 236 , 261 – 62 , 295 , and Niu Jian , 365 ; authorities , 128 , 136 , 299 , 301 ; savage , 6 , 9 , 19 , 90 , 94 , 217 ; 163 , 172 ; ceasei re agreement , 175 ; coastal ships , 102 , 118 , 119 , 132 , 162 , 223 , 237 , batteries , 35 ; eastern , 55 , 56 , 342 , 347 , 422 , 446 ; soldiers , 122 , 181 ; warships , 348 , 351 – 52 , 353 – 54 , 364 , 369 ; governors 119 – 20 ; women , 418 , 432 of , 168 Yijing , 324 – 27 , 333 , 335 – 37 , 340 , 346 , Zhejiang province , 166 , 343 , 347 , 356 , 360 , 347 – 48 , 373 – 75 , 395 – 96 , 495 – 96 , 501 – 02 375 , 414 Ying huan zhi lüe , 510 – 11 Zheng Guohong , 179 , 303 Yishan , 212 – 14 , 227 , 229 – 39 , 243 – 51 , 254 – Zhenhai , 302 , 310 , 331 , 333 , 373 ; Battle of , 57 , 262 – 64 , 274 – 77 , 324 , 470 , 498 – 501 ; 141 , 318 , 322 , 331 , 333 ; defence of , 168 , and Yang Fang , 261 , 271 – 72 ; memorials , 303 , 309 ; loss of , 307 , 323 ; threatened by 230 , 238 , 239 , 246 , 248 , 256 , 264 ; reports , the British Army , 318 240 , 274 , 276 Zhenjiang, Battle of , 35 , 43 , 50 , 55 , 243 , 374 , Yong River , 135 , 307 384 – 92 , 397 , 400 – 02 , 404 Yong’an fort , 199 , 210 Zhenyuan batteries , 200 , 210 Yongding River , 15 Zhenyuan battery , 200 , 209 , 211 , 306 Yu Sheng , 313 – 14 , 317 – 19 , 323 Zhenyuan forts , 199 , 303 , 304 – 05 Yu, Prince , 324 Zhoushan , 106 – 07 , 127 – 28 , 131 – 32 , 134 – 35 , Yunnan , 51 , 53 , 137 , 164 – 65 , 229 , 261 , 136 , 168 – 69 , 171 – 73 , 177 – 82 , 423 , 428 ; 277 – 78 , 314 , 358 – 60 , 493 attacked by the British , 129 ; captured Yuqian , 177 , 179 – 81 , 269 , 291 – 99 , 301 , by the British , 299 ; earth walls of , vi , 303 – 04 , 307 – 14 , 315 – 22 , 343 , 344 – 45 ; 296 ; occupation of , 103 , 291 , 411 , 428 ; commended by the Daoguang emperor , 312 ; reconquering of , 183 ; reoccupying of , 273 dazed andc attempts suicide , 318 ; death Zhoushan archipelago , 131 , 165 , 423 of , 307 , 313 ; discredited by Yu Buyun , Zhu Gui , 334 – 35 319 ; memorial to , 296 , 301 – 02 , 304 , 316 ; Zhushan , 297 , 303 – 04