DOCSLIB.ORG

Listening to Black Holes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Listening to Black Holes Issue 03 Feb 2017 REDISCOVERING SCHOOL SCIENCE Page 4 LISTENING TO BLACK HOLES A publication from Azim Premji University i wonder No. 134, Doddakannelli Next to Wipro Corporate Office Sarjapur Road, Bangalore - 560 035. India Tel: +91 80 6614 9000/01/02 Fax: +91 806614 4903 www.azimpremjifoundation.org Also visit Azim Premji University website at www.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in A soft copy of this issue can be downloaded from www.http://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/SitePages/resources-iwonder.aspx Editors Ramgopal (RamG) Vallath Chitra Ravi Editorial Committee REDISCOVERING SCHOOL SCIENCE Anand Narayanan Chandrika Muralidhar Geetha Iyer Hridaykant Dewan Editor’s Desk Jayalekshmy Ayyer Julfikar Ali Propelled by science, humanity is at the cusp of becoming a spacefaring Radha Gopalan civilisation, with ‘eyes’ firmly set on distant stars and feet taking the first Rajaram Nityananda baby steps towards other planets in the Solar system. At this juncture, it Reeteka Sud is important to remember that science education can no longer be limited Richard Fernandes to telling students a plethora of facts, as if they are a given. Rather, the role of science education, as emphasized in the article Why Science Saurav Shome Matters, is to enable children understand and appreciate the scientific Sushil Joshi process that has led to the most plausible hypotheses being proven with Yasmin Jayathirtha hard data and then being presented as theories. It is also about Advisors encouraging children to make use of this process, not only in scientific Falguni Sarangi quests, but also in their day-to-day life. Effective science teachers can convey the beauty of this process and share the wonder it brings with Manoj P their students. Because, often, each of these ‘facts’ is the culmination and S Giridhar coming together of work done by many scientists, spanning decades, and Publication Coordinator at times, even centuries. Frequently, they have benefited from the work of Sneha Kumari many other scientists – some of whom have come up against blank walls in an attempt to prove their hypotheses. What’s more - many of these Illustrations scientists have worked in seemingly unrelated streams of science, seeking Vidya Kamalesh answers to possibly unrelated questions! [email protected] The most plausible answers to the most fundamental questions – questions Magazine Design regarding the origins of time and space, of matter and energy, or the Zinc & Broccoli very existence of our Earth and life itself – have all benefited from this [email protected] collaborative nature of science. Often, hundreds of scientists from across Image Credits the globe have contributed individual jigsaw pieces that together unveil Front cover Image: 3-D simulation of merging black the whole grand picture. We have tried to capture this in the theme holes, through the detection of gravitational waves. section on Origins. Any student of science cannot help but appreciate Henze, NASA. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ each of these hundreds of jigsaw pieces just as much as the final picture goddard/universe/gwave.html. Licence: Public Domain. that emerges. Back cover image: Archaeopteryx bavarica. Luidger, Wikimedia Commons. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ When one examines how these answers were arrived at, what one also wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_bavarica_Detail.jpg. realises is the role of technology in new discoveries. Each advancement in License: CC-BY-SA. technology presents scientists with additional ‘senses’ to perceive nature, and hence, make available vastly improved and completely new data. Printers Sometimes this new data upends existing ‘facts’ and sends scientists SCPL Bangalore -560062 scrambling to develop and prove new hypotheses that fit all new known [email protected] observations. Many sections of this issue, including Emerging Trends in Acknowledgements Physics, Annals of History, Indian Science Facilities and I am a Scientist, Special thanks are due to Prof. Satyajit Mayor & Dr. highlight how technology has helped us reach our current understanding Smitha Jain at the National Centre of Biological Sciences, of the universe and nature around us. India, Prof. Punya Mishra at Arizona State University, US, and Prof. Angela Calabrese Barton at Michigan State The beauty of science is that there is no absolute truth. As newer University, US, for their support in bringing out this issue. technologies develop and newer discoveries are made, newer mysteries License emerge, requiring more collaborative work and even more advanced All articles in this magazine are licensed under technologies to solve them. Thus, science is a never-ending a Creative Commons-Attribution-Non Commercial quest to understand the nature of the universe and how 4.0 International License best humanity can tap its unlimited resources. We hope that this issue of ‘ i wonder...’ ignites the spark to embark on that quest in each of our readers. Please note: All views and opinions expressed in this issue are that of the Authors and Azim Premji University or Azim Premji Foundation bears no RamG Vallath responsibility for the same. Editor CONTENTS EMERGING TRENDS IN PHYSICS LISTENING TO 4 BLACK HOLES PARAMESWARAN AJITH THROWING LIGHT 9 ON DARK MATTER AMITABHA MUKHERJEE LOOKING FOR OTHER WORLDS 13 OUT THERE SUMA N MURTHY HUMAN SETTLEMENT 19 ON MARS INTERVIEW WITH MARS ONE SCRAMJET: ISRO’S FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY 24 TO REDUCE COSTS OF SPACE TRAVEL T V VENKATESWARAN NATURE OF SCIENCE 29 WHY SCIENCE MATTERS ANIL KUMAR CHALLA & REETEKA SUD TEACHING AS IF THE EARTH MATTERS TREASURES FROM TRASH: 32 THE GOLDMINE IN YOUR GARDEN RADHIKA PADMANABHAN POSTER ORIGINS OF COMPOSTING RADHA GOPALAN ANNALS OF HISTORY THE PERIODIC TABLE: A WINDOW TO 37 THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY! SAVITA LADAGE & TEJAS JOSHI THE SCIENCE LAB EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE 44 CONCEPTIONS OF FORCE SAURAV SHOME LIFE IN YOUR BACKYARD POLLINATORS: 50 THE PLANT PROPAGATORS MEENAKSHI PANT THE SCIENCE TEACHER AT WORK 56 ART AND ECOLOGY ABHISHEKA KRISHNAGOPAL INDIAN SCIENCE FACILITIES RADIO ASTRONOMY AND THE GIANT 61 METRE-WAVE RADIO TELESCOPE JAYARAM N CHENGALUR RESEARCH TO PRACTICE 70 WHY SCIENCE TEACHERS SHOULD CARE ABOUT SOCIAL JUSTICE DAY GREENBERG I AM A SCIENTIST 74 A WEEK IN MY LIFE POSTER AFTAAB DEWAN TEN THINGS YOU DON’T KNOW ABOUT OCEAN MICROBES MAHIRA KAKAJIWALA ORIGINS 77 THE BIG BANG ANAND NARAYANAN 84 THE ORIGINS OF ELEMENTS SRINIVASAN KRISHNAN THE ORIGINS OF PLANETARY WORLDS 95 ANAND NARAYANAN THE ORIGINS OF LIFE: 106 FROM CHEMISTRY TO BIOLOGY NIRAJA V BAPAT, CHAITANYA V MUNGI & SUDHA RAJAMANI SCIENCE COMMUNICATION THE ASIAN EDITION OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION’S 110 26TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE: A REPORT REETEKA SUD & GEETHA IYER EMERGING TRENDS IN PHYSICS LISTENING TO BLACK HOLES PARAMESWARAN AJITH The recent discovery round 1.3 billion years ago, in a distant Gravitational waves of gravitational galaxy, two massive black holes waves not only A moving at speeds close to the speed The existence of gravitational waves is one of confirms Albert of light merged to form an even more massive the most intriguing theoretical predictions of Einstein’s century black hole. This powerful event released an Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915). old prediction, but energy equivalent to the mass of three Suns, Regarded as one of the pillars of modern physics, also opens up a in a fraction of a second. If this energy was the General Relativity is the most accurate completely new converted into light, this flash of light would theoretical description of gravity available to way of observing have outshined the entire visible universe us today. According to this theory, any massive the Universe. This – that is, all the stars in the universe put object (or other forms of energy, such as article describes the together – for a fraction of a second. However, electromagnetic radiation) curves the spacetime exciting story of this merger did not produce any light. Instead, around it. Following this curvature of spacetime, this discovery, what it produced powerful ripples in spacetime, light, which travels in a straight line in flat went behind it, and called gravitational waves. spacetime, starts to bend near a massive object. what lies ahead. th These ripples reached the Earth on 14 This effect was first observed by the British September 2015, having travelled a distance astronomer Arthur Eddington during the total of 1.3 billion light years. Two marvelous solar eclipse in 1919. The bending of starlight instruments of the Laser Interferometric caused a shift in the apparent position of the Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in the stars near the Sun, as compared to their original USA detected these tiny ripples in spacetime. position, that Eddington found to be consistent When scientists announced this discovery on 12 February 2016, it produced even greater ripples with Einstein’s prediction (see Box 1). Einstein’s in the popular imagination. The New York theory also predicts that gravity warps time. Times described it as “the chirp heard across That is, time runs slower near a massive object. the universe.” What scientists detected in LIGO This effect is not only observed in a number of was a phenomenon called the General Theory astronomical phenomena and laboratory tests; of Relativity that was theoretically predicted by the Global Positioning System (GPS) needs to Albert Einstein, almost a century before, as a take this effect into account for it to function consequence of his theory of gravity. (see Box 2). 4 GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Box 1 Gravitational bending of light
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Badania Kazimierza Fajansa* W Dziedzinie Promieniotwórczości I Izotopii
    A R TYKUŁY Józej Hurvoic (Marsylia) BADANIA KAZIMIERZA FAJANSA * W DZIEDZINIE PROMIENIOTWÓRCZOŚCI I IZOTOPII W 10 rocznicą śmierci Był to rok 1910. Sława 39-letniego wtedy Ernesta Rutherforda, już od dwóch lat laureata nagrody Nobla, ściągała do jego pracowni w Man­ chesterze badaczy z różnych krajów. Znajdowali się tu w tym okresie: Anglicy J. Chadwick, Charles Galton Darwin — wnuk słynnego twórcy teorii ewolucji, W. Makower, H. G. J. Moseley i J. M. Nuttal, Australij­ czyk D. C. H. Florance, Kanadyjczyk R. W. Boyle, Nowozelandczyk J. A. Gray, Amerykanin ze Stanów Zjednoczonych Alois F. Kowarik, Niemiec H. Geiger, Rosjanin G. N. Amltonow (Anitonoff) i Węgier G. von Hevesy. Do tego grona przybył Kazimierz Fajans. Urodzony 27 maja 1887 ro­ ku w Warszawie, po ukończeniu tamże gimnazjum studiował chemię na uniwersytecie w Lipsku, następnie w Heidelbergu uzyskał doktorat za pracę z zakresu chemii fizycznej organicznej wykonaną pod opieką pro­ fesora Georga Brediga, a w Zurychu odbył uzupełniający staż podoklor­ ski w dziedzinie chemii organicznej. Tam jednak, stwierdziwszy, że ze względu na empiryczny charakter ówczesnej chemii organicznej nie znajduje upodobania w tej gałęzi wiedzy, postanawia zająć się badaniem promieniotwórczości. Wraz ze świeżo poślubioną Salomeą Kapłan, war­ szawianką studiującą na uniwersytecie w Heidelbergu, wybiera się na rok akademicki 1910—1911 do Manchesteru. Najbliższym współpracownikiem Rutherforda był wtedy Hans Geiger, którego imię nosi licznik do pomiarów promieniotwórczości, wynalezio­ ny w 1912 r., a później przy udziale W. Müllera ulepszony. Dla Fajansa Geiger stał się głównym przewodnikiem i doradcą. Złożyły się na to * ur. 27 maja 1887 r., Warszawa — zm. 18 maja 1975 r., Ann Arbor.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
    Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete.
    [Show full text]
  • Inorganic Chemistry for Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
    Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry by Michael L. Matson and Alvin W. Orbaek Inorganic Chemistry For Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis- sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley. com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trade- marks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Sylwetka Naukowa Kazimierza Fajansa
    POLSKA AKADEMIA UMIEJĘTNOŚCI TOM II PRACE KOMISJI HISTORII NAUKI 2000 Józef HURWIC SYLWETKA NAUKOWA KAZIMIERZA FAJANSA Kazimierz Fajans był jednym z najwybitniejszych fizykochemików pierw­ szej połowy naszego stulecia. W 1929 r. został wybrany na członka czynnego Wydziału Matematyczno-Przyrodniczego Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności. Mimo dużej różnicy wieku miałem zaszczyt i szczęście utrzymywać z nim i jego rodziną stosunki przyjaźni. W 1991 r. Instytut Historii Nauki, Oświaty i Techniki PAN wydał nakładem Ossolineum opracowaną przeze mnie dość obszerną biografię Fajansa1 do której odsyłam bliżej zainteresowanych jego osobą i dziełem. W niniejszym referacie postaram się zwięźle przedstawić najważniejsze jego dokonania naukowe. Kazimierz Fajans urodził się 27 maja 1887 r. w Warszawie w spolonizo­ wanej rodzinie żydowskiej bardzo dla Polski zasłużonej. Po ukończeniu w 1904 r. szkoły średniej w rodzinnym mieście wyjeżdża na studia chemiczne do Lipska, które następnie kontynuuje w Heidelbergu. Tu pod opieką Georga Brediga wykonuje pracę doktorską na temat katalizy stereospecyficznej2. Pracę obronił w 1909 r. Do jej tematu więcej nie wrócił. Bardziej zainteresowała go promie­ niotwórczość. W roku akademickim 1910-1911 odbył staż w sławnej pracowni Ernesta Rutherforda w Manchesterze. Przebywali tam wówczas m.in.: James Chadwick, Hans Geiger, Georg von Hevesy, H. J. G. Moseley, J. M. Nuttal. Fajans znalazł się w centrum badań, które w 1911 r. doprowadziły Rutherforda do odkrycia jądra atomowego na podstawie analizy rozpraszania cząstek a przez cienką folię metalową3. Fajans był obecny na historycznym posiedzeniu Man- chesterskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego, gdy Rutherford referował to epoko­ we odkrycie. Na sali znajdowali się przeważnie młodzi rówieśnicy Fajansa. Po 1 J. Hurwic, Kazimierz Fajans (1887-1975). Sylwetka Uczonego, Ossolineum, Wro- cław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk-Łódź 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • International the News Magazine of IUPAC
    CHEMISTRY International The News Magazine of IUPAC November-December 2013 Volume 35 No. 6 A Look Back at Ernest Solvay InChI, the Chemical Identifier INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY Suffixes and the Naming of Elements From the Editor A Heartfelt Congratulations to OPCW CHEMISTRY International n 11 October 2013, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Othis year’s Nobel Peace Prize will be awarded to the Organization for Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. www.iupac.org/publications/ci This is a great and important recognition for an organization that works so diligently to make the world a safer place. I am humbled to Managing Editor: Fabienne Meyers relay IUPAC’s heartfelt congratulations to our Production Editor: Chris Brouwer OPCW colleagues for this fantastic and well- Design: pubsimple deserved recognition for their tireless work to free the world of chemical weapons. All correspondence to be addressed to: In recent years, IUPAC has been privileged Fabienne Meyers to work with OPCW, both in contributing IUPAC, c/o Department of Chemistry technical expertise to the review conferences Boston University of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering and in developing educational resources on the multiple uses of chemi- 590 Commonwealth Ave. cals. As recently as the July-Aug 2013 issue of Chemistry International, Boston, MA 02215, USA Leiv K. Sydnes contributed a feature outlining IUPAC’s involvement with OPCW over the last 12 years. That feature was triggered by the recent E-mail: [email protected] IUPAC Technical Report (in the April 2013 Pure and Applied Chemistry) Phone: +1 617 358 0410 titled “Impact of Scientific Developments on the Chemical Weapons Fax: +1 617 353 6466 Convention,” released in advance of the Third Review Conference of the CWC held last April.
    [Show full text]
  • Number Theory and the Periodicity of Matter Jan C.A
    Number Theory and the Periodicity of Matter Jan C.A. Boeyens ● Demetrius C. Levendis Number Theory and the Periodicity of Matter Jan C.A. Boeyens Demetrius C. Levendis University of Pretoria University of the Witwatersrand South Africa South Africa ISBN 978-1-4020-6659-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6660-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937405 © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface Of all the great innovations and intellectual achievements of mankind there is nothing that rivals the invention of counting and discovery of the number system. The way in which this discovery led to the development of abstract higher mathematics is the least of its merits, compared to the universal fas- cination that the natural numbers hold for all people. Numbers are at the roots of magic, superstition, religion and science. Numerologists can inter- pret great historical and cosmic events, predict the future and explain human nature. Better informed, sophisticated people may frown upon and ridicule such claims, but the number of incidents that link numbers to physical effects is simply too large to ignore as mere coincidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Aństwo 4 Ciekawostki L Marek Orlik
    Spis treści Metodyka i praktyka szkolna Szanowni Państwo 4 Ciekawostki l Marek Orlik jesiennym wydaniu naszego czasopisma niemało miejsca zajmuje tematyka Nagród Nobla i – dla rów- Wnowagi – tzw. Antynobli. O ile opisywanie kolejnych wyróżnień Królewskiej Szwedzkiej Akademii Nauk nie wyma- ga uzasadnień, o tyle Antynoble (czy ściślej - Ig Noble) mogą sprawić wrażenie materiału wręcz humorystycznego, a przez to – może mniej wartościowego. Oczywiście, nie mają one nawet w przybliżeniu takiej wagi jak autentyczne Noble, ale nie znaczy to, iż trzeba je ignorować. Jak nam przypominają Państwo mgr Iwona i Krzysztof Orlińscy - Autorzy opracowania o przyzna- nych dotychczas chemicznych „Antynoblach”, laureaci otrzy- mują je „za osiągnięcia, które najpierw powodują śmiech, ale potem zmuszają do myślenia”. Tym, co charakteryzuje lau- reatów Antynobli jest bowiem niczym nieskrępowana fantazja i pomysłowość, która może niekiedy przerodzić się w drogę do autentycznego naukowego odkrycia, a przykładem jest wspomniany w tym artykule „Ignoblista” z fi zyki, Andre Geim, który najpierw zmusił żabę do lewitacji w polu magnetycznym, 6 Chemiczne IgNoble l Iwona Orlińska, Krzysztof Orliński a w 10 lat później odebrał Nagrodę Nobla z fi zyki (razem z Konstantinem Novoselovem) za przełomowe eksperymenty Otrzymywanie nanocząstek srebra z zastosowaniem z grafenem. Być może to właśnie owa niczym nieskrępowana 12 surowców pochodzenia naturalnego fantazja, nawet na granicy pozytywnie pojmowanego sza- l Agnieszka Kurek, Jakub leństwa, sprzyja niekonwencjonalnym badaniom, odważnym Barbasz, Dagmara Malina hipotezom i w końcu przełomowym odkryciom. Nie znaczy to, że musimy bezkrytycznie wierzyć w „pamięć wody” czy zimną 14 Innowacja pedagogiczna z chemii – chemia a odżywianie fuzję jąder atomowych w temperaturze pokojowej, ale prze- l Ilona Chmiel cież śmiech to zdrowie, a ponadto – całkiem zdrowy sposób na nauczanie… Znaczną część niniejszego numeru zajmują także zadania o bardzo zróżnicowanym stopniu trudności – od propozycji te- Nauka i technika matów dla gimnazjów, pióra p.
    [Show full text]
  • Historische Und Philosophische Aspekte Des Periodensystems Der Chemischen Elemente
    HYLE Studies in History and Philosophy of Chemistry 1 Historische und philosophische Aspekte des Periodensystems der chemischen Elemente Ralph M. Cahn HYLE Publications www.hyle.org/publications HYLE Studies in History and Philosophy of Chemistry, No. 1 Ralph M. Cahn: Historische und philosophische Aspekte des Periodensystems der chemischen Elemente www.hyle.org/publications/books/cahn/ © 2002 by HYLE Publications Morgenstr. 2, D-76137 Karlsruhe, Germany e-mail: [email protected], fax: +49-69-79 12 35 861 internet: www.hyle.org/publications All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means other than for personal use only, without the prior permission of HYLE Publications. ISSN (Internet): 1610-6067 ISSN (CD-ROM): 1610-6075 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung Was ist ein Periodensystem? Versuch einer Konstitution des periodischen Systems ................................. 1 Kapitel 1 Die Chemie und das Periodensystem der Elemente in der philosophischen Literatur ..................................................................................... 4 1.1 Ernst Cassirer: Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ...................................... 4 1.2 Versuch einer kritischen Würdigung des Beitrags von Ernst Cassirer.............. 7 1.3 Gaston Bachelard: Epistemologie .................................................................... 9 1.4 Versuch einer kritischen Würdigung des Beitrags von Gaston Bachelard.......11 1.5 Die Axiomatisierung des Periodensystem durch Hettema und Kuipers...........13 1.6 Eric Scerri’s Kritik an der Axiomatisierung durch Hettema und Kuipers ..........15 1.7 Historische Literatur zum Periodensystem der Elemente................................17 1.7.1 Otto Krätz: Zur Frühgeschichte des Periodensystems der Elemente 1.7.2 Johannes Willem van Spronsen: The Periodic System of Chemical Elements 1.7.3 Johannes Willem van Spronsen: Hundert Jahre Periodensystem der Elemente 1.7.4 Don Rawson: The Process of Discovery 1.7.5 H.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae Jean-Luc Bredas PROFESSIONAL ADDRESS Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088 Phone: 520-626-7103 E-mail: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS The University of Arizona ▪ 2020-: Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ▪ 2016-2019: Visiting Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ▪ 1999-2003: Professor of Chemistry. Georgia Institute of Technology ▪ 2020-: Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ▪ 2009-2019: Regents’ Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ▪ 2008-2019: Vasser-Woolley and Georgia Research Alliance Chair in Molecular Design. ▪ 2005-2008: Georgia Research Alliance Chair in Molecular Design. ▪ 2005-2019: Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar. ▪ 2003-2009: Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology – KAUST, Saudi Arabia (on leave from Georgia Tech) ▪ 2014-2016: Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. ▪ 2014-2016: Rawabi Holding Research Chair in Solar Energy Science & Engineering. ▪ 2014-2016: Director, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center. King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia ▪ 2021-present: Adjunct Professor of Chemistry. ▪ 2011-2014: Adjunct Professor of Chemistry. Université de Mons, Belgium ▪ 2000-present: Professeur Extraordinaire – Extraordinary Professor. ▪ 2003-present: Scientific Director, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials. ▪ 1990-1999: Professeur Ordinaire – Full Professor. ▪ 1989-1995: Director, Department of Materials and Processes. ▪ 1988-1990: Chargé de Cours. 1995-1999: Visiting Professor, Université de Namur, Belgium. 1994-1999: Visiting Professor, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium. 1977-1988: Research Fellow of “Fonds National Belge de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)”, Université de Namur, Belgium (1987-1988: Maître de Recherches; 1983-1987: Chercheur Qualifié; 1981-1983: Chargé de Recherches; 1977-1981: Aspirant); Honorary “Directeur de Recherche FNRS” (2001-present); Honorary “Maître de Recherche FNRS” (1992-2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Marie Skłodowska Curie a Special Issue Commemorating the 100Th Anniversary of Her Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) CHEMISTRY International January-February 2011 Volume 33 No. 1 Marie Skłodowska Curie a special issue commemorating the 100th anniversary of her Nobel Prize in Chemistry ii CHEMISTRY International September-October 2003 January 2011 cover.indd ii 1/3/2011 3:53:43 PM From the Editor CHEMISTRY International Special The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) s we embark on the International Year of Chemistry, it is hard to Aimagine a more fitting symbol of chemistry’s potential, power, and www.iupac.org/publications/ci peril than Madame Marie Skłodowska Curie. For this one pathbreaking woman embodies all of the goals of our year-long celebration of chem- Managing Editor: Fabienne Meyers istry. Her story illustrates the role of chemistry in meeting world needs, it Production Editor: Chris Brouwer can help encourage interest in chemistry among young people, and can Design: pubsimple generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry. And, quite obvi- ously, in Marie Curie we have an opportunity All correspondence to be addressed to: to celebrate the contributions of women to Fabienne Meyers science and to highlight the benefits of inter- IUPAC, c/o Department of Chemistry national scientific collaboration. Boston University In preparing this special issue of Chemistry Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering International devoted entirely to Marie Curie, 590 Commonwealth Ave. guests editors Robert Guillaumont, Jerzy Kroh, Boston, MA 02215, USA Stanislaw Penczek, and Jean-Pierre Vairon made a point of celebrating not only her sci- E-mail: [email protected] entific achievements, but also the person and Phone: +1 617 358 0410 the woman.
    [Show full text]
  • Roberto Caciuffo
    Actinide Research with Neutrons and hard Synchrotron Radiation [email protected] Roberto Caciuffo European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] Hercules Specialized Courses, 14-18 September 2015, Grenoble The Actinide Series [email protected] A series of radioactive metallic elements in Group 3 of the periodic table including the 14 elements with atomic numbers 90 through 103. The Actinide Series [email protected] As the atomic number increases in the series, added electrons enter the 4pr2 R 2 highly anisotropic 5f electron orbitals. nℓ 5fy3 5fx3 5fz3 5fx(z2-y2) 5fy(z2-x2) 5fz(x2-y2) 5fxyz P.G. Hay 5fxyz The Actinide Series [email protected] Thorium (1828) Jens Esmark (N) Jons J. Berzelius (S) Uranium (1789) Martin H. Klaproth (D) Th and U are the only actinides found in the Earth's crust in large quantities. The Actinide Series [email protected] André-Louis Debierne (F) Actinium (1899) Protactinium (1913) Kazimierz Fajans (P), Oswald Helmuth Göhring (D) Ac and Pa are found in nature as decay products of some Th and U isotopes. All the others An are synthetic elements. Their discovery is strictly linked to the progress in nuclear physics during the 1930 1940 decades. Small amounts of Np and Pu have been found in U ores. The Actinide Series [email protected] Np(1940) discovered by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson Neptunium Pu: discovered in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, J. W.Kennedy, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Newsletter of the NY and NJ Sections of The
    MAY 2020 Vol. 101 • No. 5 ISSN0019-6924 The North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society Recognizes Its 2020 Fifty, Sixty and Seventy Year Members See write-ups on pages 12-14. www.theindicator.org www.njacs.org www.newyorkacs.org 2 THE INDICATOR-MAY 2020 THIS MONTH IN CHEMICAL HISTORY Harold Goldwhite, California State University, Los Angeles • [email protected] In a recent column I briefly mentioned the chemist Fajans, and suggested he was worthy of a full column. So here it is. I start with a recollection of my university’s inorganic chemistry course in the early 1950s. Sobering to reflect that was 70 years ago. In addition to hearing about crystal field theory, a brand new way of thinking about coordination compounds, we were taught Fajans’ rules. These rules indicate whether a bond between two atoms is likely to be covalent or ionic. Factors indicating ionic behavior include low positive charge; large cation; small anion. Covalence is indicated for high positive charge; small cations; and large anions. For example Al(III) and I- form aluminum iodide, which is likely to be covalent. Now- adays we talk about hard and soft acids and bases, but that is a re-statement of Fajans’ rules. Now to the man himself. Kazimierz Fajans, known after he moved to the U.S.A. as Kasimir Fajans, was born in Warsaw in May 1887 to a Jewish family. At that time Poland had no in- dependent identity, being partitioned between Germany and Russia. Fajans completed high school in Warsaw but studied chemistry at universities in Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Zurich where he earned his Ph.D.
    [Show full text]