DOCSLIB.ORG

Prediction of Gender Identity, Gender Roles, And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prediction of Gender Identity, Gender Roles, And PREDICTION OF GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER ROLES, AND SEXISM/MISOGYNY IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS by BEVERLY SUE PAIR, B.A., M.Ed. A DISSERTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved May, 1997 |JI»U>JU!KiUUII BS f 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS p^,^( ABSTRACT v (^,^ LISTOFTABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Sexism/Misogyny 1 i Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 7 \ The Study 14 II. METHODS 17 Participants 17 Design 17 Data Analysis 17 Setting 24 Measures of Independent Variables 24 Demographics 24 Political Orientation 25 Religious Affiliation 26 Measures of Dependent Variables 27 Gender Identity 27 Gender Roles 28 Sexism/Misogyny 30 Experimenter and Methodological Variables 32 ki Procedures 32 11 III. EXPANDED LITERATURE REVIEW 33 Sexism/Misogyny 33 Theory of Attitudes 46 Determinants of Attitudes 47 Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 48 Gender Identity and Gender Roles 48 Sex and Gender 51 Socioeconomic Status (SES) 54 Parental Background 55 Political Ideology 57 Religion 59 Race 65 Summary 69 IV. RESULTS 71 Descriptive Statistics 71 Measurement Information 74 Model 1 78 Adjustments to Model 1 82 Overall Fit of Model 2 83 Overall Fit of Model 3 92 Comparison of Model 2 and Model 3 99 Summary of Model 3: Structural Equation Model of Gender Identity, Gender Roles and Sexism/Misogyny 99 11 V DISCUSSION 99 Descriptive Data 101 Review of Theoretical Hypotheses 102 The Structural Model 102 Hypothesis Testing 102 General Findings of Model 3 105 Implications of Findings 112 Limitations of the Study 115 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research 116 REFERENCES 120 APPENDICES A. CONSENT FORM 135 B. PERSONAL INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE 137 C. RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGY SCALE 142 D. CONSERVATISM SCALE 146 E. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES QUESTIONNAIRE 148 F. SEX ROLE IDEOLOGY SCALE 152 G. TRADITIONAL SEX ROLE IDEOLOGY SCALE 159 H. POSITIVE REGARD SCALE 162 I. MODERN SEXISM SCALE 166 J. OLD FASHIONED SEXISM SCALE 169 K. HOSTILITY TOWARD WOMEN SCALE 171 IV B^——iwi^^^^^B^^^r^.^t^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M^^^^^^^^^BMWiw^W ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate students' background variables or predictor variables (e.g., the independent latent variables gender, race, SES, religion, political orientation, and family background) and their relationship with the dependent latent variables, gender identity, gender roles, and sexism/misogyny. The final structural model (Model 3) presented was the first model proposed within current research literature to examine the complex relationships among gender identity, gender roles, and sexism/misogyny. Four hundred and nine undergraduate students at Texas Tech University were surveyed. Analyses were computed using structural equation modeling with LISREL. Results of the analyses found the proposed constructs and measurement instruments to be adequate with regard to reliability and validity but did not suggest a strong fit for the model, as tested. Several of the theoretical suppositions proposed in this model were supported. In particular, in support of the main hypothesis, those with less traditional gender roles were found to have less sexism/misogyny. Race was not related to gender identity, gender roles, or sexism/misogyny, as hypothesized. Results supported the hypothesis that respondents' whose mothers were not employed outside of the home during the respondents' childhood tended to have more traditional conceptions of gender roles and indirectly showed more sexism. The hypothesis was supported that religiosity would be significantly related to sexism/misogyny; however a negative relationship was found instead of a positive relationship as predicted. Similarly, results supported the hypothesis that political ideology would be significantly related to gender roles; however, this, too, went against predictions by showing a negative rather than a positive relationship. Results supported the hypothesis that males had more traditional notions of gender roles and gender identity, and more sexism/misogyny than females. Results also supported the hypothesis that being male predicted a traditional (masculinity) gender identity. Finally, while it was not predicted, being female also predicted a more traditional (femininity) conception of gender identity. Socioeconomic status and fathers' background variables seemed to have no impact on the measured variables. ^i>. .' II ••••ii^w«««i Limitations of the study, recommendations for future research, and possible implications for methods of intervention were addressed. VI tmmm LIST OF TABLES 1. Deaiptive information on participants 18 2. Means, standard deviations, ranges, and reliabilities for measured variables 72 3. Sex, Race, and Sex*Race Anovas 75 4. Estimated parameter loadings for the Measurement Model 79 5. Interrcorrelation matrix for all indicator variables in Model 2 87 6. Goodness-of-fit for Model 2 88 7. Goodness-of-fit for Model 3 95 VII ^jiiiBtt'ji LIST OF FIGURES 1 Proposed structural equation model of gender identity, gender roles, and sexism/misogyny 22 2. Structural equation Model 2 84 3. Results of structural equation Model 2 85 4. Structural equation Model 3 93 5. Results of structural equation Model 3 94 VIM CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION As early as 1859, John Stuart Mill wrote about the suppression of women in. The Subiection of Women (Mill, 1971). Thirty years ago. the women's movement fostered interest in the study of women, attitudes toward women, and the numerous roles assumed by women (Ferree & Hess, 1985). Although American women's roles began changing during World War II as women were forced to be employed outside of the home when men were drafted, these roles tended to revert back to homemaker roles once men returned from the war. Since then, women in the paid labor force have had the greatest impact on the political attitudes of women (Jelen, 1988). With women assuming a more gender equivalent role in the world of work, and with some success seen in the language reform movement, the stereotypical conservative or traditional attitude toward women has been declining (Wilcox & Jelen, 1991). In turn, this has led to a state of confusion and transformation in society's attitudes toward women. It has also uncovered some on-going negative effects which have resulted, including sexism and misogyny. Research on attitudes toward women, particularly in terms of sexism and misogyny, has examined attitudes at the societal and individual levels. This research has fallen along several continuums: favorable/unfavorable, positive/negative, authoritarian/non-authoritarian, and traditional/non- traditional. Anger, pain, and depression, noted by O'Neil and Egan (1992) may be the cumulative consequences of experiencing sexism across one's life-span. Therefore, identifying and understanding the factors that contribute to sexist attitudes toward women and misogyny may assist in the elimination of negative behaviors toward women and the negative consequences of sexism. Sexism/Misoqyny Attitudes toward women are descriptive beliefs about the rights, roles, and privileges of women. Stereotypically, women have been described as emotionally labile (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972; Ruble, 1983) while men have t>een described as emotionally stable (Grossman & Wood, 1993). Sexism may be defined as discrimination on the basis of sex, especially against women. Misogyny signifies hostility or distrust of women. Sexism and misogyny may be expressed In many ways, ranging from more subtle nuances, such as joking and leering, to more overt behaviors, including violence. Society has reinforced traditional behaviors (e.g., passivity, submissiveness) learned by women trying to survive in a man's world. These traditional behaviors have become accepted as society's norm for women As women have demanded more equality in the work place and home settings, traditional gender roles have been challenged. This perceived gender role conflict has brought sexism and misogyny to the attention of many concerned with women. From a feminist standpoint, women are repressed by society, especially by men; this has resulted in a patriarchal society (Schmerl, 1989, cited in Schiffmann & Nelkenbrecher, 1994). The feminist movement has attempted to foster more positive stereotypes of women. With men as leaders in society, it has been to their advantage to prevent women from achieving leadership positions. Therefore, some negative impressions of women may have been perpetuated by society. A person's negative views toward women may begin via early socialization. For example. It appears that in educational settings, students are often presented with stereotypical views of females (Weitzman, 1979). Weitzman (1979) reported that females are typically underrepresented in general textbooks used in grade school; furthermore, females are often portrayed in stereotypical, traditional female roles in these text books. Consequently, children receive implicit messages about women's roles in society. Denmark (1983) reported similar findings in texts at the college and graduate level. This type of indirect influence can affect learning and can have long-lasting consequences and the effects may be difficult to eliminate or change. This socialization toward stereotypical views of women is perpetuated in other arenas as well and is continued into adulthood. For example, the medical field may be inadvertently shaping attitudes toward women. After reviewing medical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Qualitative Exploration
    “I CAN FEEL IT MORE THAN I CAN SAY IT”: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF BLACK WOMANHOOD A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Myriam Tamouhan Kadeba December, 2017 “I CAN FEEL IT MORE THAN I CAN SAY IT”: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF BLACK WOMANHOOD Myriam Tamouhan Kadeba Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Suzette L. Speight, Ph.D. Paul Levy, Ph.D. ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Amber Hewitt, Ph.D. John Green, Ph.D. ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dawn Johnson, Ph.D. Chand Midha, Ph.D. ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Delila Owens, Ph.D. ______________________________ Committee Member Nicole Rousseau, Ph.D. ______________________________ Committee Member John Queener, Ph.D. ii ABSTRACT Black Womanhood has been historically defined as antithetical to the normative feminine ideals in the United States. This hegemonic femininity prescribes standards that are considered ideals in describing the archetypical feminine woman. Black women have been stereotyped as unfeminine and unattractive, and this negative and pervasive social rhetoric continue to have a long lasting adverse impact on this population. Black feminist scholars have long articulated the importance of defining Black womanhood not in relation to hegemonic femininity, but by incorporating the actual experiences of Black women. Using an interpretative phenomenological methodology and based on interviews with Black women in the United States, the current study investigated Black women’s notion of womanhood. This study uncovered ways participants self-defined, resisted negative and oppressive societal messages, and celebrated their own Black Womanhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Sexism, Sexual Prejudice, and Identification with U.S. Football and Men's Figure Skating
    Sex Roles (2016) 74:464–471 DOI 10.1007/s11199-016-0598-x Gender, Sexism, Sexual Prejudice, and Identification with U.S. Football and Men’s Figure Skating Woojun Lee1 & George B. Cunningham2 Published online: 24 February 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract Prejudice against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans- Prejudice against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender gender (LGBT) individuals can affect a number of attitudes (LGBT) individuals can affect a number of attitudes and be- and behaviors relevant to sports; however, there is compara- haviors relevant to sports. Parents with anti-LGBT attitudes tively little focus on sexual prejudice among sport fans. As are unlikely to let their children on teams coached by sexual such, the purpose of the present study was to examine the minorities (Cunningham and Melton 2012), and there is a associations among sexual prejudice, sexism, gender, and similar pattern among former players and their willingness identification with two sports: men’s figure skating and U.S. to play for LGBT coaches (Sartore and Cunningham 2009). football. To examine these associations, we draw from multi- In sport organizations, sexual prejudice is associated with a ple perspectives, including Robinson and Trail’s(2005)work reticence to support diversity initiatives (Cunningham and on identification, Herek’s(2007, 2009) sexual stigma and Sartore 2010), lesbian coaches report their sexual orientation prejudice theory, and McCormack and Anderson’s(2014a, being Bused^ against them by opposing coaches in the 2014b) theory of homohysteria. Questionnaire data were col- recruiting process (Krane and Barber 2005), and some lected from 150 students (52 women, 98 men) enrolled at a LGBT employees report feeling the need to hide their identi- large, public university in the Southwest United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Research Methodology
    The impact of E-marketing practices on market performance of small business enterprises. An empirical investigation. Item Type Thesis Authors El-Gohary, Hatem O.A.S. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 26/09/2021 11:58:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4308 Chapter 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Introduction:- This chapter discusses the methodology used to conduct the research study as well as the issues related to the chosen research methodology when investigating the different factors affecting the adoption of E-Marketing by industrial and trading UK SBEs, the different forms, tools and levels of implementation of E-Marketing by these enterprises as well as the relationship between E-Marketing adoption and marketing performance of these SBEs. Through this discussion the steps that were taken to address the research design, the data collection and analysis methods used to conduct the research study will be illustrated. These issues are addressed in light of the basic research objectives and the relevant research questions discussed in chapter one and the research framework discussed in chapter seven. Firstly it discusses some possible research designs and methodologies and provides a brief review of the literature of research methodologies, research strategies and research methods implemented in the fields of E-Marketing and SBEs.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Anomia: Development of a Scale
    ABSTRACT QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE Anomie refers to a weakening of cultural values and social norms. One interpretation is that anomie exists because of moral deregulation when normative rules begin deteriorating, while another suggests that it is a product of insufficient means to reach goals, forcing individuals to seek deviant modalities and paths (Agnew, 1980). While multiple scales have been developed in an attempt to measure the construct, the purpose of this study was to build upon and combine scales from 1956 to 2011 to produce an instrument that quantifies anomie/anomia using factor analyses. Four scales of anomia were compiled and administered to 416 Fresno State undergraduate students. The findings suggest that the final anomia scale has good internal consistency and correlates with materialism, happiness, and social desirability. However, no expected significant differences were found across gender, age, income, marital status, and race/ethnicity. Anthony Yang August 2015 QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE by Anthony Yang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno August 2015 APPROVED For the Department of Psychology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Anthony Yang Thesis Author Robert Levine (Chair) Psychology Constance Jones Psychology Deborah Helsel Sociology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaming and Suppression of Female Sexuality
    THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CLINICAL SEXOLOGY SHAMING AND SUPPRESSION OF FEMALE SEXUALITY AN IN DEPTH LOOK AT THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SEXUALITY, GENDER ROLES, FEMALE LIBERATION, AND LONG TERM EFFECTS OF SHAMING OF FEMALE SEXUALITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CLINICAL SEXOLOGY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY INGRID D.THRALL ORLANDO FLORIDA ii Copyright © 2017 by Ingrid D. Thrall All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members; Dr. Claudia Rieman, for her guidance and support, and most of all for inspiring and encouraging me to pursue my doctoral degree at The American Academy of Clinical Sexology; Dr. Julia Breur for her input and for encouraging me to enjoy the process; Dr. William Granzig for his ubiquitous reassurance, sharing of his vast knowledge, and challenging me to think outside the box. I would like to thank my husband Ed for his unwavering love and support of all my endeavors and always believing in me. I would like to thank my son Jonathan for his faith in me in my pursuit of my passion and for allowing me to inspire him to pursue his own journey in the field of Psychology. I would like to thank each and every woman who took the time to participate in the survey. Without these wonderful women this project would not have been possible. iv VITA Ingrid D. Thrall is a graduate of Nova Southeastern University where she earned a Master of Science degree in Mental Health Counseling Psychology. She is a member of AASECT.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Anger: the Roles of Gender, Sex Role, and Feminist Identity in Women's Anger Expression and Experience Susan Renee Stock-Ward Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1995 Women and anger: the roles of gender, sex role, and feminist identity in women's anger expression and experience Susan Renee Stock-Ward Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Personality and Social Contexts Commons, Psychiatry and Psychology Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Stock-Ward, Susan Renee, "Women and anger: the roles of gender, sex role, and feminist identity in women's anger expression and experience " (1995). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11089. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11089 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Hius, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Qpewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. Hie qnality of this reprodnction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photogr^hs, print bleedthrough, sul»tandard margins, and improper alignment can adversety affect reproductioa In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from the Skillman Aftercare Experiment
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ------------------------- --- -- -- - "- 'R'"-A KlO-'- ,.,-- .. ' - . ':'-' '.: . ,': :", ': ".' ".: R:I.. ~· .. ,.: ... :. ~ .... '.~, . ' ....'. " Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from The Skillman Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams The research described in this report was supported by The Skillman Foundatiqn, Grant No. 91-296. Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Greenwood, Peter W. Chronic juvenile offenders : fmal results from the Skillman aftercare experiment I Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams. p. em. "Supported by The Skillman Foundation." "MR-220-SKF." Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8330-1477-3 1. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Michigan-Detroit. 2. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. 3. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Michigan -Detroit. 4. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. I. Deschenes, Elizabeth Piper, 1953- ll. Adams, Jolm. 1956- HV9106.D5G74 1994 364.3'6'Q974886-dc20 9340155 CIP RAND is a nonprofit institution that seeks to improve public policy through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Published 1993 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 To obtain information about RAND studies or to order documents, call Distribution Services, (310) 451-7002 • Chronic Ju~{)enile Offeltders Final Results from The Skillman • Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams Supported by The Skillman Foundation •••• < ."'" •••• , ;- ." 151575 U.S. Department of Justice Nationallnstltule of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute 01 Justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigate the Relationship Between Socio-Economic Class and Tendency to Delinquency Among Students of Rey City in Tehran
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 2017, VOL. 12, NO. 4, 851-864 OPEN ACCESS Investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and tendency to delinquency among students of Rey city in Tehran Dr. Abdolreza Bagheri Bonjar Faculty member of Shahed University ABSTRACT Delinquency is a social phenomenon and has social context though biological factors, psychological, geographical, ethnic, racial and other items in the forming and occurring type of delinquency play an important role, explain the issue is on the basis of the social environment, limiting attitude of sociology scope in particular, the performance of the smallest and the most important social institution ie family that plays an important role in cooperation and homogeneous of normative behaviors of individuals with social environment. This study is conducted aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and delinquency rate with survey method. The sample population consisted of 260 students of Rey that its data is collected using a questionnaire. In this study to show the relationship between socioeconomic class and delinquency, several views is used such as Merton, Weber, and.., research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between social class and delinquency meanwhile variables of social class (job and income and education) have had inverse relationship with delinquency, the more the rate of job and income and education of individual is high, the delinquency rate decreases. KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY socio-economic class, tendency to delinquency, students Received 10 March 2017 Revised 18 April 2017 Accepted 12 May 2017 Introduction Delinquency of children and adolescents is the complex social issues and problems of today's world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2002 A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays. Bonny Ball Copenhaver East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Copenhaver, Bonny Ball, "A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays." (2002). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 632. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/632 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis by Bonny Ball Copenhaver May 2002 Dr. W. Hal Knight, Chair Dr. Jack Branscomb Dr. Nancy Dishner Dr. Russell West Keywords: Gender Roles, Feminism, Modernism, Postmodernism, American Theatre, Robbins, Glaspell, O'Neill, Miller, Williams, Hansbury, Kennedy, Wasserstein, Shange, Wilson, Mamet, Vogel ABSTRACT The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays by Bonny Ball Copenhaver The purpose of this study was to describe how gender was portrayed and to determine how gender roles were depicted and defined in a selection of Modern and Postmodern American plays.
    [Show full text]
  • ON INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION and SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE in COLLEGE WOMEN Marina Leigh Costanzo
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Graduate School Professional Papers 2018 ON INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION AND SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE IN COLLEGE WOMEN Marina Leigh Costanzo Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Recommended Citation Costanzo, Marina Leigh, "ON INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION AND SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE IN COLLEGE WOMEN" (2018). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11264. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11264 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ON INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION AND SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE IN COLLEGE WOMEN By MARINA LEIGH COSTANZO B.A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2010 M.A., University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 2013 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology The University of Montana Missoula, MT August 2018 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Christine Fiore, Chair Psychology Laura Kirsch Psychology Jennifer Robohm Psychology Gyda Swaney Psychology Sara Hayden Communication Studies INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION AND SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE ii Costanzo, Marina, PhD, Summer 2018 Clinical Psychology Abstract Chairperson: Christine Fiore Sexualized violence on college campuses has recently entered the media spotlight. One in five women are sexually assaulted during college and over 90% of these women know their attackers (Black et al., 2011; Cleere & Lynn, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Social Network Analysis As a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel † Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend
    sustainability Article Social Network Analysis as a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel y Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend Deukhee Park 1, Gyehee Lee 2,* , Woo Gon Kim 1 and Taegoo Terry Kim 3 1 International Center for Hospitality Research & Development, Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (W.G.K.) 2 College of Hotel and Tourism, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea 3 Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-0863 This paper is excerpted from the doctor’s thesis of the first author (2015). y Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 18 April 2019; Published: 29 April 2019 Abstract: In order to better understand tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, the present study developed a research model by combining the social network analysis technique with the structural equation model. The object of this study was to examine the structural relationships among destination image, tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior patterns, tourists’ satisfaction, and their behavioral intentions. The data were gathered via an online survey using the China panel system. A total of 468 respondents who visited multiple attractions while in Seoul, Korea, were used for actual analysis. The results showed that all hypotheses are supported. Specifically, destination image was an important antecedent to multi-attraction travel behavior indicated by density and degree indices. In addition, the present study confirmed that density and degree centrality, the indicators of tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, were positively related to tourist satisfaction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Masculinity Threat and Anonymity in Men's Endorsement
    #Fragilemasculinity: The Roles of Masculinity Threat and Anonymity in Men’s Endorsement and Perpetration of Online Gender Harassment by Jennifer D. Rubin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology and Women's Studies) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Terri D. Conley, Chair Associate Professor Sonya Dal Cin Professor Nicole Ellison Associate Professor Sara I. McClelland Jennifer Rubin [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6649-6606 © Jennifer D. Rubin 2019 DEDICATION To Dahlia Josephine I’ve loved you since before you were born. To Matthew My unwavering support and love. To Debbie and Don Rubin Without whom none of my success would be possible. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have received encouragement, mentorship, and support from a community of friends and scholars. Thank you to the IDEAL family for providing me guidance during my undergraduate years at UC Berkeley. The support I received from Cedric Brown, Genevieve Negrón-Gonzales, and Mitch and Frida Kapor helped me realize my dream of pursing a graduate degree. I would also like to thank Drs. Mel Chen and Barbara Barnes for nurturing my commitment to Gender and Women’s Studies as critical to undergraduate education. A big thank you to Dr. David Frost for his mentorship and guidance during my time at San Francisco State University. My dissertation committee of Drs. Terri Conley, Sara McClelland, Sonya Dal Cin, and Nicole Ellison have provided me with invaluable suggestions that strengthened this research and future projects. And a very special thank you to Dr.
    [Show full text]