DOCSLIB.ORG

Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from the Skillman Aftercare Experiment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from the Skillman Aftercare Experiment If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ------------------------- --- -- -- - "- 'R'"-A KlO-'- ,.,-- .. ' - . ':'-' '.: . ,': :", ': ".' ".: R:I.. ~· .. ,.: ... :. ~ .... '.~, . ' ....'. " Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from The Skillman Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams The research described in this report was supported by The Skillman Foundatiqn, Grant No. 91-296. Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Greenwood, Peter W. Chronic juvenile offenders : fmal results from the Skillman aftercare experiment I Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams. p. em. "Supported by The Skillman Foundation." "MR-220-SKF." Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8330-1477-3 1. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Michigan-Detroit. 2. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. 3. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Michigan -Detroit. 4. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. I. Deschenes, Elizabeth Piper, 1953- ll. Adams, Jolm. 1956- HV9106.D5G74 1994 364.3'6'Q974886-dc20 9340155 CIP RAND is a nonprofit institution that seeks to improve public policy through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Published 1993 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 To obtain information about RAND studies or to order documents, call Distribution Services, (310) 451-7002 • Chronic Ju~{)enile Offeltders Final Results from The Skillman • Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams Supported by The Skillman Foundation •••• < ."'" •••• , ;- ." 151575 U.S. Department of Justice Nationallnstltule of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute 01 Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material in mI­ crofiche only has been granted by Rand Co:r:ooratj on • to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. iii • Preface 1his document is the final report on a four~year evaluation of two experimental intensive aftercare programs that were designed to help delinquent youth from Detroit and Pittsburgh return to their homes follOWing residential placements. The experimental programs and evaluation effort were supported by generous grants from The Skillman Foundation of Detroit, Michigan. 1his report should interest anyone concerned with the design and implementa­ tion of effective community-based supervision programs for serious delinquents . • • --~--~----------------~------------.-- v • Contents Preface iii Tables vii Summary................................................. ix Acknowledgments . • . .. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION.. 1 2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS . 4 Subjects. • . • . 4 Random Assignment and Follow-Up Procedures ................ 5 The Intervention . • . 6 Data-Collection and Assessment Procedures ................... 9 Sample Attrition and Response Bias. • . • . .. 10 3. Ilv.lPLEMENTATION. 13 Time Served and Early Release ............................. 13 Frequency and Nature of Contacts ............., • . 13 Youth Perceptions Regarding the Program. 16 Costs . • . • . 18 4. OUTCOMES. 19 Arrests. • . 19 • Self-Reported Delinquency ............ 20 Self-Reported Drug Use ......................•.....•..••. 21 Involvement with School or Work. • . • • . • . .. 24 Involvement with Delinquent Peers •••..•.•..•••.. , . .. 24 Personal Goals, Self-Efficacy, and Coping Skills ••............... 26 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . .. 31 Appendix A. REFERENCE TABLES. .. 37 B. DOCUMENTATION OF RANDOM ASSIGNtv1ENT AND DATA-COLLECTION PROCEDURES . • . .. 59 Bibliography .. .. ....................... 71 • vii • Tables 2.1. Number of Completed Forms and Youth Interviews by Site and Condition .......................................... 10 3.1. Program Implementation: Monthly Rates from Youth Interviews .... , . • . .. 14 3.2. Program Implementation: Monthly Rates from Caseworker Interviews . • . 15 3.3. Youth Ratings of Aftercare Program and Staff by Site and Condition ..................•....................... 17 4.1. Official Recidivism. • . .. 20 .4.2a. Self-Reported Delinquency Prevalence Rates at Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Detroit, Michigan. • . .. 22 4.2b. Self-Reported Delinquency Prevalence Rates at Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Pittsburg-'l, Pennsylvania . .. 22 4.3a. Self-Reported Drug Use Prevalence Rates a~ Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Detroit, Michigan. • . .. 23 4.3b. Self-Reported Drug Use Prevalence Rates at Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . .. 23 4.4. Participation by Youth in School or Work During 12-Month : -- :1ow-Up . • . .. 25 4.5a, nds' Behaviors at Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Detroit, l"i;,chigan . • . .. 26 4.5b. Friends' Behaviors at Pre-Release and Follow-Up in Pittsblli'gh, • Pennsylvania . • .. 27 4.6a. Chru'1ges in Attitudes and Behaviors in Detroit, Michigan . .. 28 4.6b. Changes in Attitudes and Behaviors in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ...........•....•.•....•.•..•••......•. , 29 A.1. Background Characteristics of Sample in Detroit, Michigan ...... 37 A.2. Background Characteristics of Sample in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . .. 38 A.3. Self-Reported Delinquency and Drug Use by Experimental Conditions in Detroit, Michigan .................•........ 39 A.4. Self-Reported Delinquency and Drug Use by Experimental Conditions in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . .. 40 A.S. Analysis of Attrition Bias in Detroit, Michigan . • . .. 41 A.6. Analysis of Attrition Bias in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ..•....... 42 A.7. Youth Perceptions of Aftercare Program. .. 44 A.8. Youth Perceptions of Primary Aftercare Worker. .. 45 A.9. Self-Reported Delinquency and Drug Use by Experimental Conditions in Detroit, Michigan •..•........•... .. 46 A.IO. Self-Reported Delinquency and Drug Use by Experimental Conditions in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . .. 47 A,ll. Median Incidence Rates for Active Offenders at Follow-Up in Detroit, Michigan. .. 48 A,12. Median Incidence Rates for Active Offenders at Follow-Up in • Pittsburg.i), Pennsylvania ............................... 48 viii A.13. Behavior of Friends ...... 49 A.14. Personal Goals ...... " . 51 A.15. Self-Efficacy ....... "................................ 53 • A.16. Coping Skills in Detroit, Michigan ........................ 55 A.17. Coping Skills in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . .. 57 • • ix • Summary Background Every year, thousands of delinquent youth who have been removed from their homes and placed in residential programs, because of the seriousness or frequency of their criminal behavior, are released right back into the same communities and home situations in which their delinquent behavior developed and flourished, often without any coordinated attempt to ensure that their old patterns of delinquency and dysfunctional behavior are not reestablished. And, in fact, many of these youth do fall back into their old ways and end up in another juvenile or adult correctional facility. This cycle of inadequate aftercare and recidivism occurs in spite of the fact that many criminologists and correctional practitioners have long articulated their belief that the failure rab~ for these youth could be substantially reduced bY' providing them with appropriate amounts of aftercare supervision and services. The most prominent reasons for this belief include the lack of other supportive community resources and the • dysfunctional environment to which many youth are returned. 1vlethods The Skillman Intensive Aftercare Program Initiative was designed to test and determine the value of intensive aftercare supervision and services fOir high-risk delinquents. Under this initiative, two experimental programs, embodying common core features, were established in Detroit, Michigan, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Eligible youth, who were being retumed from residential placements to homes in these sites, were randomly assigned to either the new program, conditions or the regular forms of post-release supervision used in their community. In each site, the experimental programs were developed and run by experienced private providers. Youth assigned to the experimental programs were supposed to be released from their residential placen.1.ent two months early and to receive the intensive aftercare supervision for the next six months. Other key components of the experimental program included: pre-release contacts and planning between the assigned aftercare worker, the youth, and his family; an intensive level of supervision and counseling involving several contacts a day; efforts to resolve • family problems and improve functioning; efforts to mobilize and involve youth x with appropriate community services and programs; and highly motivated and energetic caseworkers. The program model upon which the experimental programs were based had been used extensively in Massachusetts with • supposedly good results. Data for assessing the characteristics of participating youths, and the content and effect of the programs, were obtained by: coding back8J."ound data from agency records; interviewing caseworkers during each youth's six-month program; interviewing youth just before and one year
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 4 Research Methodology
    The impact of E-marketing practices on market performance of small business enterprises. An empirical investigation. Item Type Thesis Authors El-Gohary, Hatem O.A.S. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 26/09/2021 11:58:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4308 Chapter 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Introduction:- This chapter discusses the methodology used to conduct the research study as well as the issues related to the chosen research methodology when investigating the different factors affecting the adoption of E-Marketing by industrial and trading UK SBEs, the different forms, tools and levels of implementation of E-Marketing by these enterprises as well as the relationship between E-Marketing adoption and marketing performance of these SBEs. Through this discussion the steps that were taken to address the research design, the data collection and analysis methods used to conduct the research study will be illustrated. These issues are addressed in light of the basic research objectives and the relevant research questions discussed in chapter one and the research framework discussed in chapter seven. Firstly it discusses some possible research designs and methodologies and provides a brief review of the literature of research methodologies, research strategies and research methods implemented in the fields of E-Marketing and SBEs.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Anomia: Development of a Scale
    ABSTRACT QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE Anomie refers to a weakening of cultural values and social norms. One interpretation is that anomie exists because of moral deregulation when normative rules begin deteriorating, while another suggests that it is a product of insufficient means to reach goals, forcing individuals to seek deviant modalities and paths (Agnew, 1980). While multiple scales have been developed in an attempt to measure the construct, the purpose of this study was to build upon and combine scales from 1956 to 2011 to produce an instrument that quantifies anomie/anomia using factor analyses. Four scales of anomia were compiled and administered to 416 Fresno State undergraduate students. The findings suggest that the final anomia scale has good internal consistency and correlates with materialism, happiness, and social desirability. However, no expected significant differences were found across gender, age, income, marital status, and race/ethnicity. Anthony Yang August 2015 QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE by Anthony Yang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno August 2015 APPROVED For the Department of Psychology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Anthony Yang Thesis Author Robert Levine (Chair) Psychology Constance Jones Psychology Deborah Helsel Sociology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigate the Relationship Between Socio-Economic Class and Tendency to Delinquency Among Students of Rey City in Tehran
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 2017, VOL. 12, NO. 4, 851-864 OPEN ACCESS Investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and tendency to delinquency among students of Rey city in Tehran Dr. Abdolreza Bagheri Bonjar Faculty member of Shahed University ABSTRACT Delinquency is a social phenomenon and has social context though biological factors, psychological, geographical, ethnic, racial and other items in the forming and occurring type of delinquency play an important role, explain the issue is on the basis of the social environment, limiting attitude of sociology scope in particular, the performance of the smallest and the most important social institution ie family that plays an important role in cooperation and homogeneous of normative behaviors of individuals with social environment. This study is conducted aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and delinquency rate with survey method. The sample population consisted of 260 students of Rey that its data is collected using a questionnaire. In this study to show the relationship between socioeconomic class and delinquency, several views is used such as Merton, Weber, and.., research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between social class and delinquency meanwhile variables of social class (job and income and education) have had inverse relationship with delinquency, the more the rate of job and income and education of individual is high, the delinquency rate decreases. KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY socio-economic class, tendency to delinquency, students Received 10 March 2017 Revised 18 April 2017 Accepted 12 May 2017 Introduction Delinquency of children and adolescents is the complex social issues and problems of today's world.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Network Analysis As a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel † Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend
    sustainability Article Social Network Analysis as a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel y Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend Deukhee Park 1, Gyehee Lee 2,* , Woo Gon Kim 1 and Taegoo Terry Kim 3 1 International Center for Hospitality Research & Development, Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (W.G.K.) 2 College of Hotel and Tourism, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea 3 Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-0863 This paper is excerpted from the doctor’s thesis of the first author (2015). y Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 18 April 2019; Published: 29 April 2019 Abstract: In order to better understand tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, the present study developed a research model by combining the social network analysis technique with the structural equation model. The object of this study was to examine the structural relationships among destination image, tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior patterns, tourists’ satisfaction, and their behavioral intentions. The data were gathered via an online survey using the China panel system. A total of 468 respondents who visited multiple attractions while in Seoul, Korea, were used for actual analysis. The results showed that all hypotheses are supported. Specifically, destination image was an important antecedent to multi-attraction travel behavior indicated by density and degree indices. In addition, the present study confirmed that density and degree centrality, the indicators of tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, were positively related to tourist satisfaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Implementation Strength
    Contents Measuring implementation strength Literature review draft report 2012 Acknowledgements Dr Joanna Schellenberg, Principal Investigator, IDEAS project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation Review supervised by Dr Bilal Iqbal Avan Review prepared by Dr Natalia Bobrova Copy edited by Kate Sabot Coordination of publication by Agnes Becker Copyright: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ISBN - 978 0 902657 90 9 w: ideas.lshtm.ac.uk Contents Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 4 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 5 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Results and discussion .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SQB Methods Fact Sheet 1: Likert Items and Scales
    SURVEY QUESTION BANK: Methods Fact Sheet 1 (March 2010) LIKERT ITEMS AND SCALES Rob Johns (University of Strathclyde) 1. The ubiquitous Likert item The question above, taken from the 2007 British Social Attitudes survey, is an example of a Likert item. Almost everyone would recognise this type of survey question, even if not many people would know it by that name. This agree‐disagree approach to measuring attitudes has for decades been ubiquitous in questionnaires of all kinds: market research, opinion polling, major government surveys and academic studies in fields ranging from political science to product design. Not only is it a pleasingly simple way of gauging specific opinions, but it also lends itself very easily to the construction of multiple‐item measures, known as Likert scales, which can measure broader attitudes and values. This fact sheet opens with a brief synopsis of the landmark article in which Likert himself first set out this approach to measuring attitudes. Then we look in more detail at the construction of both individual Likert items and multiple‐item Likert scales, using examples from the Survey Question Bank to illustrate the decisions facing questionnaire designers looking to use the Likert method. 1 Rob Johns (University of Strathclyde) SQB Methods Fact Sheet 1 (March 2010) Likert Items and Scales 2. The basis for Likert measurement Rensis Likert was an American psychologist. (Unlike most of those who have used it since, he pronounced his name with a short ‘i’ sound, as in ‘Lick‐ert’.) What became known as the Likert method of attitude measurement was formulated in his doctoral thesis, and an abridged version appeared in a 1932 article in the Archives of Psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Gender Identity, Gender Roles, And
    PREDICTION OF GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER ROLES, AND SEXISM/MISOGYNY IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS by BEVERLY SUE PAIR, B.A., M.Ed. A DISSERTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved May, 1997 |JI»U>JU!KiUUII BS f 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS p^,^( ABSTRACT v (^,^ LISTOFTABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Sexism/Misogyny 1 i Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 7 \ The Study 14 II. METHODS 17 Participants 17 Design 17 Data Analysis 17 Setting 24 Measures of Independent Variables 24 Demographics 24 Political Orientation 25 Religious Affiliation 26 Measures of Dependent Variables 27 Gender Identity 27 Gender Roles 28 Sexism/Misogyny 30 Experimenter and Methodological Variables 32 ki Procedures 32 11 III. EXPANDED LITERATURE REVIEW 33 Sexism/Misogyny 33 Theory of Attitudes 46 Determinants of Attitudes 47 Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 48 Gender Identity and Gender Roles 48 Sex and Gender 51 Socioeconomic Status (SES) 54 Parental Background 55 Political Ideology 57 Religion 59 Race 65 Summary 69 IV. RESULTS 71 Descriptive Statistics 71 Measurement Information 74 Model 1 78 Adjustments to Model 1 82 Overall Fit of Model 2 83 Overall Fit of Model 3 92 Comparison of Model 2 and Model 3 99 Summary of Model 3: Structural Equation Model of Gender Identity, Gender Roles and Sexism/Misogyny 99 11 V DISCUSSION 99 Descriptive Data 101 Review of Theoretical Hypotheses 102 The Structural Model 102 Hypothesis Testing 102 General Findings of Model 3 105 Implications of Findings 112 Limitations of the Study 115 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research 116 REFERENCES 120 APPENDICES A.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Likert Type Data in Social Science Research: Confusion, Issues and Challenges
    International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2016 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net Using Likert Type Data in Social Science Research: Confusion, Issues and Challenges Basu Prasad Subedi PhD Scholar, Kathmandu University, School of Education, Hattiban, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the prevailing confusions, issues and challenges regarding using of Likert type data in social science research. Review of scholarly works specifically journal articles and other related documents were the base of this academic discourse. Study results suggested that there were incompatible views about the using of the Likert type data among the community of practice. The key debates were regarding its reliability, ordinal/ interval scale dilemma, and issue of using midpoints. The study concluded that in calculating reliability of Likert type measurement Cronbach’s alpha is better to use for interval nature of Likert data and ordinal alpha for ordinal nature. In relation to ordinal/interval nature of data, Likert items generate the ordinal scale data and that of Likert scale generates interval scale. Additionally, concerning midpoints issue, methodologically there is not any difference either using or not using midpoints in Likert type measurement. However, epistemologically it is better to use midpoints defining its meaning. Despite the wider use of Likert type data, it has limitations as well. Keywords: Likert items, Likert scale, ordinal /interval dilemma, Cronbach’s alpha, ordinal alpha 36 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2016 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net 1. Introduction 1.1 Setting the Stage I believe that human being is the complex in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Ambiguities of the Likert-Scale in Language Learning Strategy Teaching, Volume 5, P19-35, 1995
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 391 358 FL 023 479 AUTHOR Gu, Yongqi; And Others TITLE How Often Is Often? Reference Ambiguities of the Likert-Scale in Language Learning Strategy Research. PUB DATE 95 NOTE 18p.; In: Occasional Papers in English Language Teaching, Volume 5, p19-35, 1995 published by Chinese University of Hong Kong. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1993 Guilin English Language Teaching International Conference. PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Ambiguity; College Students; *English (Second Language); Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Language Research; Learning Strategies; *Likert Scales; Questionnaires; Rating Scales; Second Language Learning; *Statistical Analysis; Test Format IDENTIFIERS China ABSTRACT Based on personal experience, this paper examines the ambiguities of the Likert-type 5-point scale in learning strategy elicitation. Four parallel questionnaires consisting of the same batch of 20 items taken from the Oxford scale (1990) were administered among a group of 120 tertiary level, non-English majors in China. Questionnaire 1 used the Oxford scale without specifying dimensions of reference. Questionnaire 2 told the respondents to choose their answers by comparing with their peers in the same grade. Questionnaire 3 asked them to select their present behavioral frequency as compared with their own past learning experience in secondary schools. In questionnaire 4, subjects were told to check off the relevant frequency of a behavior by comparing its frequency of occurrence with that of other language skills. Results showed that out of the 20 items used, 13 were significantly different among the four questionnaires.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: the Research Design and Process
    CHAPTER 3: THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCESS 3.1 Introduction So far in this research report I have attempted to underscore foundational issues inspirational to my research relating to the research problem and its context (Chapter 1). I have also surveyed related literature and attempted to position my own thoughts and understanding in the broad discourses reported by other scholars near and far (Chapter 2). It has become apparent, in the previous chapter in particular, that learning and experience jointly remain the most compelling and engaging pursuits for enhancing human development and well-being, both individually and collaboratively. In this chapter I would like to divulge and make known my further learning and experiences that have been facilitated by my interaction as the originator and coordinator of the study with colleagues and other participants, and the processes that generate knowledge to be shared and exchanged between us. This research was conceived and carried out at a time when Zimbabwe was experiencing severe socio-political and economic upheavals now loosely referred to as ‘the lost decade’. In particular, the fieldwork took place towards the end of 2010 and early 2011, when universities countrywide were only just experiencing a turnaround from their worst moments of lean operations where classes were badly disrupted and programmes delayed as students and staff got sidetracked into concentrating on their survival often by doing very little with and in the university. This is not the central issue of investigation in my research. It is incumbent upon me, however, to state that the situation affected the research in many ways, especially in the processes and outcomes of data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Application of Design Ethnography Techniques to Improve Novice Human- Centered Design Processes by Ibrahim Mohedas
    Characterizing the application of design ethnography techniques to improve novice human- centered design processes by Ibrahim Mohedas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Shanna R. Daly, Co-Chair Associate Professor Kathleen H. Sienko, Co-Chair Professor James P. Holloway Professor Steven J. Skerlos © Ibrahim Mohedas, 2016 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisors Kathleen Sienko and Shanna Daly for their support over the past five years and for making my journey to a PhD fun and exciting. They allowed me to carve out my own path and were trusting and supportive throughout the process. I am truly grateful for the opportunity to have worked with them. I would also like to thank my committee members Steven Skerlos and James Holloway. Their feedback, guidance, and enthusiasm for my research has been an invaluable asset and crucial to the work in this dissertation. I would also like to thank all the members of the Laboratory for Innovation in Global Health Technologies who made going to lab enjoyable and stimulating. Special thanks to Amir Sabet Sarvestani for the great discussions, games of squash, and exciting fieldwork in Ethiopia and Ghana. I particularly want to thank my collaborators in Ghana and Ethiopia for their vital support in both my research and design work. I am especially grateful to Zerihun Abebe whose enthusiasm and support for our project is unmatched. Thank you to all those who I have worked with over the past five years on the research in this dissertation: Linh Huynh, Grace Cravens, Joseph Adomako, Carrie Bell, Senait Fisseha, Kristin Ydoate, Elsie Kaufman, Frank Anderson, Timothy Johnson, Kevin Jiang, Dilayehu Bekele, Corey Bertch, Anthony Franklin, Adam Joyce, Jacob McCormick, and Michael Shoemaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Tendency to Deviant Social Identity Among Delinquent Youth
    ISSN 2414-8385 (Online) European Journal of September-December 2017 ISSN 2414-8377 (Print Multidisciplinary Studies Volume 2, Issue 6 Determinants of Tendency to Deviant Social Identity among Delinquent Youth Hossein Afrasiabi Assistant professor of Sociology, Yazd University Abstract Deviant identity has been recognized as one of the main causes of the crime in a large number of the studies. Formation of criminal or deviant identity are affected by different social conditions this study was conducted in order to investigate the factors underlying the deviant identity among the delinquent youth. The research sample consisted of 15-25years old delinquent youth in Yazd city. A survey was used as research method and data were collected using the questionnaires. The results showed that destructive social capital, Anomie and deviance in the family, have a significant relationship with deviant identity. Keywords: Deviant Identity, Social Capital, Anomie, Family, Crime. Introduction The concept of deviant identity has been defined by the researchers in different ways. Some defined it as exiting an ordinary life style (Irwin, 1977; Lofland, 1969; Meisenhelder, 1977; Shover, 1983). Others argued that the deviant people never abandon their former identity and select a new role (Ebaugh, 1988). Labeling perspective considers the deviant identity as a factor that prevents the labeled deviant people enter the society (Sampson & Laub, 1997; Link, 1982; Lemert, 1972; Becker, 1963). The formation of criminal or deviant identity and having such a self-definition are affected by different social conditions. As Stryker emphasized in theory of identity salience, as much as a person has a salient identity, s/he plays those roles that are related to the functional expectations of their identity.
    [Show full text]