Measuring Implementation Strength
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Chapter 4 Research Methodology
The impact of E-marketing practices on market performance of small business enterprises. An empirical investigation. Item Type Thesis Authors El-Gohary, Hatem O.A.S. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 26/09/2021 11:58:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4308 Chapter 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Introduction:- This chapter discusses the methodology used to conduct the research study as well as the issues related to the chosen research methodology when investigating the different factors affecting the adoption of E-Marketing by industrial and trading UK SBEs, the different forms, tools and levels of implementation of E-Marketing by these enterprises as well as the relationship between E-Marketing adoption and marketing performance of these SBEs. Through this discussion the steps that were taken to address the research design, the data collection and analysis methods used to conduct the research study will be illustrated. These issues are addressed in light of the basic research objectives and the relevant research questions discussed in chapter one and the research framework discussed in chapter seven. Firstly it discusses some possible research designs and methodologies and provides a brief review of the literature of research methodologies, research strategies and research methods implemented in the fields of E-Marketing and SBEs. -
Quantifying Anomia: Development of a Scale
ABSTRACT QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE Anomie refers to a weakening of cultural values and social norms. One interpretation is that anomie exists because of moral deregulation when normative rules begin deteriorating, while another suggests that it is a product of insufficient means to reach goals, forcing individuals to seek deviant modalities and paths (Agnew, 1980). While multiple scales have been developed in an attempt to measure the construct, the purpose of this study was to build upon and combine scales from 1956 to 2011 to produce an instrument that quantifies anomie/anomia using factor analyses. Four scales of anomia were compiled and administered to 416 Fresno State undergraduate students. The findings suggest that the final anomia scale has good internal consistency and correlates with materialism, happiness, and social desirability. However, no expected significant differences were found across gender, age, income, marital status, and race/ethnicity. Anthony Yang August 2015 QUANTIFYING ANOMIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE by Anthony Yang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno August 2015 APPROVED For the Department of Psychology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Anthony Yang Thesis Author Robert Levine (Chair) Psychology Constance Jones Psychology Deborah Helsel Sociology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. -
Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from the Skillman Aftercare Experiment
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ------------------------- --- -- -- - "- 'R'"-A KlO-'- ,.,-- .. ' - . ':'-' '.: . ,': :", ': ".' ".: R:I.. ~· .. ,.: ... :. ~ .... '.~, . ' ....'. " Chronic Juvenile Offenders Final Results from The Skillman Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams The research described in this report was supported by The Skillman Foundatiqn, Grant No. 91-296. Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Greenwood, Peter W. Chronic juvenile offenders : fmal results from the Skillman aftercare experiment I Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams. p. em. "Supported by The Skillman Foundation." "MR-220-SKF." Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8330-1477-3 1. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Michigan-Detroit. 2. Juvenile delinquents-Rehabilitation-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. 3. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Michigan -Detroit. 4. Social work with juvenile delinquents-Pennsylvania-Pittsburgh. I. Deschenes, Elizabeth Piper, 1953- ll. Adams, Jolm. 1956- HV9106.D5G74 1994 364.3'6'Q974886-dc20 9340155 CIP RAND is a nonprofit institution that seeks to improve public policy through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Published 1993 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 To obtain information about RAND studies or to order documents, call Distribution Services, (310) 451-7002 • Chronic Ju~{)enile Offeltders Final Results from The Skillman • Aftercare Experiment Peter W. Greenwood, Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, John Adams Supported by The Skillman Foundation •••• < ."'" •••• , ;- ." 151575 U.S. Department of Justice Nationallnstltule of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute 01 Justice. -
Investigate the Relationship Between Socio-Economic Class and Tendency to Delinquency Among Students of Rey City in Tehran
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 2017, VOL. 12, NO. 4, 851-864 OPEN ACCESS Investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and tendency to delinquency among students of Rey city in Tehran Dr. Abdolreza Bagheri Bonjar Faculty member of Shahed University ABSTRACT Delinquency is a social phenomenon and has social context though biological factors, psychological, geographical, ethnic, racial and other items in the forming and occurring type of delinquency play an important role, explain the issue is on the basis of the social environment, limiting attitude of sociology scope in particular, the performance of the smallest and the most important social institution ie family that plays an important role in cooperation and homogeneous of normative behaviors of individuals with social environment. This study is conducted aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-economic class and delinquency rate with survey method. The sample population consisted of 260 students of Rey that its data is collected using a questionnaire. In this study to show the relationship between socioeconomic class and delinquency, several views is used such as Merton, Weber, and.., research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between social class and delinquency meanwhile variables of social class (job and income and education) have had inverse relationship with delinquency, the more the rate of job and income and education of individual is high, the delinquency rate decreases. KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY socio-economic class, tendency to delinquency, students Received 10 March 2017 Revised 18 April 2017 Accepted 12 May 2017 Introduction Delinquency of children and adolescents is the complex social issues and problems of today's world. -
Institutionalisation: an Historical Perspective
Institutionalisation: an historical perspective By: Professor Jan Walmsley [From: Deinstitutionalization and People with Intellectual Disabilities: In and Out of Institutions (2008) by Rannveig Traustadottir (Editor), Kelley Johnson (Editor)] This book is about deinstitutionalisation. But to understand de-institutionalisation, we need also to appreciate what preceded it – institutionalisation. Why did our ancestors choose to place people with learning disabilities in institutions? More misguided and more evil than we are today? To assume that is ahistorical. It is to adopt a simplistic view of the past that sees human life as a progression from darkness to light, an inexorable march of ‘progress’ in which every age improves on its predecessors. That is clearly untenable. So why, when nowadays we see institutions as such a mistake, did apparently sensible well meaning people choose institutions as the answer? I seek to begin to answer these questions here. In this chapter I explore institutions as a social policy ‘solution’ to the problem of the ‘feeble minded’ in early twentieth century England, as a means of setting in context the memories in the book. Although England is not entirely representative in its institutional practices (for example, unlike some Scandinavian countries and US states, sterilisation was never legalised) the trend to institutionalisation there in many respects mirrored similar trends in the English speaking world (see for example Trent 1994 re the USA, Cocks, Fox, Brogan and Lee 1996 re Western Australia). We know from a number of sources, including some of the testimony in this book, that for many of those who lived in them institutions were unpleasant and restrictive at best, abusive at worst. -
The Institutionalisation of the Treaty of Rome * Neil Fligstein and Alec Stone-Sweet
The Institutionalisation of the Treaty of Rome * Neil Fligstein and Alec Stone-Sweet (First Draft, 31 October 1999) Neil Fligstein Department of Sociology University of California Berkeley, California Alec Stone Sweet Official Fellow Nuffield College Oxford, UK * Prepared for the workshop, The Institutionalisation of Europe, November 10-12, 1999, Laguna Beach, CA. NOTE: The paper will be substantially reworked as we solve some of the myriad problems associated with analysing time series data containing strong trends. We may decide to specify a main dependent variable (EC rules, i.e., the EC's formal institutional structure) in order to ground a first stage of analysis, before looking at the feedback effects of that dependent variable on activities (lobbying, trade, litigating) specified as independent variables. We will also elaborate further on our three integration "stories," and use the literature to help us sharpen our hypotheses. Introduction With the Treaty of Rome, European states designed a set of policy domains related to trade and the regulation of markets, a complex of governmental organisations, and a binding set of substantive and procedural rules to help them achieve the construction of a European Economic Community (Fligstein and McNichol, 1998). Although the Treaty traced the broad outlines of this new Community, it was the purposeful activities of representatives of national governments (Moravcsik 1999), of officials operating in the EC's organisations, like the Commission (Pollack 1998) and the Court (Burley and Mattli 1993; Stone Sweet and Caporaso 1998a; Weiler 1991, 1994), and of leaders of transnational interest groups (Mazey and Richardson, eds., 1993) that subsequently produced the extraordinarily dense web of political and social networks that now functions to generate and sustain supranational governance (Wallace and Young 1998; Héritier 1999; Sandholtz and Stone Sweet, eds., 1998). -
Social Network Analysis As a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel † Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend
sustainability Article Social Network Analysis as a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tourists’ Multi-Attraction Travel y Behavioral Intention to Revisit and Recommend Deukhee Park 1, Gyehee Lee 2,* , Woo Gon Kim 1 and Taegoo Terry Kim 3 1 International Center for Hospitality Research & Development, Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (W.G.K.) 2 College of Hotel and Tourism, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea 3 Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-0863 This paper is excerpted from the doctor’s thesis of the first author (2015). y Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 18 April 2019; Published: 29 April 2019 Abstract: In order to better understand tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, the present study developed a research model by combining the social network analysis technique with the structural equation model. The object of this study was to examine the structural relationships among destination image, tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior patterns, tourists’ satisfaction, and their behavioral intentions. The data were gathered via an online survey using the China panel system. A total of 468 respondents who visited multiple attractions while in Seoul, Korea, were used for actual analysis. The results showed that all hypotheses are supported. Specifically, destination image was an important antecedent to multi-attraction travel behavior indicated by density and degree indices. In addition, the present study confirmed that density and degree centrality, the indicators of tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavior, were positively related to tourist satisfaction. -
Mapping Long-Term Outcomes of Institutionalization for Children in Need of Care and Protection (CNCP) in India
Mapping Long-term Outcomes of Institutionalization for Children in Need of Care and Protection (CNCP) in India Make A Difference, June, 2019 | Sponsored by DXC Technology Research Director: Poonam Yewale Acknowledgements From the Author: Firstly, I’d like to thank all of the participants who consented to be respondents in this study, most of whom have previously faced varying forms of stigma and ostracisation wherever others have been aware of their history. Without their participation this research would not have been possible. Despite their own lost hopes and lack of sustained support systems, they braved sharing their personal journeys to contribute for the betterment of coming generations. I also take this opportunity to thank DXC Technology who sponsored this study. Without their resources and patient support, it would have been impossible to conduct research of a scale and form that to the best of our knowledge has not been accomplished before this. I also thank the leadership at Make A Difference for this opportunity to lead the research, along with all those who directly and indirectly contributed to this research. The trust and flexibility provided enabled us to make progress regardless of the challenges we faced. In particular, I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude towards Rizwan Tayabali who as CEO of Make A Difference conceived, designed and championed this project, consistently reiterating the importance of data-oriented problem definition and baselining in the pursuit and design of better impact solutions and outcomes. Lastly, to the research team who worked with me on this project, for enduring the emotional turmoil of listening and responding meaningfully to the often harrowing life stories and challenges of the individuals who talked to us, and for the learning and experience-sharing that transpired throughout. -
SQB Methods Fact Sheet 1: Likert Items and Scales
SURVEY QUESTION BANK: Methods Fact Sheet 1 (March 2010) LIKERT ITEMS AND SCALES Rob Johns (University of Strathclyde) 1. The ubiquitous Likert item The question above, taken from the 2007 British Social Attitudes survey, is an example of a Likert item. Almost everyone would recognise this type of survey question, even if not many people would know it by that name. This agree‐disagree approach to measuring attitudes has for decades been ubiquitous in questionnaires of all kinds: market research, opinion polling, major government surveys and academic studies in fields ranging from political science to product design. Not only is it a pleasingly simple way of gauging specific opinions, but it also lends itself very easily to the construction of multiple‐item measures, known as Likert scales, which can measure broader attitudes and values. This fact sheet opens with a brief synopsis of the landmark article in which Likert himself first set out this approach to measuring attitudes. Then we look in more detail at the construction of both individual Likert items and multiple‐item Likert scales, using examples from the Survey Question Bank to illustrate the decisions facing questionnaire designers looking to use the Likert method. 1 Rob Johns (University of Strathclyde) SQB Methods Fact Sheet 1 (March 2010) Likert Items and Scales 2. The basis for Likert measurement Rensis Likert was an American psychologist. (Unlike most of those who have used it since, he pronounced his name with a short ‘i’ sound, as in ‘Lick‐ert’.) What became known as the Likert method of attitude measurement was formulated in his doctoral thesis, and an abridged version appeared in a 1932 article in the Archives of Psychology. -
Prediction of Gender Identity, Gender Roles, And
PREDICTION OF GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER ROLES, AND SEXISM/MISOGYNY IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS by BEVERLY SUE PAIR, B.A., M.Ed. A DISSERTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved May, 1997 |JI»U>JU!KiUUII BS f 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS p^,^( ABSTRACT v (^,^ LISTOFTABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Sexism/Misogyny 1 i Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 7 \ The Study 14 II. METHODS 17 Participants 17 Design 17 Data Analysis 17 Setting 24 Measures of Independent Variables 24 Demographics 24 Political Orientation 25 Religious Affiliation 26 Measures of Dependent Variables 27 Gender Identity 27 Gender Roles 28 Sexism/Misogyny 30 Experimenter and Methodological Variables 32 ki Procedures 32 11 III. EXPANDED LITERATURE REVIEW 33 Sexism/Misogyny 33 Theory of Attitudes 46 Determinants of Attitudes 47 Determinants of Sexism/Misogyny 48 Gender Identity and Gender Roles 48 Sex and Gender 51 Socioeconomic Status (SES) 54 Parental Background 55 Political Ideology 57 Religion 59 Race 65 Summary 69 IV. RESULTS 71 Descriptive Statistics 71 Measurement Information 74 Model 1 78 Adjustments to Model 1 82 Overall Fit of Model 2 83 Overall Fit of Model 3 92 Comparison of Model 2 and Model 3 99 Summary of Model 3: Structural Equation Model of Gender Identity, Gender Roles and Sexism/Misogyny 99 11 V DISCUSSION 99 Descriptive Data 101 Review of Theoretical Hypotheses 102 The Structural Model 102 Hypothesis Testing 102 General Findings of Model 3 105 Implications of Findings 112 Limitations of the Study 115 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research 116 REFERENCES 120 APPENDICES A. -
Using Likert Type Data in Social Science Research: Confusion, Issues and Challenges
International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2016 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net Using Likert Type Data in Social Science Research: Confusion, Issues and Challenges Basu Prasad Subedi PhD Scholar, Kathmandu University, School of Education, Hattiban, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the prevailing confusions, issues and challenges regarding using of Likert type data in social science research. Review of scholarly works specifically journal articles and other related documents were the base of this academic discourse. Study results suggested that there were incompatible views about the using of the Likert type data among the community of practice. The key debates were regarding its reliability, ordinal/ interval scale dilemma, and issue of using midpoints. The study concluded that in calculating reliability of Likert type measurement Cronbach’s alpha is better to use for interval nature of Likert data and ordinal alpha for ordinal nature. In relation to ordinal/interval nature of data, Likert items generate the ordinal scale data and that of Likert scale generates interval scale. Additionally, concerning midpoints issue, methodologically there is not any difference either using or not using midpoints in Likert type measurement. However, epistemologically it is better to use midpoints defining its meaning. Despite the wider use of Likert type data, it has limitations as well. Keywords: Likert items, Likert scale, ordinal /interval dilemma, Cronbach’s alpha, ordinal alpha 36 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2016 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net 1. Introduction 1.1 Setting the Stage I believe that human being is the complex in nature. -
The Institutionalisation and Networking of Provenance Research from Different Historical Contexts
Introduction to thematic block 51: The institutionalisation and networking of provenance research from different historical contexts Larissa Förster While the German discourse on “postcolonial provenance research” in ethnological museums is indeed relatively new (see the introduction to this conference anthology2), for some time now systematic provenance research on National Socialist (Nazi-era) contexts, i.e. the transaction and accession period 1933 – 1945,3 has been carried out in many German museums, both large and small.4 Ethnological museums and collections are no exception, and have likewise established projects addressing Nazi-era provenance research in the last few years. In Göttingen, for example, researchers have studied collection holdings which had been translocated in 1942 from the municipal Museum of Ethnography in Łódz, via Leipzig, to the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Göttingen (Herrmann 2018) – and which have since been restituted to Łódz. Researchers at Bremen’s Übersee-Museum are currently reappraising the collection of the former Lüderitz Museum, which was privately founded in Bremen in 1940, having made its acquisitions – including some ethnographica – during the course of colonial revisionist aspirations in the 1930s and 1940s (see the chapter by Wiebke Ahrndt in this anthology).5 Nazi-era provenance research can now look back on a 20-year history of establishment, systematisation and institutionalisation in Germany. Since the Washington Declaration of 1998, progress has been made in small and large increments, sustained not only by institutions but also to a remarkable extent by the initiative and engagement of the provenance researchers themselves – expedited in no small part by the Gurlitt case.