A HISTORY OF CONTEMPORARY ITALY SOCIETY AND POLITICS, 1943-1988 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Paul Ginsborg | --- | --- | --- | 9781403961532 | --- | --- Origins of the Mafia - HISTORY

Antonio Beccadelli combined the comic realism of Italian popular verse with the language of Martial to explore the underside of the early Renaissance. The richly illuminated small parchment codex bears witness to the musical interests of the cardinal, himself an avid singer. Federico Borromeo founded the Ambrosiana library, art collection, and academy in Milan. Sacred Painting laid out the rules that artists should follow when creating religious art. Humanist Tragedies offers a sampling of Latin drama from the Tre- and Quattrocento. These five tragedies— Ecerinis , Achilleis , Progne , Hyempsal , and Fernandus Servatus —were nourished by a potent amalgam of classical, medieval, and pre-humanist sources. Humanist tragedy testifies to momentous changes in literary conventions during the Renaissance. It contains a famous defense of the value of studying ancient pagan poetry in a Christian world. This first English translation includes the famous letter about the discovery on the Via Appia of the perfectly preserved body of a Roman girl. Lilio Gregorio Giraldi authored many works on literary history, mythology, and antiquities. The work gives a panoramic view of European poetry in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, concentrating above all on Italy. Dialectical Disputations, Volume 1: Book I. Valla sought to replace the scholastic tradition of Aristotelian logic with a new logic based on the historical usage of classical Latin and on a commonsense approach. Marsilio Ficino , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1: Charon and Antonius. Giovanni Pontano — , whose academic name was Gioviano, was the most important Latin poet of the fifteenth century as well as a leading statesman who served as prime minister to the Aragonese kings of Naples. His Dialogues are our best source for the humanist academy of Naples which Pontano led for several decades. Michael Marullus c. Later poets imitated him in vernacular love poetry, especially Ronsard. All of these works appear in English translation for the first time. This volume contains the first complete edition of the Latin text and the first complete translation into any modern language. The work discusses literary style and whether the vernacular could surpass Latin as a vehicle for literary expression. This volume includes a fresh edition of the Latin text and the first translation into English. A medical authority, Girolamo Fracastoro — was also a prominent Neo-Latin poet. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in demonstrations. On Regressus. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading philologist of the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as a philosopher, theologian, and translator. His extant Latin letters, though few, afford a direct and unguarded window into the working life of the most passionate, difficult, and interesting of the Italian humanists. The defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League fleet at Lepanto was among the most celebrated international events of the sixteenth century. The Battle of Lepanto anthologizes the work of twenty-two poets who composed Latin poetry in response to the news of the battle, the largest Mediterranean naval encounter since antiquity. Giovanni Pontano , the dominant literary figure of quattrocento Naples, wrote two brilliantly original poetical cycles. On Married Love is the first sustained exploration of married love in first-person poetry. Coluccio Salutati was chancellor of the Florentine Republic and leader of the humanist movement in Italy in the generation after Petrarch and Boccaccio. He was among the first to apply his classical learning to political theory and his rhetorical skills to the defense of liberty. This volume contains a new English version of his political writings. Foss, Clive. Cyriac of Ancona — was among the first to study the physical remains of the ancient world in person and is sometimes regarded as the father of classical archaeology. This volume contains a life of Cyriac to the year by his friend Francesco Scalamonti , along with several letters and other texts illustrating his early life. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. They are presented here in new critical editions accompanied by English translations, the first into any modern language. The Latin writings in this volume, all composed in the year before he was hanged, are translated into English for the first time. He forged a distinctive voice in a three-book cycle of poems in honor of his lady-love, Fiametta. His Paradise is a vision-poem in which he tours Heaven and the afterlife. Aldus Manutius was the most innovative scholarly publisher of the Renaissance. This ITRL edition contains all of his prefaces to his editions of the Greek classics, translated for the first time into English. They provide unique insight into the world of scholarly publishing in Renaissance Venice. It constituted the most extensive treatise on the art of translation of the Renaissance. Petrarch was the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive literary Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, and Greco-Roman culture in general. My Secret Book reveals a remarkable self-awareness as he probes and evaluates the springs of his own morally dubious addictions to fame and love. Biondo Flavio was a pioneering figure in the Renaissance discovery of antiquity and popularized the term Middle Age to describe the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of antiquity in his own time. Rome in Triumph is the capstone of his research program, addressing the question: What made Rome great? Italy Illuminated is a topographical work exploring the Roman roots of Italy. Francesco Petrarca — , one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive the cultural and moral excellence of ancient Greece and Rome. This two-volume set contains an ample, representative sample from his enormous and fascinating correspondence with all the leading figures of his day. Aldus Manutius c. His Aldine Press was responsible for more first editions of classical literature, philosophy, and science than any other publisher before or since. Manetti, Giannozzo Baldassarri, Stefano U. Pagliara, Daniela Marsh, David. This volume includes the first critical edition of Books I—IV and the first translation of those books into any modern language. Marsilio Ficino — was the leading Platonic philosopher of the Renaissance and is generally recognized as the greatest authority on ancient Platonism before modern times. The I Tatti edition of his commentary on Plotinus, in six volumes, contains the first modern edition of the Latin text and the first translation into any modern language. It is both the most ambitious work of literary scholarship of the early Renaissance and a demonstration to contemporaries of the moral and cultural value of studying ancient poetry. The I Tatti edition of his commentary on Plotinus, in 6 volumes, contains the first modern edition of the Latin text and the first translation into any modern language. Commentaries by Pius II — —the only autobiography ever written by a pope—was composed in elegant humanistic Latin modeled on Caesar and Cicero. In On Human Worth and Excellence , celebrated diplomat, historian, philosopher, and scholar Giannozzo Manetti — asks: what are the moral, intellectual, and spiritual capabilities of the unique amalgam of body and soul that constitutes human nature? This I Tatti edition contains the first complete translation into English. Angelo Poliziano — was one of the great scholar-poets of the Renaissance and a leading figure in the Florence during the Age of the Medici. Giovanni Pontano , best known today as a Latin poet, also composed popular prose dialogues and essays. The De sermone , translated into English here for the first time as The Virtues and Vices of Speech , provides a moral anatomy of aspects of speech such as truthfulness, deception, flattery, gossip, bargaining, irony, wit, and ridicule. Lives of the Milanese Tyrants includes biographies of two dukes of Milan—the powerful Filippo Maria Visconti and the mercenary captain Francesco Sforza—written by the most important Milanese humanist of the early fifteenth century, Pier Candido Decembrio. Both works are translated into English here for the first time from new Latin texts. In the Miscellanies , the great Italian Renaissance scholar-poet Angelo Poliziano penned two sets of mini-essays focused on lexical or textual problems. He solves these with his characteristic deep learning and brash criticism. The two volumes presented here are the first translation of both collections into any modern language. Dialogues, Volume 2 by Giovanni Gioviano Pontano contains both a perceptive treatment of poetic rhythm, the first full treatment of the Latin hexameter in the history of philology, and a discussion of style and method in history writing. This is a new critical edition of the Actius and the first translation into English. Dialogues, Volume 3: Aegidius and Asinus. It includes Aegidius —which covers topics such as creation, free will, and the immortality of the soul—and Asinus , a fantastical comedy about Pontano going mad and falling in love with an ass. This is the first translation of these dialogues into English. Black lives matter. Black voices matter. Subscribe to E-News. Hankins, James Platonic Theology is the visionary and philosophical masterpiece of Marsilio Ficino — , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Bagemihl, Rolf Manetti — was a leading humanist biographer of the Renaissance. Invectives Petrarca, Francesco Marsh, David Francesco Petrarca — , one of the greatest Italian poets, was also a leader in the Renaissance movement to revive ancient Roman language and literature. Invectives Petrarca, Francesco Marsh, David Francesco Petrarca , one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive ancient Roman language and literature. Hankins, James Maffeo Vegio — was the outstanding Latin poet of the first half of the 15th century. Lyric Poetry. Radice, Betty Pietro Bembo — , scholar and critic, was one of the most admired Latinists of his day. Humanist Comedies Grund, Gary R. Ciceronian Controversies DellaNeva, JoAnn Duvick, Brian The main literary dispute of the Renaissance pitted those Neo-Latin writers favoring Cicero alone as the apotheosis of Latin prose against those following an eclectic array of literary models. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading theorist of the Renaissance humanist movement. This volume provides a new English translation with introduction and notes by G. Teofilo Folengo — was a native of Mantua and a member of the Benedictine order, later to become a runaway monk and satirist. Blending Latin and various Italian dialects in a deliberately droll manner, Baldo follows a sort of French royal juvenile delinquent through imprisonment, fantastical adventures, and a journey to the underworld. This edition provides the first English translation of this hilarious send-up of the ancient epic and Renaissance chivalric romance traditions. The main literary dispute of the Renaissance pitted those Neo-Latin writers favoring Cicero alone as the apotheosis of Latin prose against those following an eclectic array of literary models. This Ciceronian controversy pervades the texts and letters collected for the first time in this volume. Leonardo Bruni — was the best-selling author of the fifteenth century. This third volume concludes the edition, the first to make the work available in English translation. Pietro Bembo — , a Venetian nobleman, later a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was the most celebrated Latin stylist of his day and was widely admired for his writings in Italian as well. This edition, in three volumes, makes it available for the first time in English translation. The Renaissance popes were among the most enlightened and generous patrons of arts and letters in the Europe of their day. Commentaries , the only autobiography ever written by a pope, was composed in elegant humanistic Latin modeled on Caesar and Cicero. This edition contains a fresh Latin text and an updated translation. Lives of the Popes, Volume 1: Antiquity. Peter down to his own time. The work critically synthesized a wide range of sources and became the standard reference work on papal history for early modern Europe. This edition contains the first complete translation into English and an improved Latin text. Scala — trained in the law and rose to prominence serving as secretary and treasurer to the Medicis and chancellor of the Guelf party before becoming first chancellor of Florence. This volume collects works from throughout his career that show the influence of fellow humanists such as Ficino, Pope Pius II, and Pico della Mirandola. Bembo — , a Venetian nobleman, later a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was the most celebrated Latin stylist of his day and was widely admired for his writings in Italian. Nicholas of Cusa — , a student of canon law who became a Catholic cardinal, was widely considered the most important original philosopher of the Renaissance. He wrote principally on theology, philosophy, and church politics. Commentaries on Plato, Volume 1: Phaedrus and Ion. Marsilio Ficino — , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Cristoforo Landino — was one of the great scholar-poets of the Renaissance. His most substantial work of poetry was his Three Books on Xandra. Folengo — was born in Mantua and joined the Benedictine order, but became a runaway monk and satirist of monasticism. This edition provides the first English translation of this send-up of ancient epic and Renaissance chivalric romance. The History of Venice was published after his death, in Latin and in his own Italian version. This edition, completed by this third volume, makes it available for the first time in English translation. Sannazaro — is most famous for having written the first pastoral romance in European literature, the Arcadia But after this work, he devoted himself entirely to Latin poetry modeled on his beloved Virgil. In addition to his epic The Virgin Birth , he also composed Piscatory Eclogues , an adaption of the eclogue form. Leo commissioned this famous epic, a retelling of the life of Christ in the style of Vergil, which was published in This translation, accompanied by extensive notes, is based on a new edition of the Latin text. This is the first critical edition and the first translation into any language. Filelfo — , one of the great scholar-poets of the Italian Renaissance, was the principal humanist working in Lombardy in the middle of the Quattrocento and served as court poet to the Visconti and Sforza dukes of Milan. His Odes constitute the first complete cycle of Horatian odes since classical antiquity. Antonio Beccadelli combined the comic realism of Italian popular verse with the language of Martial to explore the underside of the early Renaissance. The richly illuminated small parchment codex bears witness to the musical interests of the cardinal, himself an avid singer. Federico Borromeo founded the Ambrosiana library, art collection, and academy in Milan. Sacred Painting laid out the rules that artists should follow when creating religious art. Humanist Tragedies offers a sampling of Latin drama from the Tre- and Quattrocento. These five tragedies— Ecerinis , Achilleis , Progne , Hyempsal , and Fernandus Servatus —were nourished by a potent amalgam of classical, medieval, and pre-humanist sources. Humanist tragedy testifies to momentous changes in literary conventions during the Renaissance. It contains a famous defense of the value of studying ancient pagan poetry in a Christian world. This first English translation includes the famous letter about the discovery on the Via Appia of the perfectly preserved body of a Roman girl. Lilio Gregorio Giraldi authored many works on literary history, mythology, and antiquities. The work gives a panoramic view of European poetry in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, concentrating above all on Italy. Dialectical Disputations, Volume 1: Book I. Valla sought to replace the scholastic tradition of Aristotelian logic with a new logic based on the historical usage of classical Latin and on a commonsense approach. Marsilio Ficino , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1: Charon and Antonius. Giovanni Pontano — , whose academic name was Gioviano, was the most important Latin poet of the fifteenth century as well as a leading statesman who served as prime minister to the Aragonese kings of Naples. His Dialogues are our best source for the humanist academy of Naples which Pontano led for several decades. Michael Marullus c. Later poets imitated him in vernacular love poetry, especially Ronsard. All of these works appear in English translation for the first time. This volume contains the first complete edition of the Latin text and the first complete translation into any modern language. The work discusses literary style and whether the vernacular could surpass Latin as a vehicle for literary expression. This volume includes a fresh edition of the Latin text and the first translation into English. A medical authority, Girolamo Fracastoro — was also a prominent Neo-Latin poet. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in demonstrations. On Regressus. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading philologist of the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as a philosopher, theologian, and translator. His extant Latin letters, though few, afford a direct and unguarded window into the working life of the most passionate, difficult, and interesting of the Italian humanists. The defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League fleet at Lepanto was among the most celebrated international events of the sixteenth century. The Battle of Lepanto anthologizes the work of twenty-two poets who composed Latin poetry in response to the news of the battle, the largest Mediterranean naval encounter since antiquity. Giovanni Pontano , the dominant literary figure of quattrocento Naples, wrote two brilliantly original poetical cycles. On Married Love is the first sustained exploration of married love in first-person poetry. Coluccio Salutati was chancellor of the Florentine Republic and leader of the humanist movement in Italy in the generation after Petrarch and Boccaccio. He was among the first to apply his classical learning to political theory and his rhetorical skills to the defense of liberty. This volume contains a new English version of his political writings. Foss, Clive. Cyriac of Ancona — was among the first to study the physical remains of the ancient world in person and is sometimes regarded as the father of classical archaeology. This volume contains a life of Cyriac to the year by his friend Francesco Scalamonti , along with several letters and other texts illustrating his early life. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. They are presented here in new critical editions accompanied by English translations, the first into any modern language. The Latin writings in this volume, all composed in the year before he was hanged, are translated into English for the first time. He forged a distinctive voice in a three-book cycle of poems in honor of his lady-love, Fiametta. His Paradise is a vision-poem in which he tours Heaven and the afterlife. Aldus Manutius was the most innovative scholarly publisher of the Renaissance. This ITRL edition contains all of his prefaces to his editions of the Greek classics, translated for the first time into English. They provide unique insight into the world of scholarly publishing in Renaissance Venice. It constituted the most extensive treatise on the art of translation of the Renaissance. Petrarch was the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive literary Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, and Greco- Roman culture in general. My Secret Book reveals a remarkable self-awareness as he probes and evaluates the springs of his own morally dubious addictions to fame and love. Biondo Flavio was a pioneering figure in the Renaissance discovery of antiquity and popularized the term Middle Age to describe the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of antiquity in his own time. Rome in Triumph is the capstone of his research program, addressing the question: What made Rome great? Italy Illuminated is a topographical work exploring the Roman roots of Italy. The 9 Best Books About European History

Only one government has lasted the full five-year term since In this election, the number of different possible outcomes and permutations is daunting even for the most dedicated student of Italian politics. Apathy and disenchantment are rife. I've had enough of politics, and of the same politicians that dare to come out and still make the same old populistic claims. One outcome, by no means to be ruled out, would neatly encapsulate the vapidity of Italian politics: if the centre-right wins the lower house but no one controls the senate, the most likely upshot would be … further elections. And political and economic mayhem. In , the year of Italy's birth, unification pioneer Massimo d'Azeglio declared: "We have made Italy; now we must make Italians. The disparity between wealthy north and poorer south is one of the country's most impervious and worrying problems. Unemployment, while on the rise throughout, has become particularly acute in the Mezzogiorno , the southern regions, particularly among young people and women. Italy, he stressed, needed a vision of economic growth for "the whole country". Unfortunately this kind of political message has more often been drowned out in recent years by others that seek to further entrench the differences rather than erase them. Once again, in this election, he is running in an alliance with the League, which objected to celebrations on Italy's th anniversary in because — in its eyes — there was nothing to celebrate. There were also noises of dissent in the south. Amid the country's ambivalent marking of unification, Svimez, an association that charts the economy of the south, said that around , people — many of them young — had left the Mezzogiorno in the previous decade, driven away from their homeland by lack of prospects. Last week Adriano Giannola, chairman of the Svimez , called for "big ideas" from the next government. During the editing process a section was added including the erroneous sentence "Italy has had more national elections and more governments than any other big European power since the second world war. Italy votes Italian elections This article is more than 7 years old. A stagnating economy, corruption, organised crime, political apathy, misogyny, youth unemployment … The person elected to run Italy next weekend will have a formidable to-do list. We have drawn up a list of the six most pressing things wrong with the country. But we need your help. In the comments section tell us if you agree with the list and add your own suggestions. We will collate the best answers in a blogpost on Thursday. Lizzy Davies in Rome. The government believed this arrangement would be temporary, lasting just long enough for Rome to gain control; instead, the Mafia clans expanded their criminal activities and further entrenched themselves in Sicilian politics and the economy. The Mafia became adept at political corruption and intimidated people to vote for certain candidates, who were in turn beholden to the Mafia. Even the Catholic Church was involved with Mafia clans during this period, according to Raab, who notes that the church relied on Mafiosi to monitor its massive property holdings in Sicily and keep tenant farmers in line. In order to further strengthen themselves, Sicilian clans began conducting initiation ceremonies in which new members pledged secret oaths of loyalty. Of chief importance to the clans was omerta, an all- important code of conduct reflecting the ancient Sicilian belief that a person should never go to government authorities to seek justice for a crime and never cooperate with authorities investigating any wrongdoing. However, in the s, the Mafia rose again when mob-backed construction companies dominated the post- World War II building boom in Sicily. Over the next few decades, the Sicilian Mafia flourished, expanding its criminal empire and becoming, by the s, a major player in international narcotics trafficking. The American Mafia, a separate entity from the Mafia in Sicily, came to power in the s Prohibition era after the success of Italian-American neighborhood gangs in the booming bootleg liquor business. Like the Sicilian Mafia, American Mafia families were able to maintain their secrecy and success because of their code of omerta, as well as their ability to bribe and intimidate public officials, business leaders, witnesses and juries. For these reasons, law-enforcement agencies were largely ineffective at stopping the Mafia during the first part of the 20th century. However, during the s and s, prosecutors in America and Italy began successfully employing tough anti-racketeering laws to convict top-ranking mobsters. Additionally, some Mafiosi, in order to avoid long prison terms, began breaking the once-sacred code of omerta and testified against fellow mob members. By the start of the 21st century, after hundreds of high-profile arrests over the course of several decades, the Mafia appeared to be weakened in both countries; however, it was not eliminated completely and remains in business today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Based in Italy and the U. The History of Venice was published after his death, in Latin and in his own Italian version. This edition, completed by this third volume, makes it available for the first time in English translation. Sannazaro — is most famous for having written the first pastoral romance in European literature, the Arcadia But after this work, he devoted himself entirely to Latin poetry modeled on his beloved Virgil. In addition to his epic The Virgin Birth , he also composed Piscatory Eclogues , an adaption of the eclogue form. Leo commissioned this famous epic, a retelling of the life of Christ in the style of Vergil, which was published in This translation, accompanied by extensive notes, is based on a new edition of the Latin text. This is the first critical edition and the first translation into any language. Filelfo — , one of the great scholar-poets of the Italian Renaissance, was the principal humanist working in Lombardy in the middle of the Quattrocento and served as court poet to the Visconti and Sforza dukes of Milan. His Odes constitute the first complete cycle of Horatian odes since classical antiquity. Antonio Beccadelli combined the comic realism of Italian popular verse with the language of Martial to explore the underside of the early Renaissance. The richly illuminated small parchment codex bears witness to the musical interests of the cardinal, himself an avid singer. Federico Borromeo founded the Ambrosiana library, art collection, and academy in Milan. Sacred Painting laid out the rules that artists should follow when creating religious art. Humanist Tragedies offers a sampling of Latin drama from the Tre- and Quattrocento. These five tragedies— Ecerinis , Achilleis , Progne , Hyempsal , and Fernandus Servatus —were nourished by a potent amalgam of classical, medieval, and pre-humanist sources. Humanist tragedy testifies to momentous changes in literary conventions during the Renaissance. It contains a famous defense of the value of studying ancient pagan poetry in a Christian world. This first English translation includes the famous letter about the discovery on the Via Appia of the perfectly preserved body of a Roman girl. Lilio Gregorio Giraldi authored many works on literary history, mythology, and antiquities. The work gives a panoramic view of European poetry in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, concentrating above all on Italy. Dialectical Disputations, Volume 1: Book I. Valla sought to replace the scholastic tradition of Aristotelian logic with a new logic based on the historical usage of classical Latin and on a commonsense approach. Marsilio Ficino , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1: Charon and Antonius. Giovanni Pontano — , whose academic name was Gioviano, was the most important Latin poet of the fifteenth century as well as a leading statesman who served as prime minister to the Aragonese kings of Naples. His Dialogues are our best source for the humanist academy of Naples which Pontano led for several decades. Michael Marullus c. Later poets imitated him in vernacular love poetry, especially Ronsard. All of these works appear in English translation for the first time. This volume contains the first complete edition of the Latin text and the first complete translation into any modern language. The work discusses literary style and whether the vernacular could surpass Latin as a vehicle for literary expression. This volume includes a fresh edition of the Latin text and the first translation into English. A medical authority, Girolamo Fracastoro — was also a prominent Neo-Latin poet. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in demonstrations. On Regressus. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading philologist of the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as a philosopher, theologian, and translator. His extant Latin letters, though few, afford a direct and unguarded window into the working life of the most passionate, difficult, and interesting of the Italian humanists. The defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League fleet at Lepanto was among the most celebrated international events of the sixteenth century. The Battle of Lepanto anthologizes the work of twenty-two poets who composed Latin poetry in response to the news of the battle, the largest Mediterranean naval encounter since antiquity. Giovanni Pontano , the dominant literary figure of quattrocento Naples, wrote two brilliantly original poetical cycles. On Married Love is the first sustained exploration of married love in first-person poetry. Coluccio Salutati was chancellor of the Florentine Republic and leader of the humanist movement in Italy in the generation after Petrarch and Boccaccio. He was among the first to apply his classical learning to political theory and his rhetorical skills to the defense of liberty. This volume contains a new English version of his political writings. Foss, Clive. Cyriac of Ancona — was among the first to study the physical remains of the ancient world in person and is sometimes regarded as the father of classical archaeology. This volume contains a life of Cyriac to the year by his friend Francesco Scalamonti , along with several letters and other texts illustrating his early life. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. They are presented here in new critical editions accompanied by English translations, the first into any modern language. The Latin writings in this volume, all composed in the year before he was hanged, are translated into English for the first time. He forged a distinctive voice in a three-book cycle of poems in honor of his lady-love, Fiametta. His Paradise is a vision-poem in which he tours Heaven and the afterlife. Aldus Manutius was the most innovative scholarly publisher of the Renaissance. This ITRL edition contains all of his prefaces to his editions of the Greek classics, translated for the first time into English. They provide unique insight into the world of scholarly publishing in Renaissance Venice. It constituted the most extensive treatise on the art of translation of the Renaissance. Petrarch was the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive literary Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, and Greco- Roman culture in general. My Secret Book reveals a remarkable self-awareness as he probes and evaluates the springs of his own morally dubious addictions to fame and love. Biondo Flavio was a pioneering figure in the Renaissance discovery of antiquity and popularized the term Middle Age to describe the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of antiquity in his own time. African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies

Im Buch. Inhalt Preface 1. Chapter 2. Bibliografische Informationen. Preface 1. In addition to his epic The Virgin Birth , he also composed Piscatory Eclogues , an adaption of the eclogue form. Leo commissioned this famous epic, a retelling of the life of Christ in the style of Vergil, which was published in This translation, accompanied by extensive notes, is based on a new edition of the Latin text. This is the first critical edition and the first translation into any language. Filelfo — , one of the great scholar-poets of the Italian Renaissance, was the principal humanist working in Lombardy in the middle of the Quattrocento and served as court poet to the Visconti and Sforza dukes of Milan. His Odes constitute the first complete cycle of Horatian odes since classical antiquity. Antonio Beccadelli combined the comic realism of Italian popular verse with the language of Martial to explore the underside of the early Renaissance. The richly illuminated small parchment codex bears witness to the musical interests of the cardinal, himself an avid singer. Federico Borromeo founded the Ambrosiana library, art collection, and academy in Milan. Sacred Painting laid out the rules that artists should follow when creating religious art. Humanist Tragedies offers a sampling of Latin drama from the Tre- and Quattrocento. These five tragedies— Ecerinis , Achilleis , Progne , Hyempsal , and Fernandus Servatus —were nourished by a potent amalgam of classical, medieval, and pre-humanist sources. Humanist tragedy testifies to momentous changes in literary conventions during the Renaissance. It contains a famous defense of the value of studying ancient pagan poetry in a Christian world. This first English translation includes the famous letter about the discovery on the Via Appia of the perfectly preserved body of a Roman girl. Lilio Gregorio Giraldi authored many works on literary history, mythology, and antiquities. The work gives a panoramic view of European poetry in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, concentrating above all on Italy. Dialectical Disputations, Volume 1: Book I. Valla sought to replace the scholastic tradition of Aristotelian logic with a new logic based on the historical usage of classical Latin and on a commonsense approach. Marsilio Ficino , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1: Charon and Antonius. Giovanni Pontano — , whose academic name was Gioviano, was the most important Latin poet of the fifteenth century as well as a leading statesman who served as prime minister to the Aragonese kings of Naples. His Dialogues are our best source for the humanist academy of Naples which Pontano led for several decades. Michael Marullus c. Later poets imitated him in vernacular love poetry, especially Ronsard. All of these works appear in English translation for the first time. This volume contains the first complete edition of the Latin text and the first complete translation into any modern language. The work discusses literary style and whether the vernacular could surpass Latin as a vehicle for literary expression. This volume includes a fresh edition of the Latin text and the first translation into English. A medical authority, Girolamo Fracastoro — was also a prominent Neo-Latin poet. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in demonstrations. On Regressus. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading philologist of the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as a philosopher, theologian, and translator. His extant Latin letters, though few, afford a direct and unguarded window into the working life of the most passionate, difficult, and interesting of the Italian humanists. The defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League fleet at Lepanto was among the most celebrated international events of the sixteenth century. The Battle of Lepanto anthologizes the work of twenty-two poets who composed Latin poetry in response to the news of the battle, the largest Mediterranean naval encounter since antiquity. Giovanni Pontano , the dominant literary figure of quattrocento Naples, wrote two brilliantly original poetical cycles. On Married Love is the first sustained exploration of married love in first-person poetry. Coluccio Salutati was chancellor of the Florentine Republic and leader of the humanist movement in Italy in the generation after Petrarch and Boccaccio. He was among the first to apply his classical learning to political theory and his rhetorical skills to the defense of liberty. This volume contains a new English version of his political writings. Foss, Clive. Cyriac of Ancona — was among the first to study the physical remains of the ancient world in person and is sometimes regarded as the father of classical archaeology. This volume contains a life of Cyriac to the year by his friend Francesco Scalamonti , along with several letters and other texts illustrating his early life. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. They are presented here in new critical editions accompanied by English translations, the first into any modern language. The Latin writings in this volume, all composed in the year before he was hanged, are translated into English for the first time. He forged a distinctive voice in a three-book cycle of poems in honor of his lady-love, Fiametta. His Paradise is a vision-poem in which he tours Heaven and the afterlife. Aldus Manutius was the most innovative scholarly publisher of the Renaissance. This ITRL edition contains all of his prefaces to his editions of the Greek classics, translated for the first time into English. They provide unique insight into the world of scholarly publishing in Renaissance Venice. It constituted the most extensive treatise on the art of translation of the Renaissance. Petrarch was the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive literary Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, and Greco-Roman culture in general. My Secret Book reveals a remarkable self-awareness as he probes and evaluates the springs of his own morally dubious addictions to fame and love. Biondo Flavio was a pioneering figure in the Renaissance discovery of antiquity and popularized the term Middle Age to describe the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of antiquity in his own time. Rome in Triumph is the capstone of his research program, addressing the question: What made Rome great? Italy Illuminated is a topographical work exploring the Roman roots of Italy. Francesco Petrarca — , one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive the cultural and moral excellence of ancient Greece and Rome. This two-volume set contains an ample, representative sample from his enormous and fascinating correspondence with all the leading figures of his day. The quest for health guided Victorian living habits, shaped educational goals, and sanctioned a mania for athletic sports. As both metaphor and ideal, it influenced psychology, religion, moral philosophy; it affected the writing of history as well as the criticism of literature. Here is a wide-ranging and ably What did Queen Victoria have for dinner? And how did this compare with the meals of the poor in the nineteenth century? This classic account of English food habits since the industrial revolution answers these questions and more. This is a detailed study of the workings of the various parts of the British state in their confrontation with the radical movements of Chartism and Irish nationalism. The year was notable, first, for the immense influence of the French revolution of February upon the whole of How did the English get to be English? In Civilising Subjects, Catherine Hall argues that the idea of empire was at the heart of mid-nineteenth-century British self-imagining, with peoples such as the "Aborigines" in Australia and the "negroes" in Jamaica serving as markers of difference separating "civilised" English With the return of Hong Kong to the Chinese government in , the empire that had lasted three hundred years and "upon which the sun never set" finally lost its hold on the world and slipped into history. But the question of how we understand the British Empire--its This pioneering and highly original study explores critically the nature of class identity by looking at the formation and influence of two men Edwin Waugh and John Bright who are taken as representative of what "working class" and "middle class" meant in England in the nineteenth century. Daniel Headrick examines why the massive transfer of Western technology to European colonies did not spark an industrial revolution in those countries. Rather than spurring economic progress, he argues, the transfer of stock technology between and caused the traditional self-sufficient economies of the colonial regions to This book charts the course of working- and middle-class radical politics in England from the continental revolutions of to the fall of Gladstone's Liberal government in The author traces the genealogy of English radicalism from its roots in Protestant Dissent and the seventeenth-century revolutions, but also Caine uncovers the range, diversity, and complexity of Victorian feminism, and examines the relationship between personal experience and feminist commitment. Caine sets her carefully researched By Michael A. Havinden ; David Meredith. British colonial rule of the tropics is the critical background to contemporary development issues. This study of Britain's economic and political relationship with its tropical colonies provides detailed analyses of trade and policy. The considerations of past successes and failures elucidate current opportunities and developments. No other book By Lance E. Davis ; Robert A. Historians have so far made few attempts to assess directly the costs and benefits of Britain's investment in empire. This book presents answers to some of the key questions about the economics of imperialism: how large was the flow of finance to the empire? How great were the Popular culture is invariably a vehicle for the dominant ideas of its age. Never was this more true than in the lateth and early 20th centuries, when it reflected the nationalist and imperialist ideologies current throughout Europe. This text examines the various media through which nationalist ideas were Focusing the perspectives of gender scholarship on the study of empire produces an original volume full of fascinating new insights about the conduct of men as well as women. Bringing together disparate fields - politics, medicine, sexuality, childhood, religion, migration, and many more topics - this new collection Bringing together subjects such as culture, religion, morals, politics, economics, and mentality, Perkin presents and applies a holistic concept of social history in the tradition of great historians of the past. In this classic text of social history, Harold Perkin explores the emergence of a new form This new eleven-volume series will span the history of the British Isles from the Roman Era to the present. Each volume consists of essays by leading historians who focus on key issues for the period-including society, economy, religion, politics, and culture. The chapters are at once wide-ranging surveys Here Ireland's premier economic historian and one of the leading authorities on the Great Irish Famine examines the most lethal natural disaster to strike Europe in the nineteenth century. Between the mid-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, the food source that we still call the Irish Acknowledged as one of the best introductions to the history of crime in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Crime and Society in England examines thedevelopments in policing, the courts, and the penal system as England became increasingly industrialised and urbanised. The book challenges the old but still influential By Ronald Robinson ; John Gallagher. In this classic work of history, a standard text for generations of The late nineteenth century and Edwardian era, suggests Jose Harris in this book, represent a sharp break with the early years of Queen Victoria's reign. Indeed, despite the intense upheavals of two world wars, it was the beliefs, social structures and oppositional forces established between and Burrow ; Stefan Collini ; Donald Winch. In this unusual and important work, three well-known historians of ideas examine the diverse forms taken in nineteenth-century Britain by the aspiration to develop what was then known as a 'science of politics'. This aspiration encompassed a more extensive and ambitious range of concerns than is implied by For 15 years in Victorian England, Oscar Wilde was able to carry on like the famous camp queen of our imaginings - effete, leisured, aesthetic, amoral, decadent, dandified. This work explores how Wilde was seen before the trials that ended his career and made him the most famous Hidden From History is a study of women in Britain from the s to the s. It demonstrates how class, gender, work, family life, personal life and social pressures have interacted in women's endeavours for equality. Peter Clarke brilliantly challenges the commonly held view of Britain in the twentieth century as a nation in decline. Adopting a wide perspective, he examines the political, social and economic changes that transformed Britain. He looks at how jobs and prices, food and shelter, and education and welfare, How has the UK evolved into the country it is today? This clear, comprehensive survey of its history since explores the political, economic, social and cultural changes which have divided the nation and held it together, and how these changes were experienced by individuals and communities. Environmental history - the history of the relationship between people and the natural world - is a dynamic and increasingly important field. In An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain, John Sheail breaks new ground in illustrating how some of the most pressing concerns came to be recognised, and A critique of Anglo-American relations in the 20th century in the light of recent research. It challenges existing interpretations and argues that the basis of the Anglo-American special relationship was laid by Roosevelt and Chamberlain, preferred Stalin to Churchill, and that the origins of the Cold War should Women's lives have changed dramatically over the course of the twentieth century: reduced fertility and the removal of formal barriers to their participation in education, work and public life are just some examples. At the same time, women are under-represented in many areas, are paid significantly less than The dominant force in twentieth-century British politics, the Conservative Party has nevertheless been seriously neglected and misunderstood. Conservative Century systematically surveys the history of the Party from the "Khaki" election of to John Major's victory of and beyond. Ignoring traditional boundaries between history and political science, The book was listed in the Modern Library's top best nonfiction books. Tuchman explains in detail the events that led to the war. The book was featured in the Modern Library's Top nonfiction books of the 20th Century. Fussell describes how the futility and insanity of war defined the thinking of a generation and led England away from Romantacism. The book won the During ten of the 31 years between and the English people were involved in world wars; for 19 of the years they lived in the shadow of mass unemployment. These themes and the politics which sprang from them shape the narrative of this book. Packed with violence, political drama and social and cultural upheaval, the years saw the emergence in Ireland of the Ulster Volunteer Force to resist Irish home rule and in response, the Irish Volunteers, who would later evolve into the IRA. World War One, the rise of Sinn This book examines the attitudes and politics of the British labour movement towards the British Empire and the Commonwealth in the twentieth century. Its focus is not the British working class as such but rather the decision-making and policy-framing institutions of the labour movement, such as the Labour Despite the dominance of unemployment in the historiography of interwar Britain, there is as yet no comprehensive single volume study of government reactions to the problem over the entire period down to British Unemployment aims to fill that gap. Garside draws upon This impressively researched and controversial book presents an alternative account of the development of one of the greatest states of the twentieth-century.

The six things wrong with Italy – and how to solve them | Italian elections | The Guardian

Premier historian Eric Hobsbawm's brilliant study of the Industrial Revolution, which sold more than a quarter of a million copies in its original Aston ; Robert Brenner ; C. The Brenner Debate presents of a variety of points of views by a variety of scholars on the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Did enclosure of the commons raise or lower living standards for the poor in England? This ground-breaking history enters that old debate, painting a rich picture of rural culture before enclosure and what was lost afterwards. Said to be the best book on the subject by EP Thompson. Slavery and the British Empire provides a clear overview of the entire history of British involvement with slavery and the slave trade, from the Cape Colony to the Caribbean. The book combines economic, social, political, cultural, and demographic history, with a particular focus on the Atlantic world and In a handful of European nations ruled the Americas, drawing from them a stream of products, both everyday and exotic. Some two and a half million black slaves, imprisoned in plantation colonies, toiled to produce the sugar, coffee, cotton, ginger and indigo craved by Europeans. By The first of four studies in the "History of Education in England", this volume traces the emergence of modern education from the efforts of the scientific societies in the s up to the securing of universal education with the Act of The ideas for model schools by Received to wide acclaim when first published in the s, this absorbing book remains one of the most important, influential and widely-read histories of the Scottish Highlands from the end of the Jacobite Risings to the great crofters' rebellion of the s. Devine argues that the This book transformed our understanding of English social history. Thompson revealed how working class people were not merely victims of history, moved by powerful forces outside of themselves, but were also active in creating their own culture and future, during the degradation of the industrial revolution. Now in its second edition, this landmark book provides an intellectual history of the British working classes from the preindustrial era to the twentieth century. Britain's supremacy in the nineteenth century depended in large part on its vast deposits of coal. This coal not only powered steam engines in factories, ships, and railway locomotives but also warmed homes and cooked food. As coal consumption skyrocketed, the air in Britain's cities and towns became The quest for health guided Victorian living habits, shaped educational goals, and sanctioned a mania for athletic sports. As both metaphor and ideal, it influenced psychology, religion, moral philosophy; it affected the writing of history as well as the criticism of literature. Here is a wide-ranging and ably What did Queen Victoria have for dinner? And how did this compare with the meals of the poor in the nineteenth century? This classic account of English food habits since the industrial revolution answers these questions and more. This is a detailed study of the workings of the various parts of the British state in their confrontation with the radical movements of Chartism and Irish nationalism. The year was notable, first, for the immense influence of the French revolution of February upon the whole of How did the English get to be English? In Civilising Subjects, Catherine Hall argues that the idea of empire was at the heart of mid-nineteenth-century British self-imagining, with peoples such as the "Aborigines" in Australia and the "negroes" in Jamaica serving as markers of difference separating "civilised" English With the return of Hong Kong to the Chinese government in , the empire that had lasted three hundred years and "upon which the sun never set" finally lost its hold on the world and slipped into history. But the question of how we understand the British Empire--its This pioneering and highly original study explores critically the nature of class identity by looking at the formation and influence of two men Edwin Waugh and John Bright who are taken as representative of what "working class" and "middle class" meant in England in the nineteenth century. Daniel Headrick examines why the massive transfer of Western technology to European colonies did not spark an industrial revolution in those countries. Rather than spurring economic progress, he argues, the transfer of stock technology between and caused the traditional self-sufficient economies of the colonial regions to This book charts the course of working- and middle-class radical politics in England from the continental revolutions of to the fall of Gladstone's Liberal government in The author traces the genealogy of English radicalism from its roots in Protestant Dissent and the seventeenth-century revolutions, but also Caine uncovers the range, diversity, and complexity of Victorian feminism, and examines the relationship between personal experience and feminist commitment. Caine sets her carefully researched By Michael A. Havinden ; David Meredith. British colonial rule of the tropics is the critical background to contemporary development issues. This study of Britain's economic and political relationship with its tropical colonies provides detailed analyses of trade and policy. The considerations of past successes and failures elucidate current opportunities and developments. No other book By Lance E. Davis ; Robert A. Historians have so far made few attempts to assess directly the costs and benefits of Britain's investment in empire. This book presents answers to some of the key questions about the economics of imperialism: how large was the flow of finance to the empire? How great were the Popular culture is invariably a vehicle for the dominant ideas of its age. Never was this more true than in the lateth and early 20th centuries, when it reflected the nationalist and imperialist ideologies current throughout Europe. This text examines the various media through which nationalist ideas were Focusing the perspectives of gender scholarship on the study of empire produces an original volume full of fascinating new insights about the conduct of men as well as women. Bringing together disparate fields - politics, medicine, sexuality, childhood, religion, migration, and many more topics - this new collection Bringing together subjects such as culture, religion, morals, politics, economics, and mentality, Perkin presents and applies a holistic concept of social history in the tradition of great historians of the past. In this classic text of social history, Harold Perkin explores the emergence of a new form This new eleven-volume series will span the history of the British Isles from the Roman Era to the present. Each volume consists of essays by leading historians who focus on key issues for the period- including society, economy, religion, politics, and culture. The chapters are at once wide-ranging surveys Here Ireland's premier economic historian and one of the leading authorities on the Great Irish Famine examines the most lethal natural disaster to strike Europe in the nineteenth century. Between the mid-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, the food source that we still call the Irish Acknowledged as one of the best introductions to the history of crime in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Crime and Society in England examines thedevelopments in policing, the courts, and the penal system as England became increasingly industrialised and urbanised. The book challenges the old but still influential By Ronald Robinson ; John Gallagher. In this classic work of history, a standard text for generations of The late nineteenth century and Edwardian era, suggests Jose Harris in this book, represent a sharp break with the early years of Queen Victoria's reign. Indeed, despite the intense upheavals of two world wars, it was the beliefs, social structures and oppositional forces established between and Burrow ; Stefan Collini ; Donald Winch. In this unusual and important work, three well-known historians of ideas examine the diverse forms taken in nineteenth-century Britain by the aspiration to develop what was then known as a 'science of politics'. This aspiration encompassed a more extensive and ambitious range of concerns than is implied by For 15 years in Victorian England, Oscar Wilde was able to carry on like the famous camp queen of our imaginings - effete, leisured, aesthetic, amoral, decadent, dandified. This work explores how Wilde was seen before the trials that ended his career and made him the most famous Hidden From History is a study of women in Britain from the s to the s. It demonstrates how class, gender, work, family life, personal life and social pressures have interacted in women's endeavours for equality. Peter Clarke brilliantly challenges the commonly held view of Britain in the twentieth century as a nation in decline. Adopting a wide perspective, he examines the political, social and economic changes that transformed Britain. He looks at how jobs and prices, food and shelter, and education and welfare, How has the UK evolved into the country it is today? This clear, comprehensive survey of its history since explores the political, economic, social and cultural changes which have divided the nation and held it together, and how these changes were experienced by individuals and communities. Environmental history - the history of the relationship between people and the natural world - is a dynamic and increasingly important field. In An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain, John Sheail breaks new ground in illustrating how some of the most pressing concerns came to be recognised, and A critique of Anglo-American relations in the 20th century in the light of recent research. It challenges existing interpretations and argues that the basis of the Anglo-American special relationship was laid by Roosevelt and Chamberlain, preferred Stalin to Churchill, and that the origins of the Cold War should Women's lives have changed dramatically over the course of the twentieth century: reduced fertility and the removal of formal barriers to their participation in education, work and public life are just some examples. At the same time, women are under-represented in many areas, are paid significantly less than The dominant force in twentieth-century British politics, the Conservative Party has nevertheless been seriously neglected and misunderstood. Conservative Century systematically surveys the history of the Party from the "Khaki" election of to John Major's victory of and beyond. Ignoring traditional boundaries between history and political science, The book was listed in the Modern Library's top best nonfiction books. Tuchman explains in detail the events that led to the war. The book was featured in the Modern Library's Top nonfiction books of the 20th Century. Fussell describes how the futility and insanity of war defined the thinking of a generation and led England away from Romantacism. The book won the During ten of the 31 years between and the English people were involved in world wars; for 19 of the years they lived in the shadow of mass unemployment. These themes and the politics which sprang from them shape the narrative of this book. Packed with violence, political drama and social and cultural upheaval, the years saw the emergence in Ireland of the Ulster Volunteer Force to resist Irish home rule and in response, the Irish Volunteers, who would later evolve into the IRA. World War One, the rise of Sinn This book examines the attitudes and politics of the British labour movement towards the British Empire and the Commonwealth in the twentieth century. Its focus is not the British working class as such but rather the decision-making and policy-framing institutions of the labour movement, such as the Labour Despite the dominance of unemployment in the historiography of interwar Britain, there is as yet no comprehensive single volume study of government reactions to the problem over the entire period down to British Unemployment aims to fill that gap. Garside draws upon This impressively researched and controversial book presents an alternative account of the development of one of the greatest states of the twentieth-century. It represents the culmination of David Edgerton's long-standing research on the relationship between science, technology, the military and the British state. Edgerton seeks to put the The People's War The conflict was, for Britain, a "total war"; no section of society remained untouched by military conscription, air raids, the shipping crisis and the war economy. This book not only states the great events and the leading figures, but also the oddities and the A dogged enemy of Hitler, resolute ally of the Americans, and inspiring leader through World War II, Winston Churchill is venerated as one of the truly great statesmen of the last century. An economic history of Britain since , in three volumes by thirty-nine eminent historians and economists, this book will succeed the first edition of "Floud and McCloskey" published in as the leading textbook on its subject. The text has a firm economic basis, but emphasizes the historical British Counterinsurgency challenges the British Army's claim to counterinsurgency expertise. It provides well-written, accessible and up-to-date accounts of the post campaigns in Palestine, Malaya, Kenya, Cyprus, South Yemen, Dhofar, Northern Ireland and more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan. Using formerly secret government documents and independent sources, this historical study argues for a radically revised understanding of Post- war British foreign policy. Dr Curtis shows that, contrary to the impression usually conveyed by both academic writing and press coverage, British policy, in both intention and effect, had been Paranoia with respect to Russia raged in the wake of World War II, just as Churchill had foreseen: fear of a "nuclear Pearl Harbor" and the growing challenge of political stability in Europe gripped the Western world. The advent of new and terrifying weapons of war and annihilation-atomic The European Convention on Human Rights of established the most effective international system of human rights protection ever created. This is the first book that gives a comprehensive account of how it came into existence, of the part played in its genesis by the British government, and This penetrating analysis is the first comprehensive study by a professional historian of British history from to the present day. It examines the transformation of post-war Britain from the planning enthusiasm of to the rise of New Labour. Using a wide variety of sources, including the In No Turning Back, Paul Addison charts the vastly changing character of British society since the end of the Second World War, tracing a series of peaceful revolutions that have completely transformed the country. He shows, for instance, that much of the sexual morality preached if not practiced During the Cold War, the process of East West tension, though dominated by the Superpowers, was often conditioned, and in its early stages accelerated, by Britain's continuing world wide interests and influence. Often, by the time defendants have completed the two appeals to which they are entitled, the statute of limitations has expired and the slate is wiped clean. If there is one industry in Italy that has not suffered from the economic crisis, it is organised crime. It is a sector that booms year in, year out. With three significant mafia organisations — the 'Ndrangheta, the Camorra and the Sicilian mafia — the country remains a hub of organised illicit activity, even if the nature of that activity is changing with the times. Long gone are the days when the scourge was confined to the south; mafiosi now operate throughout the country and beyond. The 'Ndrangheta, for instance, has its roots in Calabria but dominates the European cocaine trade and the huge contracts being put out for tender at Milan's Expo are under particular scrutiny for signs of mafia involvement. Long gone too is the image of the gun-toting Godfather-esque gangster: the mafia, while remaining strong in areas such as drug trafficking and prostitution, have also moved into industries such as transport and public health. During the recession organised crime groups took advantage of ordinary Italians' plight, offering loans to individuals or businesses with extortionate rates of interest, thus making a whole new group of people beholden to them. According to a report last year by anti-crime group SOS Impresa, the people acting effectively as loan sharks are likely to be apparently respectable professionals. Estimates of how much this shadow economy is worth vary wildly. Whatever the sum, the problems are clear. Just as pernicious is the corruption that bleeds the state of billions of euros every year. Twenty years after the Tangentopoli bribery scandal brought an end to Italy's postwar political order or so-called First Republic, the stench of corruption still lingers. Only last week a series of arrests and graft allegations prompted Monti to compare the situation to that of the early s. In recent years a series of scandals involving high-profile figures — often politicians — have infuriated people struggling in the recession. In a bid to curb that disillusionment and crack down on graft, Monti's government passed a watered-down anti-corruption law in the autumn increasing jail sentences and banning those convicted definitively of corruption from running for public office. It was hailed as a modest step forward but, according to TI, which ranked Italy 72nd of countries in its corruption perceptions index last year, more needs to be done. Sometimes it's easy to have the law approved but now Italy needs to implement it," said its regional spokeswoman, Valentina Rigamonti. This can give space for corruption. Italy has had more governments than any other big European power since the second world war. Only one government has lasted the full five-year term since In this election, the number of different possible outcomes and permutations is daunting even for the most dedicated student of Italian politics. Apathy and disenchantment are rife. I've had enough of politics, and of the same politicians that dare to come out and still make the same old populistic claims. One outcome, by no means to be ruled out, would neatly encapsulate the vapidity of Italian politics: if the centre-right wins the lower house but no one controls the senate, the most likely upshot would be … further elections. And political and economic mayhem. In , the year of Italy's birth, unification pioneer Massimo d'Azeglio declared: "We have made Italy; now we must make Italians. The disparity between wealthy north and poorer south is one of the country's most impervious and worrying problems. Unemployment, while on the rise throughout, has become particularly acute in the Mezzogiorno , the southern regions, particularly among young people and women. Italy, he stressed, needed a vision of economic growth for "the whole country". Unfortunately this kind of political message has more often been drowned out in recent years by others that seek to further entrench the differences rather than erase them. Once again, in this election, he is running in an alliance with the League, which objected to celebrations on Italy's th anniversary in because — in its eyes — there was nothing to celebrate. There were also noises of dissent in the south. Amid the country's ambivalent marking of unification, Svimez, an association that charts the economy of the south, said that around , people — many of them young — had left the Mezzogiorno in the previous decade, driven away from their homeland by lack of prospects. Last week Adriano Giannola, chairman of the Svimez , called for "big ideas" from the next government. During the editing process a section was added including the erroneous sentence "Italy has had more national elections and more governments than any other big European power since the second world war.

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