BEGINNING LATIN READER: 70 SELECTIONS FROM THE GREAT PERIODS OF ROMAN VERSE AND DRAMA PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Gavin Betts,Daniel Franklin | 320 pages | 01 Sep 2006 | McGraw-Hill Education - Europe | 9780071458856 | English, Latin | London, United States Course Catalog – Classics Department, UC Santa Barbara

Some courses displayed may not be offered every year. To see the historical record of when a particular course has been taught in the past, please visit the Course Enrollment Histories. The study of literary and material remains will illustrate how the Greeks lived and the values they expressed through literature and the arts. Topics may include the rituals and festivals of Greek religion, the conflict between heroic ideals and democratic ideology, the institutions that shaped public and private life, and the competitive nature of law, drama, athletics and politics. Encounter a range of sources from Livy, Virgil, and Seneca to monuments of the emperors, and examine the complex legacies of Roman culture across time. CLASS A discussion section led by the instructor, provided for students in the honors program. Students receive one unit for the honors seminar 36H in addition to four units for Classics Gender and Sexuality in Greece and 4 STAFF Study of gender and sexuality in a wide range of Greek and Latin texts and contexts, exploring diverse ideals of masculinity and femininity, and sexual codes, norms, and practices. Discussion section led by the instructor, provided for students in the honors program. Students receive one unit for the honors seminar 39H in addition to four units for Classics Format and readings vary. A discussion section led by the professor is available to students in the honors program. Students will receive one unit for the honors seminar 40H in addition to four units for Classics What was the connection between heroic ideals and a Bronze Age world of palaces and archives? Topics may include scientific methodologies, the first atomic theory, the science of warfare, and the politics of science. Enrollment Comments: Students must have a minimum 3. May be repeated to a maximum of six units. Directed study, oriented toward research, to be arranged with individual faculty members. Course offers exceptional students an opportunity to participate in a research project or group. It is obsessively concerned with desire, betrayal, and loss, and with civic and democratic values. This course studies the original contexts in which Greek tragedy was first seen — religious, theatrical, military, political, and philosophical — and the magnetic force it still holds for us today. Introduces students to some of the most important moments in the modern reception of Greek tragedy, in theory, politics, and drama. This historicized survey of practices, laws, and literary representations serves as a springboard for reflecting on magic as a social phenomenon and category of thought, and for discussion of the modern reception and contemporary revivals of Greco-Roman magic. How or when did Greeks think of themselves as a people unified by language, ethnicity, and cultural practices and values? How did they view differences between themselves and other peoples, and among their own communities? This course considers these gender representations and questions whether they vary among ancient novels, and between the romances of antiquity and those of today. This exploration offers an opportunity to ask questions about the nature of laughter: Why do we laugh? What are the functions of laughter? Is humor universal or determined by cultural circumstances? How did ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Seneca define slavery in opposition to freedom? What modes of slave labor thrived in antiquity and why? How did the enslaved resist subjugation, whether through outright rebellion like the revolt led by Spartacus or by other means? Primary sources and comparative evidence will guide discussion of these and other key questions. Aspiring lawyers are very welcome, as are all students interested in persuasive speaking or Roman culture. The ancient Greeks defined themselves through their religion, and this course examines different forms of Greek identity from the standpoint of religious practice and belief. Topics addressed include the role of animal sacrifice, material objects dedicated to the gods, gender and class distinctions among the worshippers, the built environment, athletics, and local myths and variations in practice. By considering ancient evidence through the lens of contemporary theory, we will attempt to reconstruct the richness and diversity of Greek religious experience. Examines the art of painting and its social context in Greek antiquity, including monumental wall painting, vase painting, and the relationship between these and other media from prehistory to the Hellenistic period. A study of the history, buildings, and people of Pompeii, a city buried by the eruption of Mt. Ancient Theories of Literature 4 DUNN An introduction to Greek and Roman theories of literature and representation, with attention both to the major texts of Plato, Aristotle, Horace, Tacitus, and Longinus, and to central issues such as education, imitation, persuasion, allegory, genre, and style. Specialized study in classical civilization addressing central themes or genres in detail. Specialized study in classical civilization addressing influence or reception of classical culture, or meeting and competition of cultures. Enrollment Comments: Priority given to Classics majors, Classics minors, and students in the honors program. May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units. Study and research of special topics in classical literature, civilization, and culture. Topics may include: Rome: the ancient city, food in antiquity, the Roman family, religious thought and practice in Rome, culture and crisis in Athens, culture and crisis in Rome, etc. Must have a grade point average of 3. Enrollment Comments: Designed for majors. Quarters usually offered: Winter. Research and writing of a senior thesis paper under the close supervision of a Classics faculty member. Enrollment Comments: Quarters usually offered: Spring. Total credit for this course is limited to six units. Individual or small group reading and study in subjects not included in the regular curriculum. Independent study in areas in which both Greek and Latin are necessary. To cooperate on an active basis with a professor on a research project involving the Classics. Bibliography, methodology, and history of classical scholarship. Survey of development of poetry and prose; major authors. Special readings and reports. A graduate-level course in Greek and Roman authors, themes, or genres. A graduate-level course in the culture and cultures of the ancient Mediterranean. Topics vary and may include animals and ethics in the ancient world, religion and politics in the , and performance on and off the stage. Advanced study in the scholarship, methods, and ancillary disciplines of Greek and Roman history. Topics may include slavery in ancient Greece, naval strategy in classical Greece, current problems and debates in Roman history, and Augustus and foundation of the Principate. Advanced study in the material culture of the ancient Mediterranean, examining the scholarship, techniques, and methods of classical archaeology. A graduate-level course in the major sub-disciplines of classical scholarship. Topics vary and may include, comparative Greek and Latin morphology and syntax, Greek and Latin textual criticism, Greek and Latin metrics, and Greek and Latin epigraphy. Includes analyses of texts and materials, discussion of teaching techniques, formulation of exam questions and paper topics, grading, and pedagogical ethics. Language Teaching Practicum 2 STAFF Weekly discussions, directed by faculty, of topics relevant for graduate students assigned to introductory language courses. Includes design of syllabi, quizzes and exams, and especially discussion of teaching techniques and evaluation of teaching methods by observation and follow-up consultations. Individual tutorial. Enrollment Comments: No unit credit allowed toward degree. Independent research. Preparation of the dissertation. GREEK 1. Elementary Greek 5 STAFF The beginning course in classical Greek and first in a three-quarter sequence introducing fundamentals of grammar, syntax, and reading skills. Concepts taught using written exercises. Interesting aspects of Ancient Greek society are introduced. GREEK 2. A continuation of Greek 1. Emphasis on mastering grammar and building vocabulary. GREEK 3. A continuation of Greek 2. Emphasis on building a working vocabulary and the syntax of complex sentences. Readings in classical prose introduce students to ancient Greek literature and culture. GREEK Introduces pronunciation, script, vocabulary, and basic writing, reading, and conversational skills. Audio-visual materials aid language acquisition and enrich the understanding of Greek culture and history. Continuation of Greek Moves toward a greater command of conversation and reading comprehension with the help of selected passages of simple prose and entertaining dialogues. Reinforces and broadens command of conversation and reading comprehension with the help of selected short stories and poems. Course builds on fundamentals covered during the first year of instruction. Review of grammar is accompanied by composition of brief narratives. Oral presentations are followed by conversation. Exposure to Greek culture is pursued through films and watching Greek newscasts. Course emphasizes more complex grammar and syntax. Readings are chosen from books equivalent to textbooks used in Greek high schools. Students are armed to write brief essays for class presentations. The feet may be spondees long-long , dactyls long-short-short or trochees long-short , and they may be combined a variety of ways depending on the particular plus there may be some flexibility in the patterns, particularly in the first and last feet, even within a particular metre. A number of different metres are commonly used in classical Latin poetry , almost all inspired by Greek and Hellenstic originals. The most common is dactylic hexameter the traditional epic metre of six feet per line , followed by elegiac couplets a line of dactylic hexameter followed by a second line of modified dactylic pentameter, often used in love poetry and hendecasyllabic verse where each line has eleven syllables, including a four syllable choriamb of long-short-short-long. A caesura when a word ends in the middle of a foot, sometimes but not always accompanied by a sense break and punctuation can be used to divide a line in two and allow the poet to vary the basic metrical pattern he is working with. When a caesura correlates with a sense break, a slight pause should be made in reading. An Introduction to the Harlem Renaissance | Poetry Foundation

Roman literature , written in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. Some of the earliest extant works are historical epics telling of the early military history of Rome , followed as the Republic expanded by poetry, comedies, histories and tragedies. Few works remain of Early and Old Latin, although a few of the plays of Plautus and Terence have come down to us. The feet may be spondees long- long , dactyls long-short-short or trochees long-short , and they may be combined a variety of ways depending on the particular metre plus there may be some flexibility in the patterns, particularly in the first and last feet, even within a particular metre. A number of different metres are commonly used in classical Latin poetry , almost all inspired by Greek and Hellenstic originals. The first part of this period, from 70 to 42 bc , is justly called the Ciceronian. It produced writers of distinction, most of them also men of action, among whom Julius Caesar stands out. As a poet, although uninspired, he was technically skillful. He edited the De rerum natura of the philosophical poet Lucretius. After the destruction of Carthage and Corinth in bc , prosperity and external security had allowed the cultivation of a literature of self- expression and entertainment. The Neoteric influence persisted into the next generation through Cornelius Gallus to Virgil. Virgil, born near Mantua and schooled at Cremona and Milan, chose Theocritus as his first model. The self-consciously beautiful cadences of the Eclogues depict shepherds living in a landscape half real, half fantastic; these allusive poems hover between the actual and the artificial. They are shot through with topical allusions , and in the fourth he already appears as a national prophet. In 38 bc he and Varius introduced the young poet Horace to Maecenas; and by the final victory of Augustus in 30 bc , the circle was consolidated. It gave encouragement to the classical notion that a writer should not so much try to say new things as to say old things better. The rhetorical figures of thought and speech were mastered until they became instinctive. Perfection of form characterizes the odes of Horace; elegy, too, became more polished. About 28 or 27 bc Livy began his monumental history. Propertius, when admitted to the circle, was simply a youth with an anti-Caesarian background who had gained favour with passionate love elegies. Poems were recited in literary circles and in public, hence the importance attached to euphony, smoothness, and artistic structure. They thus became known piecemeal and might be improved by friendly suggestions. When finally they were assembled in books, great care was taken over arrangement, which was artistic or significant but not chronological. Meanwhile, in prose the Ciceronian climax had been followed by a reaction led by Sallust. In 43 bc he began to publish a series of historical works in a terse, epigrammatic style studded with archaisms and avoiding the copiousness of . Later, eloquence, deprived of political influence, migrated from the forum to the schools, where cleverness and point counted rather than rolling periods. Thus developed the epigrammatic style of the younger Seneca and, ultimately, of Tacitus. Spreading to verse, it conditioned the witty couplets of , the tragedies of Seneca, and the satire of Juvenal. Though Livy stood out, Ciceronianism only found a real champion again in the rhetorician Quintilian. Latin literature Article Additional Info. Article Contents. Home Literature Literatures of the World. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Richard H. See Article History. Ancient Latin literature Literature in Latin began as translation from the Greek, a fact that conditioned its development. Gavin Betts (Author of Teach Yourself Latin) These years marked the beginning of the Great Migration, a period between to during which millions of African Americans migrated from the South to the North to flee the economic exploitation that accompanied life as a Southern sharecropper or tenant farmer, as well as violent and pervasive racism. They sought well-paying industrial jobs left vacant in the wake of World War I, which cut off cheap immigrant labor from Europe and induced white American laborers to join the armed forces. More than , African Americans settled in Harlem alone. The literary aspect of the Harlem Renaissance is said to have begun with a dinner at the Civic Club celebrating African American writers. The likes of Countee Cullen and W. Even before the Civic Club dinner, writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance were publishing important early works. Yet the economic boom that had allowed African American culture to flourish in the s was about to end. In October , a stock market crash sparked what is now known as the Great Depression. African American artists saw their audiences and support dwindle as budgets and disposable incomes shrank. Though scholars hold differing views as to when the Harlem Renaissance ended, some point to the Harlem race riot of as a bookend to the movement. When rumors circulated that police had murdered a black Puerto Rican teenager for stealing a ten-cent pocket knife from a local store, more than 10, people took to the streets in Harlem. The protests soon turned violent and resulted in three deaths, arrests, and more than two million dollars in property damage. Other economic factors brought changes to Harlem, and many residents moved away from the area. Prose Home Harriet Blog. Visit Home Events Exhibitions Library. Newsletter Subscribe Give. Poetry Foundation. Back to Previous. An Introduction to the Harlem Renaissance. Tracing the poetic work of this crucial cultural and artistic movement. We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. Fenton Johnson. December, Claude McKay. If We Must Die. Joy in the Woods. To the Swimmer. Countee Cullen. The Heart of a Woman. Georgia Douglas Johnson. When a caesura correlates with a sense break, a slight pause should be made in reading. Brief mention should also be made here of a lesser known genre, that of the ancient novel or prose fiction. However, long after the Roman Empire had fallen, the Latin language continued to play a central role in Western European civilization. Buy It Now. Add to cart. About this product Product Information Embrace your Roman muse! But you may be unsure where to begin in the classical can or you may worry that your Latin skills are insufficient to tackle authentic texts. Requiring only a grounding in the basics, Beginning Latin Poetry Reader lets you explore the rich and diverse range of Latin verse, including epics, comedies, satires, lyric poetry, and even graffiti! Inside you'll find seventy selections from authors of the early Republic such as Plautus and Terrance as well as those of the Golden and Silver Ages such as Vergil, Horace, Ovid, and Juvenal--all supported by helpful foottes and English translations. This book also includes a clear overview of Latin syntax and the metrics of its verse, a glossary of all Latin words found in the readings, and a time line showing the historical and literary context of each author. Lose yourself in: the sparkling comedies of Plautus the intimate love poetry of the majestic hexameters of Vergil the elegant lyricism of Horace the refined sensuality of Ovid the compelling satires of Juvenal the bristly of Martial. Additional Product Features Place of Publication. Gavin Betts, M. Daniel Franklin holds a degree in Latin and has done graduate work in linguistics at Harvard University.

ROMAN LITERATURE & POETRY | FAMOUS WRITERS & POETS | Ancient Rome

Leo commissioned this famous epic, a retelling of the life of Christ in the style of Vergil, which was published in This translation, accompanied by extensive notes, is based on a new edition of the Latin text. This is the first critical edition and the first translation into any language. Filelfo — , one of the great scholar-poets of the Italian Renaissance, was the principal humanist working in Lombardy in the middle of the Quattrocento and served as court poet to the Visconti and Sforza dukes of Milan. His Odes constitute the first complete cycle of Horatian odes since classical antiquity. Antonio Beccadelli combined the comic realism of Italian popular verse with the language of Martial to explore the underside of the early Renaissance. The richly illuminated small parchment codex bears witness to the musical interests of the cardinal, himself an avid singer. Federico Borromeo founded the Ambrosiana library, art collection, and in Milan. Sacred Painting laid out the rules that artists should follow when creating religious art. Humanist Tragedies offers a sampling of Latin drama from the Tre- and Quattrocento. These five tragedies— Ecerinis , Achilleis , Progne , Hyempsal , and Fernandus Servatus —were nourished by a potent amalgam of classical, medieval, and pre-humanist sources. Humanist tragedy testifies to momentous changes in literary conventions during the Renaissance. It contains a famous defense of the value of studying ancient pagan poetry in a Christian world. This first English translation includes the famous letter about the discovery on the Via Appia of the perfectly preserved body of a Roman girl. Lilio Gregorio Giraldi authored many works on literary history, mythology, and antiquities. The work gives a panoramic view of European poetry in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, concentrating above all on Italy. Dialectical Disputations, Volume 1: Book I. Valla sought to replace the scholastic tradition of Aristotelian logic with a new logic based on the historical usage of classical Latin and on a commonsense approach. Marsilio Ficino , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus, was largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1: Charon and Antonius. Giovanni Pontano — , whose academic name was Gioviano, was the most important Latin poet of the fifteenth century as well as a leading statesman who served as prime minister to the Aragonese kings of . His Dialogues are our best source for the humanist academy of Naples which Pontano led for several decades. Michael Marullus c. Later poets imitated him in vernacular love poetry, especially Ronsard. All of these works appear in English translation for the first time. This volume contains the first complete edition of the Latin text and the first complete translation into any modern language. The work discusses literary style and whether the vernacular could surpass Latin as a vehicle for literary expression. This volume includes a fresh edition of the Latin text and the first translation into English. A medical authority, Girolamo Fracastoro — was also a prominent Neo-Latin poet. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in demonstrations. On Regressus. Lorenzo Valla — was the leading philologist of the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as a philosopher, theologian, and translator. His extant Latin letters, though few, afford a direct and unguarded window into the working life of the most passionate, difficult, and interesting of the Italian humanists. The defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League fleet at Lepanto was among the most celebrated international events of the sixteenth century. The Battle of Lepanto anthologizes the work of twenty-two poets who composed Latin poetry in response to the news of the battle, the largest Mediterranean naval encounter since antiquity. Giovanni Pontano , the dominant literary figure of quattrocento Naples, wrote two brilliantly original poetical cycles. On Married Love is the first sustained exploration of married love in first-person poetry. Coluccio Salutati was chancellor of the Florentine Republic and leader of the humanist movement in Italy in the generation after Petrarch and Boccaccio. He was among the first to apply his classical learning to political theory and his rhetorical skills to the defense of liberty. This volume contains a new English version of his political writings. Foss, Clive. Cyriac of Ancona — was among the first to study the physical remains of the ancient world in person and is sometimes regarded as the father of classical archaeology. This volume contains a life of Cyriac to the year by his friend Francesco Scalamonti , along with several letters and other texts illustrating his early life. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. They are presented here in new critical editions accompanied by English translations, the first into any modern language. The Latin writings in this volume, all composed in the year before he was hanged, are translated into English for the first time. He forged a distinctive voice in a three-book cycle of poems in honor of his lady-love, Fiametta. His Paradise is a vision-poem in which he tours Heaven and the afterlife. was the most innovative scholarly publisher of the Renaissance. This ITRL edition contains all of his prefaces to his editions of the Greek classics, translated for the first time into English. They provide unique insight into the world of scholarly publishing in Renaissance Venice. It constituted the most extensive treatise on the art of translation of the Renaissance. Petrarch was the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive literary Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, and Greco- Roman culture in general. My Secret Book reveals a remarkable self-awareness as he probes and evaluates the springs of his own morally dubious addictions to fame and love. Biondo Flavio was a pioneering figure in the Renaissance discovery of antiquity and popularized the term Middle Age to describe the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of antiquity in his own time. Rome in Triumph is the capstone of his research program, addressing the question: What made Rome great? Italy Illuminated is a topographical work exploring the Roman roots of Italy. Francesco Petrarca — , one of the greatest of Italian poets, was also the leading spirit in the Renaissance movement to revive the cultural and moral excellence of ancient Greece and Rome. This two-volume set contains an ample, representative sample from his enormous and fascinating correspondence with all the leading figures of his day. Aldus Manutius c. His Aldine Press was responsible for more first editions of classical literature, philosophy, and science than any other publisher before or since. Manetti, Giannozzo Baldassarri, Stefano U. Pagliara, Daniela Marsh, David. This volume includes the first critical edition of Books I—IV and the first translation of those books into any modern language. Marsilio Ficino — was the leading Platonic philosopher of the Renaissance and is generally recognized as the greatest authority on ancient Platonism before modern times. The I Tatti edition of his commentary on Plotinus, in six volumes, contains the first modern edition of the Latin text and the first translation into any modern language. It is both the most ambitious work of literary scholarship of the early Renaissance and a demonstration to contemporaries of the moral and cultural value of studying ancient poetry. The I Tatti edition of his commentary on Plotinus, in 6 volumes, contains the first modern edition of the Latin text and the first translation into any modern language. Commentaries by Pius II — —the only autobiography ever written by a pope—was composed in elegant humanistic Latin modeled on Caesar and Cicero. In On Human Worth and Excellence , celebrated diplomat, historian, philosopher, and scholar Giannozzo Manetti — asks: what are the moral, intellectual, and spiritual capabilities of the unique amalgam of body and soul that constitutes human nature? This I Tatti edition contains the first complete translation into English. Angelo Poliziano — was one of the great scholar-poets of the Renaissance and a leading figure in the during the Age of the Medici. Giovanni Pontano , best known today as a Latin poet, also composed popular prose dialogues and essays. The De sermone , translated into English here for the first time as The Virtues and Vices of Speech , provides a moral anatomy of aspects of speech such as truthfulness, deception, flattery, gossip, bargaining, irony, wit, and ridicule. Lives of the Milanese Tyrants includes biographies of two dukes of Milan—the powerful Filippo Maria Visconti and the mercenary captain Francesco Sforza—written by the most important Milanese humanist of the early fifteenth century, Pier Candido Decembrio. Both works are translated into English here for the first time from new Latin texts. In the Miscellanies , the great Italian Renaissance scholar-poet Angelo Poliziano penned two sets of mini-essays focused on lexical or textual problems. He solves these with his characteristic deep learning and brash criticism. The two volumes presented here are the first translation of both collections into any modern language. Dialogues, Volume 2 by Giovanni Gioviano Pontano contains both a perceptive treatment of poetic rhythm, the first full treatment of the Latin hexameter in the history of philology, and a discussion of style and method in history writing. This is a new critical edition of the Actius and the first translation into English. Dialogues, Volume 3: Aegidius and Asinus. It includes Aegidius —which covers topics such as creation, free will, and the immortality of the soul—and Asinus , a fantastical comedy about Pontano going mad and falling in love with an ass. This is the first translation of these dialogues into English. Fall Reading List. Fall is the perfect time to settle in with a good book for our Executive Editor for Science, Janice Audet. Here she suggests some recent and forthcoming books she finds informative and fascinating. The fall season shepherds in the beginning of a new school season, a time to begin or resume routines and learn new things. The fall season can also be a time to take stock …. Black lives matter. Black voices matter. Subscribe to E-News. Hankins, James Platonic Theology is the visionary and philosophical masterpiece of Marsilio Ficino — , the Florentine scholar-philosopher-magus largely responsible for the Renaissance revival of Plato. Ian rated it really liked it Aug 04, Flavia Budant rated it really liked it Jun 22, Saz rated it it was amazing Apr 27, Nick Werner rated it it was amazing Jul 03, Paul Mamani rated it liked it Jul 23, Andrea Lynes rated it really liked it Jul 04, Jeffrey rated it it was ok Nov 16, Sammy rated it really liked it Jul 14, Sarah rated it really liked it Feb 13, Mohammad added it May 07, Phillip Hill added it Dec 22, Craig added it Jan 14, Decimvs added it May 16, Hans-Erik added it Apr 21, Sady Wootten marked it as to-read May 24, Daniel added it Oct 09, Toryn Green added it Oct 21, Toya added it Apr 05, Justin O'reilly added it Aug 19, Carolina marked it as to-read May 24, Amber Slaven added it Oct 17, Nick marked it as to-read Dec 03, Demetrios is currently reading it Dec 23, Vanessa marked it as to-read Jul 05, Aaron marked it as to-read Jul 10, George added it Dec 23, Anna added it Jan 08, Riobhcah marked it as to-read Feb 11, There are no discussion topics on this book yet. About Gavin Betts. Gavin Betts. Books by Gavin Betts. Escape the Present with These 24 Historical Romances. You know the saying: There's no time like the present In that case, we can't Read more

https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4640050/normal_601ed21fa723c.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9586429/UploadedFiles/F16BF5FB-E17E-4900-6FE8-641D49CBFC62.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9590879/UploadedFiles/45D9464A-A622-6C78-6FC1-22B83ED1847B.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4645184/normal_601f877ba6b7c.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4644611/normal_6020b83df10fe.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4638824/normal_6020e8d538ca5.pdf