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Kiwai Grammar

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Kiwai Grammar LA TROBE UNIVERSITY THE BORChARDT LIBRARY A Grammar of the Kiwai Language, Fly Delta, Papua By SIDNEY H. RAY, M.A., F.R.A.I. with a Kiwai Vocabulary By the late Rev. E. BAXTER RILEY (London Missionary Society) ep Port Moresby, Papua: EDWARD GEORGE BAKER, Government Printer. M^A -? Q?^-y LA TR09E UNIVERSITY THE hOrCr-.^DT LIBRARY GPGC PREFACE. 0 1893 and 1897 Dr. Haddon and I published an account of all that was then known of the languages spoken by the people of the Torres Straits Islands and the adjacent mainland of New Guinea known to the islanders as Daudai. The language de­ scribed as Daudai was substantially the language abo of the island of Kiwai in the Fly Delta. With this work as a foundation, during my stay with the late Eev. James Chalmers at Saguane on Kiwai Island in 1898, I made a short but intensive study of the structure of the language which was printed in the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition in 1907. Chalmers was much interested in my work, for he regarded it as the first stage in the fulfilment of his daily prayer that the people of the Fly River might read the Gospel in their own tongue. After the death of Chalmers there was very little opportunity for studying the language and it was not until the Rev. E. Baxter Riley was appointed to the Fly River in 1902, and had begun to learn the language that work was resumed. Mr. Riley published a small school book in 1907, and my Grammar appeared in the same year in the Cambridge Report. Then commenced a most interest­ ing and instructive correspondence which lasted until Mr. Riley's death in 1928. In 1908 portions of St. Mark's Gospel began to pass to and fro, and after three years the complete Gospel was published. Mr. Riley revised this in 1917 and added St. Matthew. In 1927 the Four Gospels were completed. Thus the daily prayer of Chalmers was answered. The grammar here presented is based upon notes and paradigms supplied to me by Mr. Riley or evolved in the course of our correspondence, with examples drawn from the Scriptures or from Folk tales written by natives. iv Preface. Though the material was supplied by Mr. Riley, he left to me the arrangement and elucidation of the complicated grammar. My task was only rendered possible by Mr. Riley's unceasing collection of facts, and his care to ensure that those facts were accurate. I can join with his teachers in saying, " He worked with his might and main through the heat of the sun and through cold, often stay­ ing up late through the night working in his study. Really he did a lot for us." S. H. R. Thorpe Bay, Essex, 1931. cp CONTENTS. PART I—GRAMMAR. PAGE. INTKODTJCTION— ... 1 Languages of the Fly Delta. ALPHABET— • ... Dialectical Variations ; Division of Words. PAETICLES OF EMPHASIS ... 4 DEMONSTEATIVE WOBDS ... 7 NOUNS 10 ADJECTIVES 16 PEONOUNS— 18 Personal; Belative. INTEEBOGATIVE WOBDS AND PAETICLES.. 21 VEBBS— ... 24 The Verbal Word-Base; Badical Suffixes; Badical Prefixes The Assertive Particle. The Conjugation of the Verb ; Person, Number, Tense ; The Negative. Mood; Participle, Infinitive, Imperative, Permissive, Conditional. Sentences without Verbs. The Verb " to be " ; Auxiliary Verbs ; Irregular Verbs ; Composite Verbs. ADVEEBS ... ... ... 63 POSTPOSITIONS ... ... 66 CONJUNCTIONS ... ... 67 INTEEJECTIONS ... 70 NUMEEALS... ... ... 70 SYNTAX— ... 71 The Sentence ; The Verbal Complex. COLLOQUIAL PHEASES ... 73 PART II. VOCABULAEt—KIWAI-ENGLISH 77 AN ENGLISH-KIWAI INDEX 135 APPENDIX ... 171 INTRODUCTION. 1. The Kiwai proper is the language spoken at Iasa, Samari, Saguane and other villages on Kiwai, a long low island on the eastern side of the southern entrance to the delta of the Fly River, Papua. The origin of the name Kiwai is unknown. It first occurs in a list of place names in Dowdee (i.e., Daudai) which Jukes obtained from natives of Erub (Darnley Island, Torres Straits) during the visit of H.M.S. Fly in 1842-6. Daudai is the name given by the Torres Straits islanders to the mainland of New Guinea. 2. Dialects more or less related to Kiwai are spoken right across the Fly Delta from the mainland at the Binature Eiver, to the deltas of the Bamu and Turama Eivers and the eastern mainland of the Papuan Gulf at the Gama and Era Eivers. At least six dialects are fairly well known, but others probably exist. The main dialects are:— Tureture, near the mouth of the Binature Eiver. The dialect at Mawata (on the opposite side of the river), at Perem or Parama (Bampton Island, off the coast) and Sui (a village north of Perem) is the same. Kiwai in the villages of Kiwai Island. This has been adopted as the standard language for mission purposes in the Delta by the London Missionary Society. Domori, an island in the Fly Delta north-west of Kiwai. Pagona on the mainland opposite is the same. Wabuda, an island between the eastern mouth of the Fly and the Bamu Delta. The same dialect with a very different accent is spoken at Gesoa (south coast cf Wabuda) and Sagero (on mainland coast north of Wabuda). Sisiami, a village on the Dibiri branch of the Bamu Delta. This represents the Bamu dialects, but there are some variations, as at Oropai, east of Sisiami, and at Pirupiru between Buniki on the Bebea branch of the Bamu Delta and the Gama Eiver. Goaribari, at Kerewa and other villages on Goaribari Island, at the mouth of the Bamu Delta. 3. The Kiwai dialects differ considerably in vocabulary and to a somewhat less extent in grammar, but they are without question members of the same linguistic group. There are also regular sound interchanges in some common words. See paragraph 7. Languages in the Fly Delta. 4. Besides the Kiwai, other languages are spoken on the shores of the Delta which are quite distinct in grammar arid vocabulary. These are:— 1. Dabu, west of Mawata. 2. Kunini, adjacent to Mawata and Tureture. 2 Kiwai Grammar. 3. Oriomo, east of Kunini. , 4. Tirio, western shore of Fly Eiver, opposite Domon Island. 5. Gogodara, inland from north shore of Fly River. The following table shows the differences between these languages and Kiwai. The words are those of the Kiwai dialects in paragraph 7. Mr. Riley's vocabularies of these and other languages of Western Papua were published in " Anthropos." xxvi, 1931. Kiwai. Dabu. Kunini. Oriomo. Tirio. Oogodara. Arm tu tang ime iem tigiri mai Armlet susase darmar tutae yempet adiga mudi Armpit asesopu kerari nem aro gawaga Basket sito nong diba dembar itianta kakepi Boy osio rukasere bagra kewar basino kasikasi Break sliel.I ososo bunakadaban ipli yoteende maduawaine umadama Canoe pe gar po guga gwawa gawa Die orisiai kududar bud re uj — akau Dung ne karine lia lia negave gwa Ear sepate ran tabalame yekrom bamata igibi Eat oruso ototo erowa yove aiame nou Father abera baba babe bower awe wawa Pierce serawo ikolegoliag labe jowai arosegaga kamarebega Fire era yu uliabo para sure ira Fruit iopu kopa ku kerp sara adamu Girl besere kasarama bemabema buhere buare aminagi Give agiwai nomining eari — — miditi Go ogu naib ateadi yike atea ve Head epuru bunkut mope mop kapuru ganabi Heavy mi'ibo — mepu beberg dewagaga menebega Holy tarena — ude — — auana Knot mopo mamara mugle ivnyoi murupa-dowa kubimina Leg sairo tule erenge kauad adara ei Mother maramu yai mage — ebebe agi Say arogo yeke j" — warerea ana, girara Stand up otobowa nugabor abujangite ratini pata Sun Sa'i iabada bimu — kareme darigi Water obo ine nie — oba vi Wind susuwo bue bue — burubu omina ALPHABET. 5. The Kiwai alphabet consists of seventeen letters, representing the following sounds :— Vowels: a, e, i, o, u. Diphthongs : ai, au. Semivowel: w. Consonants : Velar : k, g. Dental: t, d, n. Labial: p, b, m. Sibilant: s. Spirant: v. Liquid: r. In addition, 1 has been introduced. 6. Pronunciation. Vowels: a long as in " father," short as in " fat." e as a in " cake." Kiwai Grammar. 3 i as ee in eel." o as o in "no." u as oo in " noon." Diphthongs: ai as in " aisle." au as ow in " cow." When two vowels coming together are separately pronounced, a break is written between them, thus ai, go, pronounced a I. Consonants: These are pronounced as in English. Some natives do not dis­ tinguish between v and w, and write tawatawa and tavatava, village ; irovidiro or irowidiro, hear. No two consonants are ever found together in a word. The semi­ vowel w is often introduced between o and a, and between u and a, as, e.g., in magumoa or magumowa, inside ; arua or aruwa, some. The native names of the letters are: a, bi, di, e, ga, i, ke, mo, nu, o, pi, ro, si, ti, u, vi, wi. Dialectical Variations. 7: The Kiwai dialects named in paragraph 2 show a few more or less regular sound changes. The following are examples:— K is often sounded in Wabuda when absent in Kiwai, as in hobo, water ; kera, fire ; sakiro, leg; kikopu, fruit, for the Kiwai obo, ero, era, sairo and iopu. This occurs less often in Sisiami and Pirupiru, where saiki, sun, and miibo, heavy, represent Wabuda sariki, mikibo and Kiwai sa'i, mi ibo. G is sometimes omitted in Sisiami, Pirupiru, Oropai and Goari­ bari when present in other dialects: Sisiami ou, go; aro, say; eba, cut down tree; abowa, split; aiwai, give, represent Kiwai ogu, arogo, egeba, abogowa and agiwai. Pirupiru, Oropai and Goaribari have ou and aro for ogu and arogo.
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