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Review of Research on Angle-Of-Attack Indicator Effectiveness NASA/TM–2014-218514 Review of Research on Angle-of-Attack Indicator Effectiveness Lisa R. Le Vie Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia August 2014 NASA STI Program . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. advancement of aeronautics and space science. The Collected papers from scientific and NASA scientific and technical information (STI) technical conferences, symposia, seminars, program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain or other meetings sponsored or co- this important role. sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information Officer. technical, or historical information from It collects, organizes, provides for archiving, and NASA programs, projects, and missions, disseminates NASA’s STI. The NASA STI often concerned with subjects having program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics substantial public interest. and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. of the largest collections of aeronautical and space English-language translations of foreign science STI in the world. Results are published in scientific and technical material pertinent to both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA’s mission. NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services also include organizing and publishing research results, distributing specialized research announcements and feeds, • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of providing information desk and personal search completed research or a major significant phase support, and enabling data exchange services. of research that present the results of NASA Programs and include extensive data or For more information about the NASA STI theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of program, see the following: significant scientific and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing • Access the NASA STI program home page reference value. NASA counterpart of peer- at http://www.sti.nasa.gov reviewed formal professional papers, but having less stringent limitations on manuscript • E-mail your question to [email protected] length and extent of graphic presentations. • • Fax your question to the NASA STI TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific Information Desk at 443-757-5803 and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, • Phone the NASA STI Information Desk at working papers, and bibliographies that contain 443-757-5802 minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. • Write to: STI Information Desk • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and NASA Center for AeroSpace Information technical findings by NASA-sponsored 7115 Standard Drive contractors and grantees. Hanover, MD 21076-1320 NASA/TM–2014-218514 Review of Research on Angle-of-Attack Indicator Effectiveness Lisa R. Le Vie Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199 August 2014 Acknowledgments This work was conducted under the NASA Aviation Safety Program’s Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies (VSST) Project. The support of the Project Manager, Mr. Paul Krasa, is gratefully appreciated. The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in this report is for accurate re porting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7115 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 443-757-5802 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 2. Angle-of-Attack ........................................................................................................... 4 3. Historical Research ...................................................................................................... 6 4. AoA in the Cockpit .................................................................................................... 10 4.1 General Types .................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Military AoA Systems ........................................................................................ 17 4.3 Commercial Transport and Business Aircraft AoA Indicators .......................... 19 4.4 AoA on the HUD................................................................................................ 22 4.5 General Aviation AoA Systems ......................................................................... 24 5. AoA Display Benefits ................................................................................................ 28 5.1 Energy State Awareness/Upset Recovery .......................................................... 28 5.2 Detect/Diagnose Air Data System Failures ........................................................ 30 6. Training ..................................................................................................................... 32 7. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 34 8. Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 35 9. References ................................................................................................................. 36 i List of Figures Figure 1: Aircraft Accident Statistics for Worldwide Commercial Fleet 2003-2012 ........ 2 Figure 2: Angle-of-Attack, Flight Path Angle and Pitch attitude ...................................... 4 Figure 3: Lift at Angle of Attack ....................................................................................... 5 Figure 4: Different Pitch Attitudes and Stall AoA............................................................. 5 Figure 5: Common AoA Sensor Types ............................................................................ 10 Figure 6: Angle of Attack sensor on Embraer 145 ........................................................... 11 Figure 7: Specialties AoA indicator displaying arbitrary numbers .................................. 11 Figure 8: Teledyne Avionics Angle of Attack Indicator .................................................. 12 Figure 9: AoA Indicator displaying degree units ............................................................. 12 Figure 10: Inset of Boeing AoA Gauge ........................................................................... 13 Figure 11: Specialties, Inc. B-2 Dial-type AoA Indicator ............................................... 14 Figure 12: Specialties, Inc. AoA Approach Index Indicator ........................................... 14 Figure 13: AoA Display and Key .................................................................................... 15 Figure 14: AoA Indexer ................................................................................................... 16 Figure 15: T38 AoA System and Displays ...................................................................... 17 Figure 16: Navy F/A-18 HUD display showing AoA and the AoA Bracket .................. 18 Figure 17: Navy F/A-18 AoA Indexer ............................................................................. 18 Figure 18: F-16 AoA Display System ............................................................................. 19 Figure 19: Cessna AoA Indicator and Indexer ................................................................ 20 Figure 20: Optional Airbus AoA Indicator ...................................................................... 20 Figure 21: Boeing AoA Gauge ........................................................................................ 21 Figure 22: Gulfstream PFD AoA Located Under Airspeed Tape .................................... 22 Figure 23: Rockwell Collins HGS6250 AoA Indicator ................................................... 23 Figure 24: Rockwell Collins HGS4200 AoA Indicator .................................................... 24 Figure 25: Garmin GI 260 Angle of Attack Indicator ...................................................... 25 Figure 26: Garmin G3X AoA System ............................................................................. 26 Figure 27: Alpha System AoA Griffin Chevron Display ................................................ 26 Figure 28: ICON A5 Light Sport Aircraft AoA indicator ................................................ 27 ii Nomenclature AAIU Air Accident Investigation Unit AFM Airplane Flight Manual AoA Angle of Attack BEA Bureau d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses CRJ Canadair Regional Jet FAA Federal Aviation Administration HGS Head-up Guidance System HUD Head-Up Display LOC-I Loss-of-Control – In Flight NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PFD Primary Flight Display UPS United Parcel Service USAF United States Air Force VSST Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies iii Abstract The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted a literature review to determine the potential benefits of a display of angle-of-attack (AoA) on the flight deck of commercial transport that may aid a pilot in energy state awareness, upset recovery, and/or diagnosis of air data system failure. 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