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Enhancing General Aviation Aircraft Safety with Supplemental Angle of Attack Systems
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2015 Enhancing General Aviation Aircraft aS fety With Supplemental Angle Of Attack Systems David E. Kugler Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Kugler, David E., "Enhancing General Aviation Aircraft aS fety With Supplemental Angle Of Attack Systems" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1793. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1793 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENHANCING GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT SAFETY WITH SUPPLEMENTAL ANGLE OF ATTACK SYSTEMS by David E. Kugler Bachelor of Science, United States Air Force Academy, 1983 Master of Arts, University of North Dakota, 1991 Master of Science, University of North Dakota, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota May 2015 Copyright 2015 David E. Kugler ii PERMISSION Title Enhancing General Aviation Aircraft Safety With Supplemental Angle of Attack Systems Department Aviation Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. -
Sailing for Performance
SD2706 Sailing for Performance Objective: Learn to calculate the performance of sailing boats Today: Sailplan aerodynamics Recap User input: Rig dimensions ‣ P,E,J,I,LPG,BAD Hull offset file Lines Processing Program, LPP: ‣ Example.bri LPP_for_VPP.m rigdata Hydrostatic calculations Loading condition ‣ GZdata,V,LOA,BMAX,KG,LCB, hulldata ‣ WK,LCG LCF,AWP,BWL,TC,CM,D,CP,LW, T,LCBfpp,LCFfpp Keel geometry ‣ TK,C Solve equilibrium State variables: Environmental variables: solve_Netwon.m iterative ‣ VS,HEEL ‣ TWS,TWA ‣ 2-dim Netwon-Raphson iterative method Hydrodynamics Aerodynamics calc_hydro.m calc_aero.m VS,HEEL dF,dM Canoe body viscous drag Lift ‣ RFC ‣ CL Residuals Viscous drag Residuary drag calc_residuals_Newton.m ‣ RR + dRRH ‣ CD ‣ dF = FAX + FHX (FORCE) Keel fin drag ‣ dM = MH + MR (MOMENT) Induced drag ‣ RF ‣ CDi Centre of effort Centre of effort ‣ CEH ‣ CEA FH,CEH FA,CEA The rig As we see it Sail plan ≈ Mainsail + Jib (or genoa) + Spinnaker The sail plan is defined by: IMSYC-66 P Mainsail hoist [m] P E Boom leech length [m] BAD Boom above deck [m] I I Height of fore triangle [m] J Base of fore triangle [m] LPG Perpendicular of jib [m] CEA CEA Centre of effort [m] R Reef factor [-] J E LPG BAD D Sailplan modelling What is the purpose of the sails on our yacht? To maximize boat speed on a given course in a given wind strength ‣ Max driving force, within our available righting moment Since: We seek: Fx (Thrust vs Resistance) ‣ Driving force, FAx Fy (Side forces, Sails vs. Keel) ‣ Heeling force, FAy (Mx (Heeling-righting moment)) ‣ Heeling arm, CAE Aerodynamics of sails A sail is: ‣ a foil with very small thickness and large camber, ‣ with flexible geometry, ‣ usually operating together with another sail ‣ and operating at a large variety of angles of attack ‣ Environment L D V Each vertical section is a differently cambered thin foil Aerodynamics of sails TWIST due to e.g. -
CANARD.WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED to MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT at SUBSONIC SPEEDS by Blair B
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740003706 2020-03-23T12:22:11+00:00Z NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM X-2897 MEMORANDUM CO CN| I X CANARD.WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED TO MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT AT SUBSONIC SPEEDS by Blair B. Gloss and Linwood W. McKmney Langley Research Center Hampton, Va. 23665 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. C. • DECEMBER 1973 1.. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA TM X-2897 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date CANARD-WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED TO December 1973 MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT AT SUBSONIC SPEEDS 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. L-9096 Blair B. Gloss and Linwood W. McKinney 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address • 760-67-01-01 NASA Langley Research Center 11. Contract or Grant No. Hampton, Va. 23665 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Memorandum National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington , D . C . 20546 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract An investigation was conducted at Mach numbers of 0.7 and 0.9 to determine the lift interference effect of canard location on wing planforms typical of maneuvering fighter con- figurations. The canard had an exposed area of 16.0 percent of the wing reference area and was located in the plane of the wing or in a position 18.5 percent of the wing mean geometric chord above the wing plane. In addition, the canard could be located at two longitudinal stations. -
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Naca 0012 Airfoil Section at Different Angles of Attack
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NACA 0012 AIRFOIL SECTION AT DIFFERENT ANGLES OF ATTACK SUPREETH NARASIMHAMURTHY GRADUATE STUDENT 1327291 Table of Contents 1) Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 2) Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 3) Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......5 4) Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 5) References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 List of Figures Figure 1: Basic nomenclature of an airfoil………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Figure 2: Computational domain………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Figure 3: Static Pressure Contours for different angles of attack……………………………………………………………..5 Figure 4: Velocity Magnitude Contours for different angles of attack………………………………………………………………………7 Fig 5: Variation of Cl and Cd with alpha……………………………………………………………………………………………………8 Figure 6: Lift Coefficient and Drag Coefficient Ratio for Re = 50000…………………………………………………………8 List of Tables Table 1: Lift and Drag coefficients as calculated from lift and drag forces from formulae given above……7 Introduction It is a fact of common experience that a body in motion through a fluid experience a resultant force which, in most cases is mainly a resistance to the motion. A class of body exists, However for which the component of the resultant force normal to the direction to the motion is many time greater than the component resisting the motion, and the possibility of the flight of an airplane depends on the use of the body of this class for wing structure. Airfoil is such an aerodynamic shape that when it moves through air, the air is split and passes above and below the wing. The wing’s upper surface is shaped so the air rushing over the top speeds up and stretches out. This decreases the air pressure above the wing. The air flowing below the wing moves in a comparatively straighter line, so its speed and air pressure remain the same. -
Aerodynamics of High-Performance Wing Sails
Aerodynamics of High-Performance Wing Sails J. otto Scherer^ Some of tfie primary requirements for tiie design of wing sails are discussed. In particular, ttie requirements for maximizing thrust when sailing to windward and tacking downwind are presented. The results of water channel tests on six sail section shapes are also presented. These test results Include the data for the double-slotted flapped wing sail designed by David Hubbard for A. F. Dl Mauro's lYRU "C" class catamaran Patient Lady II. Introduction The propulsion system is probably the single most neglect ed area of yacht design. The conventional triangular "soft" sails, while simple, practical, and traditional, are a long way from being aerodynamically desirable. The aerodynamic driving force of the sails is, of course, just as large and just as important as the hydrodynamic resistance of the hull. Yet, designers will go to great lengths to fair hull lines and tank test hull shapes, while simply drawing a triangle on the plans to define the sails. There is no question in my mind that the application of the wealth of available airfoil technology will yield enormous gains in yacht performance when applied to sail design. Re cent years have seen the application of some of this technolo gy in the form of wing sails on the lYRU "C" class catamar ans. In this paper, I will review some of the aerodynamic re quirements of yacht sails which have led to the development of the wing sails. For purposes of discussion, we can divide sail require ments into three points of sailing: • Upwind and close reaching. -
Vertical Motion Simulator Experiment on Stall Recovery Guidance
NASA/TP{2017{219733 Vertical Motion Simulator Experiment on Stall Recovery Guidance Stefan Schuet National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thomas Lombaerts Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Inc. Vahram Stepanyan Universities Space Research Association John Kaneshige, Kimberlee Shish, Peter Robinson National Aeronautics and Space Administration Gordon Hardy Retired Research Test Pilot Science Applications International Corporation October 2017 NASA STI Program. in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA scientific and technical technical conferences, symposia, seminars, information (STI) program plays a key part or other meetings sponsored or in helping NASA maintain this important co-sponsored by NASA. role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program operates under the technical, or historical information from auspices of the Agency Chief Information NASA programs, projects, and missions, Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for often concerned with subjects having archiving, and disseminates NASA's STI. substantial public interest. The NASA STI Program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- and its public interface, the NASA Technical language translations of foreign scientific Report Server, thus providing one of the and technical material pertinent to largest collection of aeronautical and space NASA's mission. science STI in the world. Results are Specialized services also include organizing published in both non-NASA channels and and publishing research results, distributing by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, specialized research announcements and which includes the following report types: feeds, providing information desk and • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of personal search support, and enabling data completed research or a major significant exchange services. -
Airplane Icing
Federal Aviation Administration Airplane Icing Accidents That Shaped Our Safety Regulations Presented to: AE598 UW Aerospace Engineering Colloquium By: Don Stimson, Federal Aviation Administration Topics Icing Basics Certification Requirements Ice Protection Systems Some Icing Generalizations Notable Accidents/Resulting Safety Actions Readings – For More Information AE598 UW Aerospace Engineering Colloquium Federal Aviation 2 March 10, 2014 Administration Icing Basics How does icing occur? Cold object (airplane surface) Supercooled water drops Water drops in a liquid state below the freezing point Most often in stratiform and cumuliform clouds The airplane surface provides a place for the supercooled water drops to crystalize and form ice AE598 UW Aerospace Engineering Colloquium Federal Aviation 3 March 10, 2014 Administration Icing Basics Important Parameters Atmosphere Liquid Water Content and Size of Cloud Drop Size and Distribution Temperature Airplane Collection Efficiency Speed/Configuration/Temperature AE598 UW Aerospace Engineering Colloquium Federal Aviation 4 March 10, 2014 Administration Icing Basics Cloud Characteristics Liquid water content is generally a function of temperature and drop size The colder the cloud, the more ice crystals predominate rather than supercooled water Highest water content near 0º C; below -40º C there is negligible water content Larger drops tend to precipitate out, so liquid water content tends to be greater at smaller drop sizes The average liquid water content decreases with horizontal -
Wing Load and Angle of Attack Identification by Integrating Optical
applied sciences Article Wing Load and Angle of Attack Identification by Integrating Optical Fiber Sensing and Neural Network Approach in Wind Tunnel Test Daichi Wada * and Masato Tamayama Aeronautical Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 6-13-1 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-50-3362-5566 Received: 18 March 2019; Accepted: 2 April 2019; Published: 8 April 2019 Abstract: The load and angle of attack (AoA) for wing structures are critical parameters to be monitored for efficient operation of an aircraft. This study presents wing load and AoA identification techniques by integrating an optical fiber sensing technique and a neural network approach. We developed a 3.6-m semi-spanned wing model with eight flaps and bonded two optical fibers with 30 fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) each along the main and aft spars. Using this model in a wind tunnel test, we demonstrate load and AoA identification through a neural network approach. We input the FBG data and the eight flap angles to a neural network and output estimated load distributions on the eight wing segments. Thereafter, we identify the AoA by using the estimated load distributions and the flap angles through another neural network. This multi-neural-network process requires only the FBG and flap angle data to be measured. We successfully identified the load distributions with an error range of −1.5–1.4 N and a standard deviation of 0.57 N. The AoA was also successfully identified with error ranges of −1.03–0.46◦ and a standard deviation of 0.38◦. -
CAP High Ground 18.03
The High Ground A Newsletter From Wyoming Wing Standards/Evaluation 15 March, 2018 Hot Topics Pilot Proficiency Profiles… The New Reality! With the implementation of CAPR 70-1 Flight Management, the Air Force came out with new requirements for documentation of training sorties. The AF now requires us to document what is planned, and what we actually accomplished during that sortie, per the Pilot Prof iciency Profile. We are required to accomplish all of the REQUIRED items listed in the PPP Checklist. We have to document each item and upload/note supporting documentation, or document why we did not accomplish the required item. Please review the preamble of the Pilot Proficiency Profiles (first page) and the specific Profile which you are planning on flying. Unfortunately, we can’t “just wing it” anymore. (Sigh) This ain’t my idea, this is from “On High”. Pilot Proficiency Profiles To review, the Pilot Proficiency Profiles, dated 01 January 2018, have changes. Best to print out a copy and keep it handy while operating under any one of these Profiles. And the Profiles are now to be documented in the “Profile Used” in WMIRS as P#, i.e. Profile number 1 would be entered as “P1”. Note that each Profile has a header which dictates the PIC qualifications to operate under that Profile. Read these before you attempt to fly the Profile. Now the BIG CHANGE is in the details of each Profile, what we are expected to do, and what we have to document for each Pilot Proficiency Profile sortie. Each PPP has in its description “Routine” and “Required” Items. -
Upwind Sail Aerodynamics : a RANS Numerical Investigation Validated with Wind Tunnel Pressure Measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M
Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte To cite this version: I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte. Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Elsevier, 2012, 39, pp.90-101. 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004. hal-01071323 HAL Id: hal-01071323 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01071323 Submitted on 8 Oct 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. I.M. Viola, P. Bot, M. Riotte Upwind Sail Aerodynamics: a RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 39 (2013) 90–101 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004 Keywords: sail aerodynamics, CFD, RANS, yacht, laminar separation bubble, viscous drag. Abstract The aerodynamics of a sailing yacht with different sail trims are presented, derived from simulations performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes approach was used to model sixteen sail trims first tested in a wind tunnel, where the pressure distributions on the sails were measured. -
Actuator Saturation Analysis of a Fly-By-Wire Control System for a Delta-Canard Aircraft
DEGREE PROJECT IN VEHICLE ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Actuator Saturation Analysis of a Fly-By-Wire Control System for a Delta-Canard Aircraft ERIK LJUDÉN KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES Author Erik Ljudén <[email protected]> School of Engineering Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology Place Linköping, Sweden Saab Examiner Ulf Ringertz Stockholm KTH Royal Institute of Technology Supervisor Peter Jason Linköping Saab Abstract Actuator saturation is a well studied subject regarding control theory. However, little research exist regarding aircraft behavior during actuator saturation. This paper aims to identify flight mechanical parameters that can be useful when analyzing actuator saturation. The studied aircraft is an unstable delta-canard aircraft. By varying the aircraft’s center-of- gravity and applying a square wave input in pitch, saturated actuators have been found and investigated closer using moment coefficients as well as other flight mechanical parameters. The studied flight mechanical parameters has proven to be highly relevant when analyzing actuator saturation, and a simple connection between saturated actuators and moment coefficients has been found. One can for example look for sudden changes in the moment coefficients during saturated actuators in order to find potentially dangerous flight cases. In addition, the studied parameters can be used for robustness analysis, but needs to be further investigated. Lastly, the studied pitch square wave input shows no risk of aircraft departure with saturated elevons during flight, provided non-saturated canards, and that the free-stream velocity is high enough to be flyable. i Sammanfattning Styrdonsmättning är ett välstuderat ämne inom kontrollteorin. -
Lift Forces in External Flows
• DECEMBER 2019 Lift Forces in External Flows Real External Flows – Lesson 3 Lift • We covered the drag component of the fluid force acting on an object, and now we will discuss its counterpart, lift. • Lift is produced by generating a difference in the pressure distribution on the “top” and “bottom” surfaces of the object. • The lift acts in the direction normal to the free-stream fluid motion. • The lift on an object is influenced primarily by its shape, including orientation of this shape with respect to the freestream flow direction. • Secondary influences include Reynolds number, Mach number, the Froude number (if free surface present, e.g., hydrofoil) and the surface roughness. • The pressure imbalance (between the top and bottom surfaces of the object) and lift can increase by changing the angle of attack (AoA) of the object such as an airfoil or by having a non-symmetric shape. Example of Unsteady Lift Around a Baseball • Rotation of the baseball produces a nonuniform pressure distribution across the ball ‐ clockwise rotation causes a floater. Flow ‐ counterclockwise rotation produces a sinker. • In soccer, you can introduce spin to induce the banana kick. Baseball Pitcher Throwing the Ball Soccer Player Kicking the Ball Importance of Lift • Like drag, the lift force can be either a benefit Slats or a hindrance depending on objectives of a Flaps fluid dynamics application. ‐ Lift on a wing of an airplane is essential for the airplane to fly. • Flaps and slats are added to a wing design to maintain lift when airplane reduces speed on its landing approach. ‐ Lift on a fast-driven car is undesirable as it Spoiler reduces wheel traction with the pavement and makes handling of the car more difficult and less safe.