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London International Model United Nations 2016 LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 . League of Nations (LoN) London International Model United Nations 17th Session | 2016 11 LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 . Table of Contents The Abyssinia Crisis Introduction 3 Key Events and Brief History 4 Discussion of the Problem 6 Definitions of Key Terms 8 Bloc Positions 8 Basic Legal Documents 9 Points a Resolution Should Address 10 Further Reading 11 Sources 11 Conference Information 12 Position Papers 13 Contact Details 14 The League Assembly in Geneva, 1936 22 LONDONLONDON INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL MODELMODEL UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS 20162016 .. The Abyssinia Crisis Introduction The League of Nations was founded in the wake of the First World War on the 10th of January 1920 as part of the Paris Peace Conference. The precursor to the United Nations, its goals were to provide a forum for the international community to resolve issues peacefully. The Covenant of the League of Nations outlined the principles of collective security, disarmament and communication among world powers to maintain international peace. The United States Senate, isolationist as it was in the era, however refused to consent to ratification of the Covenant and thus the US never joined. The League of Nations included two key institutions, the Assembly and the Council, operating in much the same way as the General Assembly and the Security Council do in the contemporary United Nations. The Assembly comprised representatives of all of the member states of the League, with each member being allowed up to three representatives and a single vote. The Council acted as an executive body to the League, deciding its business and holding most power in times of emergency. It consisted of the four permanent members, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan, as well as of a further four non-permanent members. Through the course of the League’s existence, the permanent members of the Council fluctuated in number, including at various stages Germany and the USSR. By the Second World War, only the UK and France remained permanent members of the Council. 35 LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 . A key principle of the League of Nations was the Unanimity Rule that required every decision made by the Assembly and Council to be reached through consensus. This attempt to recognise all countries’ sovereign equality is regarded as one of the chief weaknesses of the League as it often led to inaction. The exception to this rule was that the votes of members directly involved in a dispute were not required to be in accordance with the rest of the Assembly or Council in order to allow decisions to be reached during disputes. This exception will prove significant when considering the Abyssinian Crisis as Italy and Abyssinia will not be required to vote as the rest of the Assembly for a resolution to pass. The Abyssinian Crisis of 1934-6 is seen as one of the key moments in the League’s history, not only as a major international event in the inter-war period but as a monumental moment of failure for the League of Nations. The League’s failure to act decisively in the conflict exposed it as powerless contributed to the total loss of respect borne for it. Key Events and Brief History The Wal Wal Incident Wal Wal was an oasis town in Abyssinia as set out by international law and the Italo- Abyssinian Treaty of Friendship of 1928. In 1930, Italian forces moved about 50 miles- deep inside Abyssinian territory and built a fort in the Wal Wal oasis. Soon, the Abyssinian government stated that this action was a violation of the Italo-Abyssinian Treaty and decided for a military response. In consequence, on November 22 1934, a force of about 1000 militiamen approached the area and requested the Italian forces – which included no more than 60 Italian and Somali soldiers – to abandon their positions. The Somali non-commissioned officer refused to satisfy the request and alerted the commander of the area, Captain Cimmaruta, about the incident and requested reinforcements, which then arrived the following day. On the same day a group of surveyors was in the area to map the borders between Abyssinia and British Somaliland. The Italian forces confronted the group and thereby interrupted its mission. The British Empire strongly protested, but soon withdrew military presence to avoid a conflict between Italian and British troops. The Abyssinian troops, however, remained in order to protect their country’s territorial integrity, and the situation remained stable for about a week. But on December 5, a violent skirmish broke out between the two opposing forces that lasted for two days. In the end, 107 Abyssinian and 50 Italian and Somali soldiers died. The reasons for the start of this incident are unclear. While Italy claimed the Abyssinian troops attacked their forces without reason, the Abyssinians, on the other hand, contended that the Italian and Somali forces were the ones to begin hostilities. Diplomatic initiatives followed The Emperor of Abyssinia Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for starting negotiations about the peaceful settlement of the crisis. The Italian prime-minister Benito Mussolini requested apologies from Abyssinia and financial compensation, but 4 LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 . this was rejected by Selassie. Mussolini claimed the incident, as well as the unwillingness of Abyssinia to take responsibility, as “casus belli”. On January 3 1935, Haile Selassie appealed again to the League of Nations, requesting referral of the case to an arbitration scheme. The League of Nations established an arbitration committee authorized to investigate and attribute responsibility for the conflict. Italy undertook diplomatic initiatives for stabilizing its positions in the area. On January 7 1935, Mussolini met with the French Foreign Minister, Pierre Laval, and concluded the Franco-Italian Agreement which granted a part of French Somaliland to Italy to enhance Italy’s role in the area. In return, Mussolini promised to assist France in case of conflict with Germany. He also met with the British Foreign Secretary, Samuel Hoare, to discuss the Wal Wal incident. The Incident of January 25 1935 On January 25 1935, five Italian Askaris1 were found dead. Their death was attributed to Abyssinian forces. Mussolini subsequently declared that Italy would defense its rights and protect its people. Italian forces began to mobilise in Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. On March 8 1935, Abyssinia appealed once more to the League of Nations, protesting the military build-up and requesting arbitration. After three official requests of Abyssinia, the League of Nations finally pressed Italy to accept the arbitration. However, the Italian mobilization kept apace. Italy and Abyssinia also decided upon the creation of a temporary neutral zone in the Ogaden area. Further diplomatic efforts The League of Nations held a special conference on May 20, 1935 about the crisis in Abyssinia. The Council however failed to reach a resolution. On June 19, Abyssinia requested neutral observers to assess the situation. The British Empire decided to offer “good offices” to achieve a peaceful resolution. The then British Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs Anthony Eden met with both Mussolini and Selassie. There, Italy made clear that without an apology and compensation by Abyssinia, a peaceful resolution would not be achieved. Britain decided to impose an embargo on arm sales to both Italy and Abyssinia to pressure them into peaceful resolution. Italian and Abyssinian diplomats met in The Hague on June 25 1935 to discuss progress on arbitration. The talks failed, however, and progress of the committee was stalled. 1 Soldiers locally enlisted by a colonial power. 5 LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 . While Italy had already finished its military build-up, Abyssinia requested that Britain and the League of Nations halt the arms embargo so that Abyssinia could defend itself in the event of an Italian invasion. Both Britain and France however privileged Mussolini in the area, asking in return for Italian demobilisation. Yet Italy rejected the offers. On September 4, the League of Nations held another conference about the crisis. The decision made exempted both Italy and Abyssinia for any responsibilities about the Wal Wal incident because each nation had believed that Wal Wal was within its own borders. As a result, France, Britain and the League decided to reduce sanctions. Afraid of the potential for war though, Abyssinia requested once more for neutral observers. As this request was not serviced, however, Selassie increased Abyssinian military presence in the area. Discussion of Problem Background Abyssinia, the European name for the Ethiopian Empire, had existed in one form or another since approximately 1137, and spanned a large swath of East Africa. The Ethiopian Empire had proved itself a legitimate independent nation, fighting off Italian, Turkish and Arab armies that sought to conquer it. Tensions with Italy had originated in the Scramble for Africa2. The First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895 ended in a humiliating defeat for the Italians, and forced Italy as well as other international powers to recognise the independence of Ethiopia. This war was cited by the government of Benito Mussolini as one of the reasons for conflict with Ethiopia as they sought revenge for their humiliation. Ethiopia was under the leadership of Emperor Haile Selassie, heralded as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th Century. After his ascension to power he introduced Ethiopia’s first constitution, keeping power in the hands of the nobility but ultimately leading the way for democratisation of the country. The Crisis at Present As previously outlined, several crisis points have emerged over the last few years between Italy and Ethiopia, particularly the Wal Wal incident which saw miscommunication leading to conflict between the two parties.
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