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S ON CU O F How do space missions TEKS help us learn about the 11C ? You’re taking a trip to a faraway place . . . to , which is 225 million Watch the Untamed Science video kilometers away. You won’t be able to to learn more about exploring space. call for roadside assistance if your all-terrain vehicle breaks down, because there is no cellphone service there. If you want to be sure your vehicle is up for the challenge, you better road-test it in Martian-like conditions first! How might models help designers who are building a rover?

410 Exploring Space CHAPTER Exploring Space 10

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

TEKS: 2D Construct tables and graphs, using repeated trials and means, to organize data and identify patterns. 2E Analyze data to formulate reasonable explanations, communicate valid conclusions supported by the data, and predict trends. 11C Describe the history and future of , including the types of equipment and transportation needed for space travel.

411 CHAPTER 10 Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

1. Background Read the paragraph below and then answer the question.

A force is a push or pull. Bill wonders how a gets off the ground. His sister Jan explains that the rocket’s engines create a lot of Speed is the distance an object moves per unit of force. The force causes the rocket to travel upward with time. great speed. The force helps the rocket push against Gravity is the force that pulls gravity and have enough speed to rise into space. objects toward each other.

• What force is pulling down on the rocket as it pushes off the ground?

Vocabulary Skill Identify Related Word Forms You can expand your vocabulary by learning the related forms of a word. If you know that the verb collect means “to gather together,” then you can figure out the meaning of the noun collection and the adjective collective.

Verb Noun Adjective

probe probe probing to examine something carefully an unmanned space vehicle serving to test or try

vacuum vacuum vacuum to clean with a vacuum cleaner a place empty of all matter partially or completely empty of all matter

2. Quick Check Circle the sentence below that uses the noun form of the word probe. • The probes ’s surface thoroughly. • The probes collected photographs and data for the scientists to analyze.

412 Exploring Space rocket Chapter Preview

LESSON 1 • rocket • thrust • velocity • orbital velocity • Relate Text and Visuals Interpret Data

LESSON 2 satellite • satellite • • • space probe • rover Ask Questions Make Models

LESSON 3 • vacuum • microgravity Identify the Main Idea Draw Conclusions space probe

microgravity

413 LESSON 1 The Science of How Were Rockets Developed? TEKS 11C How Does a Rocket Work? TEKS 11C What Is the Main Advantage of a Multistage Rocket? TEKS 11C

FUN FACT

Jet Packs Study the picture of the person using It’s been snowing all day and the roads a jet pack. Use your knowledge of haven’t been plowed yet. No problem. Just science to answer the question. strap on a jet pack and fly over the snow. What would be the advantages and Does this sound like something out disadvantages of using a jet pack for of a science fiction movie? Actually, transportation? manufacturers have already started making one-person jet packs. The jet packs are very expensive. They also use a lot of heavy fuel­—about 10 gallons of gasoline per hour. And jet packs can carry a person for only about 30 minutes before they have to be refueled. However, 30 minutes is long enough to get many people to work—if they can find a place to land and park the jet pack once they get there.

Do the Inquiry Warm-Up Lab What Force Moves a Balloon? zone Find the lab online.

TEKS 11C In this section, How Were Rockets Developed? you will learn about rockets, a form of transportation used You’ve probably seen rockets at fireworks displays. As the rockets in space travel. moved skyward, you may have noticed a fiery gas rushing out of the back. A rocket is a device that expels gas in one direction to ELPS 3.B.2 move the rocket in the opposite direction. Rocket technology With a partner, read and retell the originated in China hundreds of years ago and then gradually four paragraphs on page 415. Retell spread to other parts of the world. Rockets were developed for each paragraph as a simple story. military use as well as for fireworks.

414 Exploring Space Vocabulary Skills • rocket • thrust • velocity Reading: Relate Text and Visuals • orbital velocity • escape velocity Inquiry: Interpret Data

Origins of Rockets The first rockets were made in China Figure 1 in the 1100s, as the timeline in Figure 1 shows. These early Rocket Timeline A legend claims the Chinese ‘‘rockets’’ weren’t rockets, but simply arrows coated with a official Wan-Hoo tried to fly to flammable powder that were lighted and shot with bows. By about the around the year 1500 1200, the Chinese were using gunpowder inside their rockets. by tying rockets to his chair. The British greatly improved rocketry in the early 1800s. ­British On the cards below, write a ships used rockets against American troops in the War of 1812. brief entry for the events that “The Star-Spangled Banner” contains the words “the rockets’ red took place in the development glare, the bombs bursting in air.” These words describe a British of rockets. rocket attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. Development of Modern Rockets Modern rockets were first developed by scientists in the early 1900s. One such scientist was the Russian physicist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. He described in scientific terms how rockets work and proposed designs for advanced rockets. The American physicist Robert Goddard also designed rockets. Beginning around 1915, he built rockets to test his designs. Scientists made major advances in rocket design during World War II. The Germans used a rocket called the V-2 to destroy both military and civilian targets. The V-2 was a large rocket that could travel about 300 kilometers. The designer of the V-2, Wernher von Braun, was brought to the United States after the war ended. Von Braun used his experience to direct the development of many rockets used in the U.S. program to send humans into space. Do the Quick Lab Lab History of Rockets. zone Find the lab online. Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C got it? mgs11a02700 I get it! Now I know that the rocket technologySteve Rider that sends humans into space originated 01.30.09 and gradually spread to 02.05.09 I need extra help with 03.02.09 03.23.09

415 TEKS 11C In this section, you will explore the principles How Does a Rocket Work? that make space travel by A rocket can be as small as your finger or as large as a skyscraper. rocket possible. An essential feature of any rocket, though, is that it expels gas in one direction. A rocket moves forward when gases shooting out the back of the rocket push it in the opposite direction. A rocket works like a balloon that is propelled through the air by releasing gas. In most rockets, fuel is burned to make hot gas. The gas pushes in every direction, but it can leave the rocket only through openings at the back. This moves the rocket forward.

Action and Reaction Forces A rocket demonstrates a basic law of physics: For every force, or action, there is an equal and opposite force, or reaction. Look at Figure 2. The force of the gas shooting out of the rocket is an action force. An equal force—the reaction force—pushes the rocket forward. The reaction force that propels a rocket forward is called thrust. The amount of thrust depends on the mass and speed of the gases propelled out of the rocket. The greater the thrust, the greater a rocket’s velocity. Velocity is speed in a given direction.

Figure 2 Rocket Action and Reaction The force of gas propelled out of the back of a rocket produces an opposing force that propels the rocket forward. Rocket Fuels Label the action force and Three types of fuel are used to power modern rockets. the reaction force in the figure, Solid-fuel rocket: and explain how this causes the rocket to fly. • Oxygen is mixed with the fuel (a dry explosive chemical). • The rocket can be triggered from a distance by an igniter. • Once the fuel is ignited, it burns until all of it is gone. Liquid-fuel rocket: • Oxygen and the fuel are in liquid form, stored separately. • When the rocket fires, the fuel and oxygen are pumped into the same chamber and ignited. • The burning of fuel can be controlled. Ion rocket: • This type expels charged gas particles out of the engine. • Ion rockets are very fuel-efficient.

416 Exploring Space Orbital and Escape Velocity In order to lift off the ground, a rocket must have more upward thrust than the downward force of gravity. Once a rocket is off the ground, it must reach a certain velocity in order to go into . Orbital velocity is the velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around Earth. If the rocket has an even greater velocity, it can fly off into space. Escape velocity is the velocity a rocket must reach to fly beyond a ’s gravitational pull. The escape velocity a rocket needs to leave Earth is about 40,200 km per hour. That’s more than 11 kilometers every second! mdo thaeth Rocket Altitude Rocket Altitude A rocket’s altitude is how high it rises above the ground. Use the graph to answer the questions about a model rocket with a 160 parachute packed inside, such as the one in the photo above. 120 1 What was the altitude after 2 seconds? 80 40 Rocket fuel used up

Altitude (meters) 0 2 CHALLENGE Did the rocket rise or fall faster? How do you know? 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (seconds)

Do the Quick Lab Be a Rocket Scientist. Labzone Assess Your Understanding Find the lab online. 1a. Explain What is thrust? gotit? I get it! Now I know that a rocket moves forward when b. Interpret Diagrams Use Figure 2 to describe how a rocket moves forward.

I need extra help with

417 6 5 4

Figure 3 A Multistage Rocket Apply Concepts Explain what happens in the steps of the multistage rocket in the spaces provided. Which part of the rocket reaches the final destination?

TEKS 11C In this section, you will learn about the types What Is the Main Advantage of a of multistage rockets needed for space travel. Multistage Rocket? A rocket can carry only so much fuel. As the fuel in a rocket burns, its fuel chambers begin to empty. Even though much of the rocket is empty, the whole rocket must still be pushed upward by the remaining fuel. But what if the empty part of the rocket could be thrown off? Then the remaining fuel wouldn’t have to push a partially empty rocket. This is the idea behind multistage rockets. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed multistage rockets in 1924. The main advantage of a multistage rocket is that the total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced as the rocket rises. In a multistage rocket, smaller rockets, or stages, are placed one on top of the other and then fired in succession. Figure 3 shows how a multistage rocket works. As each stage of the rocket uses up its fuel, the empty fuel container falls away. The next stage then ignites and continues powering the rocket toward its destination. At the end, there is just a single stage left, the very top of the rocket. Multistage rockets were used in the to send to the moon. Today, such rockets are used to launch a variety of and space probes.

418 Exploring Space 3 Relate Text and Visuals Why are the empty parts of a multistage rocket discarded?

Do the Quick Lab Modeling Lab Multistage Rockets. zone Student Lab Manual, p.145 Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 2a. Describe Describe how a multistage 2 rocket works.

Third stage

Second stage b. Relate Cause and Effect Why can the third stage of a multistage rocket go faster than the first stage, even though it has less fuel?

1

First stage gotit? I get it! Now I know that the main advantage of a multistage rocket is that

I need extra help with

419 LESSON 2 The History of Space Exploration What Was the ? TEKS 11C What Are Space Shuttles and Space ­Stations? TEKS 11C How Are Space Probes Used? TEKS 11C

DISCOVERY

The Space Probe Communicate Use what you know about Scientists believe that for life to emerge on a life on Earth to answer the question planet or moon, there needs to be liquid water below. Then discuss your answer with and just the right amount of heat. In 2005, a partner. NASA’s Cassini space probe sent back evidence Why do scientists think that conditions for that one of ’s , Enceladus, might fit life might exist within Enceladus? the bill. Cassini photographed geysers spewing plumes of water hundreds of kilometers above the moon’s surface. Scientists found that the best explanation for these geysers was liquid water below the surface. So it’s possible that there is both enough water and heat within Enceladus to support life.

Do the Inquiry Warm-Up Where on Lab the Moon Did the Astronauts Land? zone Student Lab Manual, p. 146

TEKS 11C In this section, you will examine the early history What Was the Space Race? of space flights—from satellites In the 1950s, the Soviet Union was the greatest rival to the United to missions to the moon. States in politics and military power. The tensions between the two countries were so high that they were said to be in a “cold war.” ELPS 4.F.1 The space race was the rivalry between the United States Use the photographs and text to fill in the labels on page 421. Use the and the Soviet Union to explore space. It began in 1957, when photos to help learn the meanings of the Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik I into orbit. The United satellite, , , States responded by speeding up its own space program, which and orbit. led to the Apollo moon missions in the 1960s and the early .

420 Exploring Space Vocabulary Skills • satellite • space shuttle Reading: Ask Questions • space station • space probe Inquiry: Make Models • rover

The First Artificial Satellites A satellite is an object that revolves around another object in space. The moon is a of Earth. A spacecraft orbiting Earth is an artificial satellite. Sputnik I was the first artificial satellite. This success by the Soviets caused great alarm in the United States. The United States responded in early 1958 by launching its own satellite, Explorer 1, into orbit. Over the next few years, the United States and the Soviet Union launched many more satellites. Later in 1958, the United States created a government agency in charge of its space program called the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA brought together the talents of many scientists and engineers. They solved the difficult technical problems of space flight. Humans in Space In 1961, the Soviets launched the first human into space. Yuri Gagarin flew one orbit around Earth aboard Vostok 1. Less than a month later, Alan Shepard became the first American in space but did not orbit Earth. His spacecraft, Freedom 7, was part of the space program. The first American to orbit Earth was John Glenn. In 1962, he was transported into space inside the space capsule Friendship 7. The tiny capsule orbited Earth three times. Figure 1 Space Race Timeline Relate Text and Visuals Write the name and historic first of each spacecraft with its picture.

421 The “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth.” With these words from a May 1961 speech, President John F. Kennedy launched a program of space exploration and scientific research. The American effort to land astronauts on the moon and return them to Earth was named the Apollo program. These pages show some major events of Apollo.

Apollo Buzz Aldrin described the landscape of the moon as “magnificent desolation.” Make Generalizations Look at the pictures of the moon’s surface. Why is Aldrin’s phrase appropriate?

1 Exploring the Moon Between 1959 and 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union sent many unpiloted spacecraft to explore the moon. When a U.S. spacecraft called Surveyor landed on the moon, it didn’t sink into the surface. This proved that the moon had a solid, rocky surface. Next, scientists searched for a suitable place to land humans on the moon.

2 The Moon In July 1969, three American astronauts circled the moon aboard Apollo 11. Once in orbit, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin entered a tiny spacecraft called Eagle. On July 20, the Eagle descended toward a flat area on the moon’s surface called the Sea of Tranquility. When Armstrong radioed that the Eagle had landed, cheers rang out at the NASA Space Center in Houston, Texas. A few hours later, Armstrong and Aldrin left the Eagle to walk on the surface of the moon.

422 Exploring Space 3 Moon Rocks and Moonquakes The astronauts collected a total of 382 kilograms of lunar samples, commonly called “moon rocks,” for analysis. Scientists such as Andrea B. Mosie, shown with her hands in the gloves, have studied these rocks. They learned that the minerals that make up moon rocks are the same minerals that are found on Earth. However, in some moon rocks these minerals combine to form kinds of rocks that are not found on Earth. One way Apollo astronauts explored the structure of the moon was to study the many moonquakes that occur there. Instruments they left behind, called seismometers, identified more than 7,000 moonquakes. By measuring these waves, scientists found that the moon may have a small core of molten rock or metal at its center.

4 On the Moon’s Surface Everything that the Apollo 11 astronauts found was new and exciting. For about two hours, ­Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon’s surface, collecting samples to take back to Earth. They also planted an American flag. Over the next three years, five more Apollo missions landed on the moon. In these later missions, astronauts were able to stay on the moon for days instead of hours. Some astronauts even used a lunar rover, or buggy, to explore larger areas of the moon. Summarize After reading through the story of the Apollo program, list three discoveries that scientists made about the moon.

423 Missions Beyond the Moon The Apollo missions were a tremendous achievement. They yielded fascinating information and memorable images—but at a high cost. There were few Figure 2 immediate benefits beyond the knowledge gained about the moon Lunar Base A possible future base on the and Earth’s formation. NASA moved on to other projects. moon is shown in this artist’s In the first decade of the 21st century, interest in the moon conception. revived for a brief time. In 2003, the Describe Explain how living launched an unpiloted spacecraft to orbit the moon. Its main on the moon would be similar ­purpose was to collect data for a lunar map. Such a map could be to going camping. used in the future to select the best location for a possible lunar base. Figure 2 shows what lunar base might look like. Today, the United States is looking beyond the moon. In 2010, the country announced plans to launch a crewed spacecraft to Mars by the mid-2030s. The first missions would follow in the footsteps of the Apollo program that sent humans to the moon. A crewed mission would orbit Mars and then return. Only later would the United States attempt to land astronauts on Mars.

Do the Lab Investigation Lab Space Spinoffs. zone Student Lab Manual, p. 147 Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 1a. Describe What was the Apollo program? gotit? I get it! Now I know that the space race began when the Soviets launched

b. Draw Conclusions Describe the Apollo and continued ­program. Was the Apollo successful in meeting with the American program called President Kennedy’s challenge? I need extra help with

424 Exploring Space TEKS 11C In this section, What Are Space Shuttles and you will examine the roles of space shuttles and space Space Stations? stations in space exploration. After the great success of the moon landings, the question for space exploration was this one: “What comes next?” Scientists and public officials decided that one goal should be to build space shuttles and space stations where astronauts could live and work after being transported into space. Space Shuttles Before 1981, spacecraft could be used only once. In contrast, a space shuttle was like an airplane—it could fly, land, and then fly again. A space shuttle is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to Earth, and then be reused for the same purpose. Because shuttles could be reused, NASA didn’t Vocabulary Identify Related have to build a new spacecraft for each mission. From 1981 Word Forms In science, the word means “force per to 2011, NASA used space shuttles to perform many ­important pressure a given area.” Why does the tasks. These included taking satellites into orbit, repairing word pressurized mean that a ­damaged satellites, and carrying astronauts and equipment to crew cabin is filled with air? and from space stations. During a shuttle mission, astronauts lived in a pressurized crew cabin at the front of the shuttle. There, they wore regular clothes and breathed without an oxygen tank. Behind the crew cabin was a large, open area called the payload bay. A shuttle payload bay would ­sometimes carry a satellite to be released into orbit. Laboratories in which astronauts performed experiments were also sometimes housed there. Figure 3 shows the main parts of the space shuttle.

Figure 3 A Space Shuttle A space shuttle had a crew cabin, a payload bay, and rockets. Interpret Diagrams On the diagram, label the main parts of the space shuttle, and explain their use.

425 Space Stations Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in space? A space station is a large artificial satellite­ Figure 4 on which people can live and work for long periods. A space International Space station provides a place where long-term observations and Station experiments can be carried out in space. In the 1970s and 1980s, CHALLENGE State one advantage of building a space both the United States and the Soviet Union placed space stations station in orbit instead of in orbit. The Soviet space station stayed in orbit for 15 years sending it up all in one piece. before it fell to Earth in 2001. Astronauts from many countries spent time aboard Mir. , launched in 1974, was America’s first space station. Rotating crews of three astronauts spent a total of 171 days on board before it fell back to Earth in 1979. In the 1990s, the United States and 15 other countries began constructing the International Space Station (ISS). The first module, or section, of the station was placed into orbit in 1998. Since then, many other modules have been added. On board, astronauts from many countries are carrying out experiments in various fields of science. These scientists are also learning more about how humans adapt to space. The main source of power for the International Space Station is its eight large arrays of solar panels, as shown in Figure 4. Together, the solar panels contain more than 250,000 solar cells, each capable of converting sunlight into electricity. At full power, the solar panels produce enough electricity to power about 55 houses on Earth. The ISS carries large batteries to provide power when it is in Earth’s shadow.

Do the Quick Lab Which Tool Lab Would You Use in Space? zone Student Lab Manual, p. 156 Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 2a. Describe What was a space shuttle? What is a gotit? space station? I get it! Now I know that space shuttles were used to

and a space station is used to

b. Compare and Contrast What is the main difference between space shuttles and space stations? I need extra help with

426 Exploring Space TEKS 11C In this section, How Are Space Probes Used? you will learn about the Since space exploration began in the 1950s, only 24 people have history of space exploration traveled as far as the moon. No one has traveled farther. Yet elsewhere in the solar system. during this period, space scientists have gathered a great deal of information about other parts of the solar system. These data were collected by space probes. A space probe is a spacecraft that carries scientific instruments that can collect data, but it has no human crew. Each space probe is designed for a specific mission. Some are designed to land on a certain planet, as shown in Figure 5. Others are designed to fly by and collect data about more than one planet. A space probe collects data about the solar system and sends the information back to Earth. Ask Questions What is one Each space probe has a power system to produce electricity question about another planet and a communication system to send and receive signals. Probes you would want information also carry scientific instruments to collect data and perform from a space probe to answer? experiments. Some probes, called orbiters, are equipped to photograph and analyze the atmosphere of a planet. Other probes, called landers, are equipped to land on a planet and analyze the materials on its surface. Some have small called rovers that move around on the surface. A rover typically has instruments that collect and analyze soil and rock samples. Figure 5 Space Probe Mission The postcards show the steps of a space probe mission. Write captions to tell the story of the space probe.

427 apply ! TEKS 11C it

Space probes such as the ones pictured here have now visited or passed near all of the . These probes have also explored many moons, , and . 1 Choose a type of probe, either orbiter or , and draw your probe in the space provided below. List by number the tools required by each type of probe. Lander:

Orbiter: 2 CHALLENGE On the note paper, explain why you chose each item.

1 5

2 6

3 7

4 8

Voyagers, 1977 After completing their primary mission— to study Saturn and —the two Voyagers journeyed beyond the outer planets of the solar system and continued their exploration of space.

428 Exploring Space , 2012 Starting in 2012, the rover explored Mars’s surface, looking for evidence of life. Cassini, 2004 Cassini explored Saturn’s moons. It launched a smaller probe, , which explored , Saturn’s largest moon.

Do the Quick Lab Lab Remote Control. zone Find the lab online. Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 3a. Draw Conclusions Which most likely came first in the history of space exploration, probes or rovers? Explain your answer.

b. Make Judgments What are the advantages and disadvantages of an orbiter Lunar Prospector, 1998 probe compared to a lander probe? Lunar Prospector found evidence of water ice and identified other minerals on the moon’s surface.

gotit? I get it! Now I know that a space probe

I need extra help with

429 LESSON The Future of Space 3 Exploration What Are Conditions Like in Space? TEKS 11C What Are Our Next Steps in Space? TEKS 11C

CAREERS

Communicate Discuss Ochoa’s Ellen Ochoa career with a partner. Then answer the question below. After getting her doctorate in ­engineering, How do you think Ochoa’s Dr. Ellen Ochoa joined NASA’s astronaut inventions could be useful on Earth? ­program in 1991 and logged more than 900 hours in space aboard the space ­shuttle. Ochoa used her engineering skills to invent three systems that get information from images using optical devices such as holograms. In 2007, Ochoa became deputy director of the Johnson Space Center in Texas. In 2008, she became the first woman to be named Engineer of the Year by the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference. Do the Inquiry Warm-Up What Lab Does Sunlight Do to the Beads? zone Student Lab Manual, p. 157

TEKS 11C In this section, you will explore the challenges What Are Conditions facing astronauts who will be going into space. Like in Space? Astronauts who travel into space face an environment that is very ELPS 4.C.4 different from the one on Earth. Conditions in space that With a partner, read or listen to the differ from those on Earth include its near-vacuum state, its key idea in boldface type on this extreme temperatures, and its microgravity. Many types of page. Notice what follows the word include. A list of conditions in space engineers and scientists have worked together to respond to the follows. challenges of space.

430 Exploring Space Vocabulary Skills • vacuum Reading: Identify the Main Idea • microgravity Inquiry: Draw Conclusions

Vacuum The invisible air around you fills your classroom. But space has no air and is nearly a vacuum, a place that is empty of all Identify the Main Idea matter except for a few atoms and molecules. Without oxygen, Read the section entitled astronauts in space could not breathe, so spacecraft must be airtight. ­"Vacuum." Underline the Because space is a vacuum containing almost no matter, the has sentences that describe how little effect on the temperature. However, the sun can affect the surface spacecrafts help humans to temperature of a spacecraft, raising it to 121°C. In shadow, the surface ­survive in space. temperature can fall below −150°C. Spacecraft must be well-insulated to protect astronauts from the extreme temperatures outside. Microgravity Figure 1 Have you ever floated in a swimming pool? Eating in Space Astronauts experience a similar feeling of , or Astronaut Sunita Williams eats a microgravity, when in orbit. Your mass doesn’t change in space, taco in orbit. but step on a scale, and your weight registers as zero. Despite the Draw Conclusions How is ­microgravity, ­astronauts are still affected by Earth’s gravity. In fact, eating in space different from Earth’s ­gravity is holding them in orbit. They feel weightless because eating on Earth? Why does they are ­actually “falling” through space with their spacecraft. But her food have to be strapped the ­orbiting spacecraft is moving too quickly to fall to Earth. down? Figure 1 shows astronaut Sunita Williams ­experiencing ­microgravity. Engineers must create devices, such as drink ­containers whose contents don’t float off, so that humans can ­survive in ­microgravity conditions. Because long periods in ­microgravity can cause health problems, scientists are trying to ­discover how to reduce its effects on people.

431 Figure 2 Space Repairs Astronauts making repairs in space Space Equipment How do astronauts live and work in space experience sharp dips or spikes in the temperature, with swings under such extreme conditions? During spacewalks, they wear a that are more than 260°C in a life-support system. A specially designed spacesuit offers protection ­few minutes. for as along as eight hours and also provides astronauts with the Infer Why might the oxygen they need to breathe. A spacesuit’s layers also protect its ­temperature change so quickly wearers against space’s near-vacuum conditions and radiation. while an astronaut is making a Astronauts in orbit also need specialized tools that can handle repair in space? the extreme conditions in space. For example, repair work in microgravity conditions requires tools that can withstand quick temperature swings of about 260°C (500°F). Working in the extreme conditions of space is difficult, so astronauts train for their missions in an undersea facility called the Aquarius. This facility allows astronauts to get used to the conditions they will experience once they leave Earth. The 122 square meters of lab and living space is cramped. And the sensation of reduced gravity experienced by divers in the waters outside the structure duplicates the sensation of living and working when in orbit.

Do the Quick Lab Lab Living on Mars. zone Find the lab online. Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 1a. Describe How does special equipment help gotit? astronauts live and work in space? I get it! Now I know conditions in space that differ from those on Earth include

I need extra help with

432 Exploring Space TEKS 11C In this section, What Are Our Next Steps you will examine probes and human missions that are in Space? planned for the future. We know where we’ve been—to the moon and back—and what we’ve already accomplished. Our next steps in space include Figure 3 continuing to study the solar system with space probes and Space Probes launching humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Recall that For many decades, NASA has been probes are spacecrafts that explore the solar system and then report sending probes into space. In the their findings back to Earth. Probes, which contain sophisticated future, new probes will continue to equipment, do not transport astronauts. explore the solar system Infer Why do you think there have been so many missions to Mars? Messenger MESSENGER’s mission to ­Mercury, the sun’s closest planet, began in 2004. The probe was designed to study the planet and answer ­questions about how the solar ­system formed. In 2012, the probe ­discovered water ice at Mercury's poles.

New Horizons Three billion miles InSight and nine years—New InSight is scheduled to begin ­Horizons left Earth in its journey to Mars in March 2006 and should reach 2016 and to arrive at its and its moon ­destination six months later. Charon in 2015. It will Once it lands, its equipment study the ­atmospheres will dig up soil samples ­and and ­surfaces of those try to answer ­questions about ­distant bodies. how planets form.

Curiosity The Mars Science Laboratory, known as the rover Curiosity, landed on the Red Planet in August 2012. It will gather and test rocks and soil, providing clues about whether life once existed on Mars and if it could ­support humans in the future.

433 Piloted Missions Only a few Apollo missions have taken humans outside low Earth orbit, which extends to about 2,000 km (1,200 miles) above Earth. Launching astronauts farther into space has proven to be expensive and dangerous, requiring a great deal of fuel. Today, however, NASA and its private-industry partners are developing a new spacecraft to take humans beyond low Earth orbit—the Orion MPCV (Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle). Its design is based on many advances in areas of science and technology, such as communications, structural design, propulsion, navigation, power, and life support. The most powerful rocket ever constructed, the System (SLS) that is currently under development, will carry the Orion MPCV aloft. With cutting-edge lift capability, the SLS booster could launch humans aboard Orion Figure 4 to the moon, nearby asteroids, and finally to Mars! Low Earth Orbit Few space missions with Private Enterprise NASA has long partnered with private ­astronauts have traveled beyond industry. After the shuttle program ended, NASA began saving LEO. both time and money by awarding the job of supplying food to Why have the ISS to the lowest-bidding companies and also by ­establishing only a few crewed space ­partnerships with commercial companies. This cost-cutting missions gone beyond LEO? ­measure allows NASA to focus on the development of Orion and the SLS. For example, the aerospace company SpaceX built the Dragon capsule with an investment of $380 million from NASA. applyit! ▲ During long space In 2012, students from Johnston Middle School and missions in microgravity conditions, Parker Elementary School, both located in Houston, bone tends to lose some of its mass, Texas, worked together to design an experiment to making it difficult for astronauts to adjust to test if vitamin C can help preserve bone density in regular gravity when they return to Earth. microgravity. Their experiment was ferried to the ISS on SpaceX‘s Dragon‘s capsule. Why might NASA want to involve middle school students in designing real experiments for ▼ SpaceX‘s Dragon capsule serves travel to space? as a supply ship so that the ISS‘s stock of food and other important materials doesn‘t run out.

434 Exploring Space Y TH PL E P

A TEKS Machines or Humans? How do space missions help us learn about the 11C solar system?

Figure 5 Space Missions There are advantages and disadvantages to each type of space mission. Compare and Contrast Compare the two types of ­missions. Provide an example of a risk that occurs with each type of mission. Provide an example of a benefit to our ­knowledge of space.

Probes Risk:

Benefit:

Piloted Missions Risk:

Benefit:

Do the Quick Lab Lab Space and Texas. zone Find the lab online. Assess Your Understanding TEKS 11C 2a. Identify What is Curiosity? gotit? I get it! Now I know our next steps in space include

b. Describe Describe the essential equipment and transportation needed to support human exploration of deep space in the future.

I need extra help with

435 Y TH PL E P

A TEKS

2D, 2E

Are you adventurous enough to try life on a different planet? One day, there may be Answer the following questions. entire colonies of humans on Mars. But there 1. Interpret Tables In the table below, circle are several challenges that must be analyzed the coldest temperature and underline the first before they can be overcome. warmest temperature. One challenge involves supplies. Each colonist would need about 30 kilograms of Time Interval Temperature food, water, and air each day. That is far too o much to carry to Mars on a spaceship. So 1 –66 C colonists might have to build a greenhouse 2 –71oC whose fruits, vegetables, and plants could o provide both food and some breathable air. 3 –72 C The temperature ranges on Mars can be 4 –61oC extreme. During the summer, the noontime 5 o temperature can reach 21°C at the equator. –39 C At the poles, however, it can sink to –143°C 6 –16oC at night. A mission to Mars will require o equipment that can work well in these 7 –8 C extremes. 8 –19oC The table here shows a list of typical 9 o temperatures that might be recorded on –34 C Mars over a series of equal time intervals. 10 –50oC 11 –64oC o 12 –70 C 13 –75oC 14 –61oC o 15 –38 C o 16 –17 C

436 Exploring Space 2. Construct Graphs In the space below, construct a graph using the data from the table, with temperature along the vertical axis and time along the horizontal axis. Identify any patterns you see on the graph.

­Martian day, more than

­Martian day? Explain your reasoning. 3. Infer Do you think that these data include one one Martian day, or part of one

Assume the patterns in your graph continue into the future. At 4. Predict time interval 20, do you think it will be cooler or warmer than at time interval 16? Explain your reasoning by telling which time interval will have temperatures the most like time interval 20.

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10 TEKS Practice TEKS 11C

LESSON 1 The Science of Rockets LESSON 2 The History of Space 1. Which term names a device that expels gas in Exploration one direction in order to move in the opposite 5. What is any object that revolves around direction? another object in space? a. space station b. rover a. rocket b. vacuum c. space probe d. rocket c. satellite d. shuttle

2. A jet airplane is like a rocket because it expels 6. The launch of fueled the hot to the rear to move the airplane competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to explore space. forward. But unlike rockets, jets do not go fast enough to achieve orbital or escape . 7. Make Generalizations How did the space race further space exploration? Use the illustration to answer the question below.

8. Write About It List some major challenges a Mars mission might face, and suggest possible solutions. How will the crew’s basic needs be met on the long journey?

LESSON 3 The Future of Space Exploration 9. Which of the following is a likely goal for the near future of space exploration? 3. Apply Concepts The diagram shows a rocket lifting off. What does each arrow represent? a. Look for life on the moon b. Send crewed missions to Mercury c. Develop light-speed space travel d. Develop the technology to send crewed missions to Mars

10. is the underwater ­facility where astronauts learn how to work and ­function in space-like conditions. 4. Write About It How did the invention of the multistage rocket influence space exploration? 11. Apply Concepts Why has NASA rarely sent astronauts beyond low Earth orbit?

438 IIEW TH V EE EE How do space missions help us RR TEKS Interactive Science Chapter 10 learn about the solar system? 11C 12. When planning for future space exploration, Lesson 1 should NASA focus more on crewed or In Lesson 10.1, you learned that rockets are uncrewed missions? Write out your argument, an important type of equipment providing the and support your position with facts you have transportation needed for space travel. Rockets learned about each type of mission. work by burning fuel. The action of the gases shooting out of the back of the rocket results in a reaction that propels the rocket forward. Multistage rockets are able to go much higher because they drop the part of the rocket that is no longer needed when its fuel is used up. TEKS 11C

Lesson 2 In Lesson 10.2, you learned about the history of space exploration and the space race’s first achievements. The Soviet Union put both the first artificial satellite and the first human into space. But the United States put the first humans on the moon. You learned the difference between space shuttles, space stations, and probes. Shuttles were used to transport people and equipment into low Earth orbit. Space stations are in orbit for many years and can house crews in space. Probes are uncrewed vehicles that can travel deep into the solar system. TEKS 11C

Lesson 3 In Lesson 10.3, you learned about the types of equipment that will be needed to transport humans into deep space and also to explore the more distant planets and moons of our solar system. Astronauts train at an underwater facility where the cramped conditions and sensation of reduced gravity experienced by divers operating in ocean waters resemble the environment in space. Space probe missions make it possible to explore space without human crews. Partnerships between NASA and private enterprise help provide resources for future space exploration. TEKS 11C

439 ★ TEKS Practice: Chapter Review

Read each question and choose the best answer.

1 The diagram below shows seven steps in launching a multistage rocket that is carrying astronauts into space.

Multistage Rocket

Step 2 of the diagram shows the first stage separating from the rest of the rocket. What is different about the first stage when it separates as compared to when the rocket blasts off?

A At first, it was empty. At Step 2, it fills with fuel and falls off. B At first, it was full of fuel. At Step 2, it separates when it is empty. C At first, the astronauts were in it. After blast off, the astronauts climb into the second stage. D At first, it was empty. Once the rocket is off the ground, the astronauts climb in and fly it away.

2 A team of scientists is testing a rover that will be sent to Mars to collect and analyze samples of rock and soil. The scientists send it out onto a field on Earth that resembles the surface of Mars. During the test, they communicate with the rover and control it through satellites orbiting Earth. What is a feature of the rover that they cannot investigate during the test?

F How it responds to different types of soil G How it reacts when it comes upon a large rock H How it moves while experiencing reduced gravity J How it sends information from a planet into space

440 Exploring Space ★ TEKS Practice: Cumulative Review

3 A jewelry maker purchases an obsidian rock because it has a smooth, glassy surface. She is told that it is an igneous rock. Which statement best explains why the rock has such a smooth texture?

A It forms from the remains of smooth plants that are compressed together. B It forms from other rocks that are melted together into a smoother form. C It forms from lava that cools quickly and does not form any rough crystals. D It forms from smaller rocks that are cemented together and smoothed by water.

4 Imagine that you are an astronomer whose team has discovered a new object in the solar system. It is smaller than all of the known planets. However, like the known planets, this new object has cleared out all other objects in its path. It the sun just past . The picture below shows what this new object looks like.

Another member of your team wants to claim that your team has discovered a new planet. You disagree. Why can you not classify the object as a planet?

F It is not spherical. G It is smaller than the known planets. H It is farther away from the sun than Neptune. J All of these

If You Have Trouble With . . . Question 1 2 3 4 See Lesson 10.1 10.3 7.3 9.6 TEKS 6.11C 6.11C 6.10B 6.11A

441 TEKS 11C

It was 1961 when President John F. the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in honor of Kennedy announced that America would Lyndon B. Johnson, the late U.S. president land humans on the moon within a decade. and native of Texas. NASA needed a place from which the In the 1960s, the Johnson Space Center agency could manage and supervise prepared astronauts for long-duration crewed space missions. The site would space flights and developed methods have to satisfy several requirements. that enabled orbiting spacecraft to dock. For example, it had to be close to The JSC directed the Apollo 11 mission, transportation hubs such as airports with which successfully landed two men on the commercial jet service. More than 20 sites moon in 1969. In 1973, the JSC monitored vied for the center. On September 19, and supervised Skylab, America's first 1961, NASA announced that the Manned experimental space station. Spacecraft Center would be built in Houston. In 1973, the center was renamed

Mission Control is where the flight director and NASA technicians monitor crewed spacecraft missions, such as the International Space Station (ISS) and, in the past, the . There are many consoles in the Flight Control Room. Each console continues to serve as a base for a flight control team. At the front of the ISS room are consoles for several operations. The Flight Dynamics Officer plans the movement of the spacecraft. An Ascent/Entry Guidance and Procedures console guides the launches and reentries of spacecraft. The Ground Controller monitors Mission Control’s hardware, software, and support facilities.

442 Exploring Space Astronauts The Johnson Space Center is where America’s astronauts complete their training. Thousands of applicants compete for a very few slots in the Astronaut Candidate training program. Applicants must have a bachelor’s degree in science, engineering, or math, and candidates with advanced degrees are preferred.

The Future The 30-year-old space shuttle program came to an end in 2011. Does that also mean the end of the Johnson Space Center? While some jobs will be lost, the center will still employ 14,000 workers to support the ISS and other projects. The Orion project is one. It is focused on creating a new multi-purpose crew vehicle that will allow humans to go deeper into space than ever before. The Johnson Space Center is also home to Robonaut 2 (R2), a humanoid designed to work in the ISS. R2 will be used for work that is dangerous or boring for human astronauts. For example, R2 could take airflow measurements by holding a gauge in front of air vents. Although the days of the space shuttle may be behind the Johnson Space Center, the future of the center itself continues to look bright.

Research It The Johnson Space Center features many different divisions, such as the Division and the Habitability and Environmental Factors Division. Research one of the divisions at the Johnson Space Center, and write a report describing its accomplishments, its areas of specialization, and the equipment it uses to fulfill its mission.

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