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Early History of Space Exploration Directions: Unscramble Each Word CHAPTER 19 LESSON 2 Exploring Space Early History of Space Exploration Key Concepts • How are rockets and artificial satellites used? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide • Why do scientists send whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you’ve read both crewed and this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. uncrewed missions into space? Before Statement After • What are some ways 3. Humans have walked on the Moon. that people use space 4. Some orthodontic braces were developed technology to improve life using space technology. on Earth? 3TUDY#OACH Create a Quiz Write a quiz question for each paragraph. Rockets Answer the question with Think about listening to a music recording. Now think information from the about how different it is to hear the same music at a live paragraph. Then work with a concert. This is like the difference between exploring space partner to quiz each other. from a distance, with a telescope, and actually going there. Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright A big problem in launching an object into space is overcoming the force of Earth’s gravity. This is done with rockets. A rocket is a vehicle designed to propel itself by ejecting exhaust gas from one end. Fuel burned inside the rocket builds up pressure. Exhaust gases ejected from the end of a rocket push it forward. Rocket engines do not draw in oxygen from the surrounding air to burn their fuel, like jet engines. They carry their oxygen with them. This is how rockets can Key Concept Check operate in space, where there is very little oxygen. 1. Describe How are Scientists launch rockets from Florida’s Cape Canaveral rockets used in space Air Force Station or the Kennedy Space Center nearby. exploration? However, space missions are managed by scientists at several different research stations around the country. Artificial Satellites Any small object that orbits a larger object is a satellite. The Moon is a natural satellite of Earth. Artificial satellites are made by people and launched by rockets. They orbit Earth or other bodies in space and transmit radio signals to Earth. 332 Exploring Space Reading Essentials CC190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd 8 11/11/10/11/10 88:28:17:28:17 PPMM The First Satellites—Sputnik and Explorer The first artificial satellite sent into Earth’s orbit was Sputnik 1. The former Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 in Make a vertical two-tab book and record what you learn 1957. Many people think the space age began with the about crewed and uncrewed launching of Sputnik. space missions under each tab. In 1958, the United States launched its first Earth- orbiting satellite, Explorer I. Today, thousands of satellites Crewed orbit Earth. Missions How Satellites Are Used The military developed the earliest satellites. These satellites were used for navigation and to gather information. Uncrewed Missions Today, Earth-orbiting satellites are also used to send television and telephone signals and to monitor weather and climate. A group of satellites called the Global Positioning System (GPS) is used for navigation in cars, boats, airplanes, and even for hiking. Key Concept Check 2. Explain How are Earth- Early Exploration of the Solar System orbiting satellites used? In 1958, the U.S. Congress established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA oversees all U.S. space missions, including space telescopes. Some early steps in U.S. space exploration are shown in the following table. Early U.S. Space Exploration Date Event First rocket: Robert Goddard’s liquid-fueled rocket rose Interpreting Tables 1926 12 m into the air. 3. Determine How many First U.S. satellite: Explorer 1 was launched. It orbited years after the first rocket 1958 Earth 58,000 times before burning up in Earth’s was the first U.S. satellite atmosphere in 1970. launched into space? First planetary probe: Mariner 2 traveled to Venus and 1962 collected data for 3 months. The craft now orbits the Sun. First probe to outer solar system: After flying past 1972 Jupiter, Pioneer 10 continues to travel through space. Someday, it will exit our solar system. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright Reading Essentials Exploring Space 333 CC190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd 9 11/11/10/11/10 88:28:26:28:26 PPMM CC190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd PPageage 1100 44/4/11/4/11 88:14:44:14:44 PPMM uuserser //Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials...Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials... Space Probes Some spacecraft have human crews, but most do not. SCIENCE USE V. COMMON USE A space probe is an uncrewed spacecraft sent from Earth to explore probe objects in space. Space probes are robots that work automatically Science Use an uncrewed or by remote control. They take pictures and gather data. spacecraft Probes are cheaper to build than crewed spacecraft. They Common Use question or can also make trips that would be too long or too dangerous examine closely for humans. Space probes are not designed to return to Earth. Radio waves relay the data they gather back to Earth. The following table describes three major types of space Key Concept Check probes. 4. Summarize Why do scientists send uncrewed missions to space? Space Probes Type Description When orbiters reach their destination, they use rockets to Orbiters slow down enough to be captured in a planet’s orbit. The length of their orbit depends on their fuel supply. Landers touch down on surfaces. Sometimes they release Landers rovers. Landers use rockets and parachutes to slow down Interpreting Tables as they land. 5. State Which type of Flybys do not orbit or land. When a flyby finishes its probe might use a Flybys mission, it continues traveling through space. It parachute? eventually leaves the solar system. Lunar and Planetary Probes Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright The United States and the former Soviet Union sent the first probes to the Moon in 1959. Probes to the Moon are called lunar probes. The term lunar refers to anything related to the Moon. The flyby Mariner 2 was the first spacecraft to gather information from another planet. It was sent to Venus in 1962. Since then, space probes have been sent to all the planets. Future Spaceflight Sending humans into space was a major goal of the early space program. However, scientists worried that radiation from the Sun and weightlessness in space might hurt people’s health. So they first sent dogs, monkeys, and chimpanzees. In 1961, the first human—an astronaut from the former Soviet Union—was launched into Earth’s orbit. Not much later, the first American astronaut orbited Earth. 334 Exploring Space Reading Essentials P rinter P DF CC190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd PPageage 1111 44/4/11/4/11 88:15:14:15:14 PPMM uuserser //Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials...Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials... The Apollo Program In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy challenged the American people to place a person on the Moon by the end of the decade. The result was Project Apollo—a series of space missions designed to send people to the Moon. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 11 astronauts, were the first people to walk on the Moon. Reading Check Space Transportation Systems 6. Identify What was the goal of Project Apollo? Early spacecraft and the rockets used to launch them were used only once. Space shuttles are reusable spacecraft that transport people and materials to and from space. Space shuttles return to Earth and land much like airplanes. NASA’s fleet of space shuttles began operating in 1981. As the shuttles got older, NASA began developing a new transportation system, Orion, to replace them. The International Space Station The United States has its own space program. But it also works with the space programs of other countries. In 1998, it 7. Consider Why did joined 15 other nations to begin building the International NASA develop space shuttles? Space Station, which is shown in the figure below. The International Space Station is an Earth-orbiting research laboratory. Astronauts from many countries have been working and living there since 2000. Research conducted aboard the International Space Station includes studying fungus, plant growth, and how human body systems react to low gravity conditions. International Space Station Visual Check 8. Identify What are some obvious features of the International Space Station? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright Reading Essentials Exploring Space 335 P rinter P DF CC190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd190_008_013_RE_L2_889407.indd PPageage 1122 44/4/11/4/11 88:15:21:15:21 PPMM uuserser //Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials...Volumes/114/READING_ESSENTIALS_SCIENCE/iScience_Reading_Essentials... Space Technology The space program needs materials that can survive the extreme temperatures and pressures of space. Many of these materials have been applied to everyday life on Earth. New Materials Space materials must protect people from extreme conditions. They also must be flexible and strong. Materials developed for spacesuits are now used to make racing suits for swimmers, lightweight firefighting gear, running shoes, Reading Check and other sports clothing. 9. Identify Name two Safety and Health everyday items that use materials that were originally NASA developed a strong, fibrous material to make developed for space. parachute cords for spacecraft that land on planets and moons.
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