Building on the two prior CIES governance studies, this is the third FIFA-mandated research analysing governance relationships in football. This book focuses on those Editions CIES between football’s employers (clubs, leagues and even NAs) and its labour force. Based on a sample of forty countries across all six confederations and questionnaires from players’ associations, leagues and national associations, this research surveys and compares the diverse ‘management-labour’ approaches and scenarios in both men and women’s professional football worldwide. GOVERNANCE RELATIONSHIPS The authors place a special focus on players’ associations and highlight the variety of IN FOOTBALL BETWEEN structures found world-wide. The findings here contribute to a better understanding MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR of the systems, models and relationships in place around the globe when it comes to PLAYERS, CLUBS, LEAGUES & NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ‘management’ and ‘labour’. This book explores the representation of Kevin Tallec Marston, Camille Boillat & Fernando Roitman players within decision-making structures at club, league and national association level as well as the regulatory contexts and negotiation instruments linking players and management - such as collaborative agreements/MoUs, CBAs, minimum contract requirements and dispute resolution. In addition, this study provides a first ever global exploration of some of the inner workings of players’ associations and an overview of the key issues in professional football from the player’s perspective. The final chapter offers several models and frameworks illustrating the governance relationships between players and management. All three authors work at the International Centre for Sport Studies (CIES). Kevin Tallec Marston earned his PhD in history and works as research fellow and academic projects manager. Camille Boillat has a masters in geography and works as a scientific collaborator. Fernando Roitman has masters in economics and sport management A research mandate and works as a project manager. on behalf of K. Tallec Marston, C. Boillat & F. Roitman - Governance relationships in football between management and labour Roitman - Governance relationships Marston, C. Boillat & F. K. Tallec GOVERNANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN FOOTBALL BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR PLAYERS, CLUBS, LEAGUES & NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS CENTRE INTERNATIONAL D’ÉTUDE DU SPORT Réflexions sportives Edited by Denis Oswald and Christophe Jaccoud Vol. 7 The collection, Réflexions sportives, features conference proceedings organised or co-organised by CIES, as well as ongoing studies undertaken by experienced and novice researchers. Its aim is to promote CIES as a platform for academic debate, to produce work on topical subjects as well as offer publication opportunities to talented researchers. Editorial Board Hon. Prof. Denis Oswald (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES Scientific Director), Prof. Christophe Jaccoud (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Dr Raffaele Poli (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Vincent Schatzmann (CIES General Secre- tary), Dr Roger Besson (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Thomas Busset (CIES) and Dr Kevin Tallec Marston (CIES and De Montfort University) GOVERNANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN FOOTBALL BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR PLAYERS, CLUBS, LEAGUES & NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Kevin Tallec Marston, Camille Boillat & Fernando Roitman Editions CIES - Collection Réflexions sportives - Neuchâtel 2017 Le Centre International d’Etude du Sport (CIES), institution scientifique créée en 1995 d’un partenariat entre la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), l’Université de Neuchâtel, la Ville et le Canton de Neuchâtel, a pour mis-sion de développer, dans une perspective de type pluridisciplinaire (juridique, so-ciologique, géographique, économique et historique), des activités de recherche, de formation et de consulting au service de la communauté sportive. Le CIES a pour vocation de servir de passerelle entre les mondes de la recherche, de l’enseignement et la communauté sportive. The International Centre for Sport Studies (CIES), a scientific institution created in 1995 as a result of the joint venture between the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the University of Neuchâtel and the Town and State of Neuchâtel, aims to develop, using a multi-disciplinary approach (law, sociology, geography, economics and history), research, education and consulting activities to provide to the sports world. The CIES’ purpose is to serve as bridge between the research and education worlds and the sports world. © Copyright CIES - Centre International d’Etude du Sport Avenue DuPeyrou 1 CH - 2000 Neuchâtel (Suisse) Tél : +41 (0)32 718 39 00 Fax : +41 (0)32 718 39 01 Contact : [email protected] www.cies.ch ISBN 2-940241-28-7 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the organisations that provided us with relevant information and supported the research process. With forty national associations, twenty-five leagues and twenty-seven play- ers’ associations in our research sample, there are too many individuals to mention here by name. We are grateful for the time and effort spent by all the national federations, leagues and players’ associations that responded to the surveys. We would like to thank FIFPro, specifically Frederique Winia and Jonas Baer-Hoffmann, who served as efficient and helpful ‘gatekeepers’. Their assistance in contacting national players’ associations, following up for the questionnaires as well as answering a host of questions was essential for the completion of this project. Additional support and comments from CIES legal colleagues (Nejat Haciömeroglu and Erika Riedl) were invaluable dur- ing the writing and editing phase of the project. Finally, as with the first two governance projects, FIFA was at the origin of this research with its continued desire to better understand the variety of governance relationships concerning professional stakeholders in the global football pyramid. We wish to convey our thanks to James Johnson, Head of the Professional Football Department, for his continuous support and knowledge of the topic and to Sebastian Neuf for his assistance in contacting various national associations and leagues. Any errors in the text are the authors’ alone. Table of contents Acronyms ...............................................XVII Definitions .............................................XXIII Preface .................................................XXV I. Introduction ............................................1 1. Background ............................................1 2. Research questions, aims, scope and methodology ...............3 2.1. Questions and objectives ................................3 2.2. Research scope and limitations ............................4 3. Methodology ...........................................6 4. Structure ...............................................7 II. The actors ..............................................11 1. The football structure within a country – different stakeholders and different roles .......................................11 2. The three main entities of the national professional football governance pyramid: national association, league and clubs .......12 2.1. Relationships between the national association and the league ....12 2.2. Influence of the national association and the league on club governance and vice versa ..............................16 VIII Governance relationships in football between management and labour 2.3. Role of governing bodies as regards players’ status, contracts and transfers .................................19 3. The national players’ association – its place and function .........21 3.1. General information ..................................25 3.2. Representation & membership of players within players’ associations .........................................30 3.3. Internal governance of players’ associations ..................43 4. Summary .............................................46 III. Representation of players in the national decision-making structures of football .....................................49 1. Introduction to the representation of different stakeholders .......50 2. Representation of players at club level ........................52 3. Representation of players at league level ......................53 4. Representation of players at NA level ........................56 5. Other forms of interaction ................................62 6. Summary – Importance of player representation in football governing bodies ........................................66 IV. Exploration of regulatory contexts, contractual mechanisms and negotiation instruments ...............................69 1. Overview of state and football regulatory environments ..........69 1.1. Overall regulatory environment ..........................70 Table of contents IX 2. National association and league relations with players’ associations - Affiliation ..................................75 3. Collaborative agreements/MoUs ............................78 4. CBAs ................................................82 5. Players’ contracts .......................................88 6. Contract Minimum Requirements ..........................95 6.1. Player’s rights/employer’s obligations .......................96 6.2. Employer’s rights/player’s obligations ......................101 7. Dispute resolution and procedures .........................106 8. Recurring issues in labour relations for players’