Disaster Risk Management in South Asia: a Regional Overview

DISASTER RISK & CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT DSouth CAsia Region - World Bank The World Bank Group • South Asia Region Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Unit • Sustainable Development Network December 2012 DISASTER RISK & CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT DSouth CAsia Region - World Bank Disaster Risk Management in South Asia: A Regional Overview The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. Internet: www.worldbank.org All Rights Reserved Printed in Washington, DC First Printing: December, 2012 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denomina- tions, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of The World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly grant permission to reproduce portions of the work under normal circumstances. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, as well as all other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, please send a request with complete details to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. The World Bank Art direction: Vladimir Herrera Disaster Risk Management in South Asia: A Regional Overview –Washington, DC : The World Bank : GFDRR, 2012. 106p: x. 1. Disaster Risk Management Natural Disasters 2. Sustainable Development World Bank iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments . vii Introduction . 1 Natural Disasters: An Increasing Threat to Development . 3 The Forces of Nature: Hazards in the South Asia Region �� 9 Major Drivers of Increases in Disasters �� 13 Prevention is Better than Cure: Build Capacity and Reduce Vulnerability �� 23 Annex 1: Regional Hazard Profile . 31 Floods. 31 Cyclones. 33 Earthquakes �� 33 Droughts . 34 Landslides . 35 Annex 2: Country Profiles . 37 Afghanistan . 39 Bangladesh. 47 Bhutan . 57 India . 65 Maldives �� 73 Nepal . 79 Pakistan . 87 Sri Lanka. 95 Figures Figure 1: Number of Disaster Events in South Asia (1970-2010) . 4 Figure 2: Trends in Economic Losses Associated with Natural Disasters in South Asia (1971-2010) �� 5 Figure 3: Events and Impacts of Disasters in SAR �� 6 Figure 4: Absolute and Relative Multi-Hazard Mortality Risk for Tropical Cyclones, Floods, Earthquakes, and Landslides . 6 Figure 5: Monsoon Precipitation Patterns �� 9 Figure 6: Flood and Cyclone Occurrence in South Asia (1971–2010) �� 10 Figure 7: Population at Risk of Specific Hazards �� 11 iv DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ASIA: A REGIONAL OVERVIEW Figure 8: Actual and Projected Population Growth in SAR (1950-2050) . 13 Figure 9: Population at Risk in 2000 vs. 2050 �� 14 Figure 10: Indexed Gross Fixed Capital Formation – 100 in base year 1965 �� 15 Figure 11: Population trends in SAR (1950-2050) . 16 Figure 12: Growth of Cities in SAR (1950-2050) . 17 Figure 13: Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2010) �� 20 Figure 14: Benefits of Investing in Risk Mitigation . 25 Figure 15: Combining Financial Instruments to Address Various Layers of Risk �� 28 Figure 16: Total number of natural disasters in SA from 1960-2009 by type of event . 32 Figure 17: Flood Risk in SAR �� 32 Figure 18: Cyclone Risk in SAR �� 33 Figure 19: Earthquake Risk in SAR. 34 Figure 20: Drought Risk in SAR . 34 Figure 21: Landslide Risk in SAR �� 35 Figure 22: Map of Afghanistan �� 39 Figure 23: Percentage distribution of reported disaster in Afghanistan (1970-2009) �� 39 Figure 24: Average Annual Economic Loss of Afghanistan �� 39 Figure 25: Map of Bangladesh . 47 Figure 26: Percentage Distribution of Reported Disaster in Bangladesh (1970-2009) �� 47 Figure 27: Average Annual Economic Loss of Bangladesh . 47 Figure 28: Map of Bhutan . 57 Figure 29: Percentage of Distribution of Reported Disasters in Bhutan (1970-2009) . 57 Figure 30: Map of India �� 65 Figure 31: Percentage Distribution of Reported Disasters in India (1970-2009) . 65 Figure 32: Average Annual Economic Loss of India �� 65 Figure 33: Map of Maldives . 73 Figure 34: Percentage Distribution of Reported Disasters in Maldives (1970-2009) �� 73 Figure 35: Map of Nepal . 79 Figure 36: Percentage Distribution of Reported Disasters in Nepal (1970-2009) �� 79 Figure 37: Average Annual Economic Loss of Nepal . 79 Figure 38: VDC wise Distribution of Deaths Due to Natural Disasters . 81 Figure 39: Map of Pakistan . 87 Figure 40: Percentage Distribution of Reported Disasters in Pakistan (1970-2009) . 87 Figure 41: Average Annual Economic Loss of Pakistan . 87 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Figure 42: Map of Sri Lanka . 95 Figure 43: Percentage of Distribution of Reported Disasters in Sri Lanka (1970-2009) �� 95 Figure 44: Average Annual Economic Loss of Sri Lanka �� 95 Figure 45: Hazard Profile of Sri Lanka . 96 Figure 46: National Council for Disaster Management �� 97 Figure 47: Overview of Disaster Management Coordination Mechanism in Sri Lanka �� 98 Boxes Box 1: The Next Big Earthquake in Nepal �� 18 Box 2: Cyclone Disaster Mitigation in Bangladesh �� 26 Tables Table 1: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Afghanistan’s DRM Sector �� 43 Table 2: GFDRR Investments in Afghanistan’s DRM Sector �� 44 Table 3: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Bangladesh’s DRM Sector . 54 Table 4: GFDRR Investments in Bangladesh’s DRM Sector �� 55 Table 5: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Bhutan’s DRM Sector �� 62 Table 6: GFDRR Investments in Bhutan’s DRM Sector . 63 Table 7: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in India’s DRM Sector �� 70 Table 8: GFDRR Investments in India’s DRM Sector . 71 Table 9: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Maldives’ DRM Sector . 76 Table 10: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Nepal’s DRM Sector . 84 Table 11: GFDRR Investments in Nepal’s DRM Sector �� 85 Table 12: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Pakistan’s DRM Sector . 92 Table 13: GFDRR Investments in Pakistan’s DRM Capacity �� 93 Table 14: World Bank and Key Multilateral and Bilateral Investments in Sri Lanka’s DRM Sector . 103 Table 15: GFDRR Investments in Sri Lanka’s DRM Sector �� 104 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This publication was composed by the South Asia Region Disaster Risk Management Team of the World Bank. The team would like to recognize the work of the following members: Bernice Van Bronkhorst, Sector Manager, Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Unit; Saurabh Dani, Disaster Risk Management Specialist, India Country Office; Marc Forni, Senior Disaster

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