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Land-Use Change, Frankincense Production and the Sustainability of Boswellia Sacra in Dhofar (Oman)

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Land-Use Change, Frankincense Production and the Sustainability of Boswellia Sacra in Dhofar (Oman) Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Extraction in Arid Environments: Land-use Change, Frankincense Production and the Sustainability of Boswellia sacra in Dhofar (Oman) Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Farah, Mohamud Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 17:46:11 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195762 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT (NTFP) EXTRACTION IN ARID ENVIRONMENTS: LAND-USE CHANGE, FRANKINCENSE PRODUCTION AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BOSWELLIA SACRA IN DHOFAR (OMAN) by Mohamud Haji Farah _________________________ Copyright © Mohamud Haji Farah 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN ARID LANDS RESOURCE SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 8 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Mohamud Haji Farah entitled Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Extraction in Arid Environments: Land-Use Change, Frankincense Production and the Sustainability of Boswellia sacra in Dhofar (Oman) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: November, 2005 Charles F. Hutchinson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: November, 2005 Stuart E. Marsh _______________________________________________________________________ Date: November, 2005 Michael E. Bonine Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2008 Dissertation Director: Charles F. Hutchinson 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Mohamud Haji Farah 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praises be to Allah for giving me the health, patience and strength to achieve this milestone. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my precious family members, relatives, friends, colleagues, mentors, advisors and teachers for their help, valuable advice, constructive suggestions, and priceless feedback that were instrumental in shaping this document. Special thanks to my wife Nura Dualeh for her unwavering support, love and kindness throughout my career. Thanks for the optimism, positive outlook and encouragement that lifted my spirits. Thanks to Karima Dualeh who during her battle with cancer taught me about courage, compassion and staying the course. Thanks to my biggest mentor and hero (my brother Hassan) for taking me under his wing and giving me the opportunity to jump-start my quest for education in America. I specially thank the Fulbright Association for the graduate research grant that enabled me to carry out this research project. I also thank Sultan Qaboos University’s College of Agriculture for hosting me, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Range and Forestry Department, Ministry of Regional Municipalities & Environment, Ministry of Water Resources, the Public Authority for Marketing Agricultural Products, and Amouage Corporation for providing valuable data, logistics and technical support in Musqat and Salalah. I wish to express my deep gratitude to my committee members, mentors and colleagues. My committee chair, advisor, mentor and teacher Dr Charles Hutchinson for helping me explore and identify the thread that weaves the parts together to tell this story. Dr. Stuart Marsh for his guidance, and his ever-present financial, academic and moral support. Dr Michael Bonine and Dr. Peter Ffolliott for their edits and feedback. Dr. Barron Orr, Dr Barbara Eiswerth, and Hugo Rodgriguez for the friendship and support; Dr. Maria Teresa Velez for financial assistance and encouragement; and Mark Borgstrom for timely data assistance. Special thanks to my Tucson family, so broad and loving, for their unwavering support during the completion of this project. In Oman thanks go to Dr Jama and the extended Galal family – especially Ahmed Jama Galal, for giving my son, Hanad, and I a home away from home. Special thanks also go to Ahmed Alkatheri, government administrator author, for giving me insight into the cultural and traditional etiquette in Dhofar. Finally, I would like to thank Ali Al-Shahri, Mohamed Al Mashekhi, the Salalah hiking group, the Somali elders, Omani elders, guides and harvesters in Dhofar for their hospitality and generosity. 5 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my family, especially my mother Haji Jookho who did not have the privilege of attending school and my father Haji Farah who was a self-educated man. My parents instilled in me the importance of school. Though they have both passed away, they continue to guide, inspire and motivate me to ensure that their investment and faith lives on in a life committed to God, family, service, community and the pursuit of knowledge. I also dedicate this to my sisters Maryan and Khadra, brothers Hassan and Ahmed and their extended family; Haji Ahmed Kayse Dualeh the first Somali college graduate and his wife Haji Qamar. Special thanks to my wife and friend Nura and my children Hanad, Hassan and Habon. I could not have done this without your constant encouragement and patience. Special dedication to those who passed away may Allah bless their souls. Hussein Bilal Adan Shire Mahamud Adan Khadaro Jama Hurre Hassan Muse Farah Salah Abdi Karima Ahmed Kayse 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 14 EXPLANATION OF THE PROBLEM AND CONTEXT ........................................... 14 STUDY AREA .............................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 2. PRESENT STUDY .................................................................................... 19 METHODS .................................................................................................................... 19 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 33 APPENDIX A. THE TRANSFORMATION OF FRANKINCENSE PRODUCTION IN DHOFAR, OMAN ............................................................................................................ 35 A.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 35 A.2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 36 A.3 STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................... 38 A.3.1 FRANKINCENSE HARVESTING AND USES .............................................. 41 A.3.1.1 RITUAL USE ................................................................................................... 45 A.3.1.2 TRADITIONAL USE ......................................................................................... 46 A.3.1.3 MEDICINAL USE ............................................................................................ 47 A.3.1.4 COMMERCIAL AROMATHERAPY AND FRAGRANCE ......................................... 48 A.4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 49 A.4.1 FORMAL INTERVIEWS .................................................................................. 49 A.4.2 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS .............................................................................. 50 A.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................... 51 A.5.1 CHANGES IN FRANKINCENSE EXTRACTION .......................................... 51 A.5.1.1 B.SACRA OWNERSHIP: ..................................................................................
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