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Situation Overview: Jonglei State, South Sudan January to March 2019 Introduction Map 1: REACH assessment coverage METHODOLOGY of Jonglei State, January 2019 To provide an overview of the situation in hard-to- Insecurity related to cattle raiding and inter- Map 3: REACH assessment coverage of Jonglei State, March 2019 reach areas of Jonglei State, REACH uses primary communal violence reported across various data from key informants who have recently arrived parts of Jonglei continued to impact the from, recently visited, or receive regular information ability to cultivate food and access basic Fangak Canal/Pigi from a settlement or “Area of Knowledge” (AoK). services, sustaining large-scale humanitarian Nyirol Information for this report was collected from key needs in Jonglei State, South Sudan. Ayod informants in Bor Protection of Civilians site, Bor By March 2019, approximately 5 months Town and Akobo Town in Jonglei State in January, since the harvest season, settlements February and March 2019. Akobo Duk Uror struggled to extend food rations to the In-depth interviews on humanitarian needs were Twic Pochalla same extent as reported in previous years. Map 2: REACH assessment coverage East conducted throughout the month using a structured of Jonglei State, February 2019 survey tool. After data collection was completed, To inform humanitarian actors working Bor South all data was aggregated at settlement level, and outside formal settlement sites, REACH has Pibor settlements were assigned the modal or most conducted assessments of hard-to-reach credible response. When no consensus could be areas in South Sudan since December found for a settlement, that settlement was not Assessed settlements 2015. Data is collected on a monthly basis included in reporting. through interviews with key informants with Settlement Only counties with interview coverage of at least 5% knowledge of a settlements and triangulated Cover percentage of assessed settlements relative to the OCHA (COD) total dataset: of all settlements1 in a given month were included in with focus group discussions (FGDs). analysis. Due to access and operational constraints, This Situation Overview provides a trends the specific settlements assessed within each analysis for developments in displacement, needs, REACH port and road monitoring county each month vary. In order to reduce the likelihood that variations in data are attributable to food security and livelihoods, protection, Key Findings (PRM) data suggested that between January coverage differences, over time analyses were only shelter and non-food items (NFI), WASH Shocks characterised by insecurity and and March 2019, there was a higher net- conducted for counties with at least 70% consistent and health across Jonglei State from outflow of people moving outside of South environmental factors continued to drive payam2 coverage over the period. Canal/Pigi has January to March 2019, with reference displacement in Jonglei State to regions Sudan to countries such as Ethiopia. Those to changes from the last quarter of 2018. been excluded from the overall trends analysis of with well-known access to resources (either who returned from Ethiopia reported the Jonglei state, however this Situation Overview will self-sustainable or through humanitarian main pull factors as family reunification and analyse this county separately. # of key informant interviews conducted: 1,210 assistance) or security. This reportedly put scoping security and safety conditions. Fewer Quantitative findings were triangulated with FGDs # of assessed settlements: 422 pressure on resources in host communities, reportedly returned in anticipation of accessing and secondary sources. More details of the whilst those displaced reported being exposed basic services. # of counties covered: 9 (of 11) methodology can be found in the AoK ToRs. # of focus group discussions conducted: 12 to risks such as looting and targeted violence Whilst key indicators remained unchanged during their journeys. Reflective of the high from the previous reporting period, needs : 1. To calculate the percentage of AoK coverage, the total number of settlements per county is based on OCHA settlement lists in addition to new settlements mapped by KIs reached each month. 2. Ibid. across Jonglei remained high, with most associated with cattle raids, was reportedly Furthermore, latrine use remained low due insecurity. counties reporting low access to clean water widespread and a key concern for protection to a lack of facilities, raising concerns over Food, water and service-driven movement (especially in the swamp areas in the north regarding young boys with frequent reporting the proximity of defecation to water sources, west), education, and health services. Whilst in Duk and Twic East. especially in areas where rivers and swamps Access to food and livelihoods was a driving access to food remained stable compared are the main water source. force in displacement patterns across Jonglei Whilst protection concerns, especially those to the previous quarter, insecurity and in the first quarter of 2019. linked to intercommunal violence, remained Education remained a priority for assessed environmental factors impacted food high, a positive reduction in the proportion settlements in Jonglei State, with many REACH Port and Road Monitoring (PRM) in security. Amongst counties assessed, Canal/ of assessed settlements reporting shelter households reporting education as a pull Akobo tracks movement of South Sudanese Pigi reported the lowest proportion of assessed damage due to conflict as well as conflict factor for movement and displacement traveling to and returning from Ethiopia, most settlements with adequate access to food (0% incidents resulting in at least one death has as many education facilities either do often to the refugee camps in the Gambella in March 2019), likely due to poor water access been noted compared to 2018. Perceptions of not exist or cannot educate over Primary region. PRM tracking in Akobo across the first for cultivation, and FGD participants from safety in settlements assessed are also higher Eight. In assessed settlements in Jonglei, quarter of 2019 indicated that, amongst those across the State reported insecurity impacting than in 2018. boys continued to have the highest school assessed, there was still a higher number of access to cultivation sites. Furthermore, these attendance, declining slightly during the lean individuals and households reportedly moving factors may have encouraged a higher reliance Access to health services and water season due to commitments to agriculture and to Ethiopia than returning to South Sudan, on food assistance as the primary source of sources remained poor but stable cattle keeping, particularly in Nyirol and Twic primarily for service delivery that remained food in much of Jonglei, an increased trend compared to the previous reporting period, 3 East. difficult to access in South Sudan. The lack and some counties reported stress on existing since December 2018. Moreover, consumption of food remained the highest reported push facilities due to reportedly high population coping strategies in response to these needs factor for individuals departing from Akobo movement to urban areas, notably in Fangak. suggest a continued depletion of assets and Population Movement and (48% in March).4 The daily average number Assessed settlements in Ayod, Fangak and erosion of resilience to future shocks. of individuals recorded leaving Akobo for Canal/Pigi reported serious issues with access Displacement Insecurity continued to drive protection Ethiopia decreased from 43 in February to 30 to clean water, with many reporting rivers concerns. Domestic violence remained the Displacement across Jonglei State remained in March. Key informants reported this could and swamps as the primary water source. most frequently reported protection concern, stable since the previous reporting period; have been due to the low levels of the Pibor particularly in Bor South and Fangak; the 64% of assessed settlements reported the river hindering boat access from Akobo to Map 4: Proportion of assessed settlements presence of IDPs in their settlement in March largest increase in the latter county. FGDs in reporting the presence of IDPs in the settlement, Ethiopia. 2019 (66% in December 2018). Furthermore, Bor South and Uror also highlighted concerns March 2019: In some areas, access to clean drinking with women at risk to sexual violence outside 0% IDP arrivals continued to arrive predominantly 1 - 20% water reportedly motivated displacement. from settlements within Jonglei State (64% of of the home due to their household role of 21 - 40% 41 - 60% assessed settlements in March 2019). Over a finding alternative sources of livelihoods 61 - 80% Figure 1: Most reported reasons for leaving Akobo 81 - 100% third (39%) of assessed settlements reported for locations in Ethiopia in March 2019: such as collecting wild foods outside of the 48+24+11+10+4 Insufficient data that the most recent arrivals came 6 to 12 settlement. Furthermore, early marriage was a Lack of food 48 % Assessed settlement months ago, with 11% reporting arrivals in the key concern for girls, reportedly high in Canal/ Lack of education services 24 % Pigi, possibly driven by the need to secure last 3 months. Lack of health services 11 % more resources such as cattle through bride Displacement during the first quarter of 2019 Family reunification 10 % price. Cattle raiding continued to affect both
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