D e c e m b e r

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Needs Assessment Report

Education in Emergencies, Food Security, Livelihoods & Protection Fangak County, Jonglei State, South Sudan

Finn Church Aid

By

Finn Church Aid South Sudan Country Program P.O. Box 432, Juba Nabari Area, Bilpham Road, Juba, South Sudan www.finnchurchaid.fi

In conjunction with

Ideal Capacity Development Consulting Limited P.O Box 54497-00200, Kenbanco House, Moi Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected], [email protected] www.idealcapacitydevelopment.org

30th November to 10th December 2015

i Table of Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VII 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD, EDUCATION AND PROTECTION CONTEXT IN SOUTH SUDAN ...... 1 1.2 ABOUT FIN CHURCH AID (FCA) ...... 2 1.3 HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT IN FANGAK COUNTY ...... 2 1.4 PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF ASSESSMENT ...... 3 1.4.1 Purpose of Assignment ...... 3 1.4.2 Overall Objective of the Assignment and Scope ...... 3 2.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 4

2.1 GENERAL APPROACH ...... 4 2.2 ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND SAMPLING CRITERIA...... 4 2.2.1 Household Interviews ...... 4 2.2.2 Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions ...... 4 2.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ...... 5 2.4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 5 2.5 CHALLENGES FACED ...... 5 3.0 ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...... 6

3.1 SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS ...... 6 3.1.1 Gender of Respondents and Household Heads ...... 6 3.1.2 Household Size and Composition by age ...... 7 3.1.3 Household Residency Status ...... 8 3.1.4 Level of Education in Fangak County ...... 8 3.2 FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS ...... 9 3.2.1 Livelihoods ...... 9 3.2.2 Seasonal Livelihood Variation ...... 10 3.2.3 Household Labour Patterns ...... 11 3.2.4 Subsistence and Small-Scale Agriculture ...... 12 3.2.5 Sources of Planting Seeds ...... 14 3.2.6 Livestock Production ...... 14 3.2.7 Access to Land ...... 17 3.2.8 Casual Labour ...... 17 3.2.9 Food Consumption ...... 18 3.2.10 Food Consumption Score ...... 19 3.2.11 Economic Status ...... 19 3.2.12 Prices of Most Important Commodities/Livelihood Foods ...... 20 3.2.13 Markets Access and Trade ...... 21 3.2.14 Coping Strategies ...... 22 3.3 WILD FOOD COLLECTION AND FISHING ...... 24 3.3.1 Wild Food Collection ...... 24 3.3.2 Fishing ...... 24 3.4 WATER AND SANITATION (WASH) ...... 25 3.4.1 Access to Water ...... 25 3.4.2 Water Collection ...... 26 3.4.3 Water Treatment ...... 26 3.4.4 Water Point Management ...... 26

ii 3.5 EDUCATION IN EMERGENCIES ...... 26 3.5.1 Nature and Condition of Schools in Fangak County ...... 26 3.5.2 Conflicts and Education in Fangak County ...... 30 3.5.3 Other Cross Cutting factors constraining education in Fangak County ...... 31 3.6 PROTECTION...... 32 3.6.1 Security ...... 32 3.6.2 Forms of Security Threats ...... 33 3.6.3 Lack of shelter ...... 34 3.6.4 Sexual exploitation ...... 35 3.6.5 Unaccompanied Children ...... 36 3.6.6 Causes of children separation from parents and/or families ...... 37 3.6.7 Psychosocial Stress ...... 38 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 40

4.1 FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS, WATER AND SANITATION ...... 40 4.2 MARKETS ...... 41 4.3 EDUCATION IN EMERGENCY ...... 41 4.4 PROTECTION ...... 42 5.0 REFERENCES ...... 42 6.0 APPENDICES ...... 43

6.1 HOUSEHOLD LIVING STATUS ...... 43 6.2 SAMPLED PAYAMS AND RESPECTIVE BOMAS ...... 43 6.3 HOUSEHOLD’S MOST IMPORTANT LIVELIHOOD DURING RAINY SEASON ...... 44 6.4 HOUSEHOLD’S MOST IMPORTANT LIVELIHOOD DURING DRY SEASON? ...... 44 6.5 HOUSEHOLD’S PARTICIPANTS IN INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES ...... 45 6.6 SOURCES OF SEEDS ...... 45 6.7 MANAGEMENT OF WATER POINTS ...... 46 6.8 TYPES OF SCHOOLS AND CLASSES ...... 46 6.9 DETAILS OF FGDS CONDUCTED DURING THE ASSESSMENT ...... 47

List of Tables Table 1: Gender of Respondents during HH interviews ...... 6 Table 2: Household Heads by Gender ...... 6 Table 3: Household Size and Composition by age ...... 7 Table 4: Household Marital Status ...... 7 Table 5: Highest level of education among households ...... 8 Table 6: Household’s most important livelihood during other times not emergency ...... 10 Table 7: Income from selling last season’s crops, as reported by payam ...... 12 Table 8: Availability of land by payam ...... 17 Table 9: Why not able to find work ...... 17 Table 10: When is it easiest to find work as a casual labour? ...... 18 Table 11: Main crop you use to feed this household ...... 18 Table 12: Food Consumption Score ...... 19 Table 13: Household Coping Strategies ...... 22 Table 14: NFI and Financial Assistance ...... 23 Table 15: External Shocks that affect livelihoods and food Security ...... 23 Table 16: Distribution of schools in Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch ...... 26 Table 17: Time taken to access schools ...... 28 Table 18: Type of school (Secondary/Primary) ...... 28 Table 19: Nature of Learning Facilities/Schools ...... 28

iii Table 20: Status of Schools ...... 29 Table 21: Average, Teacher/Class- Pupil ratios and School population ...... 30 Table 22: School-age Boys and Girls within the crisis-affected / displaced population currently attending school ...... 30 Table 23: Do the crisis-affected / displaced boys and girls and teachers have learning materials ...... 30 Table 24: How did the recent conflicts disrupt affect schools in this area?...... 31 Table 25: Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year in Fangak County ...... 32 Table 26: Forms of security threats ...... 33 Table 27: Forms of security threats ...... 35 Table 28: Forms of security threats ...... 35 Table 29: knowledge of unaccompanied children per Payam ...... 36 Table 30: Number of known unaccompanied children per Payam ...... 37 Table 31: Causes of household’s separation ...... 37 Table 32: Types of behavioural stress evident in the households ...... 39 Table 33: HH living status ...... 43 Table 34: Sampled Bomas in each payam ...... 43 Table 35: household’s most important livelihood during rainy season ...... 44 Table 36: What is your household’s most important livelihood during dry season? ...... 44 Table 37: How do you acquire new seeds? ...... 45 Table 38: Management of water points ...... 46 Table 39: Details of FGDs conducted during the assessment ...... 47 Table 40: Details of Key Informants Interviewed during the Assessment...... 47

iv List of Figures Figure 1: Household Living Status ...... 8 Figure 2: Most important Livelihood during other times with no Emergency ...... 9 Figure 3: Seasonal Livelihood Variation ...... 11 Figure 4: Household participants in income-earning activities ...... 12 Figure 5: Harvest put in store last dry season ...... 13 Figure 6: Harvest consumed last rainy season ...... 14 Figure 7: Types of Livestock kept ...... 15 Figure 8: Herd size changes in the last 12 months ...... 16 Figure 9: Sell of Livestock in the last 12 months...... 16 Figure 10: Household's main economic Situation in the past 12 months ...... 20 Figure 11: 3.2.12 Prices of Most Important Commodities/Livelihood Foods ...... 20 Figure 12: Main source of water for households ...... 25 Figure 13: Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year per Payam Communal violence was the highest form of protection that was registered (29.2%) in old Fangak, 5.8% in New Fangak while 8% was registered in Toch Payam. Old Fangak (30.7%) and New Fangak (15.8%) were worst hit by mistreatment by armed groups during the fighting...... 32 Figure 14: What is the impact of the security situation on the affected population ...... 34 Figure 15: Households participants in income generating activities ...... 45

v

Acronyms and Abbreviations

CCCM Camp Coordination and Camp Management

FCA Finn Church Aid

HC Host Communities

IDPs Internally Displaces Persons

IRNA Initial Rapid Needs Assessment

NFI Non Food Items

SALF Standard Action Liaison Focus

SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV)

SSP South Sudanese Pound

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification

NPA Norwegian People’s Aid

HIP Humanitarian Implementation Plan

PoC Protection of Civilians

SPLM Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement

SPLM-IO Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement - In Opposition

UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan

vi Executive Summary

A Food security and livelihood, education and protection needs assessment was conducted by Finn Church Aid South Sudan program in Fangak County, Jonglei State in South Sudan from 30th November – 10th December 2015, to assess the livelihood, education and protection issues, that affect the population in the targeted locations, with an aim of coming up with intervention strategies to address those issues.

Three payams in Fangak County were selected for the purposes of this assessment and data extrapolated to reflect the situation in the entire county. The basis for their selection was due to the high population of IDPs and their accessibility. The payams selected were New Fangak with an IDP population of 25,562, Old Fangak with an IDP population of 22,401, and Toch with an IDP population of 18, 534.

The assessment adopted a participatory approach combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Semi-structured interviews transect walks, participatory observations, problem analysis, change and trend analysis, focus group discussions (FGD) and key informant interviews (KII) were the Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools used.

In total of eight (8) FGDs were conducted; four in New Fangak, two in Toch and three in Old Fangak payams, while nine (9) KII were interviewed during the assessment. FGDs and KIIs represented the following groups within the community; humanitarian and developmental NGOs, traders, businessmen and women, teachers, line ministries, dealing with food security, livelihoods and protection, food distribution and education. Structured questionnaires were used at Household Level. During the household survey, 340 households were reached, 111 households in New Fangak, 116 in Old Fangak and 110 in Toch.

The study indicated that close to two thirds 63.4% of the households in three payams are headed by women, while 33.5% of the households are headed by men. As established through FGDs and KIIs conducted during the assessment, the number of female headed households was a result of; death, separation and forced recruitment of men into the army. The average household size was reported to be 13 members per household with teenagers (6-17 years) accounting for 31% of the population, adults (18-60 years) also accounting for 31%, older persons making 15% and children under 5 making 23% of the total population. 46% of interviewed households are married in polygamous setting.

The study also indicated that 50.4% of the residents in Fangak County is composed of the host community while 48.4% is composed of IDPs seeking refuge in the county. This is attributed to high influx of IDPs from Upper Nile State and Unity State.

It was observed that the education sector was hard hit by the conflict. Close to three thirds (61.3%) of the residents of the assessment area have no formal education, 20.8% have some primary education. 5.1% have completed primary level education while 2.7% have completed secondary level education and only 0.3% have proceeded to university level in the county. 57.1% of boys and girls within the age bracket of 6-17 years are attending school, while 40.5% are not in school. The available schools are only primary schools with no secondary school in the whole county. The study observed only one school, St Daniel’s Comboni Missionary School, is offering final level primary

vii education (P8). 67% of available primary schools are open air schools and without any form of physical infrastructure while 33% have been partially constructed as temporary learning facilities. Schools lack teaching materials and pupils also have no basic learning materials like books, pens and uniform/clothes. 525 girls and boys of the school going age are not attending school due to the recent conflicts in the county while more than half (56.7%) of the schools have been closed down or are currently not operating. Teacher pupil ratio and class pupil capacity are quite unfavourable with 1 teacher catering for 115 pupils and 1 class accommodating 173 pupils on average. All the teaching materials and guides for both teachers and pupils were totally destroyed during the fighting in the county. Lack of access to the county and low income levels among parents has also affected the supply chain of teaching materials for both teachers and pupils.

Crop production is the main source of livelihood among residents in Fangak County as reported by 47% respondents. The main crops grown are sorghum, maize, okra, onions, tomatoes and cowpeas. Households majorly rely on crop production during rainy season but during dry season they heavily depend on livestock as the main source of livelihood. Livestock (animals and animal products) is the second most important source of livelihood, as reported by 18% of the respondents. Out of the population that relies on livestock (18%), 90% keep cattle. Other livestock kept by households include, goats, sheep and donkeys.

Majority of the livestock keepers reported a decrease in herd size (74%) since December 2013, 5% reported no change in herd size while only 8% reported an increase in the size of their herds. In general, 75% of households sold their animals in the past year to cover for gaps in their income as a coping strategy. The reasons that mainly had an impact on change of herd sizes are; lack of veterinary services, flooding that affected most parts of the county especially Toch, ongoing crisis in the county and cattle diseases.

Fishing and other river based activities account for the third most significant form of livelihood in the county (14%). Fishing is also a major source of livelihood during dry seasons. Most of the households who harvested from their fields consumed almost all of the harvest and stored none. The study also indicated that 7% of the households are involved in casual labour and 5% are involved in small businesses to earn a living. Others depend on petty trade and salaried employment as reported by 3% of the respondents. The study indicated that only 67% of the households can access casual labour. Moreover, 46% of the households cannot get work due to lack of skills for available job or casual work opportunities. This was positively correlated to the low education levels reported above. Other factors that hinder access to work include safety concerns and long distances to reach work places.

57.8% of the respondents reported that they did not get any income from selling crops last season, with the main challenges faced by farmers being: lack of farming tools, lack of planting seeds, flooding particularly in Toch and recurrent conflicts in the area causing displacement towards safer areas.

Diversity of food consumed based on the six main classes of foods is a major concern among households in the county. The average Food Consumption Score (FCS) was reported to be 27.1. This lies on the borderline/minimum thresholds. Cereals have a normal score of 38.8 while pulses, fruits animal proteins and vegetables have FCS scores of 27.4, 24.2, 24.7 and 20.1 respectively. The ongoing crisis has resulted in the increase in prices of most important food commodities in the

viii markets, making it difficult for residents to access diverse sources of food. The price of sorghum which is the main staple cereal has increased by 71% followed by onions by 53%, beef by 40%, cooking oil and wheat flour by 33% and sugar by 32%. On average, there has been a 38% increase in prices of basic commodities and foods since December 2013 to date (December 2015).

There are several coping strategies for both host communities and IDPs which include reducing the number of meals taken per day (78%). Most of the households reported to be surviving on one meal per day. Other mechanisms include; limiting portions of food (21%), adults reducing consumption of food for the sake of their children (22%), sale of livestock (20%), going days without food (26%), donations from NGO (6%) and consumption of wild fruits and leaves (9%). In relation to education, these coping strategies significantly affect the number of children going to school and especially the girl child.

The main source of water for domestic consumption and drinking is rivers and streams. Less than 25% of the households access their water from water pumps. Most households take on average 30 minutes to access the nearest water source. However, the available water points particularly water pumps are not managed by any authority or water management committees (53.9%). The time taken to access water by women and girls significantly affects the time left to allocate to other household activities. This means that little or no time is left to allocate for educational activities like reading, revising or doing homework.

In terms of protection, almost all (94%) of the households interviewed reported to have experienced some protection related concerns. The main forms of protection incidents reported by majority of the respondents were: exploitation (32.7%) and mistreatment by armed groups (58.2%), communal violence (42.7%), forced displacement (50.7%), rape and abduction (3%) and forced recruitment into the army (24%).

Other areas of concern were restricted access for humanitarian agencies, destruction of important infrastructure including health centres, schools and business premises and discrimination in access to services. 59% of dwellings were destroyed totally while 10% were partially damaged but still in usable condition. The biggest negative impact of insecurity in Fangak County was forced displacement (31.5%). While destruction of infrastructure like health facilities, houses and schools accounted for 28% of the impact.

Access restriction for humanitarian workers accounted for 21.4%, restricted movement for local residents 4.1% and discrimination in access to services like employment, healthcare, education and justice accounted for 2.1% while trafficking and increased vulnerability to sexual and physical violence and other forms of gender based violence accounted for 3%. Women and girls are more vulnerable to these forms of violence in the three payams assessed.

The study brought out key issues that need to be addressed within assessment area, which significantly affect livelihoods education and protection. In the past, research has indicated that problems in accessing livelihoods have also translated into poor access and quality of education. Issues related to protection which mainly affect women and girls, if addressed, will have a positive impact on school attendance rates and rate of completion of education for girls. Forced inclusion of young boys into armed groups has a negative impact on their education.

ix 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Food Security and Livelihood, Education and Protection Context in South Sudan The conflict in South Sudan has created high levels of humanitarian needs both directly through death, injury or forced displacement, and indirectly as a result of disruption of livelihoods and markets leading to the absence of essential basic services. Over 2 million people have fled their homes. More than 600,000 people have sought refuge in neighbouring countries 67% of whom are children. Large numbers of people remain stranded, hiding in hard to reach areas in the bush or in swamps where they lack food and basic commodities to sustain themselves. Regular access to adequately assist this population remains a major challenge. In addition, South Sudan hosts more than 260 000 Sudanese refugees since 2011.

As a result, there are pressing protection needs in and around the conflict affected areas. In in the early stages of the crisis, ethnic targeting resulted in an unprecedented influx of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) seeking protection in United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) bases named better known as Protection of Civilians sites (POCs). Today, the POCs host more than 200,000 individuals.

Throughout the country, food assistance needs have increased while access to basic social services has reduced. The 2015 food and nutrition security assessments indicate that up to 67% of the population is faced with food insecurity (i.e. IPC Phases 2, 3 and 4) at the peak of the lean season. The review carried out in September 2015 indicates that up to 10% of the population in some of the counties in Southern Unity State could be currently at the highest IPC classification level (Phase 5). The UN estimates that 57% of health facilities in the three states most affected by the conflict (Jonglei, Upper Nile, and Unity) are not functioning. The impact of the crisis on the education system is also huge. The Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) estimates that 2 million children are also affected by the conflict. UNICEF estimates that 400,000 children have left school due to the conflict1.

Around 3.9 million People currently face severe food insecurity (IPC Phases 3, 4 and 5). This is much higher compared to 2.2 million people at the same time last year (2014). For the first time in South Sudan, the forecast includes populations in IPC classification Phase 5 affecting an estimated 40,000 people in some of the counties in Southern Unity most seriously affected by the latest conflict escalation2.

Malnutrition was also closely linked to the food insecurity with under-5 GAM levels remaining well above the 15% emergency threshold in the states directly affected by the conflict in the Greater Upper Nile region. This has also been reported in Warrap and North Bahr el Ghazal states with 80% of the counties in these two states falling within the emergency threshold. 9 out of 20 nutrition surveys between January and July 2015 revealed that the rates of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) were above 5% among children, more than twice the critical level.

With political and criminal violence at unprecedented levels throughout the country, protection needs are huge. The population seeking protection in UNMISS bases (POCs) continued to increase in 2015. Bentiu and Malakal centres are reported to be overcrowded and there are high tensions amongst the IDP communities. Throughout the country massive human rights violations were also

1Source: Humanitarian Implementation Plan (HRP) 2016 2IPC review report: September 2015

1 reported3. Since the current conflict started, the UN has received more reports of grave child rights violations in armed conflict than in all of 2012 and 2013 combined in form of killings, rape and grave sexual violence. Over 12,000 children were recruited as child soldiers. Nearly 8,000 children have been identified and registered as unaccompanied or separated from their families. This number continued to grow steadily during the first quarter of 20154.

1.2 About Fin Church Aid (FCA) Finn Church Aid (FCA) is Finland’s biggest development co-operation organisation and the second biggest organisation in Finland working in humanitarian aid. Finn Church Aid is a member of the ACT Alliance (ACT), an alliance of faith-based development and humanitarian aid organisations forming one of the world’s largest humanitarian organisations. FCA specialises in supporting local communities in three priority thematic areas mainly the right to peace, livelihood and education. FCA has supported humanitarian and development programs in Sudan and South Sudan since 1972.

1.3 Humanitarian Context in Fangak County Following the outbreak of the current conflict, Fangak County became home to over 50,000 IDPs from Upper Nile, Unity and other parts of Jonglei State. The County had not been directly affected by the conflict until till April 2014 when it was shelled from parts of Upper Nile State. Until then, it was considered one of the safest locations in the Upper Nile region due to several rivers than run through it and creating islands that were believed to be safe and secure. The South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (SSRRC) reported that an estimated 46,000 individuals (about 5,500 households) were displaced to New Fangak alone between January and March 20145. The shelling caused secondary displacement of both IDPs and host communities to more remote areas of the County out of the shelling range.

IDPs co-exist harmoniously with the local community in New Fangak, some of them choosing the area due to family connections. However the majority of them have chosen this location due to tribal affiliation. Majority of IDPs are from Nuer community, Shiluk community members and a very small number from the Dinka community. Most IDPs are originally from Bor, Bentiu and Malakal towns. During the assessment no specific numbers of returnees were established but it is worth noting that many of the tukuls and compounds in town still appeared abandoned. It was also noted that some of the host community members might were out in the rural areas, cultivating at the time.

Within New Fangak, only a small number of appeared to have adequate shelter and non-food items and living in shelters belonging to friends or relatives. Some of them adopted shelters that have been abandoned by some members of the host community who fled due to insecurity.

Following conflict and displacement, a large number of children aged 3-18 have been affected. This group represents more than 47.75% of the displaced population it is critical to provide access to safe learning spaces to ensure their protection and access to quality education. However, as it stands, the primary net enrolment rate is low due to lack of education facilities, trained teachers and supplies.

3UNSC resolution 2223 of 28 May 2015; Anthony Lakes’ statement on 17 June speaking about "unspeakable" violence against children; UNMISS' flash report of 29 June; Human Rights Watch Report, July 22, 2015. 4 Protection cluster – Protection trends in SS April –June 2015. 5IRNA Report: New Fangak, Fangak County, Jonglei State 16/17 May 2014

2

1.4 Purpose, Objectives and Scope of Assessment 1.4.1 Purpose of Assignment The main purpose of this needs assessment was to;  To develop a need assessment report from findings to justify a food security, education and protection related intervention in the assessment area based on the primary and secondary data and analysis with the involvement other partners and stakeholders as identified during the exercise.

1.4.2 Overall Objective of the Assignment and Scope  Review secondary literature on post conflict reports, food security, livelihoods, protection and education and identify gaps for primary data collection.  Provide guidance to FCA field team for the finalization of primary data collection tools and methodologies to assess community-level needs with regards to building community resilience in livelihoods, food security, protection and education in emergencies.  Conduct field visits in target areas to carry out a vulnerability assessment of key livelihoods assets, including agriculture, livestock, marketing of agriculture products, infrastructure (housing, water/sanitation), education, protection and other social and economic assets that are determinants of resilience.  Meet with government authorities, such as national/county/payam authorities, line ministry officials, UN agencies, academia, research institutes, and other stakeholders to explore and develop potential collaborations on resilience-building activities.  Analyse and provide recommendations on the role of women (as a particular group affected by conflict) in contributing to building household-level resilience and reducing community- level risk in the face of food security issues.

3 2.0 Assessment Methodology 2.1 General Approach In order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the humanitarian needs, a balanced range of qualitative and quantitative methods were used, such as the review of key documents and secondary literature, structured and semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. The assessment team carried out field visits to New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch payams. Participatory Rural Techniques was applied in gathering information and facts with the different groups in the county.

2.2 Assessment Tools and Sampling Criteria 2.2.1 Household Interviews The Survey Systems Sample Calculator was used to determine the sample size of 383 households out of an estimated population of 20,000 people. This was arrived at by choosing a confidence level of 95% and margin of error at 5%. Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch Payams were purposely chosen for sampling since they had the highest number of IDPs compared to other payams in the county. Random sampling was used for selecting bomas6 in each payam during household interviews.

With support of the data collection enumerators who were recruited from the county, local government authority representatives and community leaders, the assessment team ascertained the number of households in the boma and used it to determine the sampling interval. Either, the household head or his/her spouse was eligible for interview. In instances, where both the head and the spouse were absent at the time of the visit, any other adult member of the household was interviewed. A total of 340 respondents were interviewed.

Sampled Bomas in each payam Refer to; Table 34: Sampled Bomas in each payam

2.2.2 Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions Key Informants (KII) and Focus Groups (FGDs) were selected to participate in this assessment in each of the focus payams and bomas. Purposive Sampling was used to select assessment participants who participated in FGDs based on their role in the county, gender, residence status (IDP or host community), age (youth or adult) and area of residence. A total of eight (8) FGDs were conducted; four in New Fangak, two in Toch and three in Old Fangak Payams. Community members showing areas most affected by Key discussion areas were; historical profile of the flooding during FGD in Toch Payam county, food security and livelihoods of the different members of each boma, protections needs or concerns, situation of education before and after the crisis, coping mechanisms, challenges faced and recommendations to improve the current situation. A total of nine (9) KII were interviewed during the assessment. They represented the following groups of the community; humanitarian and developmental NGOs, traders/businessmen and

6Payam is the administrative term used in South Sudan to mean a district/Sub County

4 women, teachers and line ministries, dealing with food security and livelihoods and protection, food distribution and education.

Table 40: Details of Key Informants Interviewed during the Assessment 2.3 Data Analysis and Management All completed questionnaires were checked for accuracy and consistency of recorded responses before data entry. A data entry screen was designed and developed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 21). The quality check was done before and after entry, outliers identified and cleaned. Out of 340 questionnaires filled, 3 were eliminated after cleaning the data. Triangulation and assessment comparisons and were done by extracting findings of secondary findings and primary findings of the assessment. Frequency tables and cross-tabulations were produced. On the other hand, thematic and content approaches were used to analyse all the qualitative data. This involved use of an analysis grid with themes reflecting the evaluation objectives to delineate salient comments and explanations. All data sources have been triangulated to produce this assessment report. 2.4 Ethical Considerations The following strategies were emphasized and observed to adhere to research ethics: • Training of interviewers to act professionally, respecting human and community rights and dignity. • Seeking the informants’ consent in participating in the evaluation. • Seeking consent for any photographs and inspection of water points and household latrines. • Seeking permission and appropriate clearance from relevant authorities and working closely with the local administration. • Making it clear to the informants that the evaluation team was independent from the SSRC or its partners like the government of South Sudan. • Informing prospective informants of the purpose, objectives and methods of the evaluation. • Assuring the informants of no personal benefits in participating in the evaluation.

2.5 Challenges Faced7 • Due to lack of mobile telephone network, the use of mobile phones was not possible. This hindered communication of the team to effectively coordinate field work. • Due to lack of roads in the county, transport was limited to river transport only. This hindered access to other payams within Fangak County • Due to limited time, purposive sampling was applied during the assessment.

7 Having foreseen these challenges, appropriate mechanisms like moving as team in one direction, hiring a speed boat, printing of questionnaires and other tools in Juba and sampling payams with the highest population of needy group (i.e. IDPs) were adopted.

5 3.0 Assessment Findings and Discussion 3.1 Social-Demographic Characteristics of Households Out of the total 337 households surveyed, 111 individuals were interviewed in New Fangak, 116 in Old Fangak and 110 in Toch payams. 3.1.1 Gender of Respondents and Household Heads

Table 1: Gender of Respondents during HH interviews Respondents Gender Region Total Male Female New Fangak 46 65 111 Old Fangak 33 83 116 Toch 37 73 110 Total 116 221 337

From the total sample selected, women constituted more than half (n=221, 65.58%) of households interviewed. The majority (n=250, 96.9%) are household heads. The average age of respondents in the three regions is similar, in Toch the average age of respondents was 36.78 years, with a minimum of 18 years and a maximum of 93 years of age. In New Fangak, the average age of respondents was 41 years, with a minimum of 15 years and maximum of 90 years of age.

Table 2: Household Heads by Gender Are you the head of the household Total Gender Non Yes No Response Count 113 2 1 116 Male Respondents % of Total 33.50% 0.60% 0.30% 34.40% Gender Count 213 6 0 221 Female % of Total 63.20% 1.80% 0.00% 65.60% Total Count 326 8 1 337

From these findings, close to two thirds (63.2%) of the households in three sampled payams are headed by women while only a third (33.5%) of the households are headed by men. Through FGDs and KII conducted during the assessment, the number of female headed households is a result of; death, separation, forced recruitment of men into the army.

6 3.1.2 Household Size and Composition by age

Table 3: Household Size and Composition by age Descriptive Statistics for HH size and Composition N Minimum Maximum Mean How many of them are; Elderly (60 years 336 0 8 2.00 and above) How many of them are; Teenagers (6 - 17 336 0 14 3.54 years) How many of them are; Young children 336 0 15 3.30 under 5 Years How many of them are; Adults (18 - 60 336 0 24 3.67 years) How many people live in your house 336 0 43 12.32 Valid N (listwise) 336

This assessment has shown that in every household in the three sampled payams, there are at least 2 household members above the age of sixty years, 4 teenagers aged (6-17 years), three children under the age five and four adults aged (18-60 years). Every household has approximately at least 13 members. However, there are some families that have as high as 43 household members attributed to the high influx of IDPs who have joined the host communities in the three payams. The communities have accepted to accommodate some of the IDPs as they wait to be assisted or settled by authorities and humanitarian agencies.

Table 4: Household Marital Status

Marital status Single, Married Married never Widowed Separated Refused Location (Monogamy) (Polygamy) Total married New Fangak 59 37 2 4 6 2 110

Old Fangak 46 66 3 1 0 0 116 Toch 49 51 1 7 1 1 110 Total 154 154 6 12 7 3 336 Percentage 45.8% 45.8% 1.8% 3.6% 2.1% 0.9% 100%

There is a balanced ratio of 45.8% for households who are either married in monogamy of polygamy. The high rate of polygamy among the residents of Fangak County is encouraged by their culture which advocates for their men to marry more than one wife. 3.6% of widowed households could be as result of natural deaths. However some of widowed cases were attributed to the fighting between government and rebel forces.

7 3.1.3 Household Residency Status

74% 68% 53% 46% 30% 25%

2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Resident Refugee IDP None Response

New Fangak Old Fangak Toch

Figure 1: Household Living Status

Most of the residents (50.4%) are originally from the assessment area while close to half (48.4%) of interviewed households are IDPs who settled in the county since 2013. There is a very small fraction (0.9%) of the residents interviewed who are refugees from other neighbouring counties like Sudan. Refer to Figure 1: Household Living Status.

It is important to note that New Fangak has the highest population of IDPs (68%) which is double the population of the residents while Toch has the second largest population of IDPs (53%) while only 25% of the residents of Old Fangak are IDPs. Most of the IDPs in New Fangak came from Tunja and Pigi Counties of Jonglei and Upper Nile States respectively as result of fighting in the two states8. Toch Payam received a high number of IDPs in February 2014 from Ayod County in Jonglei State and from Upper Nile and Unity states9.

3.1.4 Level of Education in Fangak County

Table 5: Highest level of education among households Location What is your highest level of education? No Some Completed Some Finished Some Total formal primary primary secondary secondary Refused university education education education education education Count 76 15 10 4 0 0 7 110 New Fangak % of Total 22.62% 4.46% 2.98% 1.19% 0.00% 0.00% 2.08% 32.74% Count 49 42 3 5 7 1 5 116 Old Fangak % of Total 14.58% 12.50% 0.89% 1.49% 2.08% 0.30% 1.49% 34.52% Count 81 13 4 0 0 0 13 110 Toch % of Total 24.11% 3.87% 1.19% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.87% 32.74% Count 206 70 17 8 9 1 25 336 Total % of Total 61.31% 20.83% 5.06% 2.38% 2.68% 0.30% 7.44% 100.00%

In Toch, 24.11% of the respondents reported that they have no formal education (n=81, 24.1 %) with those in Old Fangak responding that they have some primary education (n=42, 12.5%).

8 Source: FGD with men in Phom Centre, New Fangak, December 2015 9 Source: FGDs with Community members, Toch Centre, December 2015

8 Similarly, in New Fangak, the majority of respondents reported not having any formal education (n=76, 22.6 %) and a significant number had having only primary education (n=15, 4.5%). Only 16 respondents (4.8 %) reported having gone beyond primary school education.

3.2 Food Security and Livelihoods 3.2.1 Livelihoods The main source of livelihoods among residents of Fangak County is crop production of (47%) while animal husbandry (animals and animal products) is the second main form of livelihood (18%). Fishing and other river based activities is the third most significant form of livelihood (14%). 7% and 5% of the households rely on casual labour and small businesses respectively to earn a living. Others depend on petty trade, salaried employment at 3% each.

Most important Livelihood during other times with no Emergency

Production Livestock Petty trade Wholesale Casual Own a Fishing or Salaried Refused of crops (animals trade labour small other employme and animal (constructi business river-based nt (NGO, products) on, activities private agriculture sector, , etc) governme nt, etc.) Series1 47% 18% 3% 1% 7% 5% 14% 3% 2%

Figure 2: Most important Livelihood during other times with no Emergency

Sorghum and maize were the major cereals cultivated by all host community households sampled. In a normal year, maize harvest extends from late July through to August and is mainly consumed green. By mid-October, some households sort out maize seed for planting during the next agricultural season.

The main sorghum harvest is expected from mid-November through late November. Sorghum harvest is mostly inconsistent and is normally done in late September and early October. Through focus group discussions, the consensus among farmers was that the sorghum crop harvest for 2015 was significantly lower than normal.

The assessment estimates that on average, a household harvested 367Kg of sorghum in the county. Most of the households reported the lowest production recorded due to the ongoing crisis, lack of quality seeds and inadequate farming tools like, hoes, and axes and flooding experienced in the county.

Cattle, goats and sheep are the main animals kept by the communities. Fishing is normally done in Phom and Nile rivers. The rivers also provide reeds for construction and for sale. Since there are no roads in the area, the only means of transport is water. It is common for men, youths and even

9 women to offer transport across the river for residents using canoes at a cost and thereby adding to their sources of income.

Table 6: Household’s most important livelihood during other times not emergency Most important forms of livelihood during other times not emergency

Livestock Fishing or Own a Salaried Productio (animals & Petty Wholesal Casual other river- Total small employm N/R n of crops animal trade e trade labour based business ent products) activities New 35% 35% 33% 0% 38% 15% 17% 0% 6% 111 Fangak Old 38% 39% 44% 100% 8% 5% 27% 64% 0% 116

Fangak Location Toch 27% 26% 22% 0% 54% 6% 56% 36% 3% 110

Total Count 158 62 9 3 24 16 48 11 6 337 Total % 47% 18% 3% 1% 7% 5% 14% 3% 2% 100%

Old Fangak has highest number of households practising crop production (38%) followed by new Fangak at (35%) while Toch has the lowest at (27%). A similar trend also applies to livestock production in the three payams. However, Toch Payam residents who rely on fishing and river based activities (56%) are twice as many as those doing the same in New Fangak (17%) and Old Fangak (27%). This implies a high reliance of the communities on fishing and river based activities in Toch Payam.

Survey respondents were first asked a series of questions regarding them receiving any assistance be it material or financial from different sources. The questions were asked retrogressively in a manner that sought to establish their status 12 months preceding the assessment. Majority of respondents (221, 65.6%) said that had received ether material or financial assistance from non- governmental or aid organizations implementing in the areas. A small proportion of them (3%) reported not to have received any material and financial support from the local government and other sources respectively. A significant proportion of respondents (212, 62.9%) reported to have received assistance of a financial nature from their relatives outside the region through remittances.

3.2.2 Seasonal Livelihood Variation

3.2.2.1 Rainfall In the three sampled payams of Fangak County, rainfall had an irregular start with an average of 1- 1.5 months of delay compared to normal seasons in previous years. In a normal year, rainfall starts late in May. However in 2015, the rains started in July and spatial and temporal distributions were reported to be normal and deemed to be adequate.

3.2.2.2 Land area cultivated and crops grown by households The assessment revealed that the two widely grown crops are maize and sorghum grown by 100 percent of the host community farming households across the three payams. Cowpeas are grown by fewer farming households in Fangak County. However the diversity of crops grown in all

10 counties is low. By contrast, no IDPs households in Fangak are growing any of these the crops. This was attributed to lack of farming tools, seeds, flooding and uncertainty in the expected length of stay and permission to cultivate.

The average area cultivated by a typical household is 1.4 feddans in Fangak County which than what an average household can cultivate in a typical year. The average land that was cultivated by each host household in 2015 was lower than that cultivated in 2013. This implies that there was relatively low of access to land by households.

Respondents in New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch reported relatively little variation in their main source of livelihood by season. Crop production still remains the most important livelihood during rainy season (73%) while 10% of the households practice livestock production and 3% are involved in fishing during this period. Casual labour is slightly higher since most of the community members either work on their farms or are assisted by others at a cost.

Seasonal Livelihood Variation

Rainy Season Dry Season 73%

37% 17% 23% 10% 2%4% 0%0% 5%7% 2%4% 3% 0%1% 4%5% 1%1%

Figure 3: Seasonal Livelihood Variation

In the three payams, animal husbandry is the most important source of livelihood for the largest percentage of respondents across all seasons. The proportion of Individuals keeping livestock increases during dry seasons remains relatively high during rainy seasons. Households engaging in petty trade and fishing is higher during dry seasons and lower during rainy seasons from 2% - 4% and 3% - 23% respectively. This may suggest that livestock production and fishing are the main alternative source of livelihoods when the households face food shortage or are unable to cultivate. This was triangulated with data from the various KIIs and FGDs done during the assessment.

3.2.3 Household Labour Patterns

It is common for all members of the family over the age of 15 to be engaged in income-earning activities (36%). It is more common in New Fangak for all members of a family work regardless of age. However, it was more common in Old Fangak for income earning activities to be limited by gender, either mostly females over 15 or mostly males over 15 (9.2%). Households engaging in pastoralism may be more likely to divide labour based on gender.

11 Who in your household participates in income-earning activities

Percent

36.0%

20.8% 18.2% 12.8% 9.2% 2.7% 0.3%

All members of Mostly males Mostly females All members of Mostly males Mostly females Refused the household above age 15 above age 15 the household regardless of age regardless of age above age 15 regardless of age

Figure 4: Household participants in income-earning activities

The gendered division of labour is highly dependent on the type of livelihood in the household and varies from one village to another. Overall, agricultural households are more likely to split labour equally between men and women. Some participants stated that women work less in the fields because they have more to do in the home. On the other hand, pastoralist households are more likely to divide labour by gender. Men herd larger animals, such as cattle, while women may be in charge of smaller animals, such as goats. Women are culturally assigned to roles such fetching water, cooking, domestic cleaning, looking after the homestead and farm work. They also cut trees for both firewood and charcoal for selling. They also cut grass and reeds along the river for thatching houses and also for selling. It was observed that boys play similar roles to their fathers while girls play similar roles to their mothers.

3.2.4 Subsistence and Small-Scale Agriculture Among those who grow and sell crops, the total monthly income ranged from 0-5,000 SSP. Reported incomes were somewhat higher in Old Fangak than in New Fangak and Toch, although the range was wider in New Fangak. The higher standard deviation in New Fangak suggested more variation in incomes within the region. With such a small sample that reported growing and selling crops, it is difficult to draw generalizations to a broader agricultural community (although this is representative of the proportion of the sample engaged in agriculture).

Table 7: Income from selling last season’s crops, as reported by payam

Income (SSP) New Fangak Old Fangak Toch Total % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % % 0 40 11.9% 59 17.6% 62 18.5% 47.9% 1-200 37 11.0% 41 12.2% 28 8.3% 31.5% 201-400 5 1.5% 2 0.6% 10 3.0% 5.1% 401-600 16 4.8% 2 0.6% 18 5.4% 10.7% 601-800 3 0.9% 0 0.0% 1 0.3% 1.2% 801-1,000 2 0.6% 0 0.0% 3 0.9% 1.5% >1,000 0 0.0% 6 1.8% 1 0.3% 2.1% Total 100.0%

According to interviews conducted, those engaged in small-scale agriculture sell most of their harvest if it is of sufficiently high quality. Generally, agricultural yield is quite low, limiting the

12 amount available for sale. In addition, sellers often must negotiate transportation to the market and the quality of produce might either be too low to sell or agriculturalists may not have the skills to separate produce to sell. Subsistence and small-scale farmers may be limited by what kind of transportation is available or how much transportation they are able to afford. The only available means of transport is the river (use of canoes and speed boats). One small business owner stated that improving the road infrastructure between the village and the market would improve livelihoods as it would become easier and cheaper to reach the market.

Among this same sample of respondents who sell crops, respondents report selling crops to both individual buyers and retailers. Respondents in Old, New Fangak and Toch were most likely to sell mostly to individuals. Over one quarter of respondents in New Fangak and 35% in Toch sell mostly to individuals. The relatively high rate of none response in relation to this question is likely due to respondents not selling any harvest.

In Old Fangak, respondents were more likely to report that they had consumed half or more of their harvest. In New Fangak, respondents were more likely to report that they had consumed half or less than half of their harvest. This implies that respondents in Old Fangak are likely to have less of their harvest available to sell as compared to those in Toch.

100 86 80 59 61 60

40 30 16 17 20 12 15 5 8 6 6 2 3 0 2 1 3 0 4 1 0 New Fangak old fangak Toch

Most of it More than half About half Less than half Very little None of it Refuse

Figure 5: Harvest put in store last dry season

In addition, respondents were asked how much of their harvest they stored from the last dry season. Overall, storage of harvest is more common in New Fangak than in Old Fangak and Toch. Respondents were more likely to store very little or none of their harvest in Old Fangak followed by Toch and lastly New Fangak. However in general, relatively low proportions of agriculturalists in either area store any of their harvest. This may be due to limited harvest, different customs (immediate consumption or sale), or lack of storage facilities.

When asked how much of the last harvest the respondents shared or used to pay their debts, the answers varied. With such a small sample of individuals who had sold any crops, it is difficult to ascertain any patterns between the three payams. Overall, it is rare for individuals to store or sell their crops. As was suggested in the data on consumption of crops, it is more common for respondents in New Fangak to share crops as compared to those in Old Fangak and Toch. Few respondents in Old Fangak reported sharing or paying debt with any of their crops, but it was most common for them to report selling very little of their harvest. In Toch, slightly more

13 respondents report sharing crops as compared to the other two regions. It was most common for respondents to state that they do not share most of their harvest.

Harvest consumed last rainy season

New Fangak old fangak Toch

Most of it More than half About half Less than half Very little None of it Refuse

Figure 6: Harvest consumed last rainy season

3.2.5 Sources of Planting Seeds

How do you acquire new seeds Bought Bought on Bought Bought on Received from Payam outright from credit from outright credit from Total an aid N/R market or market or from co- co- organization distributor distributor operative operative Count 5 23 7 9 42 25 111 New Fangak % of Total 1.48% 6.82% 2.08% 2.67% 12.46% 7.42% 32.94% Count 76 2 0 1 36 1 116 Old Fangak % of Total 22.55% 0.59% 0.00% 0.30% 10.68% 0.30% 34.42% Count 6 15 3 4 65 17 110 Toch % of Total 1.78% 4.45% 0.89% 1.19% 19.29% 5.04% 32.64% Total Count 87 40 10 14 143 43 337 % of Total 25.82% 11.87% 2.97% 4.15% 42.43% 12.76% 100.00%

Most households acquire their seeds from aid organizations (42.4%) while 25.8% get their planting seeds from the markets. A small fraction of the households (11.9%) bought their seeds on credit from the markets. IDPs mostly relied on organizational aid for planting seeds. Some host communities also reported to have stored part of their harvest as seeds for the next agricultural season.

3.2.6 Livestock Production Cattle are the most common animals reared by those who keep livestock as a form of livelihood. Close to 90% of pastoralists in all the regions keep cattle as the main animal. In New Fangak most individuals reported keeping goats than in the Old Fangak. Over 10% of individuals in Old Fangak report keeping sheep as the main animal. Limited individuals (less than 5%) in Old Fangak report keeping camels as the main animal. Very few individuals in either area report keeping other animals like poultry as the main animal.

14 Type of Livestock

Goat Camel Cattle Donkey Sheep Other Refused

New Fangak Old Fangak Toch

Figure 7: Types of Livestock kept

A comparison of total herd sizes in New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch showed that cattle herds are larger in Old Fangak, although this may be skewed by a few large herds (indicated by the large standard deviation of the mean). Conversely, goat herd sizes are larger in New Fangak, although fewer herds are observed. Finally, sheep herd sizes were scarcely noted in Old Fangak, although again, likely skewed by herd sizes and the fact that very few individuals keep sheep in Old Fangak.

Flooding during the rainy season, livestock diseases and droughts pose a significant challenge for individuals engaged in livestock production. Much like with agriculture, many pastoralists are reliant on rivers as a source of water for their livestock. Some water sources are located very far for pastoralists. For example, a community leader in Buom explained that during the last drought, pastoralists lost majority of their herds due to difficulty in finding water.

In Toch, flooding was attributed to the death of livestock. This was as a result of submerged pasture, leading to starvation of grazing animals. The assessment area lacks ready access to veterinary services making it difficult to save livestock in case of a disease outbreak. Most pastoralists rely on traditional herbs to treat their animals. At present, veterinary supplies have since run out of stock in the markets due to the disruption of the supply chain following the conflict in the assessment area and the surroundings.

Respondents were asked how the size of their herds had changed in the past year. 73.3% of the respondents in the three payams stated that their herd sizes had decreased in the past year. 8% of the respondents stated that their herd size had increased in the past year, while only 5.3% of the respondents reported that their herd sizes had remained the same.

15 Herd size changes in the last 12 months Increased Refused 8% 13% Remained stable 5%

Decreased 74%

Figure 8: Herd size changes in the last 12 months

Majority of households keeping livestock have had to sell some of their animals in the past year to cater for household needs and especially provide food for their families. Respondents were asked specifically about selling livestock in order to cover income gaps. The responses suggest that livestock income frequently comes from selling the animal rather than selling animal products (such as dairy or wool). Responses also suggest that households may sell livestock as a coping strategy when they face economic strain within their households.

In general, 75% of households (n=252) sold animals in the past year. This was also ascertained during FGDs. The ability to buy additional livestock or restocking is deemed a sign of economic health.

Sell of Livestock in the last 12 months

Toch

old fangak

New Fangak

0 20 40 60 80 100

Refused No Yes

Figure 9: Sell of Livestock in the last 12 months

16 3.2.7 Access to Land In New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch payams, majority of respondents reported that they do not have access to land for growing crops for consumption or sale. 15.1% of respondents reported that they do not have access to land, while just fewer than 34.7% reported to have land but only to support the family food needs. 41.2% of households interviewed do not have enough land for cultivation. None response for this question, though low, was because some respondents who are pastoralists chose not to answer. The respondents who reported having access to some land in the three payams assessed said that they had inherited the land. Few respondents reported that they had purchased their land either fully or on credit.

Table 8: Availability of land by payam

New Fangak Old Fangak Toch

Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Total Yes, enough to support 7 2.1% 8 2.4% 9 2.7% 7.1% family and have an to sell Yes, enough only to support the family 28 8.3% 69 20.5% 20 5.9% 34.7% Yes, but not enough 56 16.6% 22 6.5% 61 18.1% 41.2% Not enough 19 5.6% 16 4.7% 16 4.7% 15.1% Refused 1 0.3% 1 0.3% 4 1.2% 1.8% Total % 100.0%

3.2.8 Casual Labour Casual labour was another frequently reported form of livelihood by households interviewed. In the New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch payams, it was established that 9% of respondents regularly secure work as casual labourers, 22% sometimes secure work but the and the majority (67%) do not manage to secure any work.

Table 9: Why not able to find work

Why not able to find work

No work work is too available for Safety Other Refused Total far away my skills New Fangak 16.00% 11.00% 3.60% 1.80% 1.20% 111 Old Fangak 23.40% 5.90% 2.10% 2.40% 0.00% 116 Toch 6.50% 7.70% 1.50% 0.00% 16.90% 110 Total 46.00% 24.60% 7.10% 4.20% 18.10% 337

When asked about the reasons why they are not able to find work, 46% of said that there was no work available that was in line with their skills. 24.6% could not work because the workplace is too far and the only means of access is by river and by walking long distances. 7.1% of the households attributed not being able to work due to safety concerns. This is purely as a result of ongoing conflicts in the area.

17

Table 10: When is it easiest to find work as a casual labour? When is it easiest to find work as a casual labour Not easy to Payam Rainy season Dry season Every season Refused Total find work New Fangak 27 40 10 33 1 111

Old Fangak 19 11 17 69 0 116

Toch 2 23 12 28 45 110 Total 48 74 39 130 46 337 14.2% 22.0% 11.6% 38.6% 13.6% 100.0%

In New Fangak, respondents report that it is easier to find work during the dry seasons (22%) and secondly during rainy season (14.2%). Fewer responded that it is easier to find work during all seasons, dry or rainy (11.6%). This may suggest that there are opportunities for casual labour in farming activities in line with the agricultural season. It was likewise noted construction activities are also common during the rainy season when there is more income. In Old Fangak, the differences across seasons are more pronounced.

In the three payams, the most common type of casual labour is related to agricultural activities. This is more common in New and Old Fangak than it is in Toch. However, there were a high numbers of non-responses in Toch in than the other two regions.

3.2.9 Food Consumption The majority of respondents in New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch reported that sorghum is the principle crop cultivated and consumed. It is mostly grown locally and for subsistence purposes which supports the finding that most households grown their own food rather than buying it from the market. Few families in New Fangak and Toch reported that millet, maize, millet, or rice (other locally grown crops) as the principle crop in their diet.

Table 11: Main crop you use to feed this household

What is the main crop you use to feed this household Total

Payam Rice Maize Sorghum Millet Okra (imported) Count 10 79 21 0 1 111 New Fangak % of Total 3.00% 23.40% 6.20% 0.00% 0.40% 33.00%

Count 11 98 6 1 0 116 Old Fangak % of Total 3.30% 29.10% 1.80% 0.30% 0.00% 34.40% Count 22 76 12 0 0 110 Toch % of Total 6.50% 22.60% 3.60% 0.00% 0.00% 32.60% Total Count 43 253 39 1 1 337

18 3.2.10 Food Consumption Score The following criteria were used in analysing the food consumption score;

- 0 to 21, Poor consumption - 21.5 to 35, Borderline consumption - > 35, Acceptable consumption

On average, the food consumption score for the main staple food consumed in the three payams like (mainly sorghum) is 38.82. This falls within acceptable consumption. Pulses have an FCS of 27.43 which lies borderline. Consumption of vegetables seems to be a concern in the three payams assessed with an average FCS of 20.31. This low consumption poses a nutritional risk to children under five and older persons.

Fruits and animal protein also have a low FCS, 24.21 and 24.7 respectively. This is due to the fact that most residents in the assessment do not plant fruits and the supply in the market very low. Although a significant number of households rely on fishing as a main source of protein and food, the consumption of meat, milk and eggs was found to be significantly low due to their affordability.

Most of the families lost their livestock as a result of fighting or flooding. The overall FCS for the six classes of food; a cereal, pulses, vegetables, fruits and animal proteins is 27.11 (borderline).

Table 12: Food Consumption Score In the last one week, how many days have you eaten the following foods? Std. N Min Max Mean FCS Deviation Main staple foods e.g. (maize, porridge sweet potatoes and sorghum) 337 0 99 5.55 7.669 38.82196 eaten pulses 337 0 99 3.92 16.683 27.43917 vegetable e.g. (Kales, traditional 337 0 99 2.90 7.838 20.31454 vegetables, relish and leaves) fruits 337 0 99 3.46 14.966 24.21958 Meat and fish e.g. beef, goat meat, eggs 337 0 99 3.54 5.677 24.78042 and fish Valid N (listwise) 337 Average FCS 27.115

3.2.11 Economic Status Respondents in the three payams reported earning a maximum monthly income of 4,500 SSP. The average monthly income in New Fangak was reported as 190.94 SSP (standard deviation of 100.51). In Old Fangak, the average monthly income was reported as 125.73 SSP (standard deviation of 66.23) and in Toch, the average monthly income was reported as 105.13 SSP (standard deviation of 53.11). The variation in reported incomes was higher in Old Fangak, but the average was also higher. A higher variation suggests that inequality among the sample in New Fangak may be greater.

19 89%

5% 5% 1%

Have enough money or food Have only just enough Do not have enough money Refused to live comfortably money or food to eat or food to eat sufficiently

Figure 10: Household's main economic Situation in the past 12 months

Respondents were asked what their overall economic situation was during the past year. They reported an overall difficult economic situation since the start of the ongoing crisis in the county. In the three payams of New Fangak, Old Fangak and Toch a significant number of respondents reported not having enough money to pay for household expenses (89%). Although it appears that more individuals in New Fangak do not have enough money, as compared to Old Fangak and Toch, this difference is marginal in the sample. In both areas, few households reported being comfortable in their current economic situation (5%). Increasing proportions reported barely having enough or not having enough financial means. It is likely that there is seasonal variation in the economic situation of the respondents. However, due to the current emergency conditions or the general situation in the county, individuals suggest that the economic situation does not significantly improve during the rainy season.

3.2.12 Prices of Most Important Commodities/Livelihood Foods

71%

53%

40% 33% 32% 33% 28% 29% 21%

Soap Beef Onions Cooking Rice Sugar Maize Wheat Sorghum oil flour flour

% Change 2013/15

Figure 11: 3.2.12 Prices of Most Important Commodities/Livelihood Foods

20 The ongoing crisis has caused a sharp increase in prices of most important food commodities in the markets. The price of sorghum, which is the main staple cereal, has increased by 71%, onions by 53%, beef by 40%, cooking oil and wheat flour by 33%. Sugar which is also commonly consumed in tea both at home and in the market area (tea shops) has increased by 32%. This has reduced the ability of households to afford these basic food commodities. On average, there has been a 38% increase of prices of basic commodities and foods since December 2013 to date (December 2015).

3.2.13 Markets Access and Trade An assessment was conducted on market and trade in the area to understand the operating environment and dynamics of the market situation from the communities’ perceptions in relation to food crops. It was found that markets and marketing activities are an important aspect of the foods chain that needed an in-depth review.

3.2.13.1 Main Markets and Foods The three payams have a number of markets that engage in trade of food crops and other commodities namely Old Fangak market centre, Toch market centre, Phom and Wichmuon centres in New Fangak. However many of them are small with a minimal volume of trade that caters for locals. The main food markets are in Old Fangak and New Fangak. In September 2015, the SPLM-IO and traders began to re-establish the market centre in Old Fangak and it has been growing gradually.

Common commodities in the Old Fangak market centre and Phom markets are sugar, biscuits, salt, soap, torches, shoes, sorghum, maize flour and wheat flour. Sugar was widely available in all shops. A few traders sold sorghum. It was believed that in October 2015, almost all sorghum in the market in Old Fangak was from relief aid. Wheat flour could also be found but in small quantities.

3.2.13.2 Food Purchases Food purchases from the markets remained the second option for majority of households (after subsistence food production). However purchasing power and access to cash remains a challenge for most households.

One key informant said “...It is hard for me to get food because I don’t have any income. We lost cattle and my husband doesn’t have a job”…

Poor host and IDPs households in Old Fangak tended to be net buyers of sorghum, even in rural areas where agriculture and staple food production determine the principal livelihoods for many. They spend a greater share of income on food compared to other items. Food purchases from the markets accounted for 35% - 45 of the total food intake.

Market purchases were reportedly minimal among the host community as a result of limited cash and lack of sorghum in the markets. At the time of the assessment, the price of sorghum was 30SSP for 3.5kg which was deemed by the individuals interviewed as being exceptionally high for this time of the year. When compared to the same period in 2013, the price of sorghum has increased by about 71%. The rising food prices observed in the county have eroded trade and reduced household purchasing power for other commodities.

In addition to the high prices, sorghum was also scarce and hardly enough to meet local demand. The main reason given for the scarcity of this commodity in the markets was transport and logistical challenges. This is further exacerbated by closure of traditional trade routes by government forces and general insecurity along those routes.

21

3.2.13.3 Most Important Marketing Problems Markets and marketing activities in Fangak County have the potential for rapid growth and development. This is because of the available ready demand. This potential however is being hampered by the following constraints:

 General insecurity affecting the normal operation of business. The County remains susceptible to cases of insecurity occasioned by conflict and violence.  Scarcity or insufficient quantities of commodities in the markets and restrictively high prices. This is especially the case for food items.  Limited purchasing power of residents as a result of limited or no cash in circulation, thereby necessitating limited consumption, both in terms of diversity and frequency.  Logistical challenges and high fuel prices significantly affect the cost of transport which is passed on consumers translating into higher prices.  Closure of traditional trade routes by armed groups.

3.2.14 Coping Strategies In New Fangak, the most commonly reported coping strategy is limiting portion sizes as well as changing consumption patterns (i.e. reducing the number of meals eaten per day, eating cheaper and less preferred food). A significant number of households in New Fangak reported that they also borrow food or take food on credit.

Reducing the number of meals eaten during the day is much less common in Old Fangak than in New Fangak and Toch. Although few households report receiving donations from family or neighbours, the interviewees indicated that this was an important coping mechanism during drought.

Table 13: Household Coping Strategies

Coping Strategy New Fangak Old Fangak Toch Total N % N % N %

Limit portion sizes 23 6.8% 11 3.3% 36 10.7% 20.8%

Reduced number of meals 82 24.4% 101 30.1% 82 24.3% 78.8% Days without eating 42 12.5% 1 0.3% 43 12.8% 25.6%

Less preferred food 29 8.6% 83 24.7% 40 11.9% 45.2% Borrow food on credit 21 6.3% 1 0.3% 17 5.0% 11.6% Reduce adult consumption so 34 10.1% 13 3.9% 27 8.0% 22.0% children can eat Donations from family 3 0.9% 1 0.3% 4 1.2% 2.4% NGO donations 10 3.0% 0 0.0% 13 3.9% 6.8% Take children out of school 1 0.3% 11 3.3% 3 0.9% 4.5% Sell livestock 40 11.9% 1 0.3% 26 7.7% 19.9% Send family members to eat 3 0.9% 0 0.0% 3 0.9% 1.8% elsewhere Send family members to ask for 0 0.0% 2 0.6% 4 1.2% 1.8% food or money

22 Sell household assets 1 0.3% 2 0.6% 0 0.0% 0.9% Eat leftover or spoiled food 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3 0.9% 0.9% Reduce non-food expenditures 2 0.6% 0 0.0% 2 0.6% 1.2% Gather natural resources or wild 15 4.5% 0 0.0% 12 3.6% 8.0% food Refused 1 0.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.3%

Respondents were asked about their experience in relation to external shocks in the past year. In New Fangak, households frequently reported having been effected by sickness in the family (16.6%). More than half of families report having experienced hardship due to the burden of debt repayment (74.8%), high food prices (74.2%), high fuel prices (74.8%) and hardship due to natural disasters (16.3%). In Toch, overall reporting of external shocks was less common with the exception of death of livestock (23.1%). This is due to vulnerability of the area to flooding during the rainy season. On average 29.7% of the households reported that food prices had increased.

Table 14: NFI and Financial Assistance In the past 12 months, have you received any material or financial assistance from other Sources Location Source New Fangak Old Fangak Toch Total Percent NGO Yes 50 90 81 221 66% Local Government Yes 2 3 5 10 3% Remittance from Family Yes 47 104 61 212 63% Other Sources Yes 6 8 6 20 6%

Insecurity in the three payams sampled for the assessment has significantly affected the most important forms of livelihoods namely crop production, livestock keeping and fishing. Both the host community and IDPs have been relying on food and NFI support from NGOs (66%).

The World Food Program (WFP) has been airlifting and dropping food in Old Fangak and New Fangak since 2014. Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) has been in charge of food distribution in the two payams. However the intervals of distribution have been inconsistent and unrepresentative. Other four payams in Fangak County have not received any food aid including Toch Payam. Only 11,000 individuals have been reached through food distributions which is far below the total estimated population of (154,000)10 individuals in the host community and an estimated IDP population of (85,000)11 individuals.

Table 15: External Shocks that affect livelihoods and food Security External shocks New Fangak Old Fangak Toch Total % N % N % N % Sickness in the family 56 17% 12 4% 45 13% 34% Death in the family 19 6% 3 1% 23 7% 13% Unemployment/loss of job 18 5% 0 0% 13 4% 9% Food prices 36 11% 29 9% 31 9% 29% Fuel prices 1 0% 1 0% 1 0% 1% Debt 109 32% 33 10% 110 33% 75%

10 Source: Projected population of Fangak County from the South Sudan Nation Bureau of Statistics_2008 national census 11 Source: Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM)

23 Home rental price 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0% Poor climate 32 10% 4 1% 51 15% 26% School fees 1 0% 1 0% 1 0% 1% Natural disaster 23 7% 7 2% 55 16% 25% Pest infestation 28 8% 2 1% 33 10% 19% Conflict 60 18% 83 25% 47 14% 57% Immigration (IDPs) 33 10% 84 25% 24 7% 42% Death of livestock 37 11% 12 4% 78 23% 38% Other 0 0% 3 1% 1 0% 1%

IDPs were reported to heavily rely on remittances and assistance from relatives, friends and members of the host communities to buy food, clothing and other important commodities. The local government has little to offer for both the host community and IDPs. Out of the total assistance offered, the government only supports by 3%. This illustrates the low capacity of the government to support the most vulnerable groups in meeting their basic humanitarian needs in the county.

3.3 Wild food collection and fishing

3.3.1 Wild Food Collection

Both IDPs and members of the host community are involved in collection wild food to supplement their diet. On average, about 3 IDP household members collect wild food daily the most common being wild leafy vegetables. Host households began to collect water lily from October 2015 from Korwai Seasonal River. This will extend until April 2016. However, the river is infested with crocodiles thereby hampering Desert dates eaten as wild fruit the collection of water lily.

In all payams, desert dates (lalop), fruits and nuts are consumed from December through April. This is expected to continue during the dry season since household stocks are low. For some households, wild leaves and fruits have become a main food commodity, as they deplete their food stocks. Wild food is projected to contribute between 10% and 15% (varying between socio-economic groups) and meeting 20% to 25% of food needs for IDPs.

3.3.2 Fishing

Fishing remains an important source of livelihood for most households in the county and contributing significantly to food security. This represents a vast resource is vast, replenished by the availability of many streams, tributaries, rivers and swamps. River Phow and River Nile are two of the biggest water sources and the main fishing waters in the assessment area.

Majority of people are involved in the fishing during the dry season. Overall, in October, 14.3% of host households were engaged in fishing.

24

3.4 Water and Sanitation (WASH) 3.4.1 Access to Water

Interviews and FGDs with community members confirmed that water shortages are common (for safe drinking water). The nature of the water shortage depends on the water source itself.

It was observed that many hand pumps have broken down rendering them non-functional. Communities are obliged to wait for replacement parts which in some cases take several months to arrive and to be fixed. In other instances, the wells dry up altogether during the dry season or even permanently.

Main source of water for the households

.3% 1.5% Toch 9.2% 20.5% 1.2% .6% 1.2% Old Fangak 9.8% 4.2% 18.7%

.3% New Fangak 17.8% 14.5% .3%

.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0%

Others Well Water pool River Stream Hand pump

Figure 12: Main source of water for households

Most respondents stated that they draw their water from the river, 17.8% in New Fangak, 14.5% draw their water from streams while 0.3% draw their water in water pools and hand pumps. In Old Fangak, most respondents get their water from hand pumps (18.7%). However some respondents (n=33, 9.8%) report obtaining water from a river and (n=14, 4.2%) from a stream. Only 1.2% reported getting water from a water pool. In Toch, majority of respondents stated that they get their water from streams (n=69, 20.5%), (n=31, 9.2%) from a river and (n=4, 1.2%) use available hand pumps.

The vast majority of respondents in the three locations pay for access to their water points (if they cannot obtain water from a stream or river). In Old Fangak, 96.52% of respondents and 63.01% in New Fangak pay for access. Interviews suggested that the income generated from water points is largely used either for local government revenue or upkeep of the water point itself. In New Fangak, over three quarters of respondents share a water source with other households while in Toch, almost all respondents share a common water resource.

25 3.4.2 Water Collection In Toch, households are most likely to fetch water multiple times in a day (60.0%) while in Old Fangak this stands at (27.27%). An almost equal number of respondents fetch water once daily (24.48%), compared to 19.58% fetching water two to three times a week.

3.4.3 Water Treatment In New Fangak, respondents are less likely to drink treated water than respondents in Toch. Respondents in New Fangak reported that water points were located in a range of distances from the village. Depending on the location of the household and their means of transportation, it can take more than an hour and a half to get to the water source. Those in Toch have a closer water source mostly in form of streams and rivers which it takes approximately, on average, 30 minutes to reach. People in Old Fangak previously fetched water once or twice a day, but with the drying up of several wells, the frequency of fetching water per day has increased.

In general, for all the three payams assessed, the distances to a water source ranged from a few metres (inside the homestead) to more than 5 km away.

3.4.4 Water Point Management Most of the already existing water points (53.9%) like the hand pumps do not have water management committees (WMC). Toch has the highest number of water points not managed by WMCs (27.4%), New Fangak with (22.6%) and old Fangak with only 3.9%. A high number of unmanaged water points resulting to poorly managed water points hence contributing to unsustainability of these valuable community resources.

Water and sanitation in schools still remains a major concern in Fangak County. It was observed that schools do not have any form of latrines or hand washing facilities. Teachers and pupils are forced to practice open defecation. In market centres like New and Old Fangak, where there are no open fields, this causes a high risk of an outbreak of diseases.

3.5 Education in Emergencies

3.5.1 Nature and Condition of Schools in Fangak County

Assessment findings reveal that from the three payams assessed, New Fangak had the highest number of schools with 13 schools compared to Toch with 9 schools and lastly Old Fangak with 8 schools. The three payams have a total of 30 schools.

Table 16: Distribution of schools in Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch Payam Frequency Percent Cumulative % Payam Frequency Percent Cumulative % Valid Old Fangak 8 26.7 26.7 New Fangak 13 43.3 70.0 Toch 9 30.0 100.0 Total 30 100.0

Out of all schools in formerly and currently existing in the three payams, 96.7% are primary schools. Only one secondary school, Phom Secondary, exists in New Fangak. Unfortunately, this school was destroyed during the conflict in December 2013 leaving the whole county without any

26 form of secondary school that has the ability to admit pupils from primary schools thereby paralyzing the transition of candidates from primary school to secondary school12.

Most of the schools (59.5%) are primary schools, while 7.2% are preschool learning centres mostly overseen by volunteers. A high number of households (19.9%) reported that there are no schools within their proximity. This means that their children walk for long distances to access schools in the neighbouring villages. This exposes children to protection related risks. Lack of physical infrastructure, teaching tools and facilities and an inadequate number of qualified teachers are major contributing factors to low levels of education in the county.

The following is a list of schools in the assessment area:

List of schools in Toch Payam 1. Dhornor Primary 2. Kuedeng Primary 3. Kuerboy Primary 4. Kuetet Primary 5. Longtime Primary 6. Nyadin Primary 7. Nyikan Primary 8. Pathiay Primary 9. Toch Primary

List of schools in New Fangak 1. Bei Primary 2. Koat Nyakuang Primary 3. Kuamdong Primary 4. Kuerkan Primary 5. Kuernyang Primary 6. Manyajak Primary 7. Nyalual Primary 8. Pakan Primary 9. Phom Girls Primary 10. Phom Primary 11. Phom Sec 12. Tangbong Primary 13. William Chol Primary

List of schools in Old Fangak 1. Chotbora Primary 2. Diangdiang Primary 3. Nyatuet Primary 4. Old Fangak Centre Primary 5. Pulpam Primary 6. Wanglel Primary 7. Wangmok Primary 8. Ban Primary

12All sources of information including observation showed that there was no secondary school in the whole county. The only secondary that used to serve the whole county was completely demolished by the SPLM troops in 2013 crisis.

27

Table 17: Time taken to access schools Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation How long do they walk to the 336 0 240 34.8646 45.05282 nearest school? Time in minutes If yes, how many 336 0 1000 117.85 946.272 Valid N (listwise) 231

Findings from this assessment have shown that on average, the education of 118 schools boys and girls of school going age has been negatively affected by the crisis. On average, children take roughly 35 minutes to walk to the nearest school to access education. In certain cases, some of the children who do not have schools in their respective bomas have to walk for an estimated three hours to reach the nearest school. This has contributed to fatigue leading to high levels of drop out as well as exposing girls to the risk of different forms of sexual and gender based violence like rape and abduction. Boys are exposed to abduction and forced recruitment into armed group and even the risk of death13.

Table 18: Type of school (Secondary/Primary) Cumulative Type of school Frequency Percent Percent Primary 29 96.7 96.7 Secondary 1 3.3 100 Total 30 100

Only a third of all schools in the three payams have temporary learning classes i.e. they have either walls made of local materials (reeds, mud and grass thatching), tents or iron sheets. Most of the schools (67%) are run under trees. Feedback from KII and FGDs showed that this situation has affected learning in the county. Lessons are usually interrupted by both social activities around the schools and adverse weather conditions like extreme heat, rain, wind and even flooding due to the terrain of the area. During the rainy season, learning comes to stand still while during the dry season, learning only goes up to midday due the heat that affects both children and teachers.

Table 19: Nature of Learning Facilities/Schools Nature of Schools Construct Classes Under Trees Total (Temporary Learning Facility) (Open Air Classes) Old Fangak 10% 17% 27% Payam New Fangak 13% 30% 43% Toch 10% 20% 30% Total 33% 67%

13 Feedback (FGDs and KII) from local community members, youths, women, community leaders and local authorities during the assessment

28

As a result of communal conflicts and fighting between government troops and rebel forces, 56.7% of the total schools are not operating. Less than half (43.3%) of the schools were in operation at the time of this assessment. It was also reported that learning is paralysed due to lack of teachers. All teachers in the county are working on voluntary basis without any form of regular pay. Through the Girls Education in South Sudan (GESS) capitation grant, some teachers only earn a maximum of 150 SSP after two months of work14.

The influx of IDPs from other counties (Bentiu) and Upper Nile State and flooding occasioned in Toch has also negatively affected learning in some schools. Due to lack of the lack of shelter, some IDPs were settled in some schools. For instance in October 2015, Toch, Pathiay and Kuerboy primary schools were occupied by IDPs from Bentiu and New Fangak for a period of two months. This paralysed learning in these schools as the local authority arranged for alterative shelter for the IDPs.

Completion and transition of pupils to the final years of primary and secondary school is still hampered. This is due to the fact that most schools in the county run only up to P6 and with no secondary school in the county, progression to secondary education is halted. The only secondary school in the county was in new Fangak and it was destroyed during the fighting in 2013. St Daniel Comboni, with the support of the Catholic Church, is the only learning centre that has taken the responsibility to provide class P8, the final year of primary education. The church conducts teaching and tuition for pupils preparing to sit for the national examinations.

Table 20: Status of Schools Frequency Percent Operating 13 43.3% Not Operating 17 56.7% Total 30 100.0

On average, each school in the three payams has an estimated population of 396 pupils with some schools with as low as 190 pupils while others have as high as 670 pupils. This assessment also revealed that each school has an average of 7 teachers although with only 3 three teachers being adequately qualified. The rest are volunteers or untrained teachers who have offered to support education in their communities.

In terms teacher pupil ratio, every qualified teacher is responsible for 115 pupils (1:115). With the support of volunteers every teacher is responsible for 58 pupils (1:58). Nevertheless, the physical learning structures available are far below the lower threshold. On average every class hosts 173 pupils per lesson.

14 KII interviews with Janet Wanyama, Fangak County Education Liaison Coordinator and teachers and education actors in the county during the assessment

29 Table 21: Average, Teacher/Class- Pupil ratios and School population Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev Ratios School Population 17 190 670 395.53 147.459 N/A Number of all Teachers per School 17 3 13 6.82 3.087 58 Number of qualified Teachers 9 2 6 3.44 1.424 115 Number of Classes per school 21 0 7 2.29 2.686 173 Valid N (listwise) 0

3.5.2 Conflicts and Education in Fangak County Assessment findings from the assessment area revealed that 40.5% of boys and girls of school going age have not been attending school since the start of the crisis in December 2013. A slightly higher number of boys (52%) are not attending school as compared to 48% of girls in Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch. The school going age bracket used in this assessment was 5-18 years. New Fangak Payam registered the highest number (23.2%) of out of school children followed by Toch Payam with 12.8% and Old Fangak with 4.50%.

Refer to: Table 5: Highest level of education among households.

Table 22: School-age Boys and Girls within the crisis-affected / displaced population currently attending school Boys and Girls within the crisis-affected / displaced population Payam currently attending school Yes No Refused Total Count 26 78 6 110 New Fangak % of Total 7.70% 23.20% 1.90% 32.80% Count 101 15 0 116 Old Fangak % of Total 30.10% 4.50% 0.00% 34.50% Count 65 43 2 110 Toch % of Total 19.30% 12.80% 0.60% 32.70% Count 192 136 8 336 Total % of Total 57.10% 40.50% 2.40% 100.00%

The assessment revealed that only 30% of the crisis affected children of school going age have access to learning materials whereas most of them (57%) do not have any form of learning material (exercise books and pens) having been destroyed during the fighting. 13% reported having left their learning materials in their areas of origin after having been forcefully and hurriedly displaced.

Table 23: Do the crisis-affected / displaced boys and girls and teachers have learning materials Frequency Percent Yes 102 30% No, they were left behind in the home community (displaced 42 13% children) No, they were destroyed during the crisis 193 57% Total 337 100%

30 75% of the schools in the assessment areas in Fangak County were totally destroyed by the fighting that erupted in the county in December 2013. Phom Secondary school is among the schools that were destroyed. This finding correlates with high percentage of schools that are not operational (56.7%) in the county.

Refer to: Table 20: Status of Schools

Hold the Child Organization is the only NGO working in county to support education. They have offered to provide some schools with teaching materials like black boards, pens, support 90 teachers salary for a period of six months with effect from October 2015 to March 2016. This is a good effort from humanitarian actors. However, there still remain big gaps in the county. Most of the schools run as open air schools without any structures and with only untrained volunteer teachers.

Table 24: How did the recent conflicts disrupt affect schools in this area?

How did the recent conflicts disrupt affect schools in this area Frequency Percent

Totally destroyed/not usable 253 75.3% Damaged, but still usable with some repairs 35 10.4% Valid Not damaged 23 6.8% Occupied by armed forces 25 7.4% Total 336 100%

3.5.3 Other Cross Cutting factors constraining education in Fangak County Long holidays (six months) have also attributed to school dropout and poor performance of pupils especially girls. After a long stay at home, they usually forget about school and become vulnerable to forced marriages, early pregnancy, and other forms of violation of human rights. Boys are exposed to forced recruitment in army.

The ratio of boys to girls in school is worrying. At lower primary, the ratio of boys to girls is approximately 50:50. However as they progress to upper primary or completion of primary school; the ratio of girls consistently drops. The has been caused by;

Parents don’t care about completion of their children primary education. Education is not a priority among parents in the county. Many girls delay in primary schools due to repeating and complete primary schools at an approximate age of 18-20 years or even over.

There is a huge gap of gender roles in the community of Fangak County. Girl child is assigned to more of reproductive roles like, taking care of the home stead, fetching water, domestic cleaning, cooking, and farm work while boy child is allocated lesser roles.

Water and Sanitation in schools still remains a major concern in Fangak County. Schools do not have any form of latrines or hand washing facilities. Teachers and pupils are forced to practice open defecation. Sanitation and hygiene is pathetic in Market centres like New Fangak and Old Fangak since there are no open fields for defecation hence resulting in environmental nuisance in the neighbourhoods of market and residential areas. Water and Sanitation related diseases like diarrhoea were reported to have affected most school going children in the county due to lack of sanitation facilitation to cab the problem in schools and also home. Long waiting time, far distance

31 to access water points has also negatively disadvantaged the girl child to access education since the community gender roles burdens her with the responsibility of fetching water for the household. Most of the boys in Fangak County were recruited into the army from 2013 when the ethnic fighting between the Dinka and Nuer started. In addition, the county has not yet benefited from Girls Education in South Sudan (GESS). No school has accessed the capitation grants from the program. 3.6 Protection 3.6.1 Security As a result of the recurrent fighting between the government forces (SPLM) and SPLM (IO) in Fangak County, community members and IDPs in the county have suffered some forms of security and protection threats. 94% of the residents both HC and IDPs reported to have been threatened by the conflicts.

Table 25: Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year in Fangak County Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year Frequency Percent Yes 316 94.0% No 20 6.0% Total 336 100.0%

Old Fangak households (34.5%) reported to have been threatened by insecurity in the last 12 months. 32.4% of the residents in New Fangak reported to have been threatened too within the last 12 months. Toch registered the lowest incidents of insecurity. The high numbers of households in Old Fangak are most the ones that ran from New Fangak after fighting that erupted in December 2013. The high population of households who reported incidents of insecurity in New Fangak are IDPs who flew from Upper Nile State during the crisis. Toch was not directly affected although the neighbouring counties in the Unity State experiences high communal fighting till today. Most of the IDPs in Toch ran away from Unity State.

Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year

32.4% 34.5% 27.1%

5.7% .3%

New Fangak old fangak Toch

Yes No

Figure 13: Has there been any incident that threatened your security in the last one year per Payam Communal violence was the highest form of protection that was registered (29.2%) in old Fangak, 5.8% in New Fangak while 8% was registered in Toch Payam. Old Fangak (30.7%) and New Fangak (15.8%) were worst hit by mistreatment by armed groups during the fighting.

32 3.6.2 Forms of Security Threats New Fangak and Toch were highly affected by forced recruitment of young boys and men into the two groups (SPLM and SPLM – IO). Similarly, 25.9% and 22.3% of households in New Fangak and Toch Payams were forcefully displaced. Original residents of new Fangak were forced to move to either Old Fangak or Toch. Toch also received high number of IDPs from Unity State since it was not directly affected by fighting.

Households in All the three Payams were exploited during the fighting by the troops from the two sides at a rate of roughly 33.3%. Grabbing of personal property like cattle, household goods, food, and recruitment of young boys into the army, sexual abuse and child labour were some of the reported cases of exploitation.

Table 26: Forms of security threats Type of security threat New Fangak Old Fangak Toch N % N % N % Total %

Communal violence 19 5.7% 98 29.2% 27 8.0% 42.9% Mistreatment by armed groups 53 15.8% 103 30.7% 40 11.9% 58.3% Rape 5 1.5% 1 0.3% 4 1.2% 3.0% Abduction 5 1.5% 0 0.0% 6 1.8% 3.3% Forced recruitment (Army) 39 11.6% 6 1.8% 36 10.7% 24.1% Forced displacement 87 25.9% 9 2.7% 75 22.3% 50.9% Banditry 1 0.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.3% Exploitation 110 32.7% 116 34.5% 110 32.7% 100.0% Other 1 0.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.3% Refused 0 0.0% 2 0.6% 0 0.0% 0.6%

The above mentioned different forms of threats had massive impact on; food security and livelihoods of community members and education in these three Payams and county as a whole. During FGDs and KII, we learned that families were forced to abandon their; farms, homes and cattle and move to safer areas like Old Fangak and Toch.

33 What is the impact of the security situation on the affected population

Access Destruction of Restricted Increased restrictions infrastructure movement of Discriminatio vulnerability Forced Trafficking for (health civilians’ men, n in access to to sexual and Other displacement and abduction humanitarian centre, roads, women, boys services physical workers houses) or girls violence Percent 21.4% 28.0% 43.2% 4.2% 2.1% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3%

Figure 14: What is the impact of the security situation on the affected population

The biggest negative impact of insecurity in Fangak County was forced displacement (31.5%). While destruction of infrastructure like health facilities, houses and schools accounted for 28% of the impact. Good number of schools in new Fangak was destroyed during the fighting. They include but not limited to; William Chol Primary School, New Fangak Primary school, New Fangak secondary school, Phom Mixed secondary school and Phom Girls primary schools were all brought down in December 2013 during fighting.

An access restriction for humanitarian workers (21.4%) is also one of the major impacts crises in the county. Both parties (SPLM and SPLM –IO) are suspicious of any humanitarian agents who have interest in the area. Most of the organizations which were working in the county flew away right from the onset of fighting in December 2013. This left a big humanitarian aid gap in the area especially with regard to, food security and livelihood, health and nutrition, education, protection and water and sanitation.

Other impacts of insecurity in the county included; discrimination in access to services (2.1%), trafficking and increased vulnerability to sexual and physical violence and other forms of gender based violence. Women and girls are more vulnerable to these forms of violence in the three Payams.

3.6.3 Lack of shelter On the other angle of population protection in regard to thematic area of protection, it was reported that there was inadequate or completely lack of shelters as the few individuals who were living in the areas including some IDP’s were under trees and some in the schools. The only IDPs who have been accommodated by HCs are the ones who are related.

34 Table 27: Forms of security threats Level of the recent conflicts disruption and how it affected shelter

Totally Damaged, but still destroyed/not usable with some Not damaged Refused usable repairs

N % N % N % N % Total Old Fangak 85 25% 6 2% 10 3% 10 3% 111 33% Payam New Fangak 60 18% 19 6% 12 4% 40 12% 131 39% Toch 52 15% 10 3% 17 5% 15 4% 94 28% Total 197 59% 35 10% 39 12% 65 19% 336 100%

As it can be noted in the table above, 59% of respondents reported that the conflict destroyed shelter and other living facilities that includes schools for learning while 10% reported that some of the facilities are damaged but salvageable to be used by the residents with only 7% reporting that majority of their facilities are not damaged. When asked to show or state the kinds of facilities that are have not been destroyed to those (the second last group) who said that the facilities are intact; they refused to show or say where. More insight sought noted the refusal and provision of some false information for some was due to fear of victimization and presence of local elders. A significant number refused to answer the question with others saying they can’t answer an obvious question seen by everyone traversing the region.

3.6.4 Sexual exploitation There is a high risk of sexual exploitation for women and girls especially IDP’s. During the focused group discussions, women and girls reported that they don’t feel safe sleeping in the open hence resort to sleeping in groups at night for safety.

When asked to elaborate, most of them reported that during the conflict that happened to escalate to the villages in the fight between the two forces one by the government and the other in opposition; some women were being raped during home invasions while some of their girls- children were forcefully being dragged to the armed groups camp for sexual exploitation reasons.

Table 28: Forms of security threats Exploitation Male Forced to pay Forced to children for some Total Raped work for the Refused being used protection militia as soldiers fees Old Fangak 5 19 5 8 74 111 Payam New Fangak 1 23 3 0 89 116 Toch 4 10 17 17 62 110 Total 10 35 25 25 241 336 Total Percent 3% 10% 7% 7% 72% 100%

It is noted in the table above that most interviewees refused to answer the question on exploitation due to the sensitivity nature off the question including fear of victimization and stigmatization from the other residents – especially when the question was being asked during the focused group discussion.

35 Another form of exploitation reported as seen in the table above was that of young men being recruited into armed forces/groups to undertake fighting on behalf of the “IO-in opposition” group. This was being undertaken during day and nights which meant that apart from the war itself and the fear of one being killed; schools would remain empty due to drop outs as most male children had joined or rather forced to join the militia groups to help fight the government forces. As for the women and some old men who are not able to carry a gun or fight or help the militia fight, they had to provide a kind of support like providing food or shelter including payment of some sort to the militia or risk being threatened or even worse by them. 3.6.5 Unaccompanied Children There are cases of unaccompanied children staying with the displaced, though the overall figure is unknown. The authorities also reported an unconfirmed number of separated children with the interviewed individuals providing an estimate of how many children they think have been separated from their parents and families15. In the below table, it’s noted that most people who were interviewed are aware or have come into contact with at least one or several family members whose member was separated from them. As noted in new Fangak, most (96) interviewees had known at some point either a family or the number of unaccompanied children or missing children while the number of those who had same idea in Old Fangak and Toch was 52 and 39 interviewees.

Table 29: knowledge of unaccompanied children per Payam Are there children who are unaccompanied/orphaned/missing since the incident in your HH Total Yes No Refused

Old Fangak 52 57 1 110

New Fangak 96 20 0 116 Location

Toch 39 56 15 110 Total 187 133 16 336 Total % 55.7% 39.6% 4.8% 100.0%

As outlined in the table below, it was noted that the number of missing or reported cases of unaccompanied children was high in Old Fangak than in New Fangak and Toch. From the interviews, it was reported that in Old Fangak there were 96 children (44%) who were either missing, unaccompanied or separated due to the war followed by 82 children (38%) in New Fangak while in Toch interviewees reported a total of 39 children (18%) missing or unaccompanied.

15 Much effort was put forth to accurately ascertain this but we could only get estimates from Camp Coordination and Camp Management since they did not have up to date reliable figures of unaccompanied children at the time of assessment

36 Table 30: Number of known unaccompanied children per Payam

Number of reported separated/unaccompanied/missing children per Payam New Fangak 82 38% Payam Old Fangak 96 44% Toch 39 18% Total 217 100%

Although the exact number of missing or unaccompanied children is not known, the above figures shows that if generalized estimated numbers from triangulated information from Household interviews, FGDs and KII then the exact number of families who are separated from their children is quite high and is main reason protection of these families including connecting them or bringing them back together becomes a priority.

3.6.6 Causes of children separation from parents and/or families

Table 31: Causes of household’s separation Cause of separation Release/esca Forced Voluntar Evacuatio Disorganize pe from separation Death of y family Other n of the d flight or institution such as Refused Total parents separatio causes children movement and/or armed abduction/ n forces/groups trafficking

N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

L

5 0 5

24 10 12 20 30

7% 3% 1% 4% 0% 6% 1% 9%

110 New o 33%

c Fangak

a

2 6 6

t 6

14 16 17 53

4% 5% 5% 2% 1% 2% 2%

Old

116 16%

i 35% Fangak

o

n

1 5 3 6 1

15 10 70

4% 0% 1% 3% 1% 2%

110

21%

33%

0.3%

Toch

Total

53 16.0% 27 8.0% 27 8.0% 28 8.0% 5 1.0% 32 9.5% 12 3.6% 175 46% 336 100%

The South Sudan conflict started in December 2013 caused massive movement of people which escalated from urban areas to the deeper hard to reach rural communities hence the main cause of vulnerability for the affected individuals especially in these three Payams of Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch. The movement meant that some members are able to get separated from their members especially children hence becoming unaccompanied when they reach to a common settling place like an IDP camp.

As outlined in the table above, there are several causes of separation ranging from death of parents which was higher than the rest of the reasons (16%) with New Fangak scoring the highest when it came to death of children parents while the proportion of Old Fangak and Toch were 4% each.

37 Most of the community livestock were therefore transferred to the neighbouring Payams during the war or killed if not stolen. Other notable reasons that led to separation of families include evacuation of children to a safer place which was a priority to mostly humanitarian community (8%), disorganized movement hence different families using different transport vessels (8%), Release/escape of a family member or members from institution and/or armed forces/groups hence leaving the other members in the camp (8%), voluntary family separation (1%), forced separation including other causes 4% and 2% respectively. Due to these movements and the impacts of war, food was therefore unavailable with the population largely dependent on scavenging for wild vegetable leaves, wild fruits and water lilies hence giving the residents no option but to separate from their family members to go scavenge for food especially men.

3.6.7 Psychosocial Stress As reported by interviewees, Standard Action Liaison Focus (SALF) conducts psychosocial support and case management of GBV survivors in Toch. The community is in dire need of more or scaled up measures of psychosocial support. This was determined when the interviewees were asked the question linked to determining the behavioural stress as they have seen manifest in the community households; the critical behavioural stress manifested from both key informants and focused group discussions complimented by the household interviews was that of getting sleeping nightmares by both adults and children.

There was also increased aggression being manifested by individuals who have gone through the war and survived. This could also be seen when undertaking the same interviews especially when asking a question that depicts some kind of sensitivity in matters security, social relations or economic background. Other stress as reported by interviewees includes withdrawal behaviours/isolation, difficulty in concentrating/feeling tired, clung behaviours (mainly younger children) and the feeling of fear.

38 Table 32: Types of behavioural stress evident in the households Behavioural problems evident within the affected population Total

Clung Difficulty in Withdrawal behaviours’ Sleeping Increased concentratin Feeling of behaviours/ (mainly Others Refused issues, aggression g/feeling fear isolation younger tired children) Old 12 3 18 16 5 23 1 32 110 Fangak New 78 8 1 19 0 9 1 0 116 Fangak Toch 9 4 7 4 1 30 0 55 110 Total 99 15 26 39 6 62 2 87 336 Total Percent 29% 4% 8% 12% 2% 18% 1% 26% 100%

39 4.0 Recommendations 4.1 Food security and Livelihoods, Water and Sanitation The study has indicated that pertinent issues raised but not addressed may influence access to education and protection strategies in the areas assessed. These following recommendations are aimed at increasing the levels of enrolment and ensuring that pupils complete their education. The recommendations touch on economic, political and social aspects.

Economic empowerment:

 Provision of veterinary support for treatment and prevention of livestock pests and diseases through improving access to services, vaccines and drugs. Support seed and tools distributions to help the households affected by insecurity and conflict and current acute food insecurity to make the most of the anticipated rains to provide food for themselves. The seed and tools are required to enable IDPs and host households to engage in production.  Give high priority to increasing the agricultural production and productivity in order to ensure food security, improve rural livelihoods and growth. This can be done by strengthening capacity building of farmers, farmers groups, and government and ROSS staff in particular through knowledge transfer to achieve increased agricultural production and productivity.  Clean and safe water is a key ingredient in food security and nutrition, lack of it can be a major cause of water stress. It is essential to address the issue of clean and safe water problem by rehabilitation and proper management of available water points. The provision of safe and clean water has significant potential to improvement of health and nutrition, and provision of a long-term livelihood for many households.  Support to maintain or enhance the contribution of fisheries by provision of fishing boats and gear (including hooks and fishing twines). Train communities living along the water bodies in Fangak County in improved fisheries practices (modern fish capture method, fish processing and storage. This is likely to make vital contribution to food and nutrition security and provide income.  Build the capacities of communities themselves in conflict resolution and strengthening the local mitigation mechanisms to avoid escalation of conflicts. This approach is rooted in dialogue between the divided parties to facilitate truths, healing, forgiveness and reconciliation in order to promote understanding for long-term peaceful co-existence and non-violent. Healing, reconciliation, and building sustainable communities are complex and urgent. Without such processes, cycles of revenge, despair, and rage persist-leaving the door open for the profiteers of chaos, fear and violence.  Support and invest in small-scale enterprise development, which is more capable of creating new workplaces and they often act as the engine of development. Small businesses can be the backbone of any economy and main driver of economic growth. The assessment is convinced that through this intervention, will be able to unlock economic growth and sustainable employment, particularly for women and youth.  The Government, NGOs and UN bodies should be geared towards building the resilience of the host and IDPs population against risks and shocks. Provision of food assistance will avert further deterioration in the food security of IDPs and host households.  Introduce cash for work activities for all different segments of the community; men and women to rehabilitate communal assets.  This will ensure improved income, leaving households with enough cash for education. From the FGD and KII, most of the household income, which is limited, is mainly directed towards access to food. This therefore means that any expenditure towards education is affected.

40 Access to water and Sanitation

Access to clean water is a factor of distance to the water point and its quality. Fetching water is normally the role of the women and girl child in most African households. Time spent walking to water point is at the expense of other activities. For girl child, level of concentration in class is reduced, while doing homework will be jeopardised.

 There is inadequate safe water, sanitation and hygiene. Water-related improvements are crucial to meet the development and improve health in a sustainable way. Support and strengthen the participation of local communities for improving water and sanitation management, through establishment of water management committee will be of importance.  Construction of sanitation facilities in schools will to a larger extent Support and strengthen community disaster risk reduction as an integral part of humanitarian action aimed at preserving life, preventing and alleviating suffering, maintaining dignity and strengthening resilience in the communities affected by disaster. Seek to strengthen resilience to shocks triggered by natural hazards.

4.2 Markets  Market based intervention in Fangak only in large markets (Old Fangak and New Fangak, functionalities of major urban settlements. Cash and voucher transfers are recommended if food stocks will be sufficient from January / February 2016. Cash and voucher transfers ensure that significant amounts of cash go into the local IDPs and vulnerable resident households, thereby increasing purchasing power. This is likely to enhance household food security and nutrition.  Market reactions to any cash intervention, especially price trend behaviours availability, should also be closely monitored, but also incorporate security analysis to be aware of the impact shifting. A market monitoring system specifically designed to match the programme design should be put in place at least one month before the beginning of the implementation, and must continue until it concluded that markets have stabilised. Once price trends are determined to be normal, market monitoring can be streamlined into the regular market monitoring systems.  Proactively support traders and continue advocating for the improvement of security, as the all-decisive factor in further strengthening markets and economic development.

4.3 Education in Emergency  Distribution of teaching materials for students/pupils (exercise books, pens, rubbers, school bags), schools (Text Books, chalk boards, pens and any other related teaching aids)  Supporting schools in each payam and making them child friendly to provide children with a protective environment and safe space in Old Fangak, New Fangak and Toch. This should include but not limited to; temporary learning classes, sitting facilities, motivating teachers by paying them some incentives since they currently work as volunteers without any pay  Distribution of teaching and learning supplies. Permanent learning structures are encouraged should supply chain be possible with the Existence of Unity Government and peace in the county.  Training and awareness campaigns to community members, children, teachers, and youth leaders on various topics that relates to education and protection like; life skills, psychosocial support and basic teaching methods should be conducted for the volunteer teachers.  A life skills curriculum should be taught to all learners, with an emphasis on psychosocial support, hygiene practices, peace building, protection against recruitment and health messaging.

41  Education actors should link closely with Child Protection to care for separated and orphaned children.  Volunteer teachers should be mobilized and trained in life skills and basic teaching methods. 4.4 Protection  Establishment and or strengthening community protection committees will be formed/strengthen and connected with local leaders and other stakeholders within the selected payams in Fangak County.  Information campaigns for IDPs and host on protection related issues, fundamental human rights, mainstreaming legislative requirements and procedures that relates to protection.  Mine risk education, including distribution of mine risk materials for community members to those households resettling in war affected areas.  There should be support to protection mitigating measures in the event of humanitarian distributions.  There is need to register unaccompanied and separated children and potential transfer or reuniting with their families.  Humanitarian actors should improve and strengthen protection monitoring and mainstreaming.  There is in to provide psycho-social support to children and young adults and strive to assess their needs to help set up child friendly spaces.  There is need of humanitarian actors to raise awareness about child recruitment and forced marriages including rape and forceful payment.  In case there are referral pathways, there is need to strengthen them but where they don’t exist then there is need to establish referral pathways and liaise with other humanitarian agencies.  There is need to provide guiding and counselling services including provision of psychosocial support to reduce trauma which affected most individuals.

5.0 References

 Humanitarian Implementation Plan (HIP) Sudan and south Sudan, 2016  Initial Rapid Assessment Report; Pibor, Jonglei State, South Sudan; December 2014 by FCA  Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, South Sudan Country Results, October 2015  Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment (IRNA) Report: [Kuernyang, Fangak, Jonglei State (25-26 November 2014)  Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment: New Fangak (Wichmuon & Buom), Fangak County, Jonglei State (12 to 14 August 2015)  Rapid Assessment Report: Toch, Fangak County, Jonglei State. 21st March 2015 by Solidarités International  Rapid food security and market assessment report; Fangak and Pigi counties, Jonglei state – south Sudan; October 2015 by NPA

42 6.0 Appendices

6.1 Household Living Status Table 33: HH living status Location New Fangak Old Fangak Toch Total Count Percent count Percent count percent Count percent Resident 33 30% 86 74% 51 46% 170 50.4% Household Refugee living 2 2% 1 1% 0 0% 3 0.9% status IDP 76 68% 29 25% 58 53% 163 48.4% None 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 1 0.3% Response Total 111 100% 116 100% 110 100% 337 100%

6.2 Sampled Payams and respective Bomas Table 34: Sampled Bomas in each payam

Sampled Bomas in each Payam Location- Payams Total New Fangak old Fangak Toch Boma Bichuikuon 14 0 0 14 Buom 43 0 0 43 Chat bora 0 2 0 2 Chiat bora 0 2 0 2 Chiatbara 0 9 0 9 Dhornor 0 0 24 24 Koatnyakoang 21 0 0 21 Kung chat 0 3 0 3 Kung chat 0 1 0 1 Lele 13 0 0 13 Longtime 0 0 17 17 Nyatuat 0 34 0 34 Old fangak 0 22 0 22 Old fangak 0 0 3 3 Pathiay 0 0 21 21 Phom 20 0 0 20 Toch one 0 0 27 27 Toch two 0 0 18 18 Wanygel 0 36 0 36 Way chat 0 3 0 3 Way chat 0 1 0 1 Way chat 0 3 0 3 Total 111 116 110 337

43 6.3 Household’s most important livelihood during rainy season Table 35: household’s most important livelihood during rainy season What is your household’s most important livelihood during rainy season Location Total New Fangak Old Fangak Toch What is Production of crops 26% 22% 25% 73% your Livestock (animals and animal 3% 4% 3% 10% household’s products) most important Petty Trade 0% 2% 0% 2% livelihood Whole sale Trade 0% 0% 0% 0% during rainy Casual labour 3% 0% 2% 5% season Own a small business 0% 1% 0% 2% Fishing or other river based 1% 1% 1% 3% activities Other 0% 4% 0% 4% Refused 0% 0% 1% 1%

6.4 Household’s most important livelihood during dry season? Table 36: What is your household’s most important livelihood during dry season? What is your household’s most important livelihood during dry season Location New Old Total Toch Fangak Fangak What is Production of crops 7% 6% 4% 17% your Livestock (animals and animal 13% 12% 13% 37% household’s products) most Petty trade 1% 3% 0% 4% important Wholesale trade 0% 0% 0% 0% livelihood Casual labour (construction, during dry 3% 1% 3% 7% agriculture) season Own a small business 2% 1% 1% 4% Fishing or other river-based activities 7% 6% 10% 23% Salaried employment (NGO, private 0% 1% 0% 1% sector, government, etc.) Other 1% 4% 0% 5% Refused 0% 0% 1% 1%

44 6.5 Household’s participants in income generating activities

Households participants in income generating actvities 25.0%

20.0% 16.9% 15.0% 13.1% 10.4% 10.0% 8.0% 6.2% 5.9% 5.0% 2.4% 2.4% .6% .3% .3% .6% 0.0% All members of Mostly males Mostly females All members of Mostly males Mostly females Refused the household above age 15 above age 15 the household regardless of age regardless of age above age 15 regardless of age

New Fangak old fangak Toch

Figure 15: Households participants in income generating activities

6.6 Sources of seeds Table 37: How do you acquire new seeds?

How do you acquire new seeds Bought Bought on Bought Bought outright credit Received outright on credit Total from from from an aid Refused from co- from co- market or market or organization operative operative Payam distributor distributor Count 5 23 7 9 42 25 111 New Fangak % of Total 1.5% 6.8% 2.1% 2.7% 12.5% 7.4% 32.9% Count 76 2 0 1 36 1 116 Old Fangak % of Total 22.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.3% 10.7% 0.3% 34.4% Count 6 15 3 4 65 17 110 Toch % of Total 1.8% 4.5% 0.9% 1.2% 19.3% 5.0% 32.6% Total Count 87 40 10 14 143 43 337 % of Total 25.8% 11.9% 3.0% 4.2% 42.4% 12.8% 100.0%

45

6.7 Management of water points Table 38: Management of water points

Committees manage the water resources in the community Payam Yes No Refused Total 24 76 10 110 New Fangak 7.14% 22.62% 2.98% 32.74% 95 13 16 116 old Fangak 28.27% 3.87% 4.76% 34.52% 10 92 8 110 Toch 2.98% 27.38% 2.38% 32.74% 129 181 26 336 Total 38.39% 53.87% 7.74% 100.00%

6.8 Types of schools and Classes

What type of classes are available at this site Preschool/ No School Payam early is available childhood Primary Secondary Non-formal in this Refused Total developme community nt /site Count 5 33 0 1 40 31 110 New Fangak % of Total 1.50% 9.80% 0.00% 0.30% 11.90% 9.30% 32.80% Count 9 103 2 0 2 0 116 Old Fangak % of Total 2.70% 30.70% 0.60% 0.00% 0.60% 0.00% 34.50% Count 10 64 0 0 25 11 110 Toch % of Total 3.00% 19.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7.40% 3.30% 32.70% Count 24 200 2 1 67 42 336 Total % of Total 7.20% 59.50% 0.60% 0.30% 19.90% 12.50% 100.00%

46 6.9 Details of FGDs conducted during the assessment Table 39: Details of FGDs conducted during the assessment Payam Gender Number in Date Remarks Attendance 6 08/12/2015 Host communities (HCs) and Nyatuat- Old Fangak Women one IDP Old Fangak Centre Men 7 07/12/2015 Both IDPs and HCs 8 2nd Dec 2015 Both boys and girls (16-30 Old Fangak Centre Youths years) Phom Centre – New 6 28th Nov 2015 Most of them were IDP from Women Fangak Malakal, Upper Nile State Phom Centre – New 6 28th Nov 2015 Most of them were IDP from Men Fangak Malakal, Upper Nile State Wichmuon Centre – New 7 29th Nov 2015 Mixed group – IDPs and host Women Fangak communities Toch Centre Men 10 30th Nov 2015 Both IDPs and HCs Toch Centre Women 6 30th Nov 2015 Both IDPs and HCs Buom- New Fangak Men 12 29th Nov 2015 Both IDPs and HCs

Table 40: Details of Key Informants Interviewed during the Assessment

Name Designation/Role Location Email16 Phone/Mobile Dates Father Gregor Priest Old Fangak [email protected] 02/12/15 Schmidt Yillow Gatkek Agriculture Fangak County [email protected] +8821643342764 02/12/15 Kong Supervisor

Kot Dayiem Head of Businessmen Fangak County 02/12/15

New Fangak Koang Puok Businessman 02/12/15 Payam Payam Education Gideon Thor Toch 01/12/15 Supervisor Head Teacher-Toch Alfred Long Toch Payam 30/11/15 Primary School Yoanes Tuang Church Leader New Fangak 28/11/15 Chuol Payam Education Tut Kech New Fangak 28/11/15 Supervisor Ladislaus Drop Zone Old Fangak [email protected] +8821651159512 04/12/15 Ongaro Coordinator Fangak County Janet Education Liaison Fangak County [email protected] 0956410010 07/12/15 Wanyama Officer CCCM17 County Focal Antony Yak Fangak County [email protected] 05/12/15 Point Representative

16some key informants do not have neither a phone number nor an email address due to lack of network and internet in the assessment area 17Camp Coordination and Camp Management

47