BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

VOLUME 6, NO. 5

THE SOLDIER FLIES OR STRATIOMYIDAE OF CALIFORNIA

BY MAURICE T. JAMES (Department of Zoology,State College of Washington, Pullman)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1960 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. Linsley, S. B. Freeborn, P. D. Hurd, R. L. Usinger Volume 6, No. 5, Pp. 79-122, plates 6-10, 19 maps Submitted by editors, October 14, 1958 Issued April 22, 1960 Price, $1.00

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND

PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE MEMORY OF MY SON TED THE SOLDIER FLIES OR STRATIOMYIDAE OF CALIFORNIA

BY MAURICE T. JAMES

To date, no publication has presented a com- forms extralimital to the California fauna). prehensive survey of the Stratiomyidae of the Although of limited economic importance, Pacific coast; the nearest approach to one is the Stratiomyidae are more significant from the the study of the aquatic forms by Wirth and theoretical standpoint than is usually recog- Stone (1956). Even this work falls a little nized. Indeed, if this family had become ex- short of its expected goal since two groups tinct in prehistoric times, some valuable links have had to be omitted. These are the in the evolutionary development of Diptera Pa chyga s t rina e and the E upar yph us-Aoc hlet us would have been lost to science. Nowhere complex which are being studied by Dr. Ken- within a closely knit taxonomic group can be neth J. Kraft and Dr. John A. Quist. It is hoped found a better example of evolutionary change that a supplement to this pager can include involving a major structurethan in the stratiomyid these two groups. antenna, which we can trace from the relatively The Stratiomyidae are placed, together with primitive, undifferentiated l-segmented (e.g., the Tabanidae, Coenomyiidae, Pantophthalmidae, Cyphomyia) and the somewhat reduced but still and Erinnidae, near the base of the Brachycera. undifferentiated 7- to 8-segmented (e.g., In all these flies the empodia are pulvilliform; Stratiornys), through the stylate (e.g., Eulalia, venation is of a relatively primitive type; and some Adoiomyia), attenuatestylate (e.g., some the antenna, although in some groups it may be Adoxomyia, Nemotelus), and terminally aristate aristate, has the basal complex distinctly an- (Acrochaeta), to the subterminally aristate form nulated (Steyskal, 1953). In the Stratiomyidae (e.g., Sargus). Much of that development can venation is quite primitive although the veins be seen within a single tribe, the Myxosargini are crowded toward the costal margin, and (James, 1942). Though the final development there is a strong tendency toward reduction, for of the dorsally aristate, pendant antenna, with example, in the weakening or loss of R,, M,, M, its thoroughly consolidated basal flagellar com- and cross veins r-m and in-cu, and in the gen- plex comes later, this is certainly a marked eral weakening of the veins surrounding the development to take place in one family. discal cell. A venational character that dis- The sidewise, rather than direct, develop- tinguishes the Stratiomyidae from the Erinnidae ment of a characteristic venational pattern has and Coenomyiidae is the origin of the radial obscured some phylogenetically more important sector at or near the base of the discal cell wing developments. It is not the Beridinae and rather than far before it. Among other charac- Chiromyzinae, commonly considered the most ters, we might mention the frequently spinose primitive subfamilies, which have the most condition of the scutellum (a character which primitive venation but, on the other hand, the suggested to Bauer the name Notacantha for Cyphomyiinae. From this subfamily, progres- the Stratiomyidae and their close relatives), sive reduction and weakening of venation can and the lack of tibial spurs (except in some be traced in three directions, through the BO BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Stratiomyinae, Potamidinae, and to a lesser The stratiomyid fauna of California seems to extent, the Sarginae,. culminating in such consist of three chief elements: the introduced genera as Oplodontha, Nemotelus, and typical (from Europe, South America, or Australia), Micrachrysa, respectively. An independent the more widespread Nearctic species that branch which, at least so far as venation is have spread into the state, and the endemic. concerned, must have originated below the The introduced species are found exclusively Cyphomyiinae, leads through the Cbiromyainae in the Sarginae, Chiromyzinae, and Hermetiinae and Beridinae to the otherwise highly special- and are either sod feeders or scavengers, both ized Pachygastrinae. easily spread by commerce. It is not easy to Another bit of significant phylogenetic de- separate the endemic forms from the more wide- velopment that takes place within the family spread ones that have entered the state, but is the differentiation of the pre and postabdo- many cases are quite clear. A number of the men. The whole process can be demonstrated latter category, it will be noticed, have just in the Chiromyzinae and the Beridinae, where barely reached California. reduction and telescoping of segments VI through VIII takes place gradually. Even some of the sidewise developments have interesting aspects aside from their own The collecting data presented herein repre- peculiarities. The vestigial mouth parts of the sent the accumulation of more than a quarter Chiromyzinae are, of course, adaptive, but a century, although records were relatively mea- similar situation occurs independently in sev- ger until the work of the California Insect Sur- eral groups of the higher Diptera. The develop- vey got under way. Many collections which ment of the subscutellum (metascutellum), have been examined during this period are ?not which Curran (1924) considered a phylogenetic acknowledged here, but those from which speci- link between the Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, and fically cited records have been drawp, with the Larvaevoridae, falls in the same category; pertinent abbreviations, are as follows: likewise the spinose scutellum which is again Institutional collections: California Insect encountered, for example, in the Diopsidae. Survey, University of California, Berkeley However, a special significance of this char- (C.I.S.); University of California, Davis (U.C. acter in the Stratiomyidae is that, once de- D.); University of California, Los Angeles veloped, the spines tend gradually to disap- (U.C.L.A.); University of California, River- pear (e.g., Strutiomys through various species side (U.C.R.); California Academy of Sciences of Labostigminu). (C.A.S.); California Department of Agriculture (C.D.A.); American Museum of Natural History Larval habits and habitats are not as varied (A.M.N.H.); United States National Museum as might be expected. The Cyphomyiinae, so (U.S.N.M.); Ohio State University (O.S.U.); far as known, are scavengers in decaying plant University of Arizona (U.A.); Brigham Young materials, a habit that is carried through the University (B.Y.U.); University of Kansas Hermetiinae and the Sarginae although both (K.U.); State College of Washington (W.S.C.). these families tend strongly .toward coprophagy Individual cdlections: George E. Bohart and, possibly in part, predatism. The phyto- (G.E.B.); Mont A. Cazier (M.A.C.); Gerald F. saprophagous habit is found also in some Pota- Kraft (G.F.K.); Joe Schuh (J.S.); R. M. Bohart midinae, thoush this subfamily, as well as the (R.M.B.); Paul H. Arnaud (P.H.A.); Stanley W. Stratiomyinae, becomes essentially aquatic, Bromley (S.W.B.), now part of the United where the saprophagous habit may be main- States National Museum collection; R. H. tained or may change to phpophage or micro- Painter (R.H.P.); Maurice T. James (M.T. J.). predatism. The chiromyzine- beridine-pachy- I express my appreciation to the individuals gastrine .stem also begins trophically in phyto- and curators of the collections above mentioned phagy and phytosaprophagy and continues, and to others not acknowledged here, who have although some Pachygastrinae become pre- from time to time loaned me materials from daceous on bark beetle larvae (and consequent- which pertinent records have been taken. I also ly somewhat beneficial to man). The aquatic express my appreciation to Miss Patricia Pack- habitat, though shared by many members of the ard who prepared the original illustrations, and family, seems to be a secondary development; to my son, Ted, who was helping me in the nevertheless, it is significant that no habitat is preparation of this manuscript when tragedy very far removed ecologically from the aquatic. intervened. THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 81

In preparing the keys, particularly the one arising from the discal cell ...... Beris% to subfamilies and genera, I have had in mind Abdomen with five principal segments; body the California fauna in particular. Generalities robust, the abdomen conspicuously broader .have often been sacrificed to utility. Conse- than the thorax; four strong veins arising ‘quently, the generic key will fail to work for from the discal cell ...... Exodontha 3( some of the extralimital species of genera in- 4.c”~rossvein m-cu present, ...... 5 cluded, even for the eastern United States, and Cross vein mcu absent, part of vein Cu, for some extralimital genera of the subfamilies. consequently forming part of the lower mar- On the other hand, I hope that the construction gin of the discal cell 12 of these keys along these lines will lead to ...... easier and more positive identification of the 5. Antenna with or without a more or less California forms and others that might be ex- well-defined thickened style but without pected to occur within the limits of the state or an arista (subfamily Stratiomyinae) ....G in closely adjacent areas. Antenna with a distinct subterminal arista One North American subfamily, the Cypho- (subfamily Sarginae) ...... 11 myiinae, is omitted. Members of this subfamily Anal (second anal) vein slightly though barely enter the Nearctic region in Florida, 6. distinctly sinuate (fig. 44); face distinctly Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. is possi- It produced downward (fig. 48); wing patterned; ble, though not likely, that the genus Cyphomyia slender, Sargus-like flies, with an unpat- may occur in California. This genus will run terned abdomen ...... Myrosargus / to couplet 5 of the generic key, where it may be Anal vein not at all sinuate; face often separated on the basis of the ZO-segmented, somewhat produced forward but never undifferentiated antenna ( at most &-segmented downward; wing not distinctly patterned; in the Stratiomyinae). more robust flies, usually with a distinctly patterned abdomen...... 7 7. Scutellum unspined; fourth segment of flagel- Key to the Subfamilies and Genera lum with a distinct oval depression on its of California Stratiomyidae under side; last two (fifth and sixth) seg- ments of flagellum forming a short blunt style; veins rm, MI, M,, and M, strong 1. Abdomen consisting of five principal seg- and distinct, M, somewhat abbreviated, ments (that is, exclusive of the apical however ...... Anoplodonta segments that are normally telescoped into Scutellum with two spines which may, how- the fifth); mouth parts well developed and ever, be very short and inconspicuous functional; scutellum either unspined or (Labostigrnina); fourth segment of flagellum with a single pair of terminal spines ...4 without a depression below...... 8 Abdomen consisting of six to eight principal segments, or, if only five (Ezodontha), the 8. Last two antennal segments (fifth and sixth scutellum with three or four pairs of mar- of flagellum) modified into a distinct, ginal spines, including the apical pair 2 though usually short and often blunt, style; . . venation somewhat reduced, with either 2. Scutellum, in California genera, with three rm missing or M, and/or Ma reduced to a or four pairs of marginal spines; mouth stump or weak fold; ratio of first to second parts functional; abdomen with six princi- antennal segments not more than 1.5 to 1 pal segments, the seventh and eighth tele- ...... 9 scoping into the sixth (subfamily Beri- Antenna without a style; venation not re- dinae)...... 3 duced in California species; ratio of first Scutellum unspined; mouth parts vestigial; to second antennal segment 2.5 to 1 or abdomen with seven or eight principal seg- greater except in Labostigmina ...... 10 ments, the eighth telescoping into the sev- 9. Cross vein rm absent, veins M,, ,and enth in the male, free in the female (sub- M M, present; face either receding or tugerculate family Chiromyzinae) Metoponia ...... below base of antennae, wholly green or 3. Abdomen with six principal segments; yellow between the antennae and the oral slender-bodied flies, the abdomen not margin except for a pair of small black much broader than the thorax: three veins dots in some species .....Hedriodiscus 82 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Cross vein r-mpresent, vein & wanting or nantly black (sometimes reddish) flies ... greatly reduced, vein M, also ' often more ...... Nemotelus or less reduced; face often with extensive Face not produced into a cone; scutellum black areas or wholly black .....Eulaliu twcrspined...... 15 10. Face receding; scutellar spines strong, sit- 15. Antennal flagellum inflated, distinctly broad- uated on the outer corners and outside the er than the biqsal segments, the style al- median third; ratio of first to second an- ways well differentiated and the segments tennal segments from 2.5 to t, to 5 to 1 . . composing it cylindrical; abdomen black, ...... Strutiomys not patterned ...... 16 Face produced into a rounded tubercle, the Antennal flagellum elongated and slender, antennae inserted on the upper part of the scarcely broader than the basal segments; tuberculate area; ratio of first to second style either undifferentiated or the seg- antennal segments less than 2 to 1; scutel- ments composing it flattened; abdomen lar spines very weak, almost evanescent . patterned, black and yellow or yellowish ...... hbostipmina .. red ....Eupuryphus, including Aochletus Anal cell much narrower than the combined 16. Eyes distinctly pilose; front without pol- basal cells (fig. 37); veins M1 and M, ished calli ...... Adoxqmyiu strong and well developed at least almost Eyes bare; front with a pair of large pol- to the wing margin; in California species, ished calli which are virtually contiguous eyes separated distinctly in both sexes in the male ...... Dieuryneura / and front of female with either a whitish transverse band or . two small whitish spots (very small and widely separated in Subf ami1 y CHI ROMYZINAE uiridis) above the bases of the antennae...... SargWJ Genus Metoponia Macquart Anal cell about as broad as the combined width of the basal cells (fig. 43); veins MI Metopon ia r ubr iceps Mac quar t and in California species, feeble, rep- (Pl. 10, figs. 45, 47) resented by elongated stumps and folds; eyes contiguous in the male;' front in both Metoponiu rlrbriceps Macquart, 1847, Dipteres sexes without whitish spots or bands a- Exotiques, suppl. 2, p. 28 (original pagina- bove the bases of the antennae . Microchrysu tiyn). Type 9, "New Holland"; in the Mu- 12.% iscal cell large, bounded by feeble veins seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. and emitting three veins, vein M, being Geographical range: Australia, California. absent; California species small, black, Occurrence in California: with unpatterned abdomen and aristate This species was taken in considerable antenna...... subfamily Pachygastrinae numbers emerging from lawns on the campus of Discal 'cell of small size, as usual, and the University of San Francisco, by Edwa2d L. emitting four veins, vein M3 developed at Kessel. Though it is spreading, it seems still least as a fold and stump; antenna with a to be confined to 5an Francisco County. style or terminally undifferentiated, never Discussion: aristate ...... 13 This species is easily recognized by the blackish or blackish-brown body with the con- 13. Terminal segment of flagellum developed trasting swollen reddish or ~ reddisbyellow into a vanelike style which is almost to head of the female, the chiromyzine type of fully as long as the rest of the antenna abdomen, with its seven principal segments combined; large, eloneated, wasplike flies. and, in the female, its strongly tapering form, Subfamiiy Hermetiinae ...... HennetM and by the vestigial mouth parts. There is Antennal style undifferentiated or, if pres- considerable sexual dimorphism; the male is ent, not elongated and vanelike; smaller, much smaller than the female and the eyes are more robust flies. Subfamily Potamidinae contiguous, the head consequently la&ing ...... 14 the swollen appearance and not contrasting in 14. Face produced forward conelike (figs. 49, color with the body. The bionomics and im- 50); scutellum unspined; small predomi- mature stages of this species are described is THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 83 detail by Irwin-Smith (1920). It is widespread Mariposa Co.: Yosemite, VI-25-21 (Van and common in Australia, in some areas being Dyke, C.A.S.). considered a pest of maize and lawn grasses. Mono Co.: Sardine Creek, VII-12-51 (A. T. McClay, U.C.D.). Nevada Co.: Sagehen, nr. Hobart Mills, Subfamily BERIDINAE VI-25-54 (S. E. Booras, U.C.D.);, VII-21-54 (R H. Goodwin, C.1.S.). Genus Hermetia Latreifle Sierra Co.: Independence Lake, VII- 17- 54 (R. H. Goodwin, C.1.S.). Specimens of Beris are rare in collections. Santa Cruz Co.: Soquel, on car radiator, VII- Three North American species belong here; of 2-54 (M, T. James, M. T. J.). these, only one can be referred to the Califor- nia list with certainty. Adults are usually swept from low-growing Beris annulifera (Bigot) vegetation along small streams. The immature (Pl. 10; fig. 42) stages of the American species are unknown; but in Europe larvae breed in decaying leaves Oplacantha annulifera Bigot, Ann. SOC. Ent. and other vegetable matter in the vicinity of France (6) 7: 21. Type, $ , Georgia; in streams. Bigot Collection. Geographical range: Newfoundland to Yukon Territory and Alaska, southward to the Key to the California Species Great Lakes region, along the Alleghenies to Georgia, through the Great Plains and of Beris Rocky Mountains to Kansas and New Mex- ico, and along the coast states into the 1. Antennal flagellum slender, its base but Sierra Nevada (map 1). * little broader than the apex of the second Occurrence in California: antennal segment; last tergite of male Mono Co.: Tioga Pass, VII-3-33 (G.E.B.). truncated, not produced laterally into Discussion: spines; head and mesonotum clothed with The California record for this species may bushy pile which is predominantly black; belong properly to californica. The determina- thorax dark green, almost black ...... tion was made before I recognized the identity ...... californica of that species. However, annulifera does ' Antennal flagellum distinctly broader at its occur in Washington, so it should at least be base than the apex of the second antennal on the hypothetical list. segment; last tergite of male prolonged on each side into a curved spur which ex- tends under the cerci; head and ihesono- Genus Exodontha Rondani tum clothed with relatively short, usually yellow pile; thorax bright green or bluish The rare Exodontha grandis (James), known green ...... annulifera only from Oregon, is placed on the hypothetical list of California species. Beris californica James Subfamily STRATIOMYINAE Beris californica James, 1939, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 32:546. Type 6,Del Norte Co., Genus Sttatiomys Geoffroy California; in Deutsches Entomologisches Instit ut e. From the standpoint of geographical distribu- Geographical range: Washington, Oregon, Cal- tion, the species of Stratiomys that occur in ifornia (map l). the Pacific coast states can be dlvided into Occurence in California: two groups: the truly western species, and the Del Norte Co.: Type series. species which have entered the mountain areas Los Angeles Co.: Crystal Lake, VI-29-50 of the west by way of a northern transconti- (W. C. Bentick, C.I.S.). Camp Baldy, VU-8-50 nental bridge. So far as my records go, only (W. C. Bentinck, C.1.S) one of the latter group, namely S. obesa Loew, 0. c x a THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 85 has reached California (and only as a rarity), usually withless conspicuous pale pile,the although S. adelpha Steyskal ( = discalis Auctt. black hairs usually showing through it in not Loew), S. badia Walker, and the polytypic patches; length usually 11 mm. or less . 3 S. normulu Loew with three of its subspecies, 3. Venter wholly pale or virtually so; femora n. normula Loew, n. unilimbata Loew, and n. of female yellow on basal half ...... angulicincta James, are found in the Pacific ...... currani currani Northwest, and should therefore be included in Venter distinctly cross-banded with black; the hypothetical list of California species. The femora of both sexes, except extreme ap- only species of the western group that extends it es, black currani boharti east of the Mississippi, namely, S. Zaticeps ...... Loew, does so only rarely. The genus as it 4. Fourth abdominal tergite with an oblique occurs in California, therefore, represents a black mark interrupting the lateral yellow distinctly western element of the family. spot on each side; eyes pilose in both The adults commonly frequent such flowers sexes...... maculosa as willows, composites, and umbellifers. The Fourth abdominal tergite not so colored; immature stages are not sufficiently well known eyes bare, except in the male of badia . 5 to permit broad generalizations, but they live in water which contains large amounts of or- 5. Posterior ocular orbit broader below than above and broadly yellow at least on its ganic debris, such as the sluggish water shad- lower part; in the female yellow through- ed by cattails near the banks of rivers. The out or at most black on its upper fourth, larvae feed on decaying vegetation and on bare except for short inconspicuous hairs, microorganisms. ‘Some species live in highly and broad throughout, its minimal breadth thermal or highly saline waters, and their ability at least equal to the length of the second to withstand desiccation is remarkable. antennal segment; in the male; distinctly The genus has been reviewed by James and broadened in the lower part; facial orbits Steyskal ( 1952). although one species and one broadly yellow (except in some high alti- subspecies, both belonging to the California tude males of barbata); sternites with fauna, have been described more recently by posterior yellow part approximately equal- James. ly developed on all segments, or at most only slightly more so on the anterior seg- ments...... G Key to the California Species Posterior ocular orbit not much broader in the lower part, narrow throughout in the of S t rat iomy s male, relatively so in the female, its (Modified from minimal breadth usually distinctly less than length of the second antennal seg- James and Steyskal, 1952) ment; yellow color of posterior orbit usual- ly narrow or lacking, if relatively wide or 1. Antenna short, the first segment not more somewhat broadened and yellow on lower than three times as long as the second, the half more, posterior orbit clothed in at least twice as long as the first or flagellum part with conspicuous tomentum; eyes segment; abdomen flattened ...... 2 Antenna longer, the first segment normally bare in both sexes ...... 10 four or more times as long as thesecond, 6. Posterior pale margin of fourth tergite con- the flagellum less than twice as long as tinuous and distinctly produced forward in the first segment; abdomen more highly the form of .a median bar; eyes of male arched...... 4 pilose. Transcontinental, eastern United States to Washington and Idaho ... badia 2. Eyes of male with distinct,*thoughshort,hair, Posterior pale margin of fourth tergite, if except when abraded; mesonotum of fe- continuous, not produced forward medially; male before the suture with dense pale eyes bare in both sexes. 7 pile which effectively conceals the under- ...... lying short black hairs; venter prominently 7. Pale marking of fifth tergite consisting of a banded with black; length usually 13 mm. median apical triangle which is widest or more ...... laticeps posteriorly; posterior pale marking of Eyes of male bare; mesonotum of female fourth tergite usually interruped, at least 86 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

in the males; femora, except knees, black; Abdominal tergites with conspicuous broad face of male usually largely black ....8 markings on at least the second segment; Pale markings of fifth tergite either aparallel- sternites with conspicuous yellow areas . sided medial longitudinal bar, sometimes ...... 12 somewhat expanded at each end, or a penta- gon that is widest anteriorly; posterior pale 12. Abdomen no broader than thorax, rather marking of fourth tergite continuous; face strongly convex in transverse section; largely pale; sternites usually predomi- mesonotal pile cinereous; third tergite with- nantly yellow, each with a black anterior out transverse apical markings . . gr'iseata tranverse band which is broadest in the Abdomen distinctly broader than thorax, only middle.. .9 moderately convex; mesonotal pile pale to ...... deep yellowish; third tergite sometimes 8. Metapleural and usually (always in the male) with transverse apical or even broad later- extensive areas of mesopleural pile black; al markings ...... discaloides facial pile of male black; each sternite at least half black, the black part forming a 13. Second and third sternites largely pale and parellel-sided anterior transverse band . . contrasting to those posterior to them, ...... barbata which are almost wholly black; the third Metapleural and mesonotal pile pale; facial sternite typically with a black triangle in pile of male white; first and second ster- each posterior corner, but the black may be nites predominantly yellow ...tularensis somewhat extended; base of hind femur broadly yellowish or brownish. Great Lakes 9. Fifth tergite with at least a small yellow area westward to Washington, Idaho, and lateral mark on each anterior corner and Oregon ...... adelpha with a median parallel-sided bar which is Third sternite conspicuously black, the ven- sometimes expanded at each end, its tral pattern on segments I1 to V consisting anterior end sometimes fused with the of rather equally developed yellow poste- lateral spots; oral mhrgin of female at rior margins which may broaden somewhat least in part, usually largely yellowish; medially and which may be more pronounced femora of female yellowish, sometimes on the second sternite; hind femur black, piceous apically; posterior orbit of fe- with at most a very narrow pale base . . 14 male about as wide at its minimum as length of second antennal segment . obesa 14. Fourth abdominal tergite with a continuous Fifth tergite black at sides but with a con- pale posterior margin ...... 15 spicuous median pentagonal marking which Fourth abdominal tergite with (sometimes is usually distinctly broader anteriorly; without) short, pale transverse bars and oral margin black; femora, except knees, sometimes with a small separated median black, rarely largely yellowish in the triangle, but without a continuous posterior female ...... melastoma margin. Northeastern states to British Co- lumbia and Idaho ...... normula normula 10. Metapleural pile largely to wholly brown or black; venter largely black or with con- 15. Third tergite with a continuous pale poste- spicuous crossbands on all segments rior margin. Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, (sometimes interrupted on the second); all Idaho ...... normula angulicincta femora black except narrow bases and Third tergite with only lateral transverse apices; third and fourth tergites without bars. Great Lakes area westward to Idaho complete crossbands ...... 11 ...... normula unilimbata Metapleural pile chiefly pale. Eastern species extending into Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia ...... 13 Stratiomys laticeps Loew 11. Predominantly black species, the abdominal (Pl. 6, fig. 2) tergites normally wholly black, sometimes narrowly yellow laterally 'on the anterior Strutiornyia Zaticeps Loew, 1866, Berliner Ent. tergites and with suggestions of a median Zeit., 10: 12 (Centuria VII, 20). Type, 9, line on the fifth, the sternites also black nHUdson's Bay Territory"; in Museum of except for narrow posterior margins which Comparative ZoSlogy. are rarely extended ...... nevadae Geographical range: Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 87 THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA

westward and southward to British Columbia, ington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Cali- New Mexico, and California; also in scattered fornia (see map 4). localities in Ohio and New York (see map 2). Occurrence in California: Occurrence in California: Throughout the state, but apparently present Apparently restricted to the Sierra Nevada in the inland valleys and deserts only in favor- and eastward. At higher elevations I have rec able local habitats. I have records frQm March ords from Tioga Pass, VII-3-33, 9,941 ft. (G.E. 2 to August 18; seasonal distribution is, with Bohart, G.E.B.) and Inyo County (no locality), rare exceptions, from March to May at lower 9,700 ft., VII-7-38 (G. E. Bohart, G.E.B.). Sea- elevations and May and June, with a few July sonal distribution is June and July, with a few dates, in the higher mountains. Adults have records in early August. been taken on flowers of Eriogonm at River- side, IV-23-24 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Ceano- thus at Riverside (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Bac- Stratiomys currari James charis viminea at Riverside, N-9-39 (Timber- lake, U.C.R.); on Salk lasiolepis at Riverside, (Pl. 6, fig. 4; pl. 8, fig. 25) 111-2-40 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Baeria wis- wta at Riverside, IV-9-17 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); Stratiomys currani James, 1932, her. Mus. on Lomartiwn absyccrrpum at Gavilan, IV-10-46 Novitates, no. 571, p. 5. Type 9, Electra (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Layia platyglossa at Lake, Colorado; in American Museum of Gavilan, IV-14-40 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Natural History. willow, Mission Valley, V-649 (J. Ulics, C.I. Stratiomys cwrani boharti James 1935, Jour. S.); and on willow, Redlands, 111-30-28 (Ingles, Kansas Ent. Soc.. 28:47. Type 9, Sierraville, C.I.S.). Sierra Co., California; in California Academy of Sciences. Geographical range: (Typical form) Colorado northward to Alberta and British Columbia, then southward to lower elevations in the Stratiomys barbata Loew California Sierra; (boharti) Utah northward (PI. 6, fig. 5) to Alberta, thence into the higher Sierra of California; (intergrades) Utah, through Wy- Stratiomys barbata Loew, 1865, Berliner Ent. oming, Idaho, and Oregon, ihto California. Zeit., 9:133 (Centuria VI, 9). Type, a", Cal- Occurrence in California: ifornm; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Throughout the Sierra Nevada, late May Geographical range: Alaska to California, east- through July (see map 3). ward to Manitoba, South Dakota, and New Discussion: Mexico (see map 2). The two subspecies, at their extremes, are Occurrence in California: quite distinct. The unicolorous pale venter of This common Rocky Mountain species be- currani ciurani is striking and is unusual for a comes rare in California. I have only the fol- Stratiornys; currani boharti, on the other hand, lowing records: resembles a small laticeps except for the bare Lassen Co.: Mt. Lassen, 8 mi. E., VII-8-55 eyes of the male. Where the two occupy the (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.); Mt. Lassen, 3 mi. same geographical area, cwrani czurani seems S.E., VII-8-55 (A. J. Mueller, U.C.D.). to occur more at the lower and currani boharti Tuolumne Co.: Elizabeth Lake, VIII-16-47 at higher elevations, but a broad zone with var- (L. L. Jensen, C.I.S.). ious degrees of intergradation extends from California, by a northern bridge, into Utah.

Strat iomys t ularensis J ame s Stratiomys maculosa Loew (Pl. 6, fig. 1) Stmtiomys tularensis James, 1957, Pan-Pac. Ent., 33:43. Type?, two miles south of For- Stmtiomys maculosa Loew, 1866, Berliner Ent. ester, Pass, Tulare Co., California; in Cali- Zeit., 10:12 (Centuria VII, 19). Type, .Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. fornia; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Geographical range: California. Known only Geographical range: British Columbia, Wash- from the type locality.

THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 89

Stratiomys obesa Loew makes most members of this species easy to recognize. Occasionally, however, a greater Stratiomyia obesa Loew, 1865, Berliner Ent. amount of pale coloration occurs, as in the Zeit., 9:134(Centuria VI, 12). Type ?, Illi- series of four males from Sardine Creek. Two of nois; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. these males have the abdomen virtually all Geographical range: Wide spread, northeastern black, except for very narrow crossbands on states westward to Nebraska and Saskatche- the venter; the other two have distinct ventral wan, rare westward and southward to Wash- crossbands and distinct, though narrow, lateral ington, California, and New Mexico, spots on tergites 2 and 3. The markings sug- Occurrence in California: gest an intergradation, possibly hybridization, Plumas Co,: Meadow Valley, VI-1934 (M. A. with griseata, one male of which was taken at Catier, M.A.C.). the same locality. ? County: Summit, Sierra Nevada (Henry Edwards, A.M.N.H.). Strat iomys griseata Curran

Stratiomys melastoma Loew Stratiomyia griseata Curtan, 1923, Canad. Ent., (P1.6, fig. 3) 55:74, new name for velutina Curran, not Bigot. Type (of velutina), 03, Aspen Grove, Stratiomyia melastoma Loew, 1865, Berliner B. C., in Museum of Comparative Zoslogy. Ent. Zeit., 9:134 (Centuria VI, 10). Type, d, Geographical range: British Columbia eastward California; in MusPum of Comparative Zo&- to Montana, southward to California and OgY. Utah. Geogrqphical range: Alberta pnd British Colum- Occurrence in California: bia to California, Utah, and western Colo- Mono Co.: Sardine Creek, 8,500 ft., VI-28-51 rado (see map 2). (C. A. Downey, U.C.D.). Occurrence in California: The mountains of northern California and the middle Sierra, up to at least 10,000 ft. A some- Strat iomys discaloides Curran what anomalous record is that of a male, Anti- (Pl. 6, fig. 6; pl. 8, fig. 22) och, Contra Costa Co., VI-3-36 (H. R. Mead, M.A.C.). Seasonal occurrence, May 20 to Au- Stratiomyia discaloides Curran, 1922, Canad. gust 1; most common in June and July. Ent., 54:281. Type, On, Chilcotin, B.C.; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Stratiomys nevadae Bigot Geographical range: British Columbia eastward to Montana, thence southward to California Stratiomys madue Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC.Ent. and New Mexico (see map 5). France, (6) 7:24. Type, d,Nevada; in Bigot Occurrence in California: Collection. A high mountain, early summer species, Geographical range: North Dakota and Alberta Inyo Co.: Deep Spring, VI-17-53 (N. Malley, to British Columbia, Colorado, and Califor- U.C.D.). nia (see map 5). Mono Co.: Blanco*s Corral, 10,000 ft., VI- Occurrence in California: 1924 to VII-8-53 (H. Washburn, U.C.L.A.; J. T. Mono Co.: Sardine Creek, 8,500 ft., VI-27-57 Brooks, C.I.S.; J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.; W. D. (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.); VII-11-51 (A. T. McLellan, U.C.D.). McCIay, U.C.D.). Nevada Co.: Truckee, 7 mi. S.E., V-24-54 Nevada Co.: Sagehen, near Hobart Mills, (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). VI-25-54 (R. M. Bohart, R. C. Blaylock, U.C.D.; Placer Co.: Carnelian Bay, Lake Tahoe, R. H. Goodwin, C.I.S.) and VII-2-54 (G. Schaef- VI-24-54 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). fer, C.I.S.).Truckee, 7 mi. S.E., VI-24-54 (R. M. Tuolumne Co.: Sonora Pass, VI- 18-48 (C.I.S.). Bohart, U.C.D., C.I.S.). Discussion: Sierra Co.: Sierraville, 12 mi. S.E., VII-4-53 The mesonotal pile varies from almost white (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). to a deep reddish yellow, the tendency in Cali- Discussion: fornia specimens, particularly the females, The wholly or almost wholly black abdomen being toward the latter colpr. 90 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Genus Labostigmina Enderlein ed water, being more commonly found among emergent or floating vegetation, where they Labostigminia similis (Johnson) feed on parts of aquatic plants and small organ- isms including at times smaller individuals of Odontomyia sirnilis Johnson, 1895, Trans. their own species. Like Stratiomys, Eulalia Amec. Ent. Soc., 22:267. Type, 9, Colorado; larvae are highly tolerant of adverse conditions, in Museum of Comparative ZoOlOgy. being able to withstand desiccation and, at Geographical range: Alberta, Montana, Wyom- least in certain species, high salinity. ing, Colorado, Utah, California. The most recent comprehensive treatment of Occurrence in California: the Nearctic species is that of James (1936), I have not seen specimens from the state, but this work should be usedin connection with but Wirth and Stone (1956) have recorded it from the papers of James (1939) and James and Lake Tahoe. Steyskal (1952). Discussion: Labostigminia is a neotropical and warm temperate genus represented in the United States by seventeen species. Most of these occur in the southeast and westward to Texas; Key to the California Species one, however, meganticu (Curran), occurs in Michigan and eastern Canada, and another, of Eulalia sirnilis, belongs to the area of the high Rockies, Eyes clothed with canspicuous pile where it is rare. The California record is very 1. .... interesting but, in light of the known spotty ...... hirtocculata Eyes bare.. 2 distribution of the species, quite plausible...... 2. Femora black, at most the bases and ap- ices pale; abdomen broad, the terga Genus Eulalia Meigen black with transverse linear or triangular yellow or green markings at the apical The characteristically California representation corners of the segments, these markings of this genus consists of eight species endemic only rarely simulating broad lateral mar- to the state or to the West. Two of these, urner- gins (fig. 16); supra-alar callus always icana (Day) and inaeqlralis (Loew), are rare; black...... 3 four, namely arcwrta (Loew), pilosa (Day), Femora yellow; abdomen as described a- hirtocculata (James), and colei (James) seem, bove only in pubescens, although an oc- from distributional data, to be confined to the casional urcuuta or inaequalis may have state or to have spread out from a point of ori- the black so expanded as to simulate gin within it; whereas two others, alticola such a pattern...... 5 (James) and tumidu (Banks), though distinctfy western, are more widespread and probably be- 3. Vein & present; either the front of the fe- long more to the Rocky Mountain and Great maie marked with yellow, or the oral Basin faunas than to that of the coast, margin largely or wholly yellow in both A second group consists of three species of sexes...... 4 broad distribution which ace represented com- Vein R, absent; front and oral margin monly in at least parts of California. These wholly black in both sexes ...hoodiana are cincta (Latreille), communis (James), and 4.. Face and consequently the. head unusually hoadiana (Bigot). Three additional species of wide (fig. 33); oral margin yellow; strong wide distribution, namely pilimcrna (Loew), veins yellowish brown ...... pilosa pabescens (Day), and uirgo (Wiedemann), seem Face and head of usual width; oral margin to reach the limit of their distribution in Cali- black; strong veins dark brown colei fornia, occurring there as rarities. Finally, ... another widely distributed species, hydrole- 5. Mesonotum with broad lateral margins run- onoides (Johnson), is placed on the hypotlret- ning from each humerus to the postalar ical list, since I have records of it from Oregon. callus, and including both areas, yellow The habits of the adults are similar to those or green ...... cincta of Stratiornys. Likewise, the larvae are aquat- Mesonoturn black on at least a considerable ic, but they tend more to live in well-aerat- part of the lateral margin ...... G THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 91

6. Face and oral margin black or, if tending IO. Oral margin partly yellow; front wholly to reddish (some hydroleonoides) or only black ...... arnericana partly yellow (americana), the oral mar- Oral margin wholly black; front of female gin and face not strongly ,contrasting in reddish or reddish yellow, this color color; abdomen dorsally either black with sometimes extending somewhat onto the transverse pale markings at the apical face (northeastern states, westward to corners of the terga (pubescens) or yel- Oregon) ...... hydroleonoides low to greeh with a median longitudinal stripe which is not interrupted at the in- 11. Lower occular orbits divergent (figs. 34, the sides of the face in the female, cisures.. 39, ...... 7 as well as in the male, likewise diver- Oral margin yellow or green; face either gent; face entirely yellow except some- concolorous or, if partly or wholly black, times two small spots above the tentorial the black strongly contrasting with the pits; abdominal terga with black trans- pale colors; abdomen dorsally basally verse basal bands, strongly biarcuate green or yellow, characteristjcally with posteriorly, in both sexes, those of tht black transverse basal bands, although male connected on a median line with these bands may, on the one hand, be so those of adjacent segments ....turnida expanded in the female that the pattern Lower occular orbits, along and just above secondarily becomes similar to that of the oral margin, parallel (figs. 31, 32); pubescens, or, on the other, may in the sides of face of female approximately male be narrowed and connected with one parallel; face often marked with black or another so as to form a median longitu- wholly black...... 12 dinal stripe ...... 11 7. Abdomen black, with yellow apicolateral 12. Face wholly black or with a black vitta triangles which are only rarely expanded along the median line which usually broad- so as to suggest a broad lateral margin; ens just above the oral margin ..... 13 first antennal segment distinctly longer Face wholly yellow x, partly black, the than the second; face keeled . pubescens markings other than on the median line 14 Abdomen yellow or green with a median 13. Black transverse abdominal bands taking in longitudinal band which may be expanded all but the narrow apices of the terga, laterally the apical terga; first and on always broadly connected with those oi second antennal segments subequal; face adjacent terga in the female and frequent- either receding or tuberculate, not keeled ly so also in the male; bands interme- ...... 8 of diate segments not narrowed in the male 8. Front basitarsus fringed below with pile ...... inuequalis which (unless abraded) is distinctly Black transversi? abdonimal bands dis- longer in the male and almost as long in cretely separated from one another in the the female as the diameter of the basi- female and forming in the male a contin- tarsus; front of female with a pale spot uous longitudinal vitta which, on the (sometimes with a second, or with a long second and third terga, is confined to the linear area resulting from the fusion of median third ...... communis the two) on each side of the .mid-frontal 14. Face yellow; scutellum wholly yellow in suture; antennal style acute ...pilimana the female; abdomen of female with trans- Front basitarsus with only short pile be- verse black crossbands which are always low; front of female either wholly reddish well separated from those of adjacent or almost so (hydroleonoides) or wholly segments and attenuated laterally, the black...... 9 posterior margin of each band forming a 9. Terminal segment of antennal style dis- simple arc; abdomen of male with a longi- tinctly longer than wide and either acute tudinal vitta which is distinctly narrowed or not noticeably blunt ...... 10 on the third segment, without trace of side Terminal segment of antennal style no spots ...... alticola longer than wide and distinctly blunt; Face sometimes marked with black; scutel- front of female and oral margin wholly lum black at base in both sexes; abdomen black, ...... Virgo of female with black crossbands which

THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 93

are usually little, if any, attenuated later- have seen specimens from Carrville, Trinity Co., ally and which may fuse with those of 2,400 to 2,500 ft., V-15-34 (M.A.C.) and Hat adjacent segments; abdomen of male as Creek P.O., Shasta Co. VI-27-55 (J. W. Mac- iri alticola but usually with at least Swain, C.I.S.). Seasonal occurrence, late April traces of side spots, sometimes with through August. It has been swept from rice lateral extensions to form a crossband, fields, both clean and weedy, in the Sacramento on the third segment . , ...... arcuata Valley on several occasions.

Subgenus EuZaZia Meigen Eulalia tumida (Banks) Eulalia hirtocculata (James) (Pl. 7, fig. 13; pl. 9, figs. 34, 35) (Pl. 7, figs. 10, 11; pl. 8, fig. 26) Odontomyia tumida Banks, 1726, Psyche, 33:42. Type not stated, presumably a female; local- Odontomyia hirtocculata James, 1936, Ann. Ent. ity not stated but written into separatesas Soc, Am,, 23; 540; nlnl for 0,pacifica Gazelle, &I:!.; in Muse- 01 Comparative Curran not Macquart. Type (pacifica), 9, zob'logy. Stanford University, California; in Canadian Geographical range: Montana to New Mexico, National Collection. eastward to western Kansas and Nebraska Geographical range: California (see map 7) and westward to Washington and California Occurrence in California: (map 7). Fairly common in the coastal area, from Occurrence in California: Sonoma County southward to the Mexican border. Widespread in lower mountain areas through- I have seen one specimen, however, from Hope out the state and locally common. Seasonal Valley, Alpine Co., IX- 11-38 (M. k Cazier, occurrence, mid-August to mid- late October. M.A.C.). Seasonal occurrence, June to October or It has been taken on the flowers ofBassharis but mostly late August and September. This emoryi, Riverside, Riverside Co., IX-25-26 and species has been taken the flowers of on X-21-34 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Zsocoma Baccharis douglasii, Stanford University, IX- uernonoides, Riverside, IX- 17 to X-2 (Timber- 3-57 (Paul H. Amaud, Jr., C.D.A.) and on the lake, U.C.R.); on Isocom acradenia, Riverside, flowers of Mentha spiccrta, Stanford University, X-5-34 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Cutierrezia VII-2457 (Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., C.D.A.) sarothrae, Riverside, IX- 17-24 (Timberlake, Discus sion: U.C.R.); on Cutierrezia lucida, Morongo, San Specimens with abraded hair the eyes on Bernardino Co., IX-25 to X-5, and Yucca Val- may be misdetermined as arcwta. Undoubtedly ley, San Bernardino Co., IX-28-44 and IX-30-44 some records of arcuata in the literature pertain (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Solidago occidentalis, to this species. Victorville, San Bernardino Co., IX-28-38 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Ericameria palmeri, Riverside, X- 16-25 (Timberlake, U.C.R.); on Eulalia cincta (Latreille) Ericameria arborescens, Konocti Bay, Lake Co., (PI. 7, figs. 14, 15) IX-9-57 (Paul J. Arnaud, Jr., C.D.A.); on Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Macdoel, Siskiyou Odontomyia cincta Latreille, in Olivier, 181 1, Co., VIII-21-54 (Joe Schuh, J.S.); and on Encyclopedie Methodique, 8, p. 432. Type, Chrysothamnus nauseosus consimilis, Hallelu- g,Carolina; Museum National d'Histoire jah Junction, Lassen Co., 1x657 (E. G. Lins- Naturelle, Paris. ley, C.I.S.). Geographical range: The most widely distrib- uted Nearctic Eulalia; New Brunswick to Florida, westward to about the 100th Eulalia inaequalis (Loew) meridian; Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, and California. The Montana-Wyoming bridge Odontomyia inaequalis Loew, 1865, Berliner shown in map 6 is still hypothetical. Ent. Zeit., 9: 143 (Centuria VI, 24). Types, Occurrence in California: y, e,near Fort Resolution, Hudson Bay A very common species in the Sacramento territory; in Museum of Comparative Zo- Valley but of limited occurrence elsewhere; I ology. I THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 95

Geographical range: Manitoba, Oregon, Cali- Eulalia alticola (James) fornia, Utah, Colorado, western Nebraska, Mexico (Morelos, D.F.); at high elevations (Pl. 7, figs. 17, 18) in the southern part of its range (map 7). Occurrence in California: Odontomyia alticola James, 19 2, Jour. N. Y. Mono Co.: Topaz Lake, V-13-51 (T. R. Haig, Ent. SOC., 40: 437. Type, a , Fort Collins, U.C.D.) Colorado; in collection of Colorado State Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek, nr. Hobart Mills, University. VII-10-33 (John D. Lattin, G.F.K.). Geographical range: Montana to western Ne braska and eastern Oregon, south to northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Califor- Eulalia nia (see map 6). communis (James) Occurrence in California: (Pl. 7, fig. 12; pl. 9, figs. 31, 32) The mountains of the southern half of the state, both in theCoast Range and the southern Odontomyia communis James, 1939, Bull. Sierra Neaa'da; also at lower elevations early Brooklyn Ent. SOC., 34:220. Type, 9, Fort and late in the season. Seasonal occurrence, Collins, Colorado; in collection of Colorado mostly July, but as early as April 12 and as State University. late as October 21. This species has been Geographical range: Michigan and Manitoba to taken at Riverside, Riverside Co., IX-1-41,on Washington and southward to the Texas Schinus molle; at Or0 Grande, San Bernardino coast and southern California (map 7). Co., X-2 1-5 1, on Chrysothamnus nauseosus; ai Occurrence in California: Yucca Valley, San Bernardino Co., VIII-20-26, Widespread in the deserts and in the dry on Croton californicus and IX-30-44, on Gutier- valleys west of the Sierra and in the north. I rezia hcida; and at Cushenbury Springs, IX-1- have no records fron the San Joaquin Valley 36, on Lepidospartum squamatum (all Timber- and but one, Colusa, Colusa Co., VIII-3.55 lake, U.C.R.). (W. H. Lange, U.C.D.), from the Sacramento Valley. Seasonal occurrence, May to September, Discussion: but mostly July. This species has been taken The seasonal distribution of the lower eleva- tion form of this species and of arcwtasuggest on flowers of Lippia nodiflora at Blythe, River- side Co., VU- 16-38 (Timberlake, U.C.R.), and the possibilityof twogenerations a year, a phe- nomenon which, to my knowledge, has not been on flowers of Heliotropium curassavicum at demonstrated in the aquatic Stratiomyidae. A Mecca, Riverside Co., VI-23-36 Wasbauer, (M. second and more likely possibility is that there C.I.S.). It has been reared from larvae taken is an overlap of broods, with adult emergence from 5 per cent saline water at Badwater, Death occurring both early and late in areasewhere Valley, by Dr. Deane Furman. the normal developmental season is long. This Discussion: explanation is more in keeping with the known This is a highly variable species. Charac- facts concerning the bionomics of the aquatic teristically, the abdominal pattern of the female forms. consists of a series of discretely separated crossbands, whereas that of the male forms a longitudinal strip extending from the base of the abdomen well onto the fifth tergite. In the Eulalia atcuata (Loew) adult female sent to me by Dr. Furman as a result of his rearing, the abdominal pattern as- Odontomyia urcwta Loew, 1872, Berliner Ent. sumes much the pubescens type of pattern, Zeit., 16: 52 (Centuria IX, 4). Type, 0, though the black is not as extensive as in California; in Museum of Comparative Zo- inaequulis. There are some desert specimens ology. that I am unable. to place; the coloration in Geographical range: Oregon, southwestern these goes to the other extreme, the abdomen Idaho, California, Nevada, Utah, extreme very pallid in both sexes. The black median southwestern Colorado, northwestern New marking of the face is quite characteristic in Mexico (see map 6). the female; usually the face of the male is Occurrence in California: wholly black, though it may be much as in the Throughout the state, but not common. Sea- female. sonal occurrence, mostly June and July; it has 96 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

been taken as early as April 23 at Saratoga celia farinosa at Palm Canyon, Riverside Co., Springs, Death Valley (Belkin and McDonald, IV-15-38 (R. M. and G. E. Bohart, G.E.B.); on U.C.L.A.), and I have several records for Sep- Ranunculus californicus at Rancheria, near tember, all in warm, dry areas. Boonville, Mendocino Co., IV-30-49 (Claude I. Discussion: Smith, C.I.S.); on Rhamnus crocea at Tujunga The arcuata complex, involving occidentalis Wash, Los Angeles Co., IV-17-27 (P. H. Timber- (James), inaequulis (Loew), idahoensis (James), lake, U.C.R.); and on Cryptantha intermedia at flava (Day), and communis (James), needs in- Camp Pendleton, 16 miles northwest of Ocean- tensive study before the exact status andlimits side, San Diego Co., IV-22-46 (Timberlake, of the taxa involved can be determined. At U.C.R.). present, it looks as if either a single polytypic species 5) superspecies may be involved, or -- Eulalia colei James but any positive statement at this time would be premature. (Pl. 6, fig. 8; pl. 8, fig. 27)

Odontomyia colei James, 1936, Ann. Ent. SOC. Subgenus Cututusinu Enderlein Amer., 29:532. Type, d,Panoche Creek, California; in California Academy of Scien- E ulalia boodianq (Bigot) ces. (Pl. 7, fig. 16; pl. 8, fig. 23) Geographical range: Idaho, California (see map 8). Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC. Occurrence in California: Ent. France (6) 7: 25.- Type, 03, Mt. Hood, Apparently restricted to the San Joaquin and Oregon; in Bigot Collection. Sacramento valleys and the San Francisco Bay Geographical range: British Columt$a to Mani- area, where it is fairly common. It has been toba and Minnesota, eastward as a rarity to taken on the flowers of Layia platyglossa at. Ohio, southward and westward to Kansas, Antioch, Contra Costa Co., VI- 18-37 (Van Dyke, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (see map C.A.S.). Seasonal occurrence, April to early 8). August; apparently most common in late April Occurrence in California: and May. Widespread throughout the mountain areas of the state; very common in the Sierra, uncommon Eulalia pubescens (Day) in the Coast Range. Seasonal occurrence, March through July, most common mid-May to Odontomyia pubescens (Day), 1882, Proc. Acad. mid-July. This species has been taken on the Nat. Sci. .Philadelphia, 1882: 72. Cotypes, flowers of Arctostaphyylus glawa at Cedar Crest, 9, New York, and d,California; in Snow San Jacinto Mts.. Riverside Co., 111- 16-40 (Tim- Entomological Collection, University of berlake, U.C.R.) and on the flowers of Horkelia Kansas. at Sequoia Lake, Tulare Co., VI-12-25 (U.C.R.). Geographical range: southern Canada and the northern half of the United States, coast to coast, and extending into the western moun- Eulalia pilosa (Day) tains southward to New Mexico and Califor- (Pl. 9, fig. 3’3) nia. Occurrence in California: Odontomyiu pilosa Day, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. The only California record known to me is Sci. Philadelphia, 1882: 76. Type, CY,Cal- that of the male cotype. ifornia; in Snow Entomological Collection, University of Kansas. Geographical range: Washington, Oregon, Cali- Subgenus Odontomyiina Enderlein forn‘ia, Arizona, Utah (map 9). Occurrence in California: Eulalia pilimana (Loew) Widespread and moderately common west of (Pl. 8, figs. 19, 29) the Sierra Nevada. Seasonal occurrence, Feb- ruary to early June; most common from mid- Odontomyia pilimuna Loew, 1865, Berliner Ent. March to early May. It has been taken on En- Zeit., 9: 146 (Centuria VI, 27). Types, d. . THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 97

9, Illinois; in Museum of Comparative Zool- its western-known limit in southern Idaho, Utah, ogy. and eastern Arizona. Geographical range: Southeastern Canada and the eastern United States south to Virginia and Kansas; Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Genus Hedriodiscus Enderlein and extreme northern California (see map 9). Occurrence in California: This is essentially a neotropical genus, several Modoc Co.: Cedarville, VIE946 (P. D. Hurd, members of which have become adapted. quite Ray F. Smith, C.I.S.). Lake City, VII-9-46 successfully to the warmer parts of temperate (Smith, C.I.S.). North America. Four species are known to Siskiyou Co.: Yreka, VII-4-90 (H. E. Cott, occur in California; a fifth, uaripes (Loew), U.C .D.J. occurs as close as Utah and Arizona and is, consequently, placed on the hypothetical list. The larvae are aquatic. The bionomics of Eulalia uirgo (Wiedemann) H. vertebratus are relatively well known; the (Pl. 8, figs. 20, 24) larvae live among floating vegetation in small streams, where they feed on microorganisms, Stratiomys virgo Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurop. algae, and the soft parts of plants. Like Eulalia Zweifl. Insekten, 2: 69. Type, d,Savan- and Stratiomys, they withstand desiccation nah, Georgia; in Wiedemann collection, Zo- remarkably well. The laevae of truquii seem to ological Museum of Vienna. i n ha bi t si miI ar situation s. Geographical range: Southern Canada and the northern two thirds of the United States, aiso Key to the California Species southward on the Atlantic seabqard to Flor- ida. (See map 9.) of Hedri o di s cu s Occurrence in California: Though widespread in the Northwest, this 1. Face in lateral profile tuberculate, the species seems to reach the limit of its range in tubercle extending forward almost a’s far northern California. I have but one record: cas the apex of the first antennal segment Shasta Co.: Lake Britton, VI-29-47 (T. F. (fig. 30); face of female with a small black Leigh, C.I.S.). spot on each side; branches of media repre- sented by distinct though weak folds, in- distinguishable in color from the membrane; Eulalia americana (Day) length usually less than 10 mm ...... 2. Face in lateral profile receding (fig. 28); that Odontomyia americana Day, 1882, Proc. Acad. of the female wholly yellow; branches of Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1882: 77. Type, d, mediapigmentedon at least part of their California; in Snow Entomological Collec- course and consequently well differentiated tion, University of Kansas. from the membrane...... 3 Geographical range: Oregon, California. 2. Oral margin yellow; sides of mesonotum Occurrence in California: yellow or yellowish brown, at least behind San Diego Co.: Boulevard, VI-27-52 (Knull the suture; mesonotum of female with dor- and Knull, 0:S.U.). socentral pale stripes which are usually quite prominent ...... trivittatus Oral margin black in the male, usually marked Genus Anoplodonta James with black in the female; sides of mes- The only .known species of this genus, onotum wholly black in the male; mesono- tum without dorsocentral pale stripes in Anoplodonta nigrirostris (Loew), is placed on either sex...... uertebratus the hypothetical List of California species, al- though it probably does not occur in the state. 3. Black of fourth tergum reaching the lateral The known geographical range is from Alberta margin in both sexes; tibiae and usually eastward to Michigan, then southward through front femur blackened on apical fourth, the West Central and Rocky Mountain states, rarely, in some pallid specimens, not so; into Mexico (Colima, Nuevo Leon). It reaches mesonotum never with dorsocenrral pale

THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 99

stripes or vittae; scutellum wholly yellow e) Hedriodiscus vertebratus (Say) or with a black spot at the base (CY='),but (Pl. 8, fig. 21; pl. 9, fig. 36) never with abundant erect black hairs (Great Lakes area' to Alberta, southward through OdontomyM Vertebrata Say, 1824, Long's Second the mountains to Arizona) ...... uaripes Black of fourth tergum reaching lateral mar- Expedition, p. 369 (Complete Works, I, p. 251). Type, Northwest Territory; lost. gin in d' , female only, although the male may Geographical range: General, southern Canada have disconnected spot on each margin; and northern United States, southward to femora yellow, tibiae at most blackish at Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and California the apex, although femora and'tibiae may (map 10). be partly casraneous ...... 4 Occurrence in California: 4. Scutellum of male black at base, with very Colusa Co.: Colusa, VIII-3-55 (R. E. Darby, dense, erect black pile on the black area; U.C.D.) and VII-5-55 (W.H.Lange, U.C.D.). that of female wholly yellow, or at most Glenn Co.: Artois, V-16-54, on Foeniculum very narrowly black at base, but with uulgare (M. Wasbauer, C.I.S.); VII-10-52 (J. W. abundant erect black pile; dorsocentral MacSwain, C.I.S.); VII-11-52 (H. L. Hanson, spots absent...... currani C.I.S.). Scutellum of male black at base but without Merced Co.: Los Banos, V-22-18 (E. P. Van conspicuous erect black hairs; that of Duzee, C.A.S.). female with yellow pile only; dorsocentral Riverside Co.: Blythe, VII- 15-38, on Lippia pale spots, sometimqs expanded into lon- nodifera (P. H. Timberlake, U.C.R.). gitudinal vittae, often present, especially Yo10 Co.: Woodland, VIII-14-55, VIII-15 to in the female...... truquii 1653 (AiT. McClay, U.C.D.); VIII-25-55, on Sugittariu (H. R. Moffitt, U.C.D.); VIII-25-55, sweeping rice (E. A. Kurtz, U.C.D.).

Hedriodiscus trivittatus (Say) Hedriodiscus currani (James) (Pl. 8, fig. 30; pl. 7, fig. 41) Odontomyia truguii cwrani James, 1932, Amer. Strutiomys trivittata Say, 1829, Jour. Acad. Nat. Mus. Novitates, 571: 6. Type, a" ,Baboqui- Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 160 (Complete Works, vari Mts., Arizona; .in American Museum of 2, 356); Type, sex not stated but obviously Natural History. 9, Mexico; lost. Geographical range: California, Nevada, Arizona, Geographical range: C a 1 i f o r n i a to Florida, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico (map 10). southward to Central America, northward Occurrence in California: through Colorado to Minnesota and Wiscon- Contra Costa Co.: Antioch, VII-1941 (G. E. sin. The northward arm of the range (see Bohart , G.E. B. ). map 10) is an interesting phenomenon. Imperial Co.: No locality, V-29-22 (J.C. Occurrence in California: Bridwell, U.S.N.M.). Brawley, V-10-52 (I. Imperial Co.: No locality, V-29-12 (J. C. Hannon, U.A.). Hot Mineral Springs, Iv-25- Bridwell, U.S.N.M.). Laguna Lake, VII-21 to 53 (J. Belkin, K.Newman, U.C.L.A.). Laguna 22-52 (J. N. Belkin, U.C.L.A.) (form leuco- Lake, VII-21 to 22-53 (J. Belkin, U.C.L.A.). gaster). Inyo Co.: Big Pine, 6,000 ft., VI-16-42 Riverside Co.: Blythe, V-17-47 (J. W. Mac- (R. Bohart, R.M.B.). Swain, C.I.S.) and VI-26-46 (W. F.Barr, C.I.S.). Los Angeles Co.: Azusa, V-11-25 (S.W.B.). Riverside Co.: Blythe, on flowers of Lippia Discussion: nodiflora, VII-5-38 (P. H. Timberlake, U.C.R.). Odontomyia leucogaster James seems to be Mecca, 4 mi. E., VII-16-56, on Croton calif- merely a form with a wholly pale abdomen. The ornicus (M. Wasbauet, C.I.S.). Salton Sea, distributional pattern may warrant its consider- VII-22-48 (A.T. McClay, U.C.D.). ation as a subspecies of triuittutus, although San Bernardino Co.: Saratoga Springs, Death this is somewhat doubtful. Valley, V-30-53 (A. Fukushima, U.C.L.A.). 100 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Hedriodiscus truquii (Bellardi) Genus Myxosargus Brauer (Pl. 6, figs. 7, 9; pl. 8, fig. 28) Myxosargus knowltoni Curran (PI. 10, figs. 44, 48) Odontomyia truquii Bellardi, 1859, Saggio di Ditterologia Messicana, I, p. 34. Type, sex Myxosargus knowltoni Curran, 1929, Amer. Mus. not stated but obviously 9, Cuernavaca, Novitates, 378, p. 2. Type, 03, Clearfield, Mexico; in Bellardi Collection, Turin, Italy. Utah; in American Muserm of Natural His- tory. Geographical range: Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Cal- Geographical range: Ontario, New York, and ifornia (map 11). Ohio westward to the Pacific Coast, south- Occurrence in California: ward into Mexico (map 10). Inyo Co.: Big Pine, VI-17-29 (E.P. Van Duzee, C.A.S.). Deep Springs, VII-16-53 (E. I. Schlinger, U.C.D.). Lone Pine, VI-1-37 Occurrence in California: (N. W. Frazier, G.R.B.) and VI-8-29 (E. P. Van The wide geographical distribution of this Dutee, C.A.S.). Cartago, 2 mi. N., VII-11-53 species is mirrored in its broad range within the (R. M. Bohatt, U.C.D.). state. Records include all parts of California Kern Co.: Onyx, VII-23-40 (D.E.Hardy, K.U.). except the northern coast and range in elevation Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VIII-3-16 from below sea level in Death Valley to about (O.S.U.). 11,000 ft. at Big Pine Creek, Inyo County. The San Bernardino Co.: Saratoga Springs, Death seasonal range is from late April to mid-Octo- Valley, V-27 to 29-55 (J.N.Belkin, U.C.D.). ber, but mostly June through September. P.H. San Luis Obispo Co.: Black Lake Canyon, Timberlake (U.C.R.) has taken it at Riverside VII-16-52 (R..M. Bohart, U.C.D.); VII-22-48 on flowers of Encelia farinosa, Isocoma vein- (W. W. Wirth, C.I.S.). Oceano Beach, VIII-20- onioides, Eriogontun fasciculatwn, Salix god- 48 (W. W. Witth, C.I.S.). dingii, Grrtierrezia lucida, Baccharis ernoryi, San Mateo Co.: Redwood City, VI-1952 Cryptantha intermedia, Gutierreziu sarothrae, (P. H. Acnaud, Jr., P.H.A.). Maytenus bwria, and mint. Other food plants, Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University, XI- as indicated by the Timberlake collection, are 22-50 (P. H.Arnaud, Jr., P.H.A.). E riogonum plumat ella, Solidago confinis, E rio- Shasta Co.: Anderson, IV to VII-1955 (Joe gonum nodosum, and Petalonyx thwberi at Mor- Willis, U.C.D.). engo Yalley; Croton californica at San Felipe Discus sion: Creek and Yucca Valley; Frasera purryi and This species apparently extends, in its Eriogonum elongatwn at Warner Springs; Hemi- range, from Utah, where it is very common at zoniu fasciculata at Oceanside; and Solidago lower elevations, across southern Idaho and occidentalis at Victorville. It ,has also been Oregon into California. Its occurrence in Ne- collected on Chrysothamnus nauseosus moh- vada is hypothetical. Another member of the uensis at Rosamond, Kern Co., IX-8-56 (P. D. genus,M. pilosus James, occurs in Arizona but Hurd, C.I.S.). probably does not extend into California, M. knowltoni may readily be distinguished from pilosus by its wholly black antenna, that of Discussion: pilosus being yellow on the basal two segments. Curran has distinguished as variety innotata that form in which the dorsocentral spots are wanting. However, this form does not follow Subfamily POTAMIDINAE distributional pattern of a subspecies, and it is much more common in the male than in the fe- Genus Dieutyneura James male; there is, therefore, no advantage in main- Dieuryneura obscura Coquillett taining it. In the west, males referable to in- notata commonly have the mesonotum black (Pl. 9, fig. 39) laterally before the suture, whereas in the type of innotata, as in typical truquii, the mesonotum Aochletus obsclvus Coquillett, 1902, Proc. U.S. is’ yellow laterally in both sexes, Nat. Mus., 25: 98. Types, ??, Los Angeles THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 101

Co., California, and Sulphur Springs Valley, Pleura of both sexes and face of female Arizona; in United States National Museum. pale-pilose...... rustica Geographical range: Davis Mountains of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, northern Mexico (map 21). Adoxomyia argentata (Williston) Occurrence in California: Los Angeles Co.: Los Angeles, VII-27-35 Clitellaria argentata Williston, 1885, Canad Ent., (Roger C. Smith, R.H.P.). Glendale, VII-28- 17: 127. Type, 0" , California, no locality; 49 (E. I. Schlinger, U.C.D.); VII-5-49 (E. I. in Snow Entomological Collection, Univer- Schlinger, C.I.S.). Palmdale, VII-6-33 (R. H. sity of Kansas. Beamer, K.U.). Geographical range: California, Arizona, New Riverside Co.: Pilion Flat, San Jacinto Mexico. Mts., V-27-39, VI-4-39 (M. A.Cazier, A.M.N.H.). Occurrence in California: Santa Barbara Co.: Sunset Valley, VI-1939 No records other than the type. (B. White, M.A.C.). Adoxomyia lata (Loew) Genus Adoxornyia KertCsz (Pl. 9, figs: 38, 40) Five of the ten known Nearctic species occur Clitelluricr Loew, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeit., in California. Little is known of the bionomics lata 16:55 (Centuria X, 9). Types, Cf, ?, Cali- of this genus. Adults occur on vegetation, but fornia, no locality; in Museum of Compara- seem to visit flowers only very rarely. The im- tive Zoology. mature stages of the Nearctic species and their Geographical range: Washington, Oregon, Cal- habits are unknown, but they are probably scav- ifornia, Arizona (map 12). engers in decaying vegetation. The Indian Occurrence in California: Euclitellaria heminopla (Wiedemann), a member Widespread, coastal areas and lower moun- of a closely related genus, breeds in rotting tains up to 4,000 ft.; apparently absent in the papaya stems, plantains, and melons. Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and in the southern deserts. Seasonal distribution, March Key to the California Species of 14 to June 25; mostly in May and June. Adoxomy i a Adoxomyia appressa James (Modified from James, 1943) Adoxomyia appressa James, 1935, Pan-Pac. Ent., 1. Tarsi reddish yellow in large part, contrast- ing with the black tibiae; flagellum with 9:63. Type, d,Cloudcroft, N.M.; in Snow basal segments reddish; pile face entire- Entomological Collection, University of of Kansas. ly silvery. cvgentda ...... Geographical range: California, Arizona, New Legs, including tarsi, wholly black, or black Mexico (map 12). except for the kees ...... 2 Occurrence in California: 2. Antennal flagellum reddish, at least on the Fresno Co.: Coalinga, V-14-38(M. A. Cazier, basal segments...... 3 M.A. 1 Antennal flagellum entirely black ...... 4 Mariposa Co.: El Portal, V-18-38 (M. A. Cazier, M. A.c.) 3. Pleura predominantly black-pilose; mesono- tum of male with abundant, erect, black pile; venter black-pilose (reddish brown, in cer- Adoxomyia nigribarba James tain lights) on the basal segments. ..lata Thorax entirely pale-pilose; pile of mesono- Adoxomyia nigribarba James, 1943, Proc. Ent. tum, in both sexes, appressed; venter .en- Soc. Wakh., 45:168. Type, Klamath Lake, tirely pale-pilose appressa 9, ...... Oregon; in California Academy of Sciences. .4. Pleura and face of female black-pilose (male Geographical range: California, Oregon. unknown) ...... nigribarba Occurrence in California: Map 11. Distribution in California of Map 12. Distribution in California of Myzosargus knowltoni Curran, solid circles, Adozomyia hta (Loew), solid circles; A. and Diewynewa obscwa (Coquillett), open rustica (Osten Sacken), open circles; A. circles. Inset: Distribution in the United appressa James, solid squares; and A- nigribarba, solid triangles. Inset: Distribution States of M. knowltoni, horizontal lines, and D. obscwa, oblique lines. in the United States of A. lata, horizontal lines, and A. rustica, vertical lines. THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 103

Lake Co.: North fork Cache Creek, Highway species suggest that such larval habitats may 20, IV-19-54(R.C. Bechtel, U.C.D.). be common. The records given below for the subgenus Melanonemotelus have had to be chosen with Adoxornyiu rusticu (Osten Sacken) care, in light of the recent revision of this group by Hanson (1958) and the confusion that existed previously. Hansoo had to make deter- Clitellaria rustica Osten Sacken, 1877, Geol. minations in many cases on the basis of male and Geog. Survey, Bull. 3, No. 2, p. 213. Types, 9, The Geysers, California (first genitalia, structures which had not previously d', been studied in any detail. My records fot this locality in cotype series); in Museum of subgenus, therefore, are not nearly as complete Comparative Zoology. as they are for other flies treated in this work, Geographical range: Washington, Oregon, Mon- and this fact must be taken into consideration tana, California, Utah (map 12). in judging distributional data and maps. Occurrence in California: The coastal and lower mountain areas of northern and central California. Seasonal dis- tribution, April 2 to July 14; most records are Key to the California Species of for May. It has been taken on Anthemis cotula at Atascadero, 8 mi. W., San Luis Obispo Co., Nemotelus VII-3-56 (E.G. Linsley, C.I.S.). (Adapted from James, 1936a, and Hanson, 1958)

Genus Nemotelus Geoffroy 1. Vein R, present; abdomen of male largely or wholly white, that of female black or Thirteen species of this genus, three belonging reddish marked with white to creamy to the typical subgenus and the remaining ten triangular spots at the median apices of being hielanonemotelus, are known to occur in the terga (subgenus Nemotelus) 2 California; a fourteenth species, N. com- ..... (44.) Vein R4 absent; abdomen black in both munis' Hanson, which has been recorded from sexes, sometimes marked with white but Arizona, Idaho, and Oregon, is Elaced on the not in the above pattern (subgenus Mela- hypothetical list. Some species are fairly well nonemotelus) 4 localized in general distribution; others enjoy ...... qyte wide distribution; and one, nigrinus Fal- 2. Lower sections of proboscis shorter than len, spreads broadly over a large part of the head, more or less thickened, either Holarctic region. Adults often emerge in great straight or upturned (fig. 50) ...... 3 numbers and in rather spasmodic occurrences; Lower sections of proboscis at least as consequently a species which is considered long as head, slender, rigid and arcuate, rather rare may be well represented by a limited the labella inconspicuous (fig. 49); humeri number of separate catches, whereas on the white; abdomen of female variably black other hand relatively common species may be to reddish except for the white apical absent from collections. This fact, together triangles...... knowltoni with the failure of most collectors to recognize 3. Humeri entirely white; tibiae entjrely pale; these flies as Stratiomyidae, has produced a comparatively slender species; abdomen somewhat spotty distributional pattern in map- of female red, marked with white ...... ping the species. rufoaldominalis Adults frequent flowers, especially umbel- ...... Humeri each with a small yellow spot; lifers and such composites as goldenrod, often largely black; more robust species; in enormous numbers. They may also rest tibiae abdomen of female black, marked with quietly in grass in or near moist places until white montanus disturbed, at such times occasionally rising in ...... dense clouds. The larvae so far as known are 4. Humeral callus with at least the anterior aquatic; rearing records (entirely in species of half black...... 6 the typical subgenus) indicate a preference for Humeral callus with less than the anterior saline or brackish waters or soil wet with such half black, usually wholly yellowish white water, and collecting records of adults of other ...... 5 104 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

5. Abdomen wholly black ...... tenuistylus 13. Penis valves black, pincerlike, sclerotized Abdomen with apices of abdominal terga (fig. 55) ...... jamesi ’ five and six creamy white; length of Penis valves transparant, membranous, nar- facial prominence at least one third width row and inconspicuous (fig. 56) ...... of eye ...... albimarginatus ...... variabilis 6. Frons with two creamy white or buff spots, 14. Mesonotum with pubescence over entire contiguous in the male ...... 7 surface; the pubescence often very short Frons immaculate, sometimes with dark and inconspicuous mesally in the female, brown spots ...... 14 but at least a few clearly evident hairs immediately anterior to the scutellum . 15 7. Hind tibiae mostly yellowish, with only a Mesonotum bare mesally, sometimes with a narrow black band around each mesally; ‘ few very short hairs anteriorly but never abdomen with a thin, pale yellow lateral immediately anterior to the scutellum; line on each side; relatively large species facial prominence usually intermediate in (4-5 mm.) ...... canadensis length between beameri and variabilis, Hind tibiae black, at most with the bases although some females of beameri may key and apices yellowish; abdomen without a out here ...... nigrinus pale yellow lateral line on each side . . 8 15. Facial prominence very long, its length in 8. All tibiae entirely black except for brown- the male half width of eye viewed lateral- ish extremities; body color shining black ...... tristis ly, its length in female about equal to width of eye; frons never with spots ... Fore and middle tibiae yellowish; body ...... beameri color black, usually with bluish or green- Facial prominence not noticeably long and ish iridescence ...... 9 tapering, its length in the male less than 9. Pile of mesonoturn long over entire surface half the width of eye viewed laterally, its ...... 10 length in the female less than width of Pile of mesonotum mesally very short and eye; frons with or without brown spots . . inconspicuous, much longer near margins ...... variabilis of mesonotum...... 12 10. Male: Pile on mesonoturn very fine, long but inconspicuous, erect or nearly so, Subgenus Nernotelus Geoffroy whitish; posterior half of humeral callus Nemotelus knowltoni James creamy white as seen from dorsal aspect; gonostyli curved with blunt apices. Ari- (Pl. 10, fig. 49) zona, Idaho, and Oregon eastward to Indiana ...... communis ’ Nemotelus knowltoni James, 1936, Bull. Brook- Male: Pile on mesonotum shining and con- lyn Ent. SOC., 31: 89. Type, d‘,St. George, spicuous, sometimes giving it a “shaggyw Utah; in United States National Museum. appearance, often with a buff tinge; hum- Geographical range: Western Texas and southern eral callus usually mostly black; gono- New Mexico to southern Utah, southern styli either curved and with sharp apices, Nevada, and southern California (map 13). or sttaight with blunt apices ...... 11 Occurrence in California: Inyo Co.: Surprise Canyon, Panamint Mts., 11. Gonostyli strongly curved, apices pointed IV-24-57, on Encelia farinosa, and IV-28-53 (P...... politus’ D. Hurd, C.I.S.). Gonostyli straight or only slightly curved, apices rounded, blunt ...... arator ’ 12. Male: Gonocoxites with basal lamellae Nemotelus rufoabdominalis Cole absent or only slightly evident (fig. 53) (Pl. 10, fig. 50) ...... politus’ Male: Gonocoxites with basal lamellae Nemotelus’ rufoabdominalis Cole, 1923, Proc. complete (figs. 51, 52) ...... 13 Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 12: 459. Type, 9, Te- It is virtually impossible to separate unassociated females of these species. THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 105

poca Bay, Sonora, Mexico; in California Subgenus M elunon emotelus PI e ske Academy of Sciences. Nemotelus tenuistylus IIanson Geographical range: New Mexico, Arizona, Cal- ifornia, Mexico (Sonora, Baja California) Nemotelus tenuistylus Hanson, 1958, Univ. (map 13). Kansas Sci. Bull., 38 (pt. 2): 1379. Type, d,Las Cruces, New Mexico; in United Occyrrence in California: States National Museum. Imperial Co.: Brawley, 8 mi. E.,V-20-56 (T. R. Haig, U.C.D.). Calexico, V-2-49, flowers Geographical range: Vaho, Nevada, California, of Salix exiguu (R. A. Fleck, U.C.R.); flowers New Mexico, Kansas (map 14). of Pluchea sericea, V-2-49 (Fleck, U.C.R.);V- 27-57 and IV-10-57 (E. I. Schlinger, U.C.D.). Occurrence in Calif or n ia : Heber, 12 ,mi. E., V- 15-5G (T. R. Haig, U.C.D.). Inyo Co.: Furnace Creek, Death Valley, III- Hot Mineral Sprines, IV-25-53 (U.C.L.A.). Ni- 31-53 (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). Surprise Canyon, land, on ffeliotropium. oculatum, V-1-49 (P. M. Panamint Mts., IV-24-57, on Eriogonum inflaturn Timberlake, U.C. R.), Traventine Rocks, 2 mi. (P. D. Hurd, C.I.S.). S., 111-29-36, flowers of mesquite (F. R. Platt, San Bernardino Co.: Needles, IV-3-51 (J. W. U.C.R.). MacSwain, C.I.S.). Inyo Co.: Furnace Creek, Death Valley, IV- 27-56 (R. M. Bohart. U.C.D.). Riverside Co.: B1ythe,VIII-19-46 (P. D. Hurd, C. I.S. ). Hunter's Spring, IV-25-53 (U. C. L. A:). Nemotelus albimatginatus James Mecca, on Heliotropim curassavicum, IV- 13-34 (Timberlake, U.C.R.). Palo Verde, 5 mi. N., on Nemotelus albimarginatus James, 1936, Bull. Prosopis glandulosa (R. C. Dickson, U.C.R.). Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 31:86. Type, cr", Kings- Thousand Palms, on Pluchea sericea, IV-25-36 ton, Utah; in United States National Museum. (Timberlake, U.C.R.). Thermal, 2 mi. S., IV- Geographical range: British Columbia to South 10-57 (E.I. Schlinger, U.C.D.). Ripley, on Helio- Dakota, Utah, and California (map 14). tropium oculatm, IV-30-52 (Timberlake, U.C.R.). Occurrence in California: San Diego Co.: Desert edge, IV-6-15 (M. C. Fresno Co.: Panoche Creek (recorded; by Van Dbzee, C.A.S.). Hanson as "Panocho" Creek.) Inyo Co.: Big Pine, 4,500 ft., VI-13-42 (R. M. Bohart, R.M.B.). Lone Pine, VI-6-39 (R. M. Bohart, R. M. B.); VI-13-37 (E. C. Van Dyke, Nemotelus montanus James (C.A.S.). Mono Co.: Benton, VII- 10-50 (H. A. Hunt, U.C. D.). Nemotelus montanus James, 193 , Bull. Brook- Tulare Co.: Wood Lake, rotary trap, V-24-47' lyn Ent. SOC.,31:90. Type, $ , Alma, Colo- (Norman R. Frazier, C.I.S.). rado; in Colorado State University Collec- tion. Geographical range: Colorado, Utah, Oregon, California, Yukon Territory (map 13). Nemotelus canadensis Loew Occurrence in California: Nemotelus canadensis Loew, 1863, Berliner Inyo Co.: Owens Valley, VIII-2-36 (R. M. Bo- Ent. Zeit., 7: 7 (Centuria 111, 12). Types, hart, U. C. L. A. ). d,P, Fort Resolution, Hudson Bay ter Mono Co.: Leavitt Meadow, VII-6-51 (E. L. ritory; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Silver. U. C. L. A.); VI-28-51 (A. T. McClay, Geographical range: Hudson Bay to Alaska, U. C. D.). Sardine Creek, 8,500 ft., VII-11 to southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and 28-5 1 (A. T. McClay, R. W. Morgan, U.C.D.). northeastern California (map 15). Nevada Co.: Sagehen, M. Hobart Mills, VI- Occurrence in California: 9-54 (R.H.Goodwin, C.I.S.; R.M.Bohart, U.C.D.). Lassen Co.: Summit Camp, VI-28-49 (W.S.C.). Hobart Mills, 4 mi. N.W., VII-5-5 1 (E:I. Schling- Hallelujah Junction, VI-27-49 (W. F. Ehrhardt, er, U.C.D.). W.S.C.). Spaldin-g, VI-27-49 (P. D.Hurd, C.I.S.).

THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 107

NemoteZus tristis Bigot Geographical range: Washington, Oregon, Cal- ifornia (map 14). Nemotetus tristis Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC. Ent. Occurrence in California: France (6) 7: 30. Types, $, d , "Californie"; Widespread in the northern half of the state in Bigot Collection. and along the Coast Range and adjacent low- Geographical range: Central California, east of lands at least southward to the Mexican border. the Sierra (map 15). This is the most common Nemotelrrs in Califor- Occurrence in California: nia, according to our records. Seasonal distri- Alameda Co.: Tilden Park, Berkeley Hills, bution, March through August. IV-12-57(J. A. Chemsak, C.I.S.). Fresno Co.: Panoche Creek (recorded by Hanson). Nemotelus jamesi Han son Kern Co.: Woody, 111-30-57(P.D.Hurd, C.I.S.). (Pl. 10, figs. 51, 55) Madera Co.: Oakhurst (recorded by Hanson). San Joaquin Exp. R., III-25-53, on Baeria (H. Nemotehs jarnesi Hanson, 1958, Univ. Kansas E. Childs, C.I.S.). Sci. Bull. 38 (pt. 2): 1367. Type, d,Pros- Santa Clara Co.: Mt. Hamilton, IV-15-47 (G. ser, WashinKton; in State College of Wash- E. Bohart, C.I.S.). San Antonio Valley, IV-20- ington Coil ection. 48 (Ray F. Smith, C.I.S.). Geographical range: California, Idaho, Washing- Yo10 Co.: Davis; Putah Canyon (recorded ton, Utah, Nebraska (map 16). by Hanson). Occurrence in California: Lassen Co.: Hallelujah Jct. ,VI-27-49(Claude L. Smith, C.I.S.). Nemotelus politus Hanson San Diego Co.: Escondido (recorded by (Pl. 10, fig. 53) Hanson).

Nemotelus potitus Hanson, 1958, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38 (pt. 2): 1364. Type, a", Mid- Nemot e Ius u a r iab i 1 is H an s on vale, Utah; in Snow Entomological Collec- tion, University of Kansas. (Pl. 10, figs. 52, 56) Geographical range: Montana, Washington, Ore- gon, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, California (map Nemotelus variabilis Hanson, 1958, Univ. 15). Kansas Sci. Bull. 38 (pt. 2): 1368. Type, 0" , Occurrence in California: Hibernia, Florida; in Snow Entomological Inyo Co.: Deep Spring, VII-16-53 (J. W. Mac- Collection, University of Kansas. Swain, C.I.S.). Westgard Pass, V-26-53 (J.W. Geographical range: California and Nevada to MacSwain, C.I.S.). Texas and along the Gulf strip to Florida Kern Co.: No locality (S.W.Williston, M.T. J.). (map 15). Lassen Co.: Hallelujah Jct., VII-4-49 (J. W. Occurrence in California: MacSwain, C.I.S.). This species has been recorded by Hanson Mono Co.: Sardine Creek, 8,500 ft., VI-28- from aArroyo R.; Cazadero; Lone Pine, Inyo Co.; 51 (J. W.MacSwain, C.I.S.). Little Lake, Inyo Co.; Los Angeles; Olanche, Monterey Co.: Paradise Springs (recorded by Inyo Co.; Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co. " I have Hanson). not seen specimens. Hanson gives the' range San Bernardino Co.: Victonrille, V-1-53 (G. of flight records as =March 27 (southern Texas) 0. Marsh, L. 0. Schuster, C.I.S.). to August 8 (California). "

Nemotelus arator Melander Nemotelus beameri James (Pl. 10, fig. 54) Nemdelus beameri James, 1933, Jour. Kansas Nemotelus arator M-elander, 1903, Psyche, 10: Ent.'SoC.%G: 70. Type, 9, Northgate, Colo- 179. Types, Cf 9, San Diego Co., Califor- rado; in Snow Entomological Collection, nia; in Melander Collection, Riverside, Cal- University of Kansas. ifornia. Geographical range: Illinois westward to Mon-

THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 109

tana, southward to New Mexico and Cali- but particularly in South America. Three spe- fornia (map 16). cies are known to occw in California. It is Occurrence in California: possible that a fourth, H. cornstocki Williston, Imperial Co.: Calexico, IV-10-57 (E. I. from the mountains of northern Mexico, southern Schlinger, C.I.S.). New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona may Inyo Co.: Surprise Canyon, Panamint Mts., extend into the state, though this is not prob- IV-24-57(J. Powell, C.I.S.). able. , H. comstocki is a yellowish ! s p e c i e s with wholly yellow legs, pilose eyes, and a conical, inflated abdomen. It admirably mimics Nernotelus nigrinus Fallgn wasps of the genus Polistes. Nernotelus nigrinus Fall&, 1817, Diptera Sueciae, 6: 3. Information concerning type not available. Key to the California Species of Geographical range: Europe; Alaska, Yukon Hermetia Territory and Northwest Territories through most of Canada and the United States and 1. Eyes bare; body predominantly black, with into the highlands of Mexico (map 16). black femora and predominantly black Occurrence in California: tibiae; abdomen black, sometimes reddish Inyo Co.: Lone Pine (recorded by Hanson). toward apex or even in large part, especi- Kern Co.: Tejon Canyon (recorded by Hanson). ally in the male, but with two large, well- Mono Co.: Blanco's Corral, White Mountains, defined yellow or even translucent spots 10,000 ft., VII-20-53 (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). on the second tergum...... illucens Crooked Creek, White Mountains, 9,000 ft., VI- Eyes pilose; legs with at most hind tibia 20-53 (J. W.MacSwain, C.I.S.). partly black, the tibiae otherwise yellow Nevada Co.: Sagehen, nr. Hobart Mills, VII- or reddish; abdomen without well-defined 21-54 (R. H. Goodwin, C.I.S.). yellow or translucent Fpots on the second Discussion: tergum...... 2 This species has apparently spread to all inhabitable parts of temperate North America 2. Face produced conically downward in front and has become differentiated into several of oral margin, the projection best visible forms which, according to Hanson, have iden- from lateral aspect; abdomen reddish yel- tical male genitalia. Hanson has synonymized low, flattened, with only very inconspicu- carneus Walker, crassus Loew, carbonarius ous pile, and usually with a series of Loew, and unicolor Loew with nigrinus, and median black markings which form. an in- some records relating to those nominal species terruped longitudinal vitta . . . . concinna certainly belong to nigrinus. On the other hand, Face evenly rounded below, not produced some records of nigrinus and unicolor in the conically in front of the oral margin; abdo- literature most probably refer to some of the men variable, black to red, but without a similar, wholly black Nemotelus which Hanson median vitta; abdomen inflated, conspic- has described in his recent treatment of the uously yellow to golden pilose . . . awata genus. Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus)

Subfamily HERMETIINAE Musca illucens Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Na- turae, 10th e&, p. 589. Type, sex not indi- cated, South America; location uncertain, Genus Hermetia Latreille but stated by Linnaeus as in the collection of DeGeer. The genus Hermetia is represented in the Geographical range: Massachusetts and Cali- United States by the extremely widespread H. fornia southward through most of tropical illucens (Linnaeus) and by six other species America; introduced into Africa, Hawaii, of rather localized distribution. The genus is Micronesia, the Solomon Islands, Samoa, essentially a tropical and warm temperate one, Europe, and elsewhere. Records-from Wash- being well represented in both hemispheres ington, Oregon, and North Dakota probably 1 nwr CIS) 3- -4 Ill )?2 111 !I 111 IU ,I7 ,I LIS

Map 17. Distribution in California of Map 18. Distribution in California of Sarglrs Hermetiu illucens (Linnaeus), solid circles; H. decorus Say, open circles, and S. cuprarrius azuata eiseni Townsend, open squares; and.H. (Linnaeus), sol id circles. Inset: S. decorus, concinna Williston, open triangles. Inset: horizontal lines, and S. cuprarius, vertical Distribution in the United States of H. illucens, lines. horizontal lines, and H. auruta, oblique lines; H. ouruta eiseni occupies approximately that part of the awata distribution west of the southward extension of the Utah-Nevada line to the Gulf of California. THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 111

represent temporary local introductions Discussion: (map 17). This seems to be but a western subspecies Occurrence in California: of typical H. aurata Bellardi, from which it The southern part of the state, through the differs chiefly in the much less conspicuous low coastal mountains and valleys, to the San pale abdominal pile; in uwata the abdomen is Francisco Bay area, and throughout the San mostly bright yellow pilose whereas in eiseni Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Records from the pale pile on the terga is limited chiefly to Ash Mountain, Sequoia National Park, X-5-40 the apices. (P. H. Arnaud Jr., P.H.A.) and Yosemite, 3,880 ft. to 4,000 ft., V-19-3 l(A4.A.C.) may represent Hermetia concinna Williston introductions into those areas by vacationers; such introductions are frequent because of the Hermetia concinna Williston, 1900, Biol. Cen- breeding habits of the fly and are responsible trali-Americana, I, p.241. Type series, d 9, for its wide distribution into distant areas. Arizona and New Mexico; in Snow collection, Seasonal distribution, mainly May through University of Kansas. October, with generally common occurrence Geographical range: Califor nia, Arizona, New throughout the summer months; I have California Mexico, Mexico (Chihuahua) (map 17). records, however, for every month except Jan- Occurrence in California: uary. San Diego Co.: no locality, VII-1931 (Beck Discussion: and Call, B.Y.U.). This species is a privy fly in much of its range. It breeds in a varietyof media involving decaying OK.putrifying vegetable matter, includ- ing human excrement; there is evidenck, how- Subfamily SARGINAE ever, that in s-uch media it may at times be a predator on other fly larvae, including those of Genus Sargus Fabricius the house fly. I have records bf its occurrence in decomposing wet rice, soy beans, fruits and Some confusion has arisen as to the proper vegetables, catsup, animal cadavers, and waste name to be, applied to this genus. The name materials found in bee hives, and it has been Sargus Fabricius 1898 was antedated by Sargus recorded in intestinal myiasis in man. Klein but, as has been pointed out to me by The adults are sluggish until once induced C. W. Sabrosky, the latter was simply a publi- to fly. They may enter houses and buildings cation by Walbaum in 1792 of a pre-Linnaean and may be attracted .to light, but they do not name and, as such, has no nomenclatorial seem to molest human food. In the open they standing, according to Opinion 21 of the Inter- visit excrement but usually not flowers; how- national Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ever, I have one record on Polygonum auberti ture. Geosurgus Bezzi 1907, proposed to replace at Davis, VII-8-5 1 (A. T. McClay, U.C.D.). Sargus Fabricius not Klein, was unnecessary, and Pedicel& Bigot 1856, used by some authors in the sense of Sargus Fabricius, is quite a different genus, as has been shown by Aldrich Hermetia aurata eiseni Townsend (1933) and James (1935). The genus, in its broader sense, is widely HemetM eiseni Townsend, 1895, Proc. Calif. distributed throughout the world, though it is Acad. Sci., 4(2):594. Types, sex not stated, nowhere numerous in species. Europe seems El Taste and San Jose del Cabo, Baja Cal- to be the center of distribution, and one of our ifornia; in California Academy of Sciences. species, S. cupmrius (Linnaeus), the genotype, Geographical range: California, Baja California, is an introduction from that continent. Two Arizona (map 17). other species,decorus Say and viridis Say, are Occurrence in California: known to occur in California, and a fourth, the San Diego Co.: San Diego, VIII-6-21 and European bipunctatus (Scopoli), has been intro- VIII-22-2 1(C.I.S.); Sweetwater Valley,010/6/238 duced into Washington and Oregon. All known (Armitage, C.I.S. 1. species that occur in the Pacific coast states

% Ventura Co.: Fillmore, VI-27-37 (B. E. White, are slender flies of medium size and more OK M.A.C.). less metallic green or blue-green coloration, Map 19. Distribution in California and in the United States of Sargus viridis Say. THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 113 particularly on the thorax. They will not be tibia black with at most greenish reflec- confused with other members of ?the family ex- tions; wing distinctly clouded across cept the rarely occurring Beris, which has discal cell; abdomen in both sexes dis quite a different venation, and Microcluysa, for tinctly broadening to a maximum width on which undersized specimens of Sargus viridis the fourth segment ...... cuprarius might be mistaken. The adults are commonly found flying over or resting on the leaves of bush,es and low Sargus decorus Say trees, particularly in the sunshine. They are occasionally attracted to flowers. The larvae Sargus decorus Say, 1824, Long?s Second breed in decaying vegetation, such as decaying Expedition, p. 376 (Complete Works, 1,257). leaves or turnip roots, or in excrement of cattle, Types, sex not stated ?Pennsylvania and horses, rabbits, and doubtless other mammals. East Florida?; lost. Geographical range: Alaska, throughout south- ern Canada, to Florida, Texas, and Califor- Key to th,e California Species of nia (see map 18). Occurrence in California: Sargus Contra Costa Co.: Danville, X-11-51(F. X. Williams, C.A.S.). Mt. Diablo, N-22-33(G.E.B.). 1. Legs entirely yellow, at most the tarsal or , Los Angdes Co.: No locality or date (C; B. segments partly darkened...... 2 Philips, N.U.). Legs largely or entirely black or metallic Monterey Co.: Carmel, IV-12-26, IV-25-32 green, at most the narrow apices or bases (L.S.Slevin, C.A.S.). Spreckels, VIII-20-04 of the segments black...... 3 (E.G.Titus, C.I.S.). 2. Frons with bushy black pile which is dis- Placer Co.: Loomis, IV- 11-5 1 (R. C. Bechtel, tinctly longer than combined first and sec- U. C. D. ). ond antennal segments; vein R,+, lying Santa Barbara Co.: San Rafael Mts., IV-24- very close to R on its basal two fifths, 51 (R.M. Bohart, U.C.D.). then strongly diverging; abdomen of fe- Santa Clara Co.: University of California male distinctly bicolored, orange and Ranch, San Jose, IV-11-43 (Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., largely metallic blue to purple, the pattern P. H. A,). Stanford University, IV-27-20, V- 12-2 1 variable but the terga always extensively (C.I.S.). orange basally and the color areas dis- Shasta Co.: Shingletown, VI-2-41 (E. G. tinctly separated; face of male, at oral Linsley, C.I.S.). margin, almost one third as wide as head; Sonoma Co.: Alexander Valley, IV-28-33 male genital capsule mostly black and (G.E.B.). No locality, VII-4-26 (E. H. Nest, black-haired (Europe; Washington, Oregon) C.A.S.); 111-28-37 (C.I.S.)...... b ipunctat us Trinity Co. : Carrville, V- 17-34 (G. E. B.). Frons with yellow pile or, if black, not Tulare Co.:? Sequoia National Park, 3,000 bushy and shorter than combined first and to 5,000 ft., V-18-29 (E. C. VanDyke, C.A.S.). second antennal segments; vein R2+, gradually diverging from R4+5;abdomen of female usually bicolored but the paler Sargus viridis Say areas usually at the sides, bases, and apices of the terga and not clearly defined; Sargus viridis Say, 1823, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. face of male, at oral margin, about one Philadelphia, 3: 87 (Complete Works, 2,771. as fourth wide as head; male genital cap- Type, sex or locality given; lost. sule mostly yellow and yellow-haired ... no decorus Geographical range: Alaska, throughout south- ...... ern Canada, to Maryland, Texas, and Baja 3. Head, thorax, abdomen, femora in large part, California (see map 19). and areas on tibiae bright metallic green Occurrence in California: or blue-green; wing uniformly subfusqous; Widespread and common throughout the state abdomen of male almost parallel-sided on except in the more extreme desert areas, alti- intermediate segments ...... uiridis tudinal range, from sea level to 9,700 ft. in Abdomen coppery to purplish, femora and Mono Co. (no locality given). Seasonal occur- 114 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY rence, March to June at lower elevations, May Key to the California Species of to Julyin the higher mountains. It rarely visits. flowers, but it has been collected at Riverside, Microchrysa Riverside Co., on Zsocoma vemonoides, x-13- 28 (an extraordinarily unique seasonal record!) 1. Mesopleuron with a whitish or yellowish and on flowers of Sedum, IV-3-35. by P. H. upper margin that reaches from the humerus Timberlake (U.C.R.). to the wing base; antennae and legs pre- dominantly yellow, the blaCk of the legs usually limited to .the .median part of the Sargus cuprarius (Linnaeus) middle and hind femora. . . . . flauicornis Mesopleuron without a pale upper margin; (Pl. 8, fig. 37; pl. 11, fig. 46) antennae and legs predominantly black, all femora and usually at least the middle Musca mprark Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Nat- and hind tibiae chiefly black . . . . polita urae, 10th ed.,,p. 598. Type, sex not stated, from Europe; in Linnean Society of London. Geographical range: Europe, Asia; throughout southern Canada, southward to Tennessee, Microchrysa fZavicornis (Meigen) New Mexico, and California (see map 18). Occurrence in California: Sargus fbvicornis Meigen, 1822, System. Widespread, except in the desert, and mod- Beschreib. Bekann. Europ. Zweifl. Insekten, 112. Type, England;.location uncertain. erately common at low or moderate elevations 3: %, (up to 4,000 ft.). Seasonal range, late h4arch Geographical tange: Europe; throughout south- to October, mostly April throqh July. It has ern Canada and the northern half of the been taken at Riverside, Riverside Co., on United States. Sambucus coetulea, 111-30-41 (P. H. Timberlake, Occurrence in California: U.C.R.). It is attracted to light and light traps. Sacramento Co.-: Carmichael, VI-29-56,light trap (Jack Fowler, U.C.D.).

Genus Microchrysa Loew Microchrysa polita (Linnaeus) This genus, members of which resemble a (PI. 11, fig. 43) small, rather robust Sargus, is represented by two species, both imported from Europe and Musca polita Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, both distributed broadly across the northern 10th ed., p. 598. Type, sex not stated, Unitedstates and southern Canada but reaching Europe, in Linnean Society of London. the limit of their range in California. Adults Geographical range: Europe; throughout south- may be found on the leaves of shrubs, particu- ern Canada and the northern half of the laxly in sunny places; they visit flowers only United States. rarely, if at all. The larvae breed in cow or Occurrence in California: horse dung or other excrement or decomposing Marin Co.: Bolinas, V-18-55 (A. D. Telford, matter. U.C.D.). 115

LITERATURE CITED

CURRAN, C. H. 1939. Notes on my monograph of Odontomyia 1924. Concerning the availability of certain (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). Bull. Brooklyn taxonomic characters'and their signifi- Ent. SOC.,34: 220-221- cance. Psyche, 3 1: 167- 169. 1942. A review of the Myxosacgini (Diptera, HANSON, WILFORD J. Stratiomyidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., 18:49-60. 1958. A revision of the subgenus Melanone- 1943. A revision of the Nearctic species of motelus of America north of Mexico Adoxomyia (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). Univ. Kansas Proc. Ent, Soc. Washington, 45: 163- 171. Sci. Bull, 38 (2): 1351-1391. IRWIN-SMITH, VERA JAMES, MURICE T., and GEORGE STEYSKAL 1952. A review of the Nearctic Stratiomyini 1920. Studies of life-histories of Australian Diptera Brachycera. Part I. Stratiomyi- (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). Ann. Ent. idae. No. 1. MetoponM rubriceps Mac- SOC.Amer., 45: 385-4 12. quart. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, STEYSKAL, GEORGE C. 45:505-531. 1953. A suggested classification of the lower JAMES, MAURICE T. brachycerous Diptera. Ann. Ent. SOC. i936a.The genus Odontomyia in America north Amer., 46: 237-242. of Mexico (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) AM. Ent. Soc. Amer., 29: 517-550. WIRTH, WILLIS W., and ALAN STONE 19366. Notes on Nemotelus (Diptera, Suatio- 1956. Aquatic Diptera. In Usinger, et al., myidae). Bull. Brooklyn Em. SOC., 31: Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. 86-91. Calif. Press. 508 pp.

PLATES 118 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

Plate 6. Abdominal patterns. Fig. 1. Stratiomys mucdosa Loew, female. Fig. 2. Stratiomys laticeps Loew, female. Fig. 3. Stratiomys melastoma Loew, female. .Fig. 4. Strutiomys cwrani James, female. Fig. 5. Stratiomys barbata Loew, female. Fig. 6. Stratiomys discaloides Curran, female. Fig. 7. Hebiodiscus truquii (Bellardi), female. Fig. 8. Eulalia colei (James), male. Fig. 9. Hedrio- discus trtrquii (Bellardi), male. Drawings by Patricia Packard. . THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 12 1

5

39

Plate 9. All pilosity, except that of eyes, omitted. Fig. 31. Eulalia communis (James), female. Front view of head. Fig. 32. Eulalia communis (James), male. Front view of head. Fig. 33. Eulalia pilosa (Day), male. Front view of head. Fig. 34. Eulalia twnida (Banks), male. Front view of head. Fig.' 35. EJalia twnida (Banks), female. Front view of head. FiB. 36. Hedriodiscus uertebratus (Say), female. Front view of head. Fig. 37. Sargus cuprarius (Linnaeus), wing. Fig. 38. Adozomyia lata (Loew), female. Head, side view. Fig. 39. Dieuryneura obscura (Coquillett), female. Head, side view. Fig. 40. Adoxomyia lclta (Loew), wing. Fig. 41. Hedriadiscus trwittutus (Say), wing. Drawings by Patricia Packard. 122 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

943

44 46 %6

45

50

56

54

Plate 10. Pilosity of heads omitted, except that of eyes. Fig. 42. Beris annulifera Bigot, wing. Fig. 43. Microchrysa polita (Linnaeus), wing. Fig. 44. Myxosargus knowltoni Curran, wing. Fig. 45. Metoponia rubriceps Macquart, wing. Fig. 46. Sargus cuprarius (Linnaeus), female. Head, side view. Fig. 47. Metoponkz rubriceps Macquart, female. Head, side view. Fig, 48. Myxosargus knowltoni Curran, female. Head; side view. Fig. 49. Nemotelus knowltoni James, female. Head, side view. Fig. 50. Nemotelus rufo- abdominalis Cole, female. Head, side view. Fig. 5 1. Nemotelus jamesi Hanson, male genitalia. bl, basal lamella of gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus. Fig. 52. Nemotelus variabilis Hanson, male genitalia. Fig. 53. Nernotelus politus Hanson, male genitalia. Fig. 54. Nemotelus arator Melander, male genitalia. Fig. 55. Nemotelus jamesi Hanson, aedeagus. pv, penis valve. Fig. 56. Nemotelus variabilis Hanson, aedeagus. Figs. 42-50 drawn by Patricia Packard; figs. 51-56 after Han.