Entomology Publications Entomology 2008 Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) Rüdiger Wagner University of Kassel Miroslav Barták Czech University of Agriculture Art Borkent Salmon Arm Gregory W. Courtney Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs BoudewPart ofijn the GoBddeeiodivrisersity Commons, Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the TRoyerarle Bestrlgiialan a Indnstit Aquaute of Nticat uErcaol Scienlogyce Cs ommons TheSee nex tompc page forle addte bitioniblaiol agruthorapshic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/41. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) Abstract Today’s knowledge of worldwide species diversity of 19 families of aquatic Diptera in Continental Waters is presented. Nevertheless, we have to face for certain in most groups a restricted knowledge about distribution, ecology and systematic, particularly in the tropical environments. At the same time we realize a dramatically decline or even lack of specialists being able, having the time or the opportunity to extend or even secure the present information. The er spective families with approximate numbers of aquatic species are: Blephariceridae (308), Deuterophlebiidae (14), Nyphomyiidae (7), Psychodidae (∼2.000), Scatopsidae (∼5), Tanyderidae (41), Ptychopteridae (69), Dixidae (173), Corethrellidae (97), Chaoboridae (∼50), Thaumaleidae (∼170), Ceratopogonidae (∼6.000), Stratiomyidae (∼43), Empididae (∼660), Lonchopteridae (2), Syrphidae (∼1.080), Sciomyzidae (∼190), Ephydridae (∼1.500), Muscidae (∼870). Numbers of aquatic species will surely increase with increased ecological and taxonomical efforts. Keywords Aquatic Diptera, Continental waters, Diversity, Distribution, State of knowledge Disciplines Biodiversity | Biology | Entomology | Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Comments This is a book chapter from Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (Springer Netherlands: 2008): 489–519, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_49. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The onc tent of this document is not copyrighted. Authors Rüdiger Wagner, Miroslav Barták, Art Borkent, Gregory W. Courtney, Boudewijn Goddeeris, Jean-Paul Haenni, Lloyd Knutson, Adrian Pont, Graham E. Rotheray, Rudolf Rozkošný, Bradley Sinclair, Norman Woodley, Tadeusz Zatwarnicki, and Peter Zwick This book chapter is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/41 Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:489–519 DOI 10.1007/s10750-007-9127-9 FRESHWATER ANIMAL DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) Ru¨diger Wagner Æ Miroslav Barta´k Æ Art Borkent Æ Gregory Courtney Æ Boudewijn Goddeeris Æ Jean-Paul Haenni Æ Lloyd Knutson Æ Adrian Pont Æ Graham E. Rotheray Æ Rudolf Rozkosˇny´ Æ Bradley Sinclair Æ Norman Woodley Æ Tadeusz Zatwarnicki Æ Peter Zwick Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Today’s knowledge of worldwide species realize a dramatically decline or even lack of special- diversity of 19 families of aquatic Diptera in Conti- ists being able, having the time or the opportunity to nental Waters is presented. Nevertheless, we have to extend or even secure the present information. The face for certain in most groups a restricted knowledge respective families with approximate numbers of about distribution, ecology and systematic, particu- aquatic species are: Blephariceridae (308), Deutero- larly in the tropical environments. At the same time we phlebiidae (14), Nyphomyiidae (7), Psychodidae (*2.000), Scatopsidae (*5), Tanyderidae (41), Pty- Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Le´veˆque, H. Segers & K. chopteridae (69), Dixidae (173), Corethrellidae (97), Martens Chaoboridae (*50), Thaumaleidae (*170), Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment R. Wagner (&) G. E. Rotheray University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK e-mail: [email protected] R. Rozkosˇny´ M. Barta´k Institute of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk Univerity, Czech University of Agriculture, Praha, Czech Republic Brno, Czech Republic A. Borkent B. Sinclair Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada Ontario Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada G. Courtney Iowa State University, Ames, USA N. Woodley USDA, c/o Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, B. Goddeeris USA Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium T. Zatwarnicki Department of Zoology, Academy of Agriculture, J.-P. Haenni Wroclaw, Poland Muse´um d’histoire naturelle, Neuchaˆtel, Switzerland P. Zwick L. Knutson Schwarzer Stock 9, 36110 Schlitz, Germany Salita degli Albito 29 (Via Aragonese), Gaeta, LT 04024, Italy A. Pont Goring-on-Thames, Reading RG8 0EP, UK 123 490 Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:489–519 Ceratopogonidae (*6.000), Stratiomyidae (*43), Authors have tried to provide most complete up to Empididae (*660), Lonchopteridae (2), Syrphidae date information, however, in many cases knowledge (*1.080), Sciomyzidae (*190), Ephydridae and existing databases are still far from being (*1.500), Muscidae (*870). Numbers of aquatic complete. species will surely increase with increased ecological and taxonomical efforts. Introduction Keywords Aquatic Diptera Á Continental waters Á Diversity Á Distribution Á State of knowledge Family Blephariceridae (P. Zwick) For a long time, the slender, long-legged net-winged Foreword midges (wing lengths between 4 and 12 mm) were first known by the name Blepharoceridae in the With few exceptions it is difficult to extract from the 1840s. Blepharicerid larvae and pupae were only numerous Diptera families those with aquatic or discovered in 1881. They inhabit fast flowing, often ‘water dependent’ species. A key problem for most torrential waters, from sea-level to high mountains. groups is the lack of knowledge on larval ecology and Larvae attach to smooth rock substrata with their morphology of many taxa on the one hand, and the suckers, head upstream, some resisting speeds of flow great ecological plasticity on the other hand. In over 1 m s–1. Locomotion is by successive detach- general, the majority of ‘water dependent’ larvae and ment of suckers and is slow, except during sideways pupae live in moist to wet grounds (providing (!) escape gate. substratum, shelter and food) in the surrounding of Distribution on inhabited lands is not uniform, for springs, streams, rivers, ponds lakes or in wetlands ecological reasons, plains and terrain without rock where they may occupy a multitude of spatially and substrata cannot be colonized. Blephariceridae are temporally variable habitats. also absent from sandstone and other coarse grained A restricted amount of families show unquestion- rocks to which suckers cannot attach. Most species able aquatic life cycles, i.e. Chaoboridae and occur in permanent streams, but some taxa with long Corethrellidae, that are almost exclusively found in egg diapause survive or even specialize (Dioptopsis) the pelagic zone of standing water bodies, or in the in intermittent water courses. families of Blephariceromorpha whose larvae live almost only in torrential mountain streams. Recently, a few Diptera families have been reported from Family Deuterophlebiidae aquatic habitats, e.g. Lonchopteridae (Vaillant, (G. Courtney & R. Wagner) 2002), Scatopsidae (Haenni, Vaillant pers. comm.), and Bibionidae (own observation). Another example Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges) is one of the is the family Dolichopodidae; several thousand most specialized dipterous insects. The larvae and species have been described until now. Some species pupae of these small flies (\4 mm) are aquatic, found exhibit aquatic development of larvae; however, mostly in cold torrential streams, but ranging from larval ecology of most species remains totally small high-gradient creeks to large low-gradient unknown. A compilation of ‘water dependent rivers (Turner et al., 1986; Courtney, 1991a). Larvae other Diptera’ (to our best knowledge) is given in and pupae are restricted to riffle habitats where they Table 1. adhere to larger stones. Among the structural and Some families were left out of this assessment ecological adaptations are eversible larval prolegs because we could not find available specialists to deal and flattened streamlined pupae. Adults have com- with the worldwide diversity of these groups (e.g. paratively large wings and males extremely long Athericidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae). This is a antennae. Adults that have vestigial mouthparts, live strikingly clear indication of a dramatic loss or even for only a few hours (Courtney, 1991a, 1994a). lack of taxonomic specialists—not only in aquatic Univoltine, synchronous life cycles are typical of Diptera—all over the world. most Nearctic species but