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Macrogastra Badia (C. Pfeiffer
Vol. 17(2): 53–62 MACROGASTRA BADIA (C. PFEIFFER, 1828) (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: CLAUSILIIDAE) IN ZIELENIEC (BYSTRZYCKIE MTS, CENTRAL SUDETES) – ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION STATUS AND LIFE HISTORY – PRELIMINARY DATA TOMASZ K. MALTZ,BEATA M. POKRYSZKO Museum of Natural History, Wroc³aw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroc³aw, Poland (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Information on thedistribution on theAlpine M. badia in Poland dates from the 1960s and was not verified subsequently. A new locality was discovered in 2003 (Bystrzyckie Mts, Zieleniec near Duszniki-Zdrój); it forms a part of a group of isolated, Polish and Czech localities on the border of the species’ distribution range. In the discussed part of the range the species is threatened by habitat destruction and climatic changes. It is legally protected in Poland but preserving its populations requires habitat protection. The preferred habi- tat is herb-rich beech forest, and cool and humid climate is crucial for the species’ survival. The composition of the accompanying malacofauna varies among the sites which is probably associated with their origin. M. badia is oviparous; in May and June it produces batches of 1–3 eggs. The eggs are partly calcified, 1.39–1.61 in major and 1.32–1.45 mm in minor diameter. The incubation period is 16–19 days; the hatching is asynchron- ous; the juveniles reach adult size in 7–8 months. Some data on shell variation are provided; the number of ap- ertural folds varies more widely than formerly believed. KEY WORDS: Clausiliidae, endangered species, Macrogastra badia, lifehistory, ecology INTRODUCTION Macrogastra badia (C. -
Checklist of the Coleoptera of New Brunswick, Canada
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 573: 387–512 (2016)Checklist of the Coleoptera of New Brunswick, Canada 387 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.573.8022 CHECKLIST http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Checklist of the Coleoptera of New Brunswick, Canada Reginald P. Webster1 1 24 Mill Stream Drive, Charters Settlement, NB, Canada E3C 1X1 Corresponding author: Reginald P. Webster ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Bouchard | Received 3 February 2016 | Accepted 29 February 2016 | Published 24 March 2016 http://zoobank.org/34473062-17C2-4122-8109-3F4D47BB5699 Citation: Webster RP (2016) Checklist of the Coleoptera of New Brunswick, Canada. In: Webster RP, Bouchard P, Klimaszewski J (Eds) The Coleoptera of New Brunswick and Canada: providing baseline biodiversity and natural history data. ZooKeys 573: 387–512. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.573.8022 Abstract All 3,062 species of Coleoptera from 92 families known to occur in New Brunswick, Canada, are re- corded, along with their author(s) and year of publication using the most recent classification framework. Adventive and Holarctic species are indicated. There are 366 adventive species in the province, 12.0% of the total fauna. Keywords Checklist, Coleoptera, New Brunswick, Canada Introduction The first checklist of the beetles of Canada by Bousquet (1991) listed 1,365 species from the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Since that publication, many species have been added to the faunal list of the province, primarily from increased collection efforts and -
27-60, 1999 Redescription Problematic Alpine Oxychilus
BASTERIA, 63: 27-60, 1999 Redescription of two problematic Alpine Oxychilus: O. adamii (Westerlund, 1886) and O. polygyra (Pollonera, 1885) (Pulmonata, Zonitidae) F. Giusti & G. Manganelli Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva dell'Universita di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 1-53100 Siena, Italy of The taxonomic and nomenclatural status Oxychilus adamii (Westerlund, 1886) and O. polygyra is (Pollonera, 1885) revised. These two, very similar species are tentatively assigned to Mediterranean of characterized absent short a ‘subgenus’ Oxychilus by (1) or very flagellum; (2) penial retractor inserted where epiphallus ends and proximal penis begins; (3) internal ornamentation of penis of and of of consisting pleats rows papillae, some which or all with apical thorn; (4) short slender epiphallus internally with series of transverse crests on one side and a few longitudinal the pleats on other; (5) mucous gland forming muff of glandular tissue, denser and yellower around distal portion of free oviduct; (6) and short mesocone on the central tooth. O. adamii is medium-sized shell 16.1 ± 1.0 distinguished by a (diameter mm) and very small papillae withoutapical thorn covering the initialportion of the proximal penis. O. polygyra is distinguished small shell 10.4 ± 0.5 and by a (diameter mm) large papillae with an evident cuticularized The with apical thorn covering the initial portion of the proximal penis. paper concludes a review of the current status of the Oxychilus taxonomy, including main problems and some tentative solutions to be verified in the context of individual revisions. words: Key Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Zonitidae, Oxychilus, taxonomy, nomenclature, Italy. INTRODUCTION Ten species of Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833, are reported from the Alps: O. -
Dr. WOLFGANG RÄHLE – Malakologe, Akademischer Lehrer Und Vorbild * 19
53 Mitt. dtsch. malakozool. Ges. 102 53 – 66 Frankfurt a. M., Februar 2020 Dr. WOLFGANG RÄHLE – Malakologe, akademischer Lehrer und Vorbild * 19. März 1939 – † 20. Mai 2019 IRA RICHLING th Abstract: The malacologist Dr. WOLFGANG RÄHLE (born 19.03.1939) died on May 20 2019 in Tuebingen, Germany. In appreciation of his life's achievements a short biography together with a compilation of his academic publications, the taxa described by him and the taxa named in his honour is presented. In his scientific work RÄHLE contributed 1) to the systematics of slugs (Agriolimacidae, Milacidae, Limacidae) and a few other taxa with geographic focus on southeastern Europe and the Macaronesian Islands and 2) to the knowledge on quarternary molluscs in geological, archaeological and cultural context. In his academic teaching at the University of Tuebingen, he became a legend because of his natural teaching genuity, his authenticity and a mixture of high expectations and appreciation based on profound knowledge. Students experienced his lectures as the most influential in their studies and several of them retained a long-lasting interest in malacology, among them several very active members of the German Malacological Society. Keywords: malacologist, systematics, slugs, southeastern Europe, Macaronesian Islands, quarternary molluscs, geology, archaeology, cultural remains, biography, bibliography Zusammenfassung: Der Malakologe Dr. WOLFGANG RÄHLE (geboren am 19.03.1939) verstarb am 20. Mai 2019 in Tübingen. In Anerkennung seiner Lebensleistungen wird ein kurzer Lebenslauf sowie eine Zusammen- stellung seiner Publikationen, der von ihm beschriebenen Taxa und der Taxa, die ihm gewidmet worden sind, präsentiert. Mit seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit trug Herr Rähle 1) zur Systematik von Nacktschnecken (Agrio- limacidae, Milacidae, Limacidae) und wenigen anderen Taxa mit geografischem Schwerpunkt auf Südosteuropa and den Makaronesischen Inseln und 2) dem Wissen über Quartärmollusken im geologischen, archäologischen sowie kulturellen Kontext bei. -
Liste Rouge Mollusques (Gastéropodes Et Bivalves)
2012 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 Publié par l’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV et par le Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune CSCF Berne, 2012 Valeur juridique de cette publication Impressum Liste rouge de l’OFEV au sens de l’art. 14, al. 3, de l’ordonnance Editeurs du 16 janvier 1991 sur la protection de la nature et du paysage Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) (OPN; RS 451.1), www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/45.html L’OFEV est un office du Département fédéral de l’environnement, des transports, de l’énergie et de la communication (DETEC). La présente publication est une aide à l’exécution de l’OFEV en tant Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF), Neuchâtel. qu’autorité de surveillance. Destinée en premier lieu aux autorités d’exécution, elle concrétise des notions juridiques indéterminées Auteurs provenant de lois et d’ordonnances et favorise ainsi une application Mollusques terrestres: Jörg Rüetschi, Peter Müller et François Claude uniforme de la législation. Elle aide les autorités d’exécution Mollusques aquatiques: Pascal Stucki et Heinrich Vicentini notamment à évaluer si un biotope doit être considéré comme digne avec la collaboration de Simon Capt et Yves Gonseth (CSCF) de protection (art. 14, al. 3, let. d, OPN). Accompagnement à l’OFEV Francis Cordillot, division Espèces, écosystèmes, paysages Référence bibliographique Rüetschi J., Stucki P., Müller P., Vicentini H., Claude F. -
Malaco Le Journal Électronique De La Malacologie Continentale Française
MalaCo Le journal électronique de la malacologie continentale française www.journal-malaco.fr MalaCo (ISSN 1778-3941) est un journal électronique gratuit, annuel ou bisannuel pour la promotion et la connaissance des mollusques continentaux de la faune de France. Equipe éditoriale Jean-Michel BICHAIN / Paris / [email protected] Xavier CUCHERAT / Audinghen / [email protected] Benoît FONTAINE / Paris / [email protected] Olivier GARGOMINY / Paris / [email protected] Vincent PRIE / Montpellier / [email protected] Les manuscrits sont à envoyer à : Journal MalaCo Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Equipe de Malacologie Case Postale 051 55, rue Buffon 75005 Paris Ou par Email à [email protected] MalaCo est téléchargeable gratuitement sur le site : http://www.journal-malaco.fr MalaCo (ISSN 1778-3941) est une publication de l’association Caracol Association Caracol Route de Lodève 34700 Saint-Etienne-de-Gourgas JO Association n° 0034 DE 2003 Déclaration en date du 17 juillet 2003 sous le n° 2569 Journal électronique de la malacologie continentale française MalaCo Septembre 2006 ▪ numéro 3 Au total, 119 espèces et sous-espèces de mollusques, dont quatre strictement endémiques, sont recensées dans les différents habitats du Parc naturel du Mercantour (photos Olivier Gargominy, se reporter aux figures 5, 10 et 17 de l’article d’O. Gargominy & Th. Ripken). Sommaire Page 100 Éditorial Page 101 Actualités Page 102 Librairie Page 103 Brèves & News ▪ Endémisme et extinctions : systématique des Endodontidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata) de Rurutu (Iles Australes, Polynésie française) Gabrielle ZIMMERMANN ▪ The first annual meeting of Task-Force-Limax, Bünder Naturmuseum, Chur, Switzerland, 8-10 September, 2006: presentation, outcomes and abstracts Isabel HYMAN ▪ Collecting and transporting living slugs (Pulmonata: Limacidae) Isabel HYMAN ▪ A List of type specimens of land and freshwater molluscs from France present in the national molluscs collection of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Henk K. -
The Malacological Society of London
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This meeting was made possible due to generous contributions from the following individuals and organizations: Unitas Malacologica The program committee: The American Malacological Society Lynn Bonomo, Samantha Donohoo, The Western Society of Malacologists Kelly Larkin, Emily Otstott, Lisa Paggeot David and Dixie Lindberg California Academy of Sciences Andrew Jepsen, Nick Colin The Company of Biologists. Robert Sussman, Allan Tina The American Genetics Association. Meg Burke, Katherine Piatek The Malacological Society of London The organizing committee: Pat Krug, David Lindberg, Julia Sigwart and Ellen Strong THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 1 SCHEDULE SUNDAY 11 AUGUST, 2019 (Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA) 2:00-6:00 pm Registration - Merrill Hall 10:30 am-12:00 pm Unitas Malacologica Council Meeting - Merrill Hall 1:30-3:30 pm Western Society of Malacologists Council Meeting Merrill Hall 3:30-5:30 American Malacological Society Council Meeting Merrill Hall MONDAY 12 AUGUST, 2019 (Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA) 7:30-8:30 am Breakfast - Crocker Dining Hall 8:30-11:30 Registration - Merrill Hall 8:30 am Welcome and Opening Session –Terry Gosliner - Merrill Hall Plenary Session: The Future of Molluscan Research - Merrill Hall 9:00 am - Genomics and the Future of Tropical Marine Ecosystems - Mónica Medina, Pennsylvania State University 9:45 am - Our New Understanding of Dead-shell Assemblages: A Powerful Tool for Deciphering Human Impacts - Sue Kidwell, University of Chicago 2 10:30-10:45 -
Fauna of New Zealand Ko Te Aitanga Pepeke O Aotearoa
aua o ew eaa Ko te Aiaga eeke o Aoeaoa IEEAE SYSEMAICS AISOY GOU EESEAIES O ACAE ESEAC ema acae eseac ico Agicuue & Sciece Cee P O o 9 ico ew eaa K Cosy a M-C aiièe acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa EESEAIE O UIESIIES M Emeso eame o Eomoogy & Aima Ecoogy PO o ico Uiesiy ew eaa EESEAIE O MUSEUMS M ama aua Eiome eame Museum o ew eaa e aa ogaewa O o 7 Weigo ew eaa EESEAIE O OESEAS ISIUIOS awece CSIO iisio o Eomoogy GO o 17 Caea Ciy AC 1 Ausaia SEIES EIO AUA O EW EAA M C ua (ecease ue 199 acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 38 Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mousca Gasooa Gay M ake acae eseac iae ag 317 amio ew eaa 4 Maaaki Whenua Ρ Ε S S ico Caeuy ew eaa 1999 Coyig © acae eseac ew eaa 1999 o a o is wok coee y coyig may e eouce o coie i ay om o y ay meas (gaic eecoic o mecaica icuig oocoyig ecoig aig iomaio eiea sysems o oewise wiou e wie emissio o e uise Caaoguig i uicaio AKE G Μ (Gay Micae 195— auase eesia Syommaooa (Mousca Gasooa / G Μ ake — ico Caeuy Maaaki Weua ess 1999 (aua o ew eaa ISS 111-533 ; o 3 IS -7-93-5 I ie 11 Seies UC 593(931 eae o uIicaio y e seies eio (a comee y eo Cosy usig comue-ase e ocessig ayou scaig a iig a acae eseac M Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Māoi summay e y aco uaau Cosuas Weigo uise y Maaaki Weua ess acae eseac O o ico Caeuy Wesie //wwwmwessco/ ie y G i Weigo o coe eoceas eicuaum (ue a eigo oaa (owe (IIusao G M ake oucio o e coou Iaes was ue y e ew eaIa oey oa ue oeies eseac -
293 – Les Noms Scientifiques Français Des Mollusques Continentaux De
LES NOMS SCIENTIFIQUES FRANÇAIS DES MOLLUSQUES CONTINENTAUX DE FRANCE : processus d’ÉtABLISSEMENT d’une LISTE DE RÉFÉRENCE Benoît FONTAINE 1, Jean-Michel BICHAIN 2, Xavier CUCHERAT 3, Olivier GAR G OMINY 4 & Vincent PRIÉ 5 SUMMARY. — French scientific names of continental molluscs of France: process for establishing a list of reference. — In the biodiversity crisis context and with the increasing general awareness on this issue, conservation of small and poorly-known species is hampered by the fact they only have latine names. In order to communicate for biodiversity conservation, having French names is an advantage which is lacking in terrestrial and freshwater molluscs from France. To remedy this problem, we propose a list of French scientific names for this group, i.e. all species and subspecies known from France. We have listed existing names in legal documents, in usage and in the 18th and 19th centuries scientific literature. The resulting list being incomplete, we had to create new French names, following a series of recommendations adapted from similar works dealing with other taxonomic groups. We conclude by dealing with the issue of the legitimacy and validity of such names. The list of French scientific names is given as an appendix and is downloadable from internet. RÉSUMÉ. — Dans le contexte de la crise de la biodiversité et de la prise de conscience par le grand public des enjeux environnementaux, la conservation des espèces petites et méconnues est handicapée par le fait que ces espèces ne peuvent être désignées que par leur nom latin. Dans une optique de communication pour la préservation de la biodiversité, disposer de nom français est un atout qui fait défaut pour les mol- lusques terrestres et d’eau douce de France. -
293 315 Nikitskij.P65
Åâðàçèàòñêèé ýíòîìîë. æóðíàë 4(4): 293315 © EUROASIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL, 2005 Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé ñïèñîê æåñòêîêðûëûõ (Insecta, Coleoptera) Óäìóðòèè Checklist of beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) of Udmurtia Ñ.Â. Äåäþõèí*, Í.Á. Íèêèòñêèé**, Â.Á. Ñåì¸íîâ*** S.V. Dedyukhin*, N.B. Nikitsky**, V.B. Semenov*** * Êàôåäðà ýêîëîãèè æèâîòíûõ, Óäìóðòñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, óë. Óíèâåðñèòåòñêàÿ 1, Èæåâñê 426034 Ðîññèÿ. E-mail: [email protected]. * Department of animal ecology, Udmurt State University, Universitetskaya str. 1, Izhevsk 426034 Russia. ** Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé ìóçåé ÌÃÓ èì. Ì.Â. Ëîìîíîñîâà, óë. Áîëüøàÿ Íèêèòñêàÿ 6, Ìîñêâà 125009 Ðîññèÿ. Email: [email protected]. ** Zoological Museum of Moscow Lomonosov State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya 6, Moscow 125009 Russia. *** Èíñòèòóò ìåäèöèíñêîé ïàðàçèòîëîãèè è òðîïè÷åñêîé ìåäèöèíû èì. Å.È. Ìàðöèíîâñêîãî, óë. Ìàëàÿ Ïèðîãîâñêàÿ 20, Ìîñêâà 119435 Ðîññèÿ. *** Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya 20, Moscow 119435 Russia. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Coleoptera, ôàóíà, Óäìóðòèÿ. Key words: Coleoptera, fauna, Udmurtia. Ðåçþìå. Ïðèâîäèòñÿ ïîëíûé ñïèñîê æåñòêîêðûëûõ óêàçàííûå â ïåðâîì ñïèñêå, çäåñü îòñóòñòâóþò, ÷òî, íàñåêîìûõ (Coleoptera) Óäìóðòèè, ãäå îòìå÷åíî íåìíî- ïî-âèäèìîìó, ãîâîðèò îá èõ îøèáî÷íîì îïðåäåëåíèè. ãèì áîëåå 2400 âèäîâ æóêîâ èç 91 ñåìåéñòâà. Âïåðâûå Ñ íàèáîëüøåé (ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî îáùåìó ïîòåíöèàëü- äëÿ ðåãèîíà ïðèâåäåíî 1482 âèäà (ïîìå÷åíû â ñïèñêå íîìó ÷èñëó âèäîâ) ïîëíîòîé áûëè èçó÷åíû ñåìåéñòâà: çâåçäî÷êîé *, ñ ïðàâîé ñòîðîíû îò íàçâàíèÿ âèäà). Carabidae (139 âèäîâ), Cerambycidae (58), Scarabae- Abstract. A complete checklist (2400 species in 91 idae (s. l.) (57 âèäîâ), Elateridae (50 âèäîâ), à òàêæå families) of the beetles (Coleoptera) of Udmurtia is provided. Curculionidae (s. l.) (76), Buprestidae (20), Coccinellidae 1482 species are reported from Udmurtia for the first time, (17), äëÿ îñòàëüíûõ ïðèâåäåíû ëèøü îòäåëüíûå ïðåä- as indicated by an asterisk (*) in the list. -
Why Do Snails Have Hairs? a Bayesian Inference of Character Evolution Markus Pfenninger*1, Magda Hrabáková2, Dirk Steinke3 and Aline Dèpraz4
BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Why do snails have hairs? A Bayesian inference of character evolution Markus Pfenninger*1, Magda Hrabáková2, Dirk Steinke3 and Aline Dèpraz4 Address: 1Abteilung Ökologie & Evolution, J.W. Goethe-Universität, BioCampus Siesmayerstraße, 60054 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 2Deparment of Zoology, Charles University, Viniènà 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic, 3Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Postbox 5560 M618, 78457 Konstanz, Germany and 4Département d'Ecologie et Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment de Biologie, Dorigny, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Email: Markus Pfenninger* - [email protected]; Magda Hrabáková - [email protected]; Dirk Steinke - [email protected]; Aline Dèpraz - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 04 November 2005 Received: 14 July 2005 Accepted: 04 November 2005 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:59 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-59 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/59 © 2005 Pfenninger et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Costly structures need to represent an adaptive advantage in order to be maintained over evolutionary times. Contrary to many other conspicuous shell ornamentations of gastropods, the haired shells of several Stylommatophoran land snails still lack a convincing adaptive explanation. In the present study, we analysed the correlation between the presence/absence of hairs and habitat conditions in the genus Trochulus in a Bayesian framework of character evolution. -
Identification and Modelling of a Representative Vulnerable Fish Species for Pesticide Risk Assessment in Europe
Identification and Modelling of a Representative Vulnerable Fish Species for Pesticide Risk Assessment in Europe Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Lara Ibrahim, M.Sc. aus Mazeraat Assaf, Libanon Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Andreas Schäffer Prof. Dr. Christoph Schäfers Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30. Juli 2015 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universitätsbibliothek online verfügbar Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich diese Doktorarbeit selbständig und nur unter Verwendung der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Weiterhin versichere ich, die aus benutzten Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht zu haben. Lara Ibrahim Aachen, am 18 März 2015 Zusammenfassung Die Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft verlangt unter anderem eine Abschätzung des Risikos für Organismen in der Umwelt, die nicht Ziel der Anwendung sind. Unvertretbare Auswirkungen auf den Naturhalt sollen vermieden werden. Die ökologische Risikoanalyse stellt die dafür benötigten Informationen durch eine Abschätzung der Exposition der Organismen und der sich daraus ergebenden Effekte bereit. Die Effektabschätzung beruht dabei hauptsächlich auf standardisierten ökotoxikologischen Tests im Labor mit wenigen, oft nicht einheimischen Stellvertreterarten. In diesen Tests werden z. B. Effekte auf das Überleben, das Wachstum und/oder die Reproduktion von Fischen bei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Testsubstanz gemessen und Endpunkte wie die LC50 (Lethal Concentrations for 50%) oder eine NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration, z. B. für Wachstum oder Reproduktionsparameter) abgeleitet. Für Fische und Wirbeltiere im Allgemeinen beziehen sich die spezifischen Schutzziele auf das Überleben von Individuen und die Abundanz und Biomasse von Populationen.