Abbās Al-Jawharī, 2067 Abd Ar-Raḥmān II, 2837 Abdul-Hameed

Index

A Abū’l‐Qāsim al‐Ka ʿbī, 2067 Aagjuuk, 1027 Abū’l-Ṣalt, 14 Abacus, 1–3, 4595. See also Yupana Abū’l-Wafā˒,14–16, 4327 Al-˓Abbās al-Jawharī, 2067 Abū Ma˓shar, 11–12 ˓Abd ar-Raḥmān II, 2837 Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, 3218 Abdul-Hameed, 430 Abu Qoreh, 4348 Abelomschus diversifolius,4 Abu Sari gold mining site, Sudan, 3257 Abe Motoaki, 2610 Abyssinian loom, 4430 Abenaki people, 855 Acacia spp., 3498 Abe Rakuho, 2610 Acano, 2737 Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn, 278 Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Corea and Abhāva, 3415 the Great Loo-Choo Island (Hall), 4274 Ablaq Acharis, 3294 cladding and inlay, 364 Acheulian stone beads from Bedford, England, 866 joggled stone, 363–364 Achillea millefolium, 1733 monochrome, 364 Acidity, 2193 muqarnas vaulting over portals, 364 Acllas, 2474–2475 polychrome geometric interlace, 364 Acumoxology. See Acupuncture sculpture, 364 Acupuncture, 2979, 4611, 4617–4618 Aboriginal art, 2747 biomedicalization, 27–28 Aboriginal Australians traditions and Chinese herbal medicine, 27 comet and meteorite, 1388–1391 historical development of, 25–26 knowledge, 2444–2445, 2448 internationalization, 26–27 Aboriginal health workers (AHWs), 3074, 3075 limitations of therapy, 28 Aboriginal people and moxibustion, 27 ecology in, 1688–1691 sociohistorical evolution of, 24–25 environment and nature in, 1663–1667, 1681–1688 terminology, 24 firestick farming, 1665 treatment, 28 Abortifacients, 4 vs. Western conventional medicine, 27 Abortion, 3–6 Acyuta Piṣāraṭi, 29–30 Abraham bar Ḥiyya, 6 Adab, 2910 Abraham Ibn Ezra, 7 Adab al-ṭabīb (Practical Ethics of the Physician), 2901, Abreh, 968 2991 Abū al-Barakāt, 8–9 Adam’s Peak (Sri Pada), 1977 Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, 2067 Addition on yupana, 4596 Abū Ja˓far al-Khāzin, 9 Adhatoda vasica Nees, 3501 Abū Kāmil, 10–11, 3411 Adhika masa, 3489 Abu’l Abbas al-Ma’mūn ibn Muhammad II, 169 The Admonitions of Ipuwer, 4545 Abū’l-Barakāt, 3533 Advaita philosophy, 3417 Abū’l-Faraj, 3220 Adze, woodworkers, 4302, 4305, 4307, 4308, 4310 Abū’l-Fidā˒,13 Afar depression, 1711 Abū’l-Ḥāshim al-Jubbā, 2067 (I arrow should come) Afarnu, 971 Abul Qāsim, 2077 Afrasiab, water supply, 2378–2380

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 4631 H. Selin (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7 4632 Index

Africa. See also Northern Africa; West Africa salt in, 3824 agriculture, 30–33, 1620, 1623, 1624 textiles in, 4211–4213 agroforestry, 126–127 time in, 4240–4242 architecture, indigenous Akan building construction, weights and measures in, 4432–4435 379–383 African Copper Plc, 3572 Asian Green Revolution in, 31 African medical thinking, paradigms in, 2947–2950 basketry, 819–824 African San People, cosmologies, 1450–1457 bone technology, 954–960 African Societies, medical ethics, 2902 bread-baking technologies, 963–966 Against Method, 3712, 4172 brewing in, 974–977 Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, 1743 building construction in, 998–1005 Agaṇita-grahacāra, 2426, 2591 calendars of, 1622 Aganthuka in Āyurveda, 3035 ceramics Aggabodhi I, 4380 clay extraction, 1076–1077 Al-Aghdhīyyah (On Dietetics), 2337 clay processing, 1077–1079 Al-Aghdiyyah, 2337 decoration, 1081–1083 Agnives´atantra, 295 drying, 1083 Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, 1360 firing, 1083–1086 Agricultural encyclopedia, 1678 manufacturing process, 1075–1087 Agricultural revolution, 4025 postfiring, 1086–1087 Agricultural technology, 4186–4188 preforming, 1080–1081 Agricultural time keeping, by astronomy, 756–761 roughing out, 1079–1080 Agriculture shaping, 1079 Africa, 1620, 1623, 1624 social background, 1075 America, 66–85 colonialism and science, 1358–1359 ancient methods culture, 1559–1561 construction of cities, 114–115 East and West, 1559–1562 continental transfer of crops, 116–117 environment and nature in, 1619–1625 evidence for, 112–113 food crops, 1562 food production terminology, 112 food production, 1623–1624 origins of, 113–114 food technology, 1920–1924 recent developments, 118–119 gender relations in, 1622 rise and development, 114 geometry, 2035–2036 soil fertility management, 118 horn, 968–970 terracing, 118 indigenous knowledge, 2501–2503 water management, 117–118 and critics, 2503–2504 Ancient Near East ecosystem, 2506–2507 complex systems, 92–96 philosophy, 2504–2506 emerging, 86–89 social organization, 2507–2508 established societies, 89–92 maps and mapmaking in, 2625–2628 perspectives, 96–97 material culture in, 4488–4490 Andes, 1660–1661 mathematics in, 2751–2755, 2755–2759 Brazil, 120–124 medicine in, 2937–2954 China, 33–45 metallurgy in, 3098–3103 Egypt navigation in, 3331–3335 bread and wine, 3469–3471, 3473 number theory in, 3404–3407 crop plants, 3461–3463 rainfall in, 1620–1622 cultivation technology, 3464–3466 rainforest crop production, 4158, 4173 gardens and ornamental horticulture, 3473–3477 rice harvest and post harvest technology, 3465–3468, consumption variation, 3741 3470 future, 3745 irrigation and drainage technology, 3463–3465 history, 3741, 3743–3745 pest control, 3469 introduction, 3745 plant exploration, 3471–3474 Oryza glaberrima Steud., 3741 ripening induction, 3467–3469 Oryza sativa L., 3741 viticulture, 3467 production rate in 1961, CAGR, 3741 India, 47–48 research, 3745 Indonesia, 49–52 rice cultivation, 1562 Islamic World, 98–101 Index 4633

Japan halls, 162 climate, 53–54 pillars, 163–164 development of farming system in ancient, 55–58 porches, 162 influential trends of geography, 53–54 porticoes, 162 medieval ages, 55–58 prākāras, 162 modernization, 60–62 rock-cut, 156–161 paddy rice, delayed start, 54–55 shrines, 164 premodern age, 58–60 staircases, 161–162 remarkable growth from very beginning, 54–55 geology, 164 transfiguration, 62–65 paintings, 164–166 origins, Indian subcontinent, 3543 Ajima Naonobu, 166–167 Pacific Islands Ajoujos, 3363 origin and evolution, 102–104 Akan building construction, 379–383 traditional, 104–105 Akan gold weights, 4432–4435 Southwest Asia, rise and development, 114 Akan timber framework construction elements, 1004 Agri-silviculture, 131–136 Akemashite Omedetou Gozaimasu, 705–706 Agri-silvipasture, 153 Akhet, 3400 Agroforestry Akhmim Wooden Tablet, 2779 Africa, 126–127 Akira Yoshizawa, 3458 agri-silviculture, 131–136 Akkadians, 3222 agri-silvipasture, 153 Akranda, 2424 api-silviculture, 151–152 Akrandasara, 2424 aqua-silviculture, 150–151 Akṣasūkta, 3587 field-and-grove systems, 137–141 Akuttujuuk, 1027 field-and-interstitial support trees Al-āla al-jāmi ˒a (the universal instrument), 2301 spatially interstitial trees, 142–144 Al-A’lāq al-nafīsah (The Book of Precious Things), 2003 temporally interstitial trees, 144 Alaska harmonic swiddens, 145–150 ethnobotany of, 1778–1793 Pacific Islands, 128–130 food plants, 1784–1785 silvipasture, 152–153 medicinal plant, 1786–1788 Agroforestry rotation, 137 Al-Barq al-Yamānī fī’l-fatḥ al-˓U ṭmānī (The Yemenite Aguardiente,66 Lightning on the Ottoman Conquest), 2315 Aguja, 4129, 4130, 4133 Albategni, 2124 Ahargaṇa (number of days elapsed in an era), 4342 Alchemy, 1571 Ah Balam yal Na Chan (Sir Jaguar is the child of Lady China, 177–180, 1567 Sky), 4573 Islam, 180–182 Ahba^llū’lû and bughmalu’lû, 2404 Alcohol fermentation Ahiṃsā, 2900 kambuda, 187–190 Ahindr-yoˆbwê (proverb stone), 4432 mangaitch, 186–187 Aḥmad ibn Mājid, 3352, 3353, 3354 way-a-linah, 184–186 Ahmes papyrus, 2017, 2745 Alcoholic rice beverages, 191–196 Ahur Hamar Dafira, for accounts of stables and horses, Al-Dābid, 3482 4347 Alexander Wylie, 2555 Aida yasuaki, 153–154 Alfonso X, 199–200 Ain-i-Akbari, 3341 Al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya (The Meccan Openings), 2284 Air-blast apparatus, 2897 Algebra, 10. See also Abū Kāmil Aïr Region of Niger (West Africa), 1074 Abū Kāmil, 3411 Aitareya Brāhmana, 1993 with arithmetic, 1019 ‘Ajā’ib al-buldān (The Wonders of the Lands or China, 200–204 Geography), 2003 India, 204–206 `Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt (The Wonders of Creation or in Islam, 2786 Cosmology), 2003 Islamic mathematics, 207–211 Ajanta caves, 154–166, 1065–1068 Malay World, 211–215 architecture surveyors, 215–220 cells, 162–163 Algebraic barbarism, 3870 door fittings, 163 Algorithms, 204 frontcourts, 162 Al-Ḥajar, 2389 gates and doorways, 162 Al Hāwī, 2192 4634 Index

Alhazen’s problem, 3522 Amenhotep III, 897, 2146 Aligarh Scientific Society, 1361 Amennakhte, 2632 Al-Kulliyāt (The Collection), 2337 America Al-urashī, 4455–4460 agriculture, 66–85 Allium cepa L., 3501 colonialism and science, 1363–1379 Allographs, 4572–4573 eclipses in, 1591–1594 Alloys geometry Mesopotamia, 3188–3190 archaeoastronomy, 2024–2025 techniques of, 3131 building technology, 2024–2025 Al-madqal (place of entry), 2315 ceremonial centers of Mesoamerica, 2025–2034 Almagest, 255–256, 1019, 1576, 1600, 2143, 2171, 2387, ceremonial centers of Peru, 2022–2023 2397, 2399, 2578, 2783, 2785, 3322, 3540 pre-Euclidean geometry, 2024–2025 Al Majusi, 2994–2995 knowledge systems Almanac, 2333 experience and imagination, 2455–2456 Almanach Perpetuum, 4600 first words, 2452–2453 Al-Masālik al-Mamālik (Roads and Kingdoms), inherency of, 2453–2454 2313–2314 international resolutions and declarations, Almonds (Prunus dulcis), 326 2462–2468 Al-Muhadhdhab fi `l-Kuḥl al-Mujarrab (The Polished Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 2461 Book on Experimental Ophthalmology), 2296 Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461 Al-mustanba ṭ, 2389 relatedness, 2453–2454 Al-Naasi, 1045 resistance and recovery, 2456–2458 Alnus nepalensis, 132 sovereignty, responsibility, and respect, 2454–2455 Alphabet, 265–269 transmission, 2458–2462 Middle East, 4567–4569 varieties of, 2458 Al-Risāla al-muḥi ṭiyya, 2066 written knowledge, 2458–2460 Al-Shukūk ˓alā Baṭlamyūs (Doubts on Ptolemy), 2293 salt in, 3824 Alstonia constricta, 3072 science in Al-Taysīrfī al-Mudāwāt wa al-Tadbīr (On Preventive agriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909 Regimen and Treatment), 2337 cultural forms, 3905 Altepetl, 2676 early cultures, 3906–3907 Alternative Forestlike Structures (AFS), 147, 149 ethnomathematics, 3905 Al-Tiryāq al-Sa˓bīnī, 2337 ethnosciences, 3905 Alto Ramirez textiles, 4229 occupation, 3904 Alum production, 4179, 4180 sugar in, 4076–4078 Alun-alun (town square), 415. See also Architecture; Java American Indian medicine, 3062 Alvarez, Francisco, 4211 American Indigenous Societies, metallurgy in Northern Al-zīj al-ḥakimī (Tables of Wisdom), 2004 South, 3139–3141 Al-ZījMālikshāhī (Malikshah Astronomical Tables), 4331 American Mathematical Society, 2750 Amarakos´a, 2095 Americans Amaranthus sp., 1718 native north, medicine of, 3061–3068 Amazon religion and science biological ecology, 1653–1654 astrology, 3734–3735 colonial ecology, 1656–1657 supernatural powers, 3734 crop domestication, 1469–1473 temperament, 3732 environment and nature in, 1653–1657 world tree, 3733 ethnobotany of, 1795–1798 Amerigo Vespucci, 3904 farming technology, 1852–1861 Ammei, Aida. See Aida Yasuaki food production systems, 1907–1918 Ammisaduqa, 614 indigenous cultures, 1654–1656 Aṃpalavāsi,29 navigation in, 3360–3365 Amphora, 4495 Amazonian Amun-Ra, great temple of, 3402 Canoe design, 3362 Anacardium occidentale, 1751, 1752 Peri-Amazonian Savannas, wetland agriculture, Analects, 1677, 3641 1856–1861 Analemma method,15 Ambeng dua kali, 923 Anatolia Ambrosia, 2188, 4374–4375 mausoleums of, 2864–2865 Amenemhet I, 4544, 4545 wine in, 4494–4496 Amenemhet III, 3389 Ancestral Cañari Taptana, 2512 Index 4635

Anchylostomiasis, 2932 Anthropology, 2595 Ancient Berbers Antinous obelisk, 3430, 3431 astronomy, calendars, and social organization, 2731–2734 Antitoxins, 1771 Canarian evidence, 2734–2741 Anumāna, 2567, 4608 mathematics and astronomies of, 2729–2742 Anwā,, 2577 numeral systems, 2730–2731 Apavaraka, 162 Ancient Greece, from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times Aphorisms, 3298 (Martin), 2803 Apis Bull, 3307 Ancient Hebrew calendars, 1024–1025 Api-silviculture, 151–152 Ancient Indian square roots Apollonius’s theory, 207 Bakhshālī manuscript, 306–307 Appolonius of Perga, 607 Bakhshālī square root, 307–308 Approximation formulae, in Chinese mathematics, 335–337 controversies, 309 Aqa wasis, 875 discovery of positional arithmetic, 305–306 Aql-i-kalām, 2568 Ārayabha ṭa square root and cube roots, 306 Aqua-silviculture, 150–151 Ancient Peru, water management in, 4389–4399 Aquillaria malaccensis, 1720 Andalusian School of Aristotelian philosophers, 176 Arabesque, 357 Andean civilization, 1055 Arabesque motifs, 4508 Andeans, 3563 Arabia Andean societies dams in, 1483–1485 sustainable agriculture of, 4391, 4397–4399 and Gulf areas, glass, 2109–2110 water management, 4389–4391, 4397–4399 irrigation in, 1483–1485 Andes metallurgy in, 3116–3128 agriculture in, 1660–1661 paper making in, 3494 architecture, 464–470 stones in environment and nature in, 1659–1663 late prehistory, 4035–4037 gold, 2129–2132 Paleolithic sites, 4034–4035 military technology in, 3236–3239 prehistoric research, 4033–4034 water technology in, 4409–4425 Arabian numeral system, 2732 Andiroba (Carapa guianensis), 1797 Arabic alchemical writings. See Islam, alchemy Andrianov, B. V., 2380 Arabic mathematics, 2785 Andronovo, 3105, 3106 Arabic script, 4558–4559 Anekāntavāda, 2565 Al-˓Arabī,Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn. See Ibn al-˓Arab Anemone canadensis, 1734 Arab navigation, 3349 Angami Naga shifting cultivators, 132 Arab starlore, 768–769 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), 4280 Aramaic script, 4556 Angkor Aranmula mirror, 3294–3296 discovery of, 4386–4387 Arapaho, 3094 water management at, 4386–4388 Arata Sakai, 2612 Anglo-Mysore war rockets, 4365, 4366 Archaeoastronomy Angola, mining, 3264–3270 mound builders, 3301–3302 Anicut (weir) technique, 2364 North Africa, 347–355 Animal disease diagnoses, 4354–4355 temples in Ancient Egypt and, 4191–4201 Animal domestication Archaeobotany, 3551 geography, 325–327 Archaeology, 3551 sequencing, 327–328 Archaeometry, 3159 settled cultivators, 327–329 Archaic period, 2129 Animal dyes, 4223 Archaic Sumerian, 4554 Animal health care Archimedes, 4189 practices, Nepal, 4355–4356 Archipelago, 3345 systems, 4352–4354 Architectural decoration in Islam, history and technique Animal mummies, 332–334. See also Mummies Ablaq, 363–364 Animal-shaped weights of Burma, 4478–4481 bricks, 364–367 Anīs al-Aḥbābfī Bayān Masā’il Aṣturlāb, 2077 glazed tiles, 367–372 Aṅka-pās´a, 2563 history and techniques, 357–360 Anklets (khalkha^l), 2404 by media, 362–363 Ankor Wat temple, 4 purpose and transmission, 360–362 Antediluvian hypothesis, 3875 stone, 363 Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE), 1854 stucco, 372–373 4636 Index

Architecture Arrobas, 4468 Africa, 379–383 Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, 1370 Andes, 464–470 Arteriosclerosis, 2958 Cherokee, 500–504 Arthas´āstra, 1994, 2128, 2422–2425 El Morro of Puerto Rico, 547–548 Artifacts, worked glass technologies, 4519–4522 Fiji, 471–499 Artificial bofedal, 4417, 4420–4421 French West Africa, 383–392 Artisanal gold miners, 2134 Hanoi, 393–402 Artisanal mining India, 374–378 Law, 2134 Inner Asia, 550–580 in Lunda Sul, 3268 Java, 403–415 Artocarpus heterophyllus, 4510 La Citadel of Haiti, 549 Arundinaria. See Bamboo Malay, 4501–4512 Al-Arwani, 2754 Maori People, 507–510 Āryabhaṭa, 603–605, 1011, 1021, 2126, 2426, 2442, Maya, 511–523 2519, 2880, 2884 domestic architecture, 524–527 Āryabhaṭīya, 2018, 2046–2047, 2126, 2426, 3409, public architecture, 527–540 3410, 3495, 3539, 3541 Mesoamerica, 416–426 Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, 2428, 2429 Moluccas, 540–547 Aryan invasion, myth of, 4367–4369 Palestine, 427–442 Aryans, 3180 South Africa, 443–450 Asada Goryu, 606 Suakin, 451–456 Aṣaf-ud-Daulah, 3693 Sumba, 457–463 Asana (neutrality), 2424 Ardha Kumbha (half Kumbha), 4374 Asanna, 2749 Area measurement Asante architecture, 380 in Egypt, 4439 Ascent of Man (Bronowski), 4168 of Hebrews, 4477 Ashio Copper Mine in Tochigi Prefecture, 1679 in Indus valley, 4473 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 368 in Islam, 4450–4451 Ashtamangalyam set, 3294 in Japan, 4461 Ashurbanipal, 615 in Peru, 4470–4471 Asia Areca nut palm (Areca catechu), 877 celestial maps, 2635 Aretas IV, 2237 cosmological maps, 2635–2636 Argentina maps and mapmaking in, 2633–2636 basketry productions, 836–839 Mongol empire in, 1552 quinoa, 3668–3680 picture maps, 2634 Argentinian Chaco, astronomy, 752–755 plan maps, 2634–2635 Aristophanes, 4189 rock art, 2636 Aristotelianism, 3523 Asian disease, 2965 Aristotelian theory of motion, 3532 Asian rice (Oryza sativa),49 Aristotle, 3515, 3521, 3524, 3529–3531, 4189 Askarov, K. K., 2374 optics, 3451 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Arithmetic (rāśigaṇita) (ASEAN), 948 in China (see Algebra) Assyrian Chronicle, 1587 in India, 581–582 (see also Pāṭīgaṇita) Aṣṭādhyāyī, 2441, 3490. See also Paṇini in Islam, 2786 Aṣṭāṅgah ṛdayasaṃhitā, 2907, 4333 in islamic mathematics, 583–586 Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha, 4333 minor traditions, 2764–2765 Aṣṭa Vasu, 1699 system, 4466, 4469 Astrolab (astrolabe), 606–609, 649–650, 2004, 2068, Arithmetica, 10 3354 Arithmetica (Diophantus), 10, 3411 in Islamic world, 654–655 Armenia, 2634 makers, in India, 723–724 Armillary sphere Astrology in China, 586, 2140 Babylonia, 609–623 in India, 587–588 China, 627–630, 1568 Armor, Japan and Korea, 589–601 development of, 614–617, 4626 Arogyapacha, 1721 India, 630–633, 4625–4627 Arracacia esculenta, 1762 Islam, 633–636 Arrichantira Puranam, 3296 Paramesvara, 3495–3496 Index 4637

Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata,29 mangaitch, 186–187 Astronomical clocks, 648, 4250, 4254–4255 way-a-linah, 184–186 China, 647–649, 1324–1325 astronomy, 784–790 tower, 2897 environment and nature in, 1663–1667 Astronomical instruments maps and mapmaking of, 2685–2687 India, 636–641 medicine of, 3068–3076 Islamic world, 653–656 Australian Academy of Sciences, 2744 Japan, 641–645 Australian National University (ANU), 951 Korea, 646–653 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation The Astronomical Instruments of the Emperor’s (ANSTO), 951 Catalogue, 4141 Aveni, Anthony, 4258 Astronomical maps, 2630 Aventurine glass, 2085 Astronomical monuments, Polynesia and Micronesia, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 3521 657–665 Awaine Boshi (Millet and Rice Stars), 699 Astronomy, 670–677, 2663 Awamori, 4274, 4275, 4278 Ancient Berbers, 2729–2742 tofuyo and, 4272 Argentinian Chaco, 752–755 Awqaf, 2049 Australian Aboriginal People, 784–790 Axis mundi, 1251 China, 677–680, 1568, 1597–1598 Axixpatli. See Ethnobotany, Aztec Egypt, 682–684 Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi), 1705–1706, 3019, 3021 Hawai’i, 684–692 Ayanaaṃs´a (degrees of precession), 3564 Ibn al-Haytham, 2293 Ayanacalana, 3564 India, in Kerala School, 2428–2429 Ayllu, 2453 Indian astronomy in China, 791–794 Ayllus, 2474 Indian knowledge systems and, 2442 Aymara culture, 2473 Indian, mean motions in, 2880–2884 Aymara textile, 4230 Indo-Malay Archipelago, 755–767 Ayubia Ethnobotany Project, 1742 Islamic World, 767–778, 4622 Āyurveda, 2442, 2443, 2900, 2923 Japan, 693–707 diagnosis and prognosis, 2986–2987 Mainland Southeast Asia, 708–715 diseases and pathology, 2986 and mathematics, 2425–2428, 2788–2789 drugs of natural origin, 2988–2989 Medieval India, 717–725 Pan˜cakarma therapy, 2988 Mesoamerica, 726–736 philanthropy and, 3511 Mesopotamian, 1596 philosophical foundations of, 2983–2984 Native North America, 737–742 preventive medicine, 2987–2988 Sub-Saharan Africa, 742–750 psychological conceptions, 2985 temples in Ancient egypt, 4195–4196 source texts, 2982–2983 Tibet, 779–783 view of body, 2984–2985 upapattis in mathematics and, 3590–3591 vital functions, 2985 Vietnam, 711–715 Ayutthaya Asur kudi (demon hut), 2490 an architectural example, 2536–2537 As´vāyurvedasiddhānta (Complete System of landscape and temples, 2534–2539 Āyurveda for Horses), 4343 Mount Sumeru World, 2534–2539 Aswan High Dam, 2360 Azadirachta indica (Neem tree), 1722, 3501 Aswan Nilometer, 3388 Al-Aziz, Umar ibn, 212 Atacama desert, 3308 Aztec, 3016 Atharvaveda, 1571, 1700, 1702, 2442, 2906, 3339, 4371 botanical gardens, 1800–1801 Atlatl, 1897, 3300 city planning Ātman, 3492, 3527 historical development, 1289–1293 Atomism, 3523 urban architecture, 1293–1300 in islamic thought, 794–797 coanenepilli, 1806–1807 Ātreya, 798 ethnobotany of, 1800–1807 at-Talkhīṣ fī shzarh at-Talkhīṣ, 2321 iztauhyatl, 1807 Australia maize, 1804–1805 knowledge systems, 2444–2451 maps, 2676 worked glass artefacts in, 4519–4522 mathematics, 2852–2856 Australian aboriginal people medicinal plants, 1802 alcohol fermentation metl, 1805 kambuda, 187–190 number system, 2723 4638 Index

Aztec, 3016 (cont.) Ball-courts, in Mesoamerica, 424–425 picietl, 1805 Bamboo, 21–22, 811–813 religion and medicine, 1802–1804 armillary sphere, 2140 science, 798–804 well, 4486 tzoalli, 1803 Banach-Tarski paradox, 4608 ulli, 1805–1806 Banana (Musa paradisiaca), 1767 Bandages, 4526–4527 Band-i-Amir, 4182 B Bangles, colored glass, 2110–2112 Baarlam and Josephat, 1554 Banisteriopsis, 3019 Babalao, 3848 Bankes, William John, 3423 Babesakundiba, 2809 Bansho shirabesho, 2792 Babylonia. See also Mesopotamia Bantu Philosophy, 2505 astrology, 609–623 Banū Mūsā, 813, 2338, 3521 astronomers in, 2803 Banzan, Kumazawa, 1678 Code of Hammurabi, 2901 Baopuzi, 2394 geometry, 2017 Baopuzi alchemical work, 1971–1972 numeration, 2779 Baopuzi waipian, 1971 and Ptolemy, 2881, 2883 Bao Qishou, 2599 surveying in, 4108 Bapoing Kou (Cornucopia Channel), 2552 Talmud, 3054 Baqgoq of Mandar, 921 Bacairi, 2804 Baqt agreement, 4429 Baccoba monneri, 2177 Barbarian customs, 1566 Bacillus pumilus, 4276 Barley (Hordeum vulgare),87 Bacillus thuringiensis var kenyae, 3502 Barraclough, Geoffrey, 4169 Backstrap loom, 4230 Barro Amarillo Veteado, 1549 structure of, 4225, 4226 Barrow in China, 814–819 Bacon, Francis, 1563, 4337 Bartold, V. V., 2372, 2373, 2378 Bacon, Roger, 4189 Baruya numbers, 2746 Badami caves, 1070 Barzu, Tali, 2373 Badoh negro, 1725–1726 Basalt, 164 Badr al-Dīn, 260 Base and height, 2411 Baghala, 3335 Basin irrigation, Egypt, 4181 Baharkandy treatment, 3828 Basin of Mexico sites, 1188 Bahv ṛcaprayas´citta, 3608 Basketry Baidurya dkar po, 3910. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya in Africa, 819–824 mtsho in Ancient Egypt, 825–827 Baidurya sngon po, 3910. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas Argentina, 836–839 rgya mtsho Brazil, 855–861 Baidurya sngon po, 2913 Egypt, 825–827 Baien, Miura, 1678 Japan, 828–834 Bai Hu Tong, 1901 South America, 835–853 Baijini, 3336 Wabanaki Indians, 854–862 Bai Juyi, 4145 Baskets, plaited, 821 Bakewell, Robert, 1572 Al-Battānī, 6, 167–168 Bakhshālī manuscript, 807–809, 4602 Battle of Sekigahara, 58 Bakhshālī square root, 307 Bat Trang village, 394 convergence, 308 Baudhāyana, 862–864 modern notation, 307–308 Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtras, 862–864, 3535 Baktun, 1033, 2570 Bauhinia root (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii), 3072 Bakufu Temmongata. See Observatories Bā-yīn,22 Bālabodha, 2620 Ba Yuan Shu, 2564 Balāghāt, 719 Ba Yuan Shu, 2564 Balam (jaguar), in Maya writing, 4572, 4574 Beach almond (Terminalia catappa), 1771 Balance of Wisdom. See Kitābmīzān al-ḥikma Beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), 1776 Balangay Shrine, 949 Beads, 864–870, 4023–4025 Balanghai/Balangay. See Butuan boats Beasts (shinjū), 2434 Balankanche, Mexico, 4210 Bedja, 966 Balkhī School of Arab Geographers, 810–811 Bedouin tribes, 3261 Index 4639

Beehive Dwelling (iQhugwane), 444–445 Bharata, 1384 Beer production in Peru, 871–876 Bhart ṛhari, 3493 Bei Fen Quan Shu (The Bei Wind and Spring Water), 4321 Bhāṣā, 2427 Beijing, imperial, 287–291 Bhāskara, 2426, 3410 Bekhain Hills, 3654–3656 Bhāskara I, 885–887, 1019 Bekhen-stone, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658 Mahābhāskarīya, 3495 Bell of King Seongdeok, 4248, 4249 Bhāskara II, 888–890, 1017, 2019, 2784, 3587, Belzoni, Giovanni, 3423 4325–4326 Benben, 3421 Lilavati, 3495 Bencao, 2559 Bhasmas, 2178 Ben Cao Gang Mu, 876–877. See also Medical texts, in Bhāṣya. See Govindasvāmin China Bhāvacakra (wheel of life), 2681 Bencao gangmu, 1709 Bhāvanā, 1018–1019, 2402 Bencao jing jizhu, 4140 Bheda (dissension), 2424 Bench terraces, 4412–4413 Bhishagratna, K. K., 1414 Bengal Bhunri ghar (boiling house), 3826 indigo in, 2342–2348 Bhūta’s, 1702–1703 jute, 2415–3419 Bian Que, 890–891 salt in Bian Que Nei Jing, 890 boiling process, 3826 Biaoying Shenshu (The Divine Art of Protecting Infants), drying process, 3826–3829 4617 filtration process, 3825–3826 Biaoyou Fu (Ode to the Streamer out of the Dark), 4617 during Mughal period, 3824 Bible, 3340 processing of raw materials, 3825 Biface technology, Mesoamerican, 4045–4046 production places, 3824 Bighorn Medicine Wheel, 3094 ship building in Bihar Scientific Society, 1361 construction methods, 3984 Bija (equations), 886 raw materials, 3983–3984 Bījagaṇita, 204–206, 888, 2426, 2561, 3410 ship types, 3980–3982 Bījagaṇitāvataṃsa, 3320 silk in Billard, 2880, 2881, 2883 cocoon rearing, 3994 Bill of Quantities, 4182 cocoon spinning, 3995–3997 Bīmāristān, 2992 silk weaving, 3997–3999 Binaishanfang ji, 2599 Bengal Iron Company, 3186 Binford, Lewis Roberts, 4294 Bengali script, in Indian writing, 4558 Binh Nam Do (Map of the Conquest of the Bengal Steamship Company, 3342 South), 2684 Beni Hassan, 826 Binhu Maixue (Pulse Studies of Master Binhu), 2916 Bentinck, Lord, 4219 Bin, Zhang, 4362 Bent Pyramid of Egypt, 3609 Biodiversity, 2468 Benu-bird, 3421 Biological ecology, Amazon, 1653–1654 Berbères:Aux Marges de l’Histoire, 2729–2730 Biological pest suppression, 3502–3503 Bernardino de Sahagún, Fray, 3782 Biomolecular markers, 3242 Bernouilli’s numbers, 2794 Biomorphs, 3380–3383 Best, Elsdon, 3356 Birth charts. See Astrology Beta Delphini, 1041 Bir Umm Fawakhir, 2655 Betel nuts, 877–881 Al-Bīrūnī, 15, 168–174, 1564, 1973, 2066, 2068, 2128, Betel vine (Piper betle), 878 3218, 3522, 4185, 4327, 4342 Bezels of Wisdom, 2284. See also Ibn al-˓Arabī and geography, 175–176 Bezoar Stones in Peru, 882–884 Bisharin tribes, 3260 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), 4372 Bismar, 4471, 4472 Bhādīpikā, 3495 Al-Bi ṭrūjī, 176–177, 2551 Bhadra-gaṇita, 2602 Bitter Bark (Alstonia constricta), 3072 Bhāgahāra (divisor or division), 808 Biṭṭul ʿIqqarey ha-Noṣrim, 2169 Bhagola, 588 Bitumen in China, 891–893 Bhagwatī Sūtra, 3586 Bixa orellana, 1761 Bhājita (divided), 808 Black ash (Fraxinus nigra), 855 Bhakti Yoga, 4589–4590 Black Elk, 1685 Bhangau or Bhangalu. See Cannabis sativa Black-glazed porcelains, 1110 Bhaṅgị-vibhaṅgị, 2422 Black Mummies, 3308 4640 Index

Blade, Clovis manufacture, 1333–1340 Brāhmī script, 2177, 4556–4557 Blaise Pascal, 2766 Braidwood, Robert, 3549 Block printing, 1553 Brassica alba, 2165 Bloodletting (ḥijāma), 2988, 3051 Brassica nigra, 2165 Blyden, Edward, 4490 Bray, Francesca, 4159 Board Games in Antiquity, 893–900 Brazil Boatbuilding agriculture, 120–124 bending process, 904 basketry productions, 855–861 boat types and building techniques, 908–918 mining in, 3275–3278 caulking, 906–908 Bread planking, 904 in Africa, 963–972 raw materials, 902 in Egypt, 3469–3471 seasoning, 903–904 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), 1766 timber, cutting, 903 Brewing in Africa, 974–977 timber selection, 902–903 Bṛhajjātaka (Large Horoscopy), 4341 Boats Bṛhat-Pāṭi. See Pāṭīgaṇita in Cambodia Bṛhatsaṃhitā, 2095, 2600, 3499, 4341 carpenter of village, 3328–3329 Bṛhat-trayee, 2442 construction, 3325–3326 Bricks types, 3329–3330 glazed bricks, 366–367 construction, 918 Hazārbāf and Bann˓āī, 365–366 in Goa, 901–918 in Nineveh, 978–980 in Indonesia, 919–925 Bridges, Islamic world, 4184 of precolonial Philippines, 948–953 British East India Company in Bengal, 4364 in Vietnam, 926–947 British India Corporation, 4519 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 2730 British Museum (BM), lattice stool, 4514, 4515 Bodhisattva, 1629 British Museum Quarterly, 2779 Boehmeria rugulosa (Genthi), 1719 British Raj, European colonization, 2926–2927 Boethius, 2797 Broad-field terraces, 4413 Bofedal, 4417, 4420–4421 Bronowski, Jacob, 4168 Bofedales, 1662 Bronze Boilat, Abbi, 4488 chariots and horses, 2891 Bojador Cape, 1370 mirrors, 3290 Bone, Ishango, 2383–2385 tools, 2888 Bone technology in Africa, 954–960 wine table, 2889 Book of Coming Forth by Day, 4290 Bronze Age Book of Mathematical Procedures, 2412 civilization, 3104 Book of Negarakertagama, 920 Israel Book of Number, 2834 Ancient Israel, 1207–1213 Book of the Dead, 4445 water systems in, 4403–4407 Book on Horary Instruments Called Sundials, 4327 Brooklyn Herpetological Papyrus, 4528 Bootis, 4221 Broomcorn millet, 3240–3243 Border Cave, 2774 Brotherhood/Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-ṣafā), 2003 Bosha Jutsu, 2071 Brown glaze, 2119–2120 Bot (node), 2711 Brucea antidysenterica, 1712–1713 Botany, Western science, 1557 Bruce, James, 4211 Botswana Buckingham Pi-Theorem, 2521 copper mining in, 3565–3576 Buddha mining in, 3271–3275 life, 1627 Bourne, William, 4189 teachings of, 1627–1629 Box-bellows, 2898 Buddhism, 2596, 3715 Boyar pisanitsas, 2634 belief, 1676 Bracelets (siwa^r, bilazik), 2404 conservation, 1643–1647 Brachiaria ramosa, 3544, 3545 ecology, 1630 Brahe, Tycho, 4141, 4142 environment and nature in, 1627–1635 Brahmagupta, 961–962, 1576, 2128, 3409 forest development, 1642–1643 Brahmajāla Sutta, 2565 Nāgarasarvasva, 3313 Brahmans, 1988 Phrakhru Pitak, 1644, 1645, 1647 Brāhmasphu ṭasiddhānta, 961, 2047, 2127, 3541, 3589 and science, 981–982 Index 4641

spirit beliefs, 1641–1642 mountains, 2536 spirit/spiritual in Pell’s equation, 1008, 1018, 1020 Buddha, 3855–3856 Cakra-yantra, 637 sati (mindfulness), 3856 Calculus, 1010–1015, 1020–1025 self-reliance, 3856 India, 1018 Vipas´s´anā technique, 3856 transmission, 1016–1021 spirituality, 1643–1647 Calcutta Medical and Physical Society, 1360 and traditional medicine, 3043 Calendars Buddhist cosmology, 1640, 1676 Africa, 1622 Buddhist culture, India, 2900–2901 Ancient Hebrew, 1024–1025 Bughma, 2404–2405 Ancient India, 1029–1031 Bughyat al-fāriḍ min al-ḥisāb wa l-farā’id, 2321 Chinese, 1031–1032, 4629 Building construction, 983–998 East Asia, 1035–1038, 2040 in Africa, 998–1005 Egyptian, 1023–1024, 1039–1040 Bukhtishu family of physicians, 2993–2994 Greek, 1027 Bulu, 49–50 Hawaiian, 1026 Bundokeing (BG), 2711 Incan Sidereal year, 1028–1029 Bundokerik (BK), 2711 India, 1041–1044 Bunsho (Written Prosperity), 2434 Inuit, 1027 Bure Levu, 492 Islamic, 1025–1026, 1044–1047 Bure ni Kalou, 480, 482 makers, 3489 Bure ni Sa/bure ni cauravou, 480, 482 Maya, 1032–1033 Bure/Vale, 480 Mesoamerica, 1047–1054, 4466 Burma Mesopotamian, 1023 animal-shaped weights of, 4478–4481 origin, 1022–1023 astronomy, 709–710 Roman, 1027–1028 ceramics round, 1027–1035 historic earthenware and glaze ware, 1093–1101 South America, 1055–1057 prehistoric earthen wares, 1090–1191 Turkey, 1058–1062 protohistoric and transition period earthenware, Zuni, 1026–1027 1191–1093 Calico, 4219 Burmese secular maps, 2679 California, Nilometer, 3389 Burn’s method, yupana, 4594, 4595 Calligraphy, 4538–4539 Bush food program, 3075–3076 art, 4538 Bushman shear zone, 3566 motif, 4508 copper mines in, 3572 Callophyllum inophyllum, 1773, 1774–1775 Bushmen, San, 959 Camasca, 2903 Butea frondosa, 1717 Camatchia-Camagico mine, 3270 Bu´t toán chỉ nam, 2822 Cambodia Buttons (azra^r or duyme), 2405 astronomy, 709–710 Butuan boats, 948–953 boat construction, 3325–3326 Buzhong Yiqi, 2555 boat types, 3329–3330 Byodai meichi no ho, 2794 carpenter of forest, 3326–3327 Byzantine times, gold production in, 3261 carpenter of village, 3328–3329 ceramics, 1143–1144 cities and town C Angkor, city planning, 1259 Cabezas colasales, 4062 under French, 1261–1262 Cable drilling techniques, 4486 Sihanouk and beyond, 1262–1268 Cadera, 425 nautical technology in, 3324–3330 Caesalpinia echinata, 1538 Camel (Camellus bactrianus). See Animal Caesareum, 3427, 3433 domestication Caesar, Julius, 4189 Camelid fibers, 4228–4229 Cahal Pech, Belize, 535 Camellia sinensis, 4146, 4156 Cai Lun, 3494 Camera obscura, 2551, 3516, 3522 Cai Yuanding, 2599 Canaanite Linear Alphabet, 4567–4569 Cakravāla method, 888, 1017–1020, 2402 Canals Brahmagupta’s investigation, 1018–1019 Afrasiab, 2378–2380 kuttaka method, 1007–1010 irrigation, 4413–4415 4642 Index

Canals (cont.) Cats (Felis sylvestris catus) domestication. See Animal navigation, 3343 domestication slab-lined, 4414, 4415 Cattle reproduction, 4241 types of, 4414 Caturacintāmaṇi, 2605 Canarian numerals, 2731 Causeways, Olmec earth structures, 1547–1549 Cañari Counter, 2511 Cauterisations, 3052, 4344 Canary islands Cavalieri’s principle, 2040 Grand Canary Island, 2734–2737 Cave architecture, India, 1065–1071 La Gomera Island, 2739–2741 Caveats, Native American, 1680–1681 Tenerife Island, 2737–2739 Caves, 436 Candracchāyāgaṇita. See Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji Celestial globe, 2124 Candracchāyā-gaṇita, 2427 Celestial mapping, 2431–2434 Candra-Vākyāni (Moon Sentences), 2590 in East Asia, 2692–2697 Candravākyas, 2426 Islamic, 2698–2700 Cannabis sativa, 1720 Celestial maps. See Maps and mapmaking Canning, 1932 Celestial vault and sphere, 1072–1074 Cannon (huopao), 2139 Celiang quanyi, 2043 Ca noˆ, 929 Cementation, 3191 Canoe design Cemmatl, 2676 Amazonian, 3362 Centella asiatica, 2177 Polynesia, 3346 Central Africa, astronomy in, 748–750 Canoes of Lata, 3918 Central America Canoes of Oceania, 920 agriculture in, 66–85 Canonical system, 2076 Maya culture, 4158 Canon of Medicine, 2296. See Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) Central Asia, glass, 2108–2109 Canopic jars, 1605–1607 Central hall house, 439 Canopus, 2733, 2739 Central Inspection Institute of Weights and Measures, 4464 Cantong qi, 4431 Ceques, 2500 Cao Yuanfang, 2975 Ceramics Capac hucha, 2474 Africa, 1074–1087 Capacity measurement clay extraction, 1076–1077 of Hebrews, 4477–4478 clay processing, 1077–1079 in Islam, 4451–4454 decoration, 1081–1083 in Mesoamerica, 4469 drying, 1083 Capacocha, 2132 firing, 1083–1086 Capac Raymi, 1057 manufacturing process, 1075–1087 Capitoline obelisk, 3429 postfiring, 1086–1087 Capsicum frutescens L., 3501 preforming, 1080–1081 Captain Bligh, 128 roughing out, 1079–1080 Captain Cook, 128 shaping, 1079 Caracas, 1365 social background, 1075 Caraka, 1063, 2907, 2983 Burma Caraka Samḥitā, 2177, 2349, 2443, 2900, 2901, 2907, historic earthenware and glaze ware, 1093–1101 2909, 2983, 3032, 3035 prehistoric earthen wares, 1090–1191 Caribbean water procurement, 4401–4403 protohistoric and transition period earthenware, Cartography, 1977–1978 1191–1093 Tibet, 2681 China Western, 2668 fifth milestones, 1109–1111, 1103–1106 Cashewnut processing, Malabar coast, 1064 fourth milestones, 1108–1109 Casma Valley, 4393–4394 second milestones, 1106 Cassava (Manihot esculenta), 1769 third milestones, 1107–1108 Castello, 3432 Korea, 1117–1133 Castillo, Chichen Itza (Mexico), 4206 Maya pottery, 1168–1177 Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs (Thompson), 4570 Mimbres pottery, 1180–1186 Cataplasms, 1754, 1757 Pre-Hispanic North America, 1134–1141 Catholic community, 2673 Olmec pottery, 1187–1193 Catoca, 3269 Southeast Asia Catoptrics, 3522, 4190 Cambodia, 1143–1144 Index 4643

Laos, 1144–1145 Chilam Balam, 4259–4260 Myanmar (Burma), 1145–1147 Childbirth, 1199–1203 Thailand, 1147–1153 India, 1203–1206 Vietnam, 1153–1154 Medieval Ages and later, 1205 West Africa modern obstetrics, 1205–1206 definitions and characteristics, 1163–1165 obstetrics, 1203–1204 origins and ceramic traditions, 1165 populace, 1204–1205 production organization, 1165–1166 Child health, women and, 3509–3510 West Indies, 1156–1162 Chiljeongsan-based timekeeping system, 4250 Cerrahiyetu,€ 2196 Chỉ minh lập thành toán pháp, 2822 Cerr^ahiyetu`l-H€ ^aniyye, 2200 Chimu ciudadelas, 2132 Ceruana pratensis, 827 Chimu culture, 2473 Cervus unicolor, 2490 China, 2432 Césaire, Aimé, 4491 agriculture, 33–45 Ceyuan haijing, 2560 alchemy, 177–180 Chaco region, astronomy in, 752 algebra, 200–204 Chakravartin, 2423 altars Chalkous, 3395, 3396 and Confucian rituals, 285–287 Chamico (Datura stramonium), 1811, 1812 definition, 285 Chandas (prosody and metrics), 862 imperial in Beijing, 287–291 Chandra Bose, Jagdish, 3529 armillary spheres in, 586, 2140 Chang’s seismograph, 2893 astrology, 627–630 Chantilly, Chichen Itza vs.,18–20 astronomy in, 677–680, 1597–1598 Chao Yuanfang, 1195 barrows, 814–819 Chariots, 2888, 2891 bitumen in, 891–893 military technology in Ancient Egypt, block printing, 1553 3228–3230 Buddhism, 3715–3716 Charles Felix (King), 2650 calendars, 1031–1032, 4248, 4329 Chavin cult, 2131 calligraphy, 4538–4539 Chavín de Huantár, 2023 ceramics Chāyā-vyavahāra, 2562 fifth milestones, 1103–1106, 1109–1111 Chayya^la^t, 2405 fourth milestones, 1108–1109 Cheda (divisor), 808 second milestones, 1106 Chemical pulp, 3494 third milestones, 1107–1108 Chemistry, China, 1195–1198 civil disturbances in, 4460 Cheng Dawei, 2764 clock making, 3518 Chen Yan, 1198 computation, 1396–1397 Chen Ziming, 2917 Confucianism, 3716–3719, 3717–3719 Chen Zuo, 2693 construction, 321–323 Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunya ji Do, 2434, 2436 cosmological beliefs, 3716–3717 Cherokee culture architecture, 500–504 acoustics, 21–22 syllabary, 4534, 4535 agriculture, debate, 41–45 Chert thin bifaces, 2874 astronomy, lunar lodges, 2573–2577 Cheyanto, 3328 magnetism in, 2613–2616 Cheyenne, 3094 physical nature of sound, 23 Chhandogya Upanishad, 4370 Daoism, 3716, 3719–3720 Chhāyā,30 East and West, 1562–1569 Chibong yusol, 2797 embroidered textiles in, 1609–1615 Chicha, 871, 1810 environment and nature in, 1667–1669 Chichén Itzá, 2031, 3621, 3622 ethnobotany in, 1707–1710 vs. chantilly, 18–20 fertility in historical, 1870–1872 El Castillo pyramid, 17 food technology, 1925–1927 gliding repetition pitch, 18 foreign influence in, 2765–2767 repetition pitch theory, 17–18 forensic medicine in, 2980–2982 Chicherías, 875 geography, 1985–1986, 2645 Chieng prei (carpenter of the forest), 3326–3327 geomancy, 1566–1567, 2012–2014 Chieng srok, 3328 geomantic maps, 2701 4644 Index

China, 2432 (cont.) science, 3715 geometry, 2020 bencao (pharmacopoeia), 3887 glass Chinese numerals, 3881 contemporary glassmaking, 2085–2086 Chunqiu and Zhouli, 3882 glass workshops at Boshan, 2082–2084 Needham demonstration, 3881 imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085 principle of control, 3883 initial stage, 2081–2082 principle of masking, 3883 new methods of décor, 2085 Shennong bencaojing pharmacopoeia, regional glass workshops, 2085 3885 glazes Shujing and Shijing, 3882 color and texture, 2121–2124 shuxue, 3882 crystalline phase-separated, 2115 Suanshushu manuscript, 3884 high-fired/low-fired, 2113–2114 Tiangong kaiwu, 3881 high-iron, 2115–2118 wuxing (Five Elements), 3883 phase-separated, 2114–2115 wuyi (shamans and doctors), 3885 physicochemical basis, 2114 yaofu, 3887 transparent vitreous, 2118–2121 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi), Gou-Gu theorem, 2135–2137 3884 ideologies, 3715 Shaanxi to Sichuan, road map from, 2644 infanticide, 1871 silk Jesuits in, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648 loom types, 3992 knowledge systems, 2438–2440 loom weaving, 3991 language of maps, 2643 prerequisites, 3990 lifeboat station, 3378 steam power lowland areas and dense waterways in, 3366 cotton weaving and spinning mills, 4021 lunisolar calendar, 4245 steam mechanism, 4019 magic squares in, 2598–2599 treadmill mechanism, 4019 maps and mapmaking in, 2636–2648 steering technologies, 3368, 3370 mass measurement, 4462–4464 Suanxue, 4137 mathematics, 2037–2044, 2759–2767, 4621 sundials in, 4084–4086 approximation formulae, 335–337 surveying in, 4109–4110 Pi in, 3533–3534 tattoos in, 4142–4146 mathematics education systems in, 2796 technology in, 4161 mechanical technology and instruments of, textiles in, 4213–4216 2887–2899 time in, 4242–4245 medicine, 2974–2980, 4611 urban water system design ethics, 2899–2900, 2904–2906 drainage system, 322 texts, 2915–2918 draining river, 323 metallurgy in, 3130–3132 logic of, 323 meteorology in, 3213–3215 moat (Fosse), 322–323 millet in, 3239–3244 Nan-Bai Dynasties, 321 natural gas, 1968–1970 oldest capital city, 320–321 Naturalist School, 1668 paradigm of, 323 navigation in, 3336–3339, 4615 ponds and lakes, 322 optics in, 3444–3447 urban river, 322 physics, 3516–3519, 3523–3526 water supply system, 323–325 publishing and printing in, 3596–3602 weather forecasting in, 3213–3214 religions or philosophies, 3714–3715 weights and measures in, 4436–4437 rice wells in, 4482–4486 dispersal routes, 3750–3751 windmill in, 4493 increasing productivity, 3747–3750 wood-block printing, 1553, 3596–3597 origins and early developments, writing in, 4537–4539 3746–3747 zinc production in, 4623–4625 salt, 3823 Chinampa agriculture, 1859 production techniques, 3830 Chinchorro mummies, 3309 salt types, 3830 Chinese Buddhist texts, Indian astronomy in China, by solar evaporation (shai yan), 3831 792–793 successive basin solar evaporation, 3832 Chinese celestial mapping, 2693 well salt production, 3832–3833 Chinese Hippocratic Oath, 2899 Index 4645

Chinese medicine city planning, 1310–1313 in Korea, 3005–3308 establishment, 1250–1251 in Thailand, 3046 planning of, 1250–1255 Chinese medieval technique, 2790–2791 political ideology, 1252–1253 Chinese remainder problem, 2041 Olmec Chirtrakut, 376 La Venta, 1244–1248 Chisels, stoneworkers using, 4302 San Lorenzo, 1248–1250 Ch’oe Han-gi, 2797–2798 West Africa Cholula pyramid, 419 construction, 1235–1242 Chomsungdae, 646 urban development, 1230–1235 Chong-cha, 2020 urbanisation, 1225–1230 Chŏng Sanggi, 2672 urban trends, 1230–1232 Chongzhen lishu, 2791 Yorừbá city planning, 1314–1320 Ch’ŏ nhado, 2669–2671 Citi-vyavahāra, 2562 Ch’onsang yolch’a punyajido, 2695 Citrabhānu, 2427 Chordeleg yupana, 4593 Classic acumoxology Chosun dynasty, 2796 biomedicalization, 27–28 Christian Topography, 2633 theory, 26 Chullavagga, 2095 Classic Maya (Mesoamerican civilization). See Maya Chum Teav Haira, 3328 Classic of Questioning. See Nanjing Chum Teav Mao (Black Lady), 3328 Claudius Ptolemy, 2633, 2698–2699, 2714, 2715 Chumwan ti ahawel Ah Balam (Sir Jaguar was seated in the Clay griddles (doka), 972 Lordship), 4574 Clay tablets, fishing, 1885 Chungin class, 2796–2797 Clepsydra, 3518, 4249–4254 Chunqiu, 1589 Clergy, 1630–1631 Chuxing, 2574 Clerical script (lishu), 4538 Cilbanus, 971 Climate change, 2468 Cinci hoca, 3059 India, 1702–1703 Circular pyramids, 1295–1296 Climate variation, Andean societies, 4397–4399 Circus Maximus, 3420, 3427, 3428, 3432 Climatic zones, in Palestine, 432 Cire perdue, 3136, 3137 Clocks, 1321–1324 Cisterns, 4404, 4406 astronomical (see Astronomical clocks, China) Cities and town and watches, 2040 Ancient India, 1257–1258 Cloth making, Chichen Itza, 1325–1332 Ancient Israel Clovis blade manufacture, 1333–1340 Iron Age town planning, 1210–1213 Coanenepilli, 1806–1807 urbanization, 1207–1210 Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca), 1755 Aztec city planning Coccoloba uvifera, 1755 historical development, 1289–1293 Cochas, 2226 urban architecture, 1293–1300 Cochineal dyes, 1538 Cambodia Coconut (Cocos nucifera), 1766, 1769 Angkor, city planning, 1259 Codex Badianus, 3013 under French, 1261–1262 Coffea arabica, 1712 Sihanouk and beyond, 1262–1268 Coiled baskets, 820 East Africa Coiling, 820, 823, 825 Swahili towns, 1216–1220 Coins (sikkadhahab), 2407 Inca city planning, 1306–1310 Coir in India, 1341–1345 India Colchicum luteum, 4345 ancient town planning, 1268–1270 Colonial ecology, Amazon, 1656–1657 colonial town planning, 1273–1275 Colonialism early modern town planning, 1270–1273 Africa, 972 modern town planning, 1275–1277 and medicine, Malay Peninsula, 1346–1350 Lao/Thai and science Lao variant, 1284–1286 Africa, 1358–1359 modern city planning, 1286–1289 America, 1363–1379 Northern and Central Thailand, 1281–1284 India, 1359–1362 prinicples, 1279–1280 Malay world, 1379–1383 Maya Colonial state’s disengagement, philanthropy, 3511–3512 astronomy and creation, 1251–1252 Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India, 2924 4646 Index

Colossal Heads (cabezas colosales), 1543 Corbicula fluminea, 4484 Colubrina asiatica, 1771 Corchorus capsularis, 2416 Column Nilometer, 3390, 3393–3396 Corchorus olitorious, 2416 Combinatorics Cordia subcordata, 1768 Indian mathematics, 1383–1385 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 2689 Islam, 1385–1388 Corridor Nilometer, 3390, 3391 Comet and meteorite Corrosion resistance, iron pillar, 2355–2357 aboriginal Australians, traditions, 1388–1391 Cosmetic surgery, Ancient India, 1414–1415 Islamic world, 1391–1394 Cosmic Cross, 2022, 2027, 2030, 2032, 2033 Commentary on the Almagest. See Ibn al-Haytham Cosmic Egg, 2021–2022 Communal disease, 3064 Cosmic Monster, 2030 Communication Cosmic motif, 4503, 4508 and mathematics, 2743–2750 Cosmic tree, 2733 vessels, 3387 Cosmography, 1943 without written language, 2745–2748 Korea, 2669–2671 Compass, 1394–1396 Cosmologies Comprehensive Astronomical Table, 2509 African San People, 1450–1457 Computation Buddhist, 1640, 1676 Ancient India, 1398–1400 of India, 1416–1428 China, 1396–1397 Mesoamerica, 1429–1449 Concave mirrors, 3517 Costumes, traditional Indian, 4220–4221 Concave shaped Ptolemaic gold mill, 3260 Cotton Configuration of the World, 2171 evolution, England, 4219 Confucianism, 1677–1678, 3518, 3717–3719, 4361 India, 1458–1461 Confucius, 3336, 3641, 3717 Indonesia, 1461–1465 Congo, mining, 3279–3284 quantity of, 4429 Congreve, William, 4366 weaving (see Weaving cotton) Conics, 1401–1402 Coursed clay construction, 380 Consciousness (human intention), 3553 Court house, 439 Ancient India, 1403–1406 Couscous, 1465–1469 Consensus, 3558–3559 Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, 3504 Constantius II, 3420 Cretaceous period, Tunisian stones, 3662 Contador Canari, 2511 Cretan writing, 4566 Continuous time, 4268–4269 Crop Contradiction, proof by, 3592 domestication, Amazon, 1469–1473 Cooke, Michael, 2747 plants of Ancient Egypt, 3461–3463 Cooking, 1921 Pre-Columbian America, 1475–1477 oil, 1922 Cuatro Puertas cave, 2734–2737 Copaiba (Copaifera reticulata), 1797 Cubbon, Mark, 4516 Copan, Honduras, 536, 537, 2030 Cubic capacity measurement, 4477–4478 Copan’s Hieroglyphic Stairway, temples, 4203, 4205 Cueva de la Arana, 2187 Copernicus, 2439 Cultivation technology, Egypt, 3464–3466 Copper Cultural diversity, Islamic world, 4449 Mesopotamia, 3188–3190 Cultural Palace of Labour, Hanoi, 401 Mexico, 1408–1413 Culture tools, 4306 Africa, 1559–1561 Zimbabwe, 1406–1408 Christian, 4488 Copper-bearing drift, 3286 and mathematics, 2797 Copper mines and Copper mining technology and, 4164–4172 Ancient Egypt, 3245–3248 with written language, 2748–2749 Botswana, 3565–3576 Cuneiform, 1477–1482, 4554, 4564–4565 Bushman shear zone, 3572 Curacas, 2474 geology, 3565–3566 Curcuma amada, 4345 Great Lakes (USA), 3284–3289 Curcuma longa (turmeric), 1722, 2178 location, 3566 Cửu chuơng lập thành tính pháp, 2822–2823 Matsitama, 3566, 3572 Cuzco’s ceque system, 1844–1846 Coracles, 908–910 Cycad (Cycas circinalis), 1771 Coracores, 3334 Cycas circinalis, 1767 Coral (marja^n), 2405 Cyclic time, 4263–4265 Index 4647

Cylinder seals Datong, 714 fish offering, 1888 Datura arborea, 3019 impressions, fishing, 1887 Daud al-Fatani, 213 Cypriot syllabary, 4566 Dau rái, 931 Cytotec, 4 David, Henry, 1632 da Vinci, Leonardo, 4446 Dayaks, 2678 D Dayan suoyin (Ding Yidong), 2599 Dà,22 Da Yuan da yitongzhi, 892 D˓a at al-A ṭibbā (The Physician’s Banquet), 2307 Dazhuan, 4537 Da-Dai Liji (Record of Rites by the Elder Dai), 2599 De anatomicis administrationibus, 2208 Dad Dafira, for writing justice rules, 4347 De aspectibus, 3448, 3451 Dae-Sin-Gi-Jeon (large magical machine arrow) in Korea, De Caelo, 2170 3798–3799 Deccan Chalcolithic period, 3498–3499 da Gama, Vasco, 1554, 4167 Decimal metric system, 4468 Daghbag gold mine, 3260 Decimal notation, 1487–1489 Daigaku wakumon (Dialogues on the Great Learning), alphabetical, 1499 1678 inscriptions, 1499 Daijutsu bengi no ho, 2793–2794 transmission, 1501–1503 Dai minority people, 138 Decimal system Dai Nam Toan Do (Complete Map of Dai Nam), 2684 East Asia, 1489–1491 Dai-Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu, 2666 India, 1487–1489, 1492–1503 Đại thành toán hoc chỉ minh, 2823–2824 and measurement, 1489–1491 Đại thành toán pháp, 2824 Decoration techniques, 2541–2543 Daji-jing, 792–793 De cr´s´bus, 2208 Dakar, Senegal, 387, 390, 391 De febrium differentiis, 2208 Dakṣinottara Bhitti yantra, 3438–3439 Defense maps (kwanbangdo), 2675 Dalai Lama, 2912–2913, 2912–2914, 3078. Defenses, South India, 4357–4359 See also Medical paintings of Tibet Defensive barricades, Maya, 1504–1511 Dalem, 407 Dehydrated products, 1931–1932 Daming calendar, 4629 Dehydrated tofu preparation, 4275–4276 Damingli, 2140 Deir al-Medina, 2632 Al-Damīrī, 197–198 Deir el-Bahari, tombs, 4286 Dampier, William, 3217 Deir el-Medina, 2660, 2661 Dams Deity, 4370–4371 Arabia, 1483–1485 Delhi, iron pillar, 2350–2357 Muslim, 4182–4183 Della descrittione dell’Africa, 2551 purpose, 4182 Dellak/Kulkhani,€ 2199 silt, 4421–4422, 4423 Deloria, Vine, 1684–1686, 1688, 1692 water, 4418–4419 de Landa, Diego, 1253 Danda (open attack orwar), 2424 De Materia Medica, 2191 Dangdai Yixue yu shidai jingshen, 1524 Demotic mathematical texts, 2720 Dao, 3716 Dendrocalamus giganteus, 3338 Dào Dé Jīng (Laozi), 22, 1668 Denglonggu, 2694 Daoism, 3523, 3716, 3719–3720 Deng steelyard, 4437 in China, 3523–3524 Deng Xiaoping, 2767 philosophy, 1668 Dengzhen yinjue (Concealed Instructions on the Ascent to religion, 3714 Perfection, only partially preserved), 4140 Daoist philosophy, 26 De numeris harmonicis, 2551 Dao Jia (the School of Dao), 3719 De ordine librorum suorum, 2208 Daozang (Daoist Canon), 177, 2204 De partibus artis medicativae, 2208 Daphne, 3494 Department of Science and Technology (DOST), 949 Daphro, 3654–3656, 3659 Depletion gilding, 3191 Daphro hills, quarries of Harappa, 3658–3659 De re metallica, 3276 Dar al-shifa, 2195 De revolutionibus, 2388 Daroji reservoir (Karnataka), 4382–4384 Derris elliptica, 1778 Dars´ana, 4588 Des´āntara, 1512 Da-Tang Kaiyuan zhanjing, 680 Description de l’Égypte (Description of Egypt), 2633 Date palm leaf (Phoenix dactylifera), 827 De sectis ad eos, qui introducuntur, 2208 4648 Index

De Sphaera of Theodosius, 2080 Dolmens, 3095, 3097 Desuckering, 3677, 3680 Dominicus Gundisalvi, 1581 De triangulis (On Triangles), 2388 Domitian obelisk, 3432 De triangulis omni modis (On All Classes of Triangles), Dongjing, 2574 2783 Dong Qichang, 1613 De tribus notis, 2387 Donkeys (Equus asinus). See Animal domestication De Utilitatibus Astrolabii, 608 Dorset Culture, 4157, 4173 Devācārya, 1512–1513 Doryu, Rankei, 1954 Devanāgarī script, 4557–4558 Doshin, 2172 Devourer of Souls, 4445 Douala, Cameroon, 391 Dharma, 863 Doubling, 2771 D’hera, 2417 Doucai porcelains, 1111 Dhījagannūpura, 2168 Drainage technology, Egypt, 3463–3464 Dhirā ˓, 4450 Dravidian languages, 4555, 4558 Dholavira. See Harappa The Dreaming, 2448 Dhows (daus), 3335 Dreaming tracks, 2686–2687 Dhruva-bhramayantra, 639 Drebbel, Cornelius, 4189 Dhuwa, 2448 Dresden Codex, 2859–2860 Diadems (istifa^n), 2405 Dṛggaṇita, 2428, 2884, 3495. See also Parameśvara Dialogues on the Great Learning. See Daigaku wakumon Drug therapy, in Ancient Egypt, 2962 Diamond Drying, meat preservation, 2885 digging, 3266 Dry water technology, 4410–4417 locations and government control, 3267 irrigation canals, 4413–4415 mining, Angola, 3264–3266 pond fields, 4415–4417 Diamond-point engraving, 2085 puquios, 4413–4415 Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. See Watt, sloping field, 4411–4412 George sunken gardens, 4415–4417 Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, 1717 terraces, 4410–4413 Digges, Thomas, 4189 Dualism, 3523 Dīgha Nikāya, 2565 Duan Chengshi, 4145 Digitaria millet in West Africa, 32 Du Fu, 2643 Dimocarpus species, 951 Dugouts (logboats), 903, 910–911 Ding (fixed differences), 2553 Duhamel, Georges, 4490 Ding shuo method. See Wang Xiaotong Duishu jiantui bianfa shi, 2557 Ding Yidong, 2599 Duishu tanyuan, 2556 Diodorus, 3387 Dukwe mines project, 3566, 3572–3576 Diophantus, 2725, 3411 culture-historical context, 3576 Dioptrics, 3522 dates, 3576 Dioscorea bulbifera, 1719 mining, 3572–3574 Dioscorea melanophyma, 1719 smelting and smithing, 3574–3576 Dipterocarpus, 931 Duliyusijing, 629 Dirham, 2406 Duns, John Scotus, 4270 Dirham al-fiḍḍa (Silver dirham), 4454 Duoji bilei, 2556–2557 Dirham al-kayl (Weight dirham), 4454–4455 Duret, Noel, 3484 Discrete time, 4268–4269 Durham, Jimmie, 1682 Disease demons, 2961 Durkheim, Émile, 4238 Disputes Between Animals and Man, 1674 Du Shi Zhuan (Biography of Du Shi), 2890 Diversified scripts, 4557–4559 Dutch East India Company, 52 Divination, traditional China, 1513–1524 Duxing Zazhi, 4084 Division on yupana, 4596–4597 Dvaidhibhava (double policy), 2424 Djaret, 303–304 Dwellings and settlements, 1527–1533 Djarīb, 4450 Dyāvā-pr̥thivī, 1700 Dja-yoˆbwê (dja stone), 4432 Dyeing. See also Textiles Doam palm leaf (Hyphaene thebaica), 827 Dyes Dog (Canis lupus familaris). See Animal domestication animals, 1538, 4223 Dogon cosmology, 745 cochineal, 1538 Doi Moi program, 401–402 insects, 1538 Doka/sadj, 968 kermes, 1538 Dolerite hand-tool, 3424, 3425 natural, 1537 Index 4649

plant, 4223 Egypt Sierra Leone, 1534–1536 ancient techniques, 300–304, 2155–2163 Dynastic periods, 3225–3227 astronomy, 682–684 bandages, 4526–4527 basin irrigation in, 4181 E basketry, 825–827 Eanes, Gil, 1370 bread and wine, 3469–3471, 3473 Early dynastic times, gold production in, 3248–3249 calendars, 1023–1024, 1039–1040 Early Horizon, 2131 copper mining in, 3245–3248 Early Intermediate period, 2131 crop plants, 3461–3463 Early Medieval period, 2904 cultivation technology, 3464–3466 Early Neolithic Age, China pottery, 1103–1106 drug therapy, 4525–4526 Ears, 2487 embalming in, 1602–1608 Earspools fishing, 1873–1881 in Mexico, 1541–1543 fractures treatment, 4527 ring-shaped, 1541, 1542 fruit crops in, 3463 Earth structures gardens, 1944–1950 Barro Amarillo Veteado, 1549 and ornamental horticulture, 3473–3477 of Olmec, 1543–1550 geometry, 2016–2017, 2074–2076 Preclassic Mesoamerica, 1543–1545 glass San Lorenzo Plateau, 1543–1544 earliest evidence, 2087–2088 East Africa glass industry, 2090–2091 astronomy in, 746–748 invention, 2086–2087 Swahili towns, 1216–1220 perception, 2090 Eastern Eurasia, metallurgy, 3103–3113 technology, 2088–2090 East and West, 1551–1558 gold mining in ancient, 3248 Africa, 1559–1562 harvest and postharvest technology, 3465–3468, 3470 China, 1562–1569 hieroglyphic writing, 4534, 4565–4566 India, 1569–1574 history of colonization, 967 Islam, 1575–1584 irrigation and drainage technology, 3463–3465 East Asia irrigation in, 2358–2360 calendars, 1035–1038, 2040 joints treatment, 4526 celestial mapping in, 2692–2697 later pyramids, 4285 decimal system in, 1489–1491 leather work Eastern Eurasia, metallurgy in ancient, 3103–3113 importance of skin products, 2544–2546 Eastern Han Dynasty, 2890–2894 technology, 2540–2544 East India Company, 2925–2926, 4146, 4167 maps and mapmaking in, 2649–2661 European colonization, 2925–2926 mathematics East Semitic Akkadian language, 4564 and African predecessors, 2255, 2773–2777 Ebers papyrus, 2968, 3443, 4525, 4528, 4530 mathematical leather roll, 2256, 2778–2780 Eccentrics, 2875–2876 mathematical texts, 2257, 2770–2771 Ecentric model, 3540 numbers, 2258, 2770 Eclipses tables and fractions, 2771–2772 Americas, 1591–1594 texts in, 2718–2720 calculation, 1594–1598 mausoleums of, 2865–2866 Korea, 1591 meat preservation in, 2885–2886 observation, 1586–1591 medical treatment in, 4524–4525 prediction, 1594–1598 medicine in, 2957–2969 EcoBuddhism, 1633 metallurgy, 3099 École Française d’Extr˓eme Orient (EFEO), 4386–4387 mining in, 3245–3263 Ecological niches, 3544 military technology in ancient, 3225–3235 Ecology mummies in, 3305–3307 in Aboriginal people, 1688–1691 mummification process, 1603–1604, 1606–1608 in Amazon, 1653–1657 ophthalmology in, 3443 in India, 1692–1695, 1701 Osiris, god of the dead, 1605 Economic botany, 1380 papyrus and lotus symbols, 3462 Economic law of diminishing returns, 2522 perfume and cosmetics, 3464 Edwin Smith papyrus, 3968, 4523–4528 pest control, 3469 surgical, 301–302 of Pharaohs, 2774–2777 4650 Index

Egypt (cont.) Egyptian mathematical leather roll (EMLR), 2778–2780 plant exploration, 3471–3474 Egyptian Reckoner, 10 pyramids in, 1617 Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, 4192 construction techniques, 3610–3612 Einstein, Albert, 1353 history, 3609–3610 Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 3556 workforce, 3612–3613 Ekken, Kaibara, 1678 ripening induction, 3467–3469 El Castillo pyramid, 17 settlements El-Cevher el-Ferid, 3485 Blue and White Niles, 3934 Elean eats, 2043 civilization without cities, 3935 Electro-luminescence, 3519 discrete functions, Amarna, 3937 Elementa, book of Euclid, 1018 nomes, 3935 Elements, 2399 Nubia valley, 3934 Elements de géometrie, 2043 settlement archaeology, 3935 Elements of Algebra, 2555 turtlebacks, 3936 Elements of Analytical Geometry, 2555 twin towered pylon, 3937 Elements of Geometry, 2397 ship-and boatbuilding Elephantine Nilometer, 3388–3389 First Dynasty, 3968–3970 Eleusine coracana (ragi),48 Middle Kingdom, 3975–3977 El Khubtha Mountain, 2235 New Kingdom, 3977–3979 Ellora caves, 1070 Old Kingdom vessels, 3970–3974 El Morro of Puerto Rico architecture, 547–548 sailboats, 3968 Elsine-i selāse, 3480 sickle-shaped boats, 3967 El vermek, 3058 technology changes, 3974–3975 Elwin, Mark, 4169 skull repair, 4528 Embalming stones in in Egypt, 1602–1608 bekhen to basalt, 4032 process, 3307 gemstones, 4031 Embelia ribes, 3499 limestone and sandstone, 4028 Embroidered textiles metagraywacke, 4032 in China, 1609–1615 ornamental stones, 4029–4031 Han period, 1609–1610 rock varieties and sources, 4026–4028 Han Ximeng, 1613, 1614 utilitarian stones, 4031 Ming period, 1611–1612 surgery in pre-Qin period, 1609 burns, 4096 Qing period, 1611–1612 case study, 4091 Qin period, 1609–1610 circumcision, 4096 Shen Shou, 1614, 1615 dental surgery, 4097 Song period, 1610–1611 pathological extensions, 4095–4096 Sui period, 1610 plastic and prosthetic surgery, 4094–4095 Tang period, 1610 skull surgery and trepanation, 4093–4094 Yuan period, 1610–1611 snake bites, 4096–4097 EMLR. See Egyptian mathematical leather roll sources, 4090–4091 (EMLR) surgeons, 4098 EMP. See Eurasian metallurgical province surgical devices, 4097–4098, 4529 (EMP) trauma, 4092–4093 Empedocles, 3524 wound repairing methods, 4091–4092 Emperor Augustus, 3425, 3427 surveying in, 4107–4108, 4112–4116 Emperor Constantine, 3419 temples in, 4191–4201 Enameled glass, 2085 textiles in, 4217–4218 Encomienda system, 66 tombs in, 4282–4291 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1572 tool construction in, 4300–4312 Encyclopedia Iranica, 2056 viticulture, 3467, 4497–4500 Endan-jutsu, 4137 weights and measures in, 4438–4447 Endiama (Empresa Nacional de Diamantes de Angola, winemaking in, 4497–4500 E.P.), 3266 woodworking in, 4512–4515 Engineering, 1615–1619 wound healing in, 4523–4531 military technology, 1616–1617 writing in, 4539–4553, 4565–4566 Engineering-centered technology, 4158–4159, Egyptian Calendar and Nilometer, 3398–3402 4173–4176 Index 4651

Engi shiki (Religious Regulations of the Engi Period, Ethnography, 2594–2595 927), 1676 Ethnomathematics England, cotton evolution, 4219 beginnings, 1831 Ensete, 970 case studies and pedagogy, 1831–1832 Entomotoxin gene, 3504 collaborations and resources, 1832–1833 Enuma Anu Enlil, 615, 617–619 culture-free/culture-neutral, 1830–1831 Enuma Elish. See also Astrology of Inkas, 1834–1847 Environment and nature Ethnoveterinary medicine, 4352, 4355 Africa, 1619–1625 Euclidean algorithm, 3591 Amazon, 1653–1657 Euclidean theory, 254, 2787 Ancient India, 1698–1703 Euclid’s Elements, 2019–2020, 2038, 2042–2044, 2067, Andes, 1659–1663 2069, 2851, 4266, 4331 Australian Aboriginal people, 1663–1667 algorithm, 4138 Buddhism, 1627–1635 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2291 China, 1667–1669 Islamic World, 1599–1601 dispossession, 1666 Eudoxos-Archimedes axiom, 237 economic use of, 1664–1665 Euler’s method, 1016 Hebrew thought, 1647–1652 Eurasia, metallurgy in ancient eastern, 3103–3113 India, 1670–1672 Eurasian metallurgical province (EMP), 3108 Islam, 1672–1674 Eurocentric approach, 2728 Japan, 1675–1679 Europe modification, 1665 block printing, 1553 Native American thought, 1680–1695 gunpowder in, 1565 Thailand, 1638–1647 European colonization Eocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662 British, 2924–2926 Epistemology, mathematics, 3593–3594 Portuguese, 2924 Equal arm balance, evolution, 4441–4442 women, 2927–2929 Equinoxes, precession, 3564–3565 European Gothic architecture, 4184 Equity, 4266–4267 European Renaissance and Scientific Revolution, 1571 Eragrostis tef, 1714–1715 European Scientific Revolution, 3515 Eratosthenes, 2632–2633 Eusideroxylon zwageri, 949 Ertijiao (double-bang firecracker) rocket in China, 3805 Evans, Arthur, 266 Esarhaddon, 616 Evans, Damian, 4387 Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture, 4293 Evliya, 3060 Estwick, Samuel, 4488 Evolutionary theory of writing. See also Writing Etak concept, 2813 Exodus, 4475 Etaye purvam, 1042 Exotic skins, 2544 Ethiopia Exploitation forestry, 1937–1938 alphabets of, 4568 Extended dugouts, 911–914 ethnobotany in, 1711–1715 Eyes, 2486 weaving cotton in, 4429–4430 Ethnoarchaeological studies. See also Ceramics Ethnoastronomy, 756, 3905 F Ethnobotany, 1704–1706 Fabian, Johannes, 4239 Alaska, 1778–1793 Fabrication techniques, 3101 Amazonia, 1795–1798 Fabric, Indigo dyeing in Sierra Leone, 1535–1536 Aztec, 1800–1807 Al-Faḍl al-Nayrīzī, 2067 China, 1707–1710 Fagopyrum esculentum, 1718 Ethiopia, 1711–1715 Fagopyrum tataricum, 1718 Incas, 1808–1816 Faience, Ancient South Asia, 1849–1851 India, 1716–1722 Fakhr al-Dawla, 2283 magic plants, 1814–1816 Fakir-ul-Tejar, 3824 Malaysia, 1817–1829 Falajes or aflaj, 2256 medicinal plants, 1809–1814 False position method, 2771 Mesoamerica, 1724–1729 Fanegas, 4468 native North America, 1729–1736 Fang cheng method, 201, 203, 4612 Pacific, 1764–1778 Fang Yizhi, 3446 Pakistan, 1736–1746 Fangyuan chanyou, 2556 South America, 1748–1762 Fang Zhongtong, 2599 4652 Index

Fan wheel, 2893 Firestick farming model, 1665 Faqih Wan Musa al-Fatani, 213 Fire well (huojing), 1968 Al-Fārābī, 2066, 2329 Firmament, 1072 Al-Farghānī, 6, 198 Firmin, Anetor, 4490 Farīduddin Munajjim, 720 Fīsanat al-s´ams (On the Solar Year), 2304 Farming technology, Amazon, 1852–1861 Fishing Farriss, Nancy, 4258 Ancient Egypt, 1873–1881 Fathul Mujahidin (The Triumphs of Holy Warriors), 4366 aquatic environments, 338–340 Fatih Complex (kulliye)€ , 3479 hooks, 1875 Fat, meat preservation, 2886 Indus Valley, 1889–1893 Al-Fazārī, 199 Mesopotamia, 1881–1888 Feathered serpent pyramid, 3617, 3618 Mohenjodaro, 1889 Fedchenko, A. P., 2370 spearing, 1877 Fedorov, M. H., 2378 Stone Age, 1893–1899 Fei huojiang (flying fire-lance) rocket in China, 3805 vessels, 1879 Fencai porcelains, 1111 wicker baskets, 1877 Fengshui (Geomancy), 1566, 1669, 1864–1869, 2012 Fishing net Fengtian nephrite, 2395–2396 Indus Valley, 1891 Fenn-i hikmet or ulum-i akliye, 2195 knots, 1896, 1898 Fermentation, African foods, 1922 repairing and drying, 1878 Fermented tofu. See Tofuyo Fish preservation, Stone Age, 1898 Fertility, in historical China, 1870–1872 Fish processing, 1880 Ferula narthex Boiss, 3499 Fī Ṣūrat al-kusūf, 2292. See also Ibn al-Haytham Fesca, Max, 62 Five daily prayers, in Islamic, 655, 747, 2336, 3642, Festivals, water, 4374–4375 3722–3723 Fetia, 2418 “Five limbs,” 4334 Fī Alāt al-aẓlāl (On Instruments of Shadows), 2339 Five Phases (Wuxing), 1899–1901, 3523. See also Fī al-ḥarrāqāt (On Burning Instruments), 2326 Yinyang Fiber/rope/cordage sources, 383–384 Flaked stone tools in Mesoamerica, 4038–4057 Fibonacci, Leonardo, 2750 biface flaking techniques, 4045–4047 Ficus benghalensis, 2490, 2493 bow and arrow, 4056 Ficus glomerata, 2493 technology, 4041–4045 Ficus religiosa, 1722 Flaminian obelisk, 3422 Field-and-forest relationship, 137–138 Flinders Petrie, 2774 Field-and-grove systems, 137–141 Flood Field-and-interstitial support trees damage controls, 2228–2229 spatially interstitial trees, 142–144 diversion channels, 2222–2224 temporally interstitial trees, 144 prone, 3753 Field-and-mixed home garden, agroforestry, Floodplains, 1547 140–141 Floral motif, 4503–4506, 4508, 4509 Field-and-sacred grove, agroforestry, 138–139 Florence chariot, 3229 Field-and-woodlot, agroforestry, 139–140 Florentine Codex, 4223 Fihrist,12 Flour milling techniques, 3251 Fiji architecture, 471–499 Flying fire-lance (feihuoqiang), 2139 Filāḥat al-Naba ṭiyyah (Nabataean Agriculture, by Ibn Fodder and fuel wood management, Waḥshiyyah), 2368 1742, 1743 Filosofie bantoue, 2505 Fofo, 3028 Fincas, 70, 3838 Folk and classical traditions in Indian knowledge Fine bronze mirrors, 3290 systems, 2443 Finger rings (kha^tim and yûzuk), 2404 Foma’i samoa, 3028 Finite geometric series, 1012 Fontana, Domenico, 3420 Finney, Ben, 3358 Food and Maori, 1901–1907 Finzi, Mordekhai, 10 Food plants, medicinal, 2918–2923 Fiqh al-ḥisāb (Science of Calculation), 1387, 2318, 2319, Food production systems 2320, 2838 Amazon, 1907–1918 Firdaws al-ḥikmah (Paradise of Wisdom), 284 contemporary (postcontact) systems, Fire arrows in Ancient Korea, 3796 1913–1918 Fire-emitting lance (tuhuoqiang), 2138 Paleo Systems (Pre-Agriculture), 1908–1910 Firelance (huoqiang), 2138 traditional (precontact) systems, 1910–1913 Index 4653

Food technology G Africa, 1920–1924 Gaa^aka (mathematician), 885 China, 1925–1927 Gabagaba, 542 Latin America, 1927–1929 Gaitian, 1943, 4619 Pacific Islands, 1930–1934 Galen preservation (see Preservation techniques) Al-Rāzī, 274–275 Food/victual mummies. See also Animal mummies humoral theory, 2948 Foreign technology, 2344–2348 Hunayn and, 2208–2209 Forensic medicine, China, 2980–2982 visual-ray hypothesis, 3449 Forest farming. See Agroforestry Galileo, 3515, 4189 Forest interculture. See Agroforestry Gallery (Riwaq) house, 439 Forest Products Research and Development Institute Gama settlements, 1977 (FPRDI), 949 Game of 58 holes, 898–899 Forestry Game of patolli, 900 exploitation, 1937–1938 Game of 20 squares, 895–898 India, 1934–1936 Gan De, 1944 industrial-age, 1939–1942 Gandhi, Mohandas, 4491 Japan, 1936–1942 Ganeuidae, 647 regenerative, 1938–1939 Ganeui, in Yeoju, 647 Forest swiddens, 145. See also Swidden Ganga, steamers, 3343 agriculture Gangue, 3188, 3197 Forge-welding method, 3185 Gaṇita (mathematics), 809 Formal mining, 3269 Gaṇita Kaumudī, 582, 1018, 1385, 2047, 3319, 3320, Formative Period, 3236, 3237 3410 Fortifications/siege, 425–426 Ganitapāda, 2749 military technology in Ancient Egypt, Gaṇitasārakaumudī, 2601, 2602 3230–3234 Gaṇitasārasaṃgraha, 2620, 3409, 3587 Forum Julium, 3426, 3429 Gaṇitatilaka, 4012. See also Śrīpati Founder crops Gaṇita-Yuktibhāṣā, 2427 of Near Eastern agriculture, 3550 Ganpyongilgui, 651 of Neolithic agriculture, 114 Ganza (Tamil kamsa), 4480 Four Noble Truths, 1676 Gao zhuan tong che, 2894 Foxtail millet, 3240–3242, 3244 Gara industry, 1535–1536 Fractions, 2771–2772 Garamantian ashlar masonry temple at Germa, 353 Fractures, 4527 Garamantian pyramidal tombs at El Hatir, 351 Franklin, Benjamin, 1353, 1558 Garbha g ṛha, 1416, 1425 Franz Tichy’s hypothesis, 3606 Garbha Upanishad, 2488 Freeze-drying techniques, 1661 Garcilaso, 1809 Freezing, 1932–1933 Garden of Eden, 102, 1651, 1963 French colonial villas, Hanoi, 399 Garden of Iztapalapa, 1801 French Guinea, 388 Gardens French-style, in Hanoi, 397–399 Ancient Egypt, 1944–1950 Freud, Sigmund, 4490 Egypt, 3473–3477 Freyle, Juan Diaz, 1370, 3906 Islamic World, 1963–1968 Friedman, Susan, 3556 Japan Fry drying, 1933 early centuries, 1950–1951 Fryer, John, 1197 Edo Period (1603-1867), 1957–1958 Fūdo, 1679. See also Watsuji, Tetsuro Heian Period (794-1185), 1952–1954 Fujita Sadasuke, 153, 166 Kamakura Period (1185-1334), 1954–1955 Fukyu Tetsu-jutsu (Inductive Methods), 4138 Later Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Fuller, Thomas, 2754 1958–1961 Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut, 4547 Momoyama Period (1573-1603), 1956–1957 Furen Da Quan Liang Fang, 2917 Muromachi Period (1334-1573), 1955–1956 Fu Renjun, 4362. See also Wang Xiaotong Nara Period (710-784), 1951–1952 Fusayfisa, 2106 Gargasaṃhitā, 2601 Fustat, Quseir el-Qadim, 2107 Gargilla, 1719, 1720 Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (The Bezels of Wisdom), Garimpo (illegal artisanal mining), 3266, 3268 2284 Garua, 2229 Futsudankai tojutsu, 2793 Gautama, Siddhārtha, 629, 680, 1676, 3414, 3415 4654 Index

Geertz, Clifford, 4238, 4239 Arabic mathematics, 2787–2788 Ge Hong, 1970–1972 Babylonia, 2017 Gemstones, 4025, 4028, 4031 China and far East, 2020 Gemu (Pattern Catalog), 2981 Chinese mathematics, 2037–2044 General History of Things of New Spain, 1591 Egypt, 2016–2017, 2074–2076 Genetic modification, crop development and, 119 India, 2045–2048 Genetics, geobotany and, 3551 Islamic art Genkei, Nakane, 4139 cultural expression, 2060–2061 Gentelle, P., 2380 forms and patterns, circle divisions, Geobotany and genetics, 3551 2050–2055 Geodesy, 1972–1973 girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057 Geoglyphs, 3380 handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology, 2691 patterns in plane, 2049–2050 Geographical knowledge periodic and quasiperiodic patterns, 2057–2058 Ancient Sri Lanka service of religion, 2049 cartography, 1977–1978 Islamic mathematics, 2065–2070 geography, 1975–1976 Japanese mathematics, 2070–2072 island information, 1976–1977 Mesopotamia, 2073–2074 land surveying and design of irrigation systems, pre-Columbian America, 2021 1978–1980 Geranium, 1735–1736 Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975 Geranium maculatum, 1734 in non-western cultures Gerard of Cremona, 198, 217, 1582, 1600, 4013 mythic creation of the world, 1981–1982 Gerdes, Paulus, 2727, 2752 nature and humanity, 1982–1983 Gereh-sāzī, 2056 sense of place, 1983–1984 Gersonides, 2551–2552. See also Levi ben Gerson sustaining natural and human place, 1984–1985 Gerson, Levi ben, 4619 Geography (di li), 1985 Geshu Bu (Supplement to Geometric Optics), 3446 Al-Bīrūnī and, 175–176 Gesture numeration, Africa, 3405 China, 1985–1986 Ge-Xiang Xin-Shu, 3445 India, 1987–1995 Gezer calendar, 267 Islamic world, 2002–2005 Gharā ˒ib al-ḥisābwa˓ajā ˒ib al-ḥussāb, 3324 Mesoamerica, 1996–2001 Ghaṫī-yantra, 638 native North Americans Ghāyat al-hakīm contemporary, 2010–2011 astronomy and calendar, 4331 creation stories, 2007 pilgrimage to Mecca, 4330 cultural conflict and emergent identities, Qaul ˓alā ajnās allatị bi’l-arb˓aa, 4331 2009–2010 quadrangle, 4331 location, territoriality, and cultural boundaries, Rubàīyāt, 4331 2007–2008 treatises for mathematics history, 4330–4331 resource adaptation, 2008–2009 Ghayl irrigation, 2248 traditional native geography, 2006–2007 Al-Ghazāli, 1579, 1580, 2568, 4270 of plant domestication, 3551 Ghe bāu, 936 Geology, Ajanta, 164 Ghe ca^u, 936 Geomancy Ghe cà vom, 944 China, 1566–1567, 2012–2014, 3519 Ghe chāi, 944 Islamic world, 2014–2016 Ghe giā, 936 and Maya city planning, 1312 Ghe gió lūon, 929 Geomantia, 2014 Ghe nang, 936 Geometria Indivisibilibus, 2040 Ghe noc, 942 Geometric motif, 4508 Ghe not, 942 Geometry Ghosh, Aurobindo, 4491 Africa, 2035–2036 Ghulām Ḥusain Jaunpūrī, 2077–2080 America Ghurghuria, 2418 archaeoastronomy, 2024–2025 Gia Long, 926 building technology, 2024–2025 Gill, Sam, 1683 ceremonial centers of Mesoamerica, 2025–2034 Girasandesaya, 1974 ceremonial centers of Peru, 2022–2023 Girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057 pre-Euclidean geometry, 2024–2025 Girituṅga, 2168 Ancient India, 2017–2019 Glasenapp, Helmut von, 1572 Index 4655

Glass Gofukujaku, 4461 China Golādhyāya, 2519, 2561 contemporary glassmaking, 2085–2086 Goladīpikā, 2426 glass workshops at Boshan, 2082–2084 Goladīpikā I, 3495 imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085 Golasāra, 2427 initial stage, 2081–2082 Golavid (Master of Spherics), 2426, 2590, 2591 new methods of décor, 2085 Gola-yantra, 638. See also Armillary sphere regional glass workshops, 2085 Gold Egypt in Andes, 2129–2132 earliest evidence, 2087–2088 dhahab, altûn, 2406 glass industry, 2090–2091 in Mesopotamia, 3190–3191 invention, 2086–2087 nuggets (habb), 2407 perception, 2090 Golden Bowl of Djehuty, 4550 technology, 2088–2090 Golden Elixir, 178 India, 2095–2103 Gold mining Ancient Indian glass, 2093–2095 ancient Egypt, 3248 Ancient literature, 2095 Mongolia, 2133–2135 beads, 2096–2103 sites in Eastern Desert, 3252 faience, 2093 Gold production glazes, 2092–2093 Arab Times, 3261–3263 Indian glass, 2092 New Kingdom times, 3250–3258 Middle East Old And Middle Kingdom times, 3249–3250 Arabia and Gulf areas, 2109–2110 Predynastic and Early dynastic times, 3248–3249 Ayyubid Times (1171-1250), 2106–2107 Roman and Byzantine times, 3261 colored glass bangles, 2110–2112 Gold weights, Akan, 4432–4435 Crusader Times (1094-1187), 2106 Golius, Jacob, 198 Fatimid Caliphates (1069-1171), 2106 Gonbad-e Qabus, 2052 Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia, 2108–2109 Gonbad-e Sorkh, 2054 Near-East, 2106 Gong Qingxuan, 2975 Ottoman Times (14th-19th), 2107–2108 Goodman-Martínez-Thompson, 2571 origin of, 4190 Goodman, Ronald, 1685 Zhou dynasty and, 3517 Gorasaṃ rasavarya, 2167 Glazed tiles, 367–372 Gossypium spp., 4222 Glazes in China Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies), 2665 color and texture, 2121–2124 Gotu kola (Centella asiatica), 1772 crystalline phase-separated, 2115 Gou-Gu theorem, 2135–2137 high-fired/low-fired, 2113–2114 Gou-square, 2136 high-iron, 2115–2118 Govindasvāmin, 3495 phase-separated, 2114–2115 Grahacāranibandhana, 2167, 2426 physicochemical basis, 2114 Grahādhyayā, 2519 transparent vitreous, 2118–2121 Grahagaṇitādhyāya, 2561 Gliding repetition pitch, 18 Grahaṇamaṇḍana, 3495 Globalization, Africa, 972 Grahaṇanyāyadīpikā, 3495 Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, 1455 Grahaṇāṣṭaka, 3495 Globes, 2124–2126 Grahasiddhi, 2619 Glucose, 4280 Grand Canal map, 2642 Glycine max, 1719 Grand Canary Island, 2734–2737 Glycoalkaloids, 3563 Grand Music Masters, 22 Glyph-block in Maya writing, 4570–4573 Grano salis, 2556 Gnammas, 4377 Grantha script in Indian writing, 4558 Gnomons, 2889 Graph theory, 2723 India Grass caryopses, 3241 cardinal directions, 2126–2127 Grass script (caoshu), 4538–4539 noon shadow, 2127–2128 Great Conjunctions, 2717 Goa, boats in, 901–918 Greater Syria, mausoleums of, 2865–2866 Gobineau, Comte de, 4350 Great Kumbha, 4374 God Hapi, 3399–3400 Great Lakes (USA), 3325 Godin Tepe (Iran), wine, 4498 copper mining in, 3284–3289 God Nile, 3389, 3390 Great Mosque of Cordoba, 2050 4656 Index

Great Mosque of Devriği, 364, 365 Gunungan, 4508 Great Mosque of Jogjakarta, 413 Guo Shoujing, 2140–2141, 4189, 4255, 4620 Great Mosque of Qayrawan, 369 Guó Yū,21 Great Pyramid, 4438 Gupta script, 808 Cholula, 3614, 3619, 3620 Gurruṯu, 2842–2847 Gizeh, 4549 Gurumukhī script, 4558 Great seal script, of Chinese writing, 4537 Gurutva, 2562 Great Temple, in Mesoamerica, 3624 Gurvitch, Georges, 4238 Greco-Egyptian papyrus, 219 Gu-square, 2136 Greco-Indian calendar, 1041, 1043 Gutenberg, Johannes, 1553 Greco-Roman classification, of musical instruments, 22 Gyoki-type maps, 2665 Greco-Syriac medicine, 2991 Gypsum plaster, 4300 Greek astronomy, 3541 calendars, 1027 H cosmological theory, 4015 Haab, 1032 Fire, 2138 Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib, 2124, 2344 geometry, 2727 Habshis, 3333 mathematics, 2787, 2803 Hadā’iq al-Nujūm (Gardens of Astronomy), 3691–3694 planetary models, 3539, 3540 Hadib, 968 Greek Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 3349 Ḥadīth, 224, 1058, 2990 Green-glazed porcelain (celadon), 1107–1108 Hadrian obelisk, 3430, 3431 Green revolution, 3499, 3504 Hagenia abyssinica, 1713 Green tea. See also Tea Ha-ḥibbur ha-gadol (The Great Composition), 4659 Japanese market, 4156 Haidao suanjing, 2020, 2037–2038 powdered, 4154–4155 Haider, Gulzar, 1674 production of, 4156 Hainan island map, 2641 Uji-method, 4156 Hair in Egypt, 2148–2154, 2344–2148 Gregorian calendar, 2732, 4244, 4245 Hairstyling technology, 2155–2163 Gregory, James, 4189 Al-Ḥajjāj, 220 Grenet, F., 2380 Hajji Firuz Tepe (Iran), wine, 4498 Grewia tiliaefolia, 2490 Hamam, 2199 Grigorev, G. V., 2373 Al-Hamdānī Grishma (summer), 1992 astronomer, 225 Groslier, Bernard-Philippe, 4386–4388 background and life, 221–222 Group writing, 4566 economist, 225–226 Guachimontón precinct, 422 faqīh, 223–224 Guanahani, 1364 geographer, 222–223 Guanche necklace, 2738 historian, 224 Guanding jing, 1518 man, 227 Guang yutu, 2639, 2642 metallurgist, 226 Guan yin zi, 4164 philologist, 223 Guan Zi, 23, 1901, 2613 philosopher, 224–225 Guatemala, 514–518 physician, 226–227 Gudur glass factory, 2092 poet, 223 Guide for the Perplexed, 2169, 2834 Hampicamayoc, 1809 Guizotia abyssinca, 1713–1714 Hampicamayok, 1809 Gujin Yitong Daquan (Medical Tradition of the Past and of Han bronze clepsydra, 2890 the Present), 2905 Han-Chinese medical system, 2974 Gulyamov, Ya. G., 2373, 2376, 2378 Handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060 Gun, 2417 Hand-cranked drills, stoneworkers, 4305, 4306 Gunaka (prakrti), 1018 Han Dynasty (China), 3517, 3525, 3596 Guṇas, 2907 Eastern, 2890–2894 Gunpowder, 1552, 1553, 2138–2139. See also Military Hanh, Thich Nhat, 1631–1632 technology Hanoi empires, 4159 architecture, 393–402 in Europe, 1565 Opera House, 398 technology, 3223, 3224 Red River North, 402 Gunshi (Army Town), 2434 Han Qi, 2819 Index 4657

Han shi san lun. See Huangfu Mi Hengxing (fixed stars), 4016 Hanshu, 891 Henkei Jutsu, 2072 Han Ximeng, embroidery, 1613, 1614 Herbalism, 3018 Hanyu Pinyin system, 4538 Herbal medicine, Australian Aboriginal people, Han Zou Li, 3519 3071–3072 Happo ryakuketsu, 2794 Herbal pesticides, in India, 3501 Harappa Herbolarios, 1759, 1760 civilization (see also Indus River Valley) Heritiera littoralis, 950 numeration system, 2782 Herodotus, 1551, 1560, 3399, 3400, 3401 pest control in, 3498 Heron of Alexandria, 4189 quarries in, 3647–3659 Hetepheres’ furniture, 4513 Hardaliye, 2164–2166 Heumgyeonggaknu (water clock). See also Clocks and Hardy, G. H., 3695 watches Haridatta, 2167–2168 Heumgyonggaknu, 648 Harmonices Mundi, 2058 Heyerdahl, Thor, 3357 Harmonic swiddens, agroforestry, 145–150 Heywoods Harpoon, 956 pot-lined water holes, 4402–4403 Harrapan city culture, 2906 wood-lined water hole, 4402 Harriot, Thomas, 4189 Hezekiah’s tunnel, 4406, 4407 Harris Papyrus, 4445 Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥa we ha-Tishboret, 2833–2834 Harvest technology, Egypt, 3465–3468, 3470 Hibiscus mutabilis, 3494 Ḥasdai Crescas, 2167–2168 Hidden in Plain View, Jacqueline Tobin (1999), 2746 Al-Hāshimī, 230 Hidetosi Fukagawa, 3457 Hastyāyurveda (The Āyurveda of Elephants), 4343 Hieroglyphic Alphabet, 4565 Hatshepsut, 3422 Hieroglyphic stairway, of temple, 533 Hatsubi sampo (Mathematical Methods for Finding Hijra, 1025 Details, 1674), 2793, 4137 Hijrī year, 4246 Hatsubi sampo endan genkai, 2794–2795 Hindu-Arabic system, 2786 Ḥa ṭṭan-niqāb ˒an wujūh ˒ amāl al-ḥisāb, 2321 Hindu astronomers, 3540, 3565 Hawaii Hindu-Buddhist legacy, in Javanese architecture, 411–413 astronomy, 684–692 Hindu-Buddhist maps, 2678 calendars, 1026 Hinduism, 212, 403, 411, 412, 1556, 1573, 1627, 1819, Hawai’iloa, 3345 1935, 2537, 2596, 2619, 2678, 2900, 2985, Hay’a, 2170–2171, 2171 4221 Hay’at al-ālam, 2170 Hindu model, 3540 Haytham’s synthesis, 3522 Hippocratic medicine, 3056 Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, 2333–2334 Hippology, 4347–4348 Hazama Shigetomi, 2172–2173 Ḥisāb al-jabr w’al-muqābala, 2726 Hazārbāf, 365–366 Historiography, mathematical texts, 2720 Head, 2486 The History of Cartography, 2431 Healers, 2966–2967 A History of Western Technology (Klemm), 4164 Healing Ho Chi Minh Museum, 401 songs, Yawulyu ceremonies and, 3071 Hoernle, Rudolph, 2907 traditions in Africa, 2938–2940 Hogendijk, Jan, 2707 Health Sciences in India, 2173–2180 Hojin no ho, ensan no ho, 2794 Hearst Papyrus, 2968 Hokutoshichisei (Seven Stars of the Northern Ladle), 2434 Heavenly element (tian yuan), 2763 Holocene dune line, 3662 Hebei Province, 2637 Holography, 2180–2187 Hebrew Homo communicationis, 2505 Bible, 1650–1652 Homo erectus, 954 handwriting, 4568 Homo faber, 4164–4166, 4171 People, mathematics, 2833–2836 Homo sapiens, 956 thoughts, environment and nature in, 1647–1652 Homo socialis, 2505 weights and measures of, 4474–4478 Honduras, 515, 516 Heb sed, 2147 Honey Heiau, 659 meat preservation, 2886 Heliocentric system, 3693 and medicine, 2187–2194 Hellenistic astrology. See also Astrology Hongaeilgui, 651 Hemudu culture, wells, 4483–4484 Hong Duc Ban Do (Maps of the Hongduc Era), 2683–2684 4658 Index

Hong-Key Yoon, 1984 Huntian (continuous heaven), 1567, 1943, 2209–2210, Hong Tae-yong, 2798 2210, 2439 Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chi to, 2668, 2669 Hunting Hooks, fishing, 1875 Amazonia, 2210–2214 Hookworm disease, prevalence, 2932–2933 aquatic environments, 340–341 Hopea species, 950 Hunyi (armillary spheres), 2553 Horāsāroccaya,30 Huolong Jing (Book of Fire Dragon), 2139, 2898 Horn Book for the Law of Storms, 3217 Huolong Shenqi Zhenfa (Array of Magic Instruments of Horn Book of Storms for the India and China Seas, 3217 Fire Dragon), 2898 Horner-Ruffini method, 2726 Huoqi zhenjue, 2557 Horn of Africa, 1620 Huoshaogou, 3106 Horologium, 3428 Hushi qimi, 2556 Horoscopes, 2663 Huygens, Christiaan, 4191 Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), 3544 Hyangyak Gugeupbang, 3004 Horticultural ethnobotany, 1704 Hyangyak Jipseongbang (Great Collection of Native Horus-cippi, 2969 Korean Prescriptions), 3005 Horus-eye notation, 4440 Hydraulic civilization theory, 1616 Horus-eye numeration system, 2779 Hydraulic engineering, 1616, 1617, 1619, 4181 Horus in Edfu, 4192 Ancient Peru, 2210–2232 Hospitals and medical schools, Ottoman Empire, Angkor, 2215–2219 2193–2203 and Bolivia, 2210–2232 Hou Han Shu (History of the Eastern Han Dynasty), 2574, Petra, 2233–2243 2575, 2890, 2892 Hydraulic mining, 2133 House Hydraulic sluicing, 2133 building tools, 489 Hydraulic systems, in Middle East, 2244–2260 Java, 403–410 Hydraulic technology, in Egypt, 2264–2266 Palestine, 434–442 Hydrogen peroxide, 2193 Huacas, 2025, 3309 Hydrologic engineering, Tiwanaku, 2267–2280 Hua Hengfang, 2767 Hyksos, 3228 Huai Nan Wan Bi Shu, 3446, 3519 Hymn To All Magic And Medicinal Huai Nan Zi, 2037, 3517, 3518 Plants, 2190 Huangchao zhi sheng fu ting zhou xian quantu, 2646 Hypericum hypericoides, 1732 Huangdi jiuding shendan jing, 2204–2205 Hypericum perforatum, 1733 Huangdi Jiuzhang Suanjing Xicao, 2409 Huangdi Neijing, 26, 2205, 2904, 2915, 2916, 2918, 4293, 4587, 4618 I Taisu (Great Simplicity), 2205 Iban calendar, 761–762 Huangfu Mi, 2915, 2916, 2975, 4618, 4619 Iberian peninsula, 1561 Huanghe tu, 2647 Ibn ˓Abbād, 2283–2284 Huang Sheng, 4215 Ibn Abī Manṣūr, Yaḥyā, 4583 Huanucopampa, 2473 Ibn al-˓Alam, 2286–2287 Huari shirts, 4229–4230 Ibn al-˓Arabī, 2284–2286 Huayara, 3160 Ibn al-Bannā ˒, 2287–2288, 2839–2840 Hua yi tu, 2639, 2640 Ibn al-Bayṭār, 2288–2289 Huayna Picchu, 2581, 2582 Ibn al-Hā˒im, 2289 Hugo Pereyra Sánchez, 4593 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2067, 2289–2293, 3219, 3448, Huia Nan Zi (Book of Huai-Nan), 4189 3449, 3450, 3451, 3521, 3522, 4190 Hujjat, 2198 astronomy, 2293 Ḥullin, 3054 mathematics, 2290–2292 Human optics, 2292–2293 embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489 Ibn al-Kammād, 2289, 2294 fetus, 2479–2480 Ibn al-Majūsī, 2294–2295 gestation and 260-day calendar, 2480 Ibn al-Nafīs, 2295–2297 infant, 2480 Ibn al-Quff (al-Karakī), 2297–2298 Human intention (consciousness), 3553 Ibn al-Raqqām, 2299 Humayun’s tomb, 377 Ibn al-Shāṭir, 2299–2301 Humoral theory, 3051 Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 2302–2304 Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, 2207–2209, 2994, 3522 mathematical writings, 2302–2303 Hun hun ran, 2209 Ibn al-Zarqāllu, 14, 2304–2305 Index 4659

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, 2305–2306, 3341 ethnobotany of, 1808–1816 Ibn Buṭlān, 2306–2307 knowledge systems, 2471–2476 Ibn Ghaleb, Muhammad ibn Suleyman. See also Iran, herbalist-physician, 1809 veterinary medicine in mathematics Ibn Hawqal, 2308 astronomy, 1844 maps of, 2702 climatic aspects, 1834–1836 Ibn Hubal, 2309 counting, 1838–1840, 1844 Ibn Isḥāq al-Tūnisī, 2310 cultural groups, 1836–1837 Ibn Juljul, 2310–2311 design patterns, 1840, 1841, 1842 Ibn Jumay ˒, 2311–2312 environmental aspects, 1834–1836 Ibn Khaldūn, 2312–2313, 4128, 4131 even numbers, 1844 Ibn Khurdādhbih, 2313–2314 gender and, 1840–1844 Ibn Mājid, 2314–2315 geographic aspects, 1834–1836 Ibn Māsawayh, 2315–2317 pairs, 1844 Ibn Mu˓ādh, 2317–2318, 3219 Quechua number words, 1837–1838 Ibn Mun˓im, 2318–2320 symmetry patterns, 1838–1840 Ibn Qunfudh, 2320–2321 weaving patterns, 1838–1840, 1843 Ibn Qutayba, 2322 yupana, 1844–1847 Ibn Riḍwān, 2322–2324 medicine, 1754–1755 Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 2324–2325, 2568, 3220 in South America, 1591 Ibn Sahl, 2292, 2325–2327 textile, 4230 Ibn Sarabi (Serapion), 2327–2328 Incendiary arrow(huojian), 2138. See also Rockets Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 2328–2330, 2975, 3220, 3522 Incense burner, 2895 medicine, 2329–2330 Indeterminate equations, Islamic number theory, psychology, 2330 3411–3412 Ibn Ṭāriq, Y˓aqūb, 4584–4585 India Ibn Ṭāwūs, 2331–2332 agriculture, 32, 47–48 Ibn Tibbon, 2332–2333 algebra, 204–206 see (Bījagaṇita) Ibn Ṭufayl, 2333–2334 alum production, 4180 Ibn Wāfid, 2334–2335 ancient Ibn Yūnus, 2335–2336 calendars, 1029–1031 Ibn Zḥuhr, 2336–2337 cities and town, 1257–1258 Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān, 2338–2339 computation, 1398–1400 Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān Ibn Thābit, 2066 consciousness, 1403–1406 Ice lens experiment, 3447 cosmetic surgery, 1414–1415 ICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute for environment and nature in, 1698–1703 the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) glasses of, 2093–2095 Idai (bequeathed questions) mechanism, 3890 obstetrics, 1203–1204 Al-Idrīsī, 231–232 surgery in, trepanation, 4102 world map, 2702 surveying in, 4108–4109 Igba, 2724 architecture and landscape, 374–378 Igbo Ukwu, 3101 arithmetic, 581–582 (see also Pāṭīgaṇita) Ikhwān al-Ṣafā ˒, 2340–2341 armillary spheres in, 587–588 Ikkan-bari, 644 astrology, 630–633, 4625–4627 ˓Ilm al-hay’a, 2170 astronomy, 3564 ˓Ilm al-hiyal, 3521 instruments, 636–641 ˓Ilm al-isāb (arithmetic), 2754 mean motions in, 2880–2884 ˓Ilm al-manāẓir, 3448–3449 Buddhist art in, 4478 ʿIlm al-raml (the science of sand), 2014 Buddhist culture, 2900–2901 Immanence, 4266–4267 calendars, 1041–1044 Imperial court, tea drinking, 4154–4155 cave architecture, 1065–1071 Imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085 childbirth, 1203–1206 In The Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Thoughts, 4141, 4142 Medieval Ages and later, 1205 Inca city planning, cities and town, 1306–1310 modern obstetrics, 1205–1206 Inca Cueva (Inca Cave), 836–837 obstetrics, 1203–1204 Inca Empire, 2581–2590 populace, 1204–1205 Incan Sidereal year calendars, 1028–1029 chronological development, 4367 Incas cities and town calendar (see also Calendars) ancient town planning, 1268–1270 4660 Index

India (cont.) seed containers, 3773–3775 colonial town planning, 1273–1275 underground storage, 3775 early modern town planning, 1270–1273 physics, 3519–3521, 3527–3529 modern town planning, 1275–1277 Ancient India (2000 BCE-AD 800), 3527–3529 climate change, 1702–1703 atomic theory, 3520 coir, 1341–1345 doctrine of five elements (panñcamahabhūtas), 3520 colonialism and science, 1359–1362 Medieval India (AD 800-1800), 3529 combinatorics, mathematics, 1383–1385 Modern India (AD 1800-Present), 3529 cosmologies, 1416–1428 planetary models in, 3538–3542 cotton, 1458–1461 plant domestication in, 3542–3546 decimal system, 1487–1489, 1492–1503 prehistoric period, 293 East and West, 1569–1574 protohistoric period, 293 ecology in, 1692–1695, 1701 rangoli in, 3705–3706 environment and nature in, 1670–1672 reservoirs in, 4376–4384 ethnobotany in, 1716–1722 rice European science, 4338 alcoholic beverages, 3754 food plants, 1718–1720 by-products, 3754 forestry, 1934–1936 climatic factors affecting, 3753 geography, 1987–1995 diverse ecological situations, 3753 geometry, 2017–2019, 2045–2048 festivals and ceremonies, 3755 glass, 2095–2103 fields reclamation, 3738–3740 Ancient Indian glass, 2093–2095 flooding, 3753 Ancient literature, 2095 forms, 3756–3757 beads, 2096–2103 goddesses, 3756 faience, 2093 in Indian folklore, 3755 glazes, 2092–2093 irrigated ecosystem, 3753 Indian glass, 2092 medicinal values, 3755 gnomon rainfed lowland, 3753 cardinal directions, 2126–2127 and religion, 3755 noon shadow, 2127–2128 in Rites de Passages (Sanskara), 3756 historic period, 293–299 specialty rices, 3754 Indian astronomy in China, 791–794 upland rice fields, 3753 iron weeding and harvesting, 3753–3754 death of, 3186 Ṛigveda, 4368, 4371 metallurgy of ancient, 3180–3186 river basins of, 4373–4374 irrigation in, 2361–2365 rockets in, 3806–3816 Kerala School, 2428–2429 salt in, 3824, 3834–3835 knowledge systems, 2440–2443 sea and inland navigation, 3339–3344 astronomy and mathematics, 2442 ship building (Wadia Shipbuilders) folk and classical traditions in, 2443 coastal boats, 3986 linguistics, 2441–2442 racism, 3986–3987 liquor producing plants, 1721 steam navigation, 3987–3988 looms in, 4219, 4220 to textile industry, 3988 magic squares in, 2600–2607 socio-religious and socio-cultural plants, 1721–1722 maps and mapmaking in, 2662–2664 spirit/spiritual in, 3853 Marco Polo, 3340 surgery in Ancient India, trepanation, 4102 mathematics, 1553, 2781–2784 Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106 PI in, 3535–3536 Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104 trigonometry in, 4322–4326 history, 4100 medical ethics in, 2900, 2906–2909 magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102 medicinal plants, 1721 for medical reasons, 4101 medicine (see Āyurveda) pseudo-trephinations, 4102 medicine and colonialism in, 2923–2929 surveying in, 4108–4109 metal mirrors from, 3290–3296 tea in, 4146–4153 number theory in, 3407–3410 technology in, 4162–4163 observatories in, 3435–3440 textiles, 4162, 4178, 4219–4222 paddy grain storage history, 4219 government level, 3772 industry, 4518–4519 producer level, 3773 production, 3577 Index 4661

tool recycling in, 4293–4299 Inevatkina, O. N., 2379 traditional costumes, 4220–4221 Infanticide, China, 1871 trepanation in, 4102 Injera, 965, 969 Vedic thoughts, 1702–1703 Inkas. See Incas veterinary medicine in, 4342–4345 Inland navigation war rockets in, 4364–4366 Amazonia, 3360–3365 water in, 4367–4375 China, 3336–3339 water management in, 4376–4384 India, 3339–3344 weights and measures in, 4466–4467 Inland Niger Delta (IND), 3744 wool in, 4516–4519 Inner Asia architecture, 550–580 writing in, 4554–4561 Inoculation, 2349–2350 zinc production in, 4623 Ino Tadataka, 2348 zodiac in, 4625–4627 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), 4356 Indian circle, 2128 The Instruction of Merikare, 4544 Indian Independence Act (1947), 3577 Integrated pest management (IPM), 3501 Indian Ocean navigation, 3349–3354 Intellectual property, 2451 Indian philanthropy and western medicine, 3506–3508 Internal base diameter (IBD), 3166 Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century International Campaign for Tibet, 1633 (Dharampal), 4167, 4170 International Council for Science (ICSU)), 2463 Indian Tea Association (ITA), 4148, 4150 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Indian Tea Market Expansion Board (ITMEB), 4148, Tropics (ICRISAT), 3503 4149, 4150 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 3282 Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), 4354 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 4533 Indigenous ecology, Amazon, 1654–1656 International Rice Research Institute, 50 Indigenous health systems, traditional, 3069–3070 Interpolator (kṣepa), 2402 Indigenous knowledge. See Knowledge systems Interpretation of Cultures, 2498. See also Geertz, Africa, 2501–2503 Clifford and critics, 2503–2504 In The Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Thoughts, ecosystem, 2506–2507 4141, 4142 philosophy, 2504–2506 Intromission theory, 3522 social organization, 2507–2508 Inuit Indigenous Ottoman medicine, 3048 calendars, 1027 Indigenous plants, 1782–1783 clothing, 4157, 4173 Indigenous technology, 2343–2344 Ionian astronomer, 2803 Indigo Ipeca (Carapichea ipecacuanha), 1797 beating vat, 2345–2346 IPM. See Integrated pest management (IPM) in Bengal, 2342–2348 Ipomea mauritiana, 2178 dyeing, Sierra Leone, 1534–1536 iQhugwane, 444–445 manufacturing, 2344 Iran planting of, 2342–2343 astronomy, 2785 press and cake cutting machine, 2347 glass, 2108–2109 pumping up, 2345, 2346 Godin Tepe, 4498 table, 2346 Hajji Firuz Tepe, 4498 Indo-Malay Archipelago astronomy, 755–767 veterinary medicine in, 4346–4350 Indonesia Iraq glass, 2108–2109 agriculture, 49–52 Iron Age boats in, 919–925 Ancient Israel, 1207–1213 cotton, 1461–1465 Israel, water systems, 4377–4379, 4403–4407 Indo-Tibetan astronomy, 779–782 Jerusalem’s water systems, 4406–4407 Indus Civilization, 3659 town planning, 1210–1213 Indus River Valley, 3187 Iron and steel, metallurgy of ancient Indian, 3180–3186 Indus script, 4554–4555 classification, 3182–3184 Industrial-age forestry, 1939–1942 death of iron, 3186 Industrial mining, Angola, 3268–3270 metal extraction, 3180–3182 Indus Valley microstructures, 3184–3186 fishing, 1889–1893 Iron lamellar armor, 596–598 script, 3535 Iron pillar weights and measures in, 4473–4474 composition analyses, 2354 Inequity, 4267 corrosion resistance, 2355–2357 4662 Index

Iron pillar (cont.) knowledge transmission, 1576–1580 Delhi, 2350–2357 laws of inheritance, 3726 engineering design, 2351–2352 Lunar Calendar, 3721–3722 manufacturing methodology, 2353–2355 lunar mansions, 2577–2578 Iron production, 3098 maps centered on Mecca, 2707–2709 Ironware, 2888 mathematics, 583–586, 2065–2070, 2785–2789 Irrigation algebra, 207–211 Arabian, 1483–1485 magic squares in, 2607–2610 canals, 4413–4415 number theory in, 3411–3412 Egypt, 2358–2360, 3463–3465 trigonometry in, 4326–4328 historical development of, 2364–2365 mathematics in, 2785–2789 India, 2361–2365 medical ethics in, 2910–2911 Islamic world, 2367–2369 medicine in, 2990–2997 modern times, 2370 Metric systems, 4449 and Nilometer, 3398–3402 nature in, 4337 religious sanction, 2365 physics, 3521–3522 Samarkand, 2370–2381 qibla (direction to Mecca), 3730 social arrangements, 2365 religious life and science, 3727 social-political implications, 2380–2381 sign-verses, 3729 South America, 2365–2367 sundials in, 4086–4090 Sri Lanka, 2361–2365 Sunna principle, 3731 technologies, 2362–2363 surveying in, 4110–4111 water conveyance, 2363–2364 Tafakkur method, 3730 water intake, 2370–2373 technology of, 1618, 1619 Ir-sheeny, 2150 time in, 4245–4247 Isa Tarjaman, 2383 weights and measures in, 4447–4460 Isatis tinctoria, 2144 zodiac in, 4627–4628 Isfahan world maps, 2708 Islamic art Ishango Bone, 2383–2385, 2722, 2774, 2775 cultural expression, 2060–2061 Isḥāq Ibn Ḥunayn, 2385–2386 forms and patterns, circle divisions, Islaḥ al-Majis ṭī (The Perfection of the Almagest), 2387, 2050–2055 4327 girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057 Iṣlāḥ li-kitāb al-Uṣūl, 2067 handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060 Islam, 2596 patterns in plane, 2049–2050 alchemy, 180–182 periodic and quasiperiodic patterns, 2057–2058 architectural decoration service of religion, 2049 Ablaq, 363–364 Islamic calendars, 1025–1026, 1044–1047 bricks, 364–367 Islamic celestial globes, 2125 glazed tiles, 367–372 Islamic fasting, 3643 history and techniques, 357–360 Islamic legacy, in Javanese architecture, 413–414 by media, 362–363 Islamic prayer times, qibla and, 3642–3645 purpose and transmission, 360–362 Islamic square, 2600 stone, 363 Islamic terrestrial maps stucco, 372–373 Al-Idrīsī’s world map, 2702 astrology, 633–636 Ibn Hawqal’s map, 2702 celestial mapping, 2698–2700 Istanbul map, 2706 combinatorics, 1385–1388 map use, 2706 daily prayers plan of fortress of Van, 2704 aṣr (afternoon prayer), 3722 plan of Turkish bath, 2705 astronomical tables, 3723 practice, 2702–2705 determination of times, 3722–3723 sacred geography, 2703 fajr (dawn prayer), 3722 theory, 2705–2706 ishā ˒ (evening prayer), 3722 Yāqūt’s climate map, 2703 maghrib (sunset prayer), 3722 Islamic world prayer direction, 3723–3726 agriculture, 98–101 Ẓuhr (noon prayer), 3722 astronomical instruments, 653–656 East and West, 1575–1584 astronomy, 767–778 environment and nature in, 1672–1674 comet and meteorite, 1391–1394 Euclid’s Elements in, 1599–1601 gardens, 1963–1968 Index 4663

geography, 2002–2005 Japan geomancy, 2014–2016 agriculture geometry, 2019–2020 climate, 53–54 irrigation in, 2367–2369 development of farming system in ancient, 55–58 mausoleums of, 2863–2866 influential trends of geography, 53–54 observatories in, 3440–3442 medieval ages, 55–58 optics in, 3447–3452 modernization, 60–62 physics in, 3530–3533 paddy rice, delayed start, 54–55 dynamics, 3532–3533 premodern age, 58–60 mechanics, 3531–3532 remarkable growth from very beginning, 54–55 nature of matter and causal laws, 3530–3531 transfiguration, 62–65 reception and transmission, 255–256 area measurement, 4461 technology in, 4181–4185 armor, 589–601 Israel astronomical instruments, 641–645 Bronze Ages, 1207–1213 astronomy, 693–707 cities and town, 1207–1213 basketry, 828–834 Iron Age town planning, 1210–1213 environment and nature in, 1675–1679 urbanization, 1207–1210 forestry, 1936–1942 Iron Ages, 1207–1213 gardens Al-Iṣṭakhrī, 810 early centuries, 1950–1951 Istanbul observatory, 3441, 3483 Edo Period (1603-1867), 1957–1958 Iṣtilāhāt-ī Taqwīm, 2080 Heian Period (794-1185), 1952–1954 I¯s´vara-pranidhāna, 4588 Kamakura Period (1185-1334), 1954–1955 ITA. See Indian Tea Association (ITA) Later Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ITMEB. See Indian Tea Market Expansion Board 1958–1961 (ITMEB) Momoyama Period (1573-1603), 1956–1957 Ivanitzkiy, I. D., 2379 Muromachi Period (1334-1573), 1955–1956 Ivory, 868 Nara Period (710-784), 1951–1952 Iztauhyatl, 1807 length measurement, 4460–4461 maps and mapmaking in, 2664–2666, 2696–2697 mass measurement, 4462–4464 J mathematics (wasan), 2070–2072, 2557, 2789–2795, Al-Jabarti, 232–236 4621 Jābir Ibn Aflaḥ, 2387–2388 education systems in, 2796 Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān, 2388–2389 magic squares in, 2610–2613 Jabr wa’l-muqābala (Algebra), 10 medicine in, 2997–3002 Jacob Staff, 2551 sawmill technology, 4236–4237 Jade, 2389 science in Jadeitite, 2389 astronomers and interpreters, 3893 Jade Mirror of Four Elements (1303), 2763 independent scholars and physicians, 3893–3894 Jaferiyye, 3537 samurai, 3894–3896 Jagannātha Samrā ṭ, 2397 traditional period, 3888–3893 Jaina theory, 3559 timber-handling technology in, 4233–4237 Jains tofuyo in, 4271–4280 cosmic cycle and, 1992 volume measurement, 4461–4462 syādavāda and, 2565 weights and measures in, 4460–4465 Jain, S. K., 1717–1718 writing in, 4561–4564 Jai Singh. See Sawai Jai Singh Japanese Archipelago Jamaica, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1364, 1592, 4077 horizontal plate armor, 591–596 Jamāl al-Dīn al-Baghdādī,15 lamellar armor, 600 Jambūdvīpa-prajñapt, 308 organic armor, 590–591 Jāmdāni, 4221 Japanese Temple Geometry Problems (Hidetosi Jāmi` Bahādurkhānī, 2078 Fukagawa), 3457 Jamshīd al-Kāshī, 4329 Japonica rice, 3771 Jamu, 4, 2400–2402 Jarrige, Jean-Francois, 4368 Jamu gendong, 2401 Jātaka, 633, 1629 Jamyeongjong (Self-Ringing Bell), 4254 Jātakābharaṇapaddhati,30 Janapada, 1994 Jatakakarmapaddhati, 3495 Jansen, Zacharias, 4189 Jatakapaddhati (A Course of Horoscopical Science), 3495 4664 Index

Jātaka tales, 1988, 1990, 1992 Jiskairumoko, 2130 Jat salt and telinea salt, 3829 Jiudan jing. See Huangdi jiuding shendan jing Java, architecture, 403–415 Jiu Fang,24 Javanese house, 403–410 Jiu Tang Shu, 4083 Javanica, 49 Jiuzhang, 2020 Jawāmi˓˓ilm al-nujūmwa’l-ḥarakāt alsamāwiyya, 198 Jiuzhang suanjing. See also Li Chunfeng Al-Jawharī, 237–238 Jiuzhang Suanshu (Nine Chapters in Mathematical Art), Jayadeva algebra, 2402–2403 2037–2040, 2409–2413, 2439, 2761–2764, Jaya Prakās´a, 3439 3533, 4362, 4612. See also Mathematics in Al-Jazarī, 239 China Al-Jazna’ī, 1322 Jiuzhi-li, 793 Jebel el Khubtha mountain, 2235 Jñānarāja’sBījādhyāya, 205 Jefferson, Thomas, 33 Jn˜āna Yoga, 4589–4590 Jenne-Jeno, 3099 Joffe, Alexander, 4495 Jerib, unit of measure, 99 Jogjakarta, Great Mosque, 413 Jerusalem’s water systems, 4406–4407 Jogjakarta Kraton, 415 Jesuit letterbooks, 1555 Joglo, 404, 406, 407 Jesuits in China, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648 Joints treatment, 4526 Jewelry Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) function, 2407–2408 medicine in Korea, 3004–3005 head to foot, 2403–2406 Joseph Edkins, 2555 inheritance, 2403, 2408 Josephus, Flavius, 1588, 4478 materials, 2406–2407 Joyo kanjihyo (List of General Use Chinese Characters), Ottoman Empire, 2403 4563 source, 2403 Juji hatsumei, 2794 women, men, 2407 Jujireki Bimmo, 166 Jewish Encyclopedia, 2716 Juji rekikei rissei, 2794 Jewish laws, 1650–1652, 4476 Junk, 2414–2415 Jhimpir, 3656, 3658 Junzi, 3718 Jhunjhunwala, Ashok, 1573 Jupiter, 619 Ji,23 Jurassic period, Tunisian stones, 3662 Jia Dan, 2637 Jurassic stones, 3662 Jia lianghu, 3533 Jurinea dolominaea, 1720 Jian (water mirrors), 3444, 3445 Jur in okme (JO), 2711 Jiang Nan Tong Zhi (Huang Zhijun), 4273 Al-Jurjānī, 240 Jiangxi method, 1867 Jute Jian kiln, 2117–2122 Bengal, 2415–3419 Jianniu, 2575 retting and stripping, 2416–2417 Jian yan fa (Method for Examination), 2981 spinning, 2417–2418 Jia Xian, 2409 weaving, 2418–2419 Jiddu Krishnamurti, 3856–3858 Jyeś ṭhadevan, 29 Jie an shi (Pattern for Winding Up a Case), 2981 Jyeṣṭhadeva, Yuktibhāṣā of, 4590–4591 Jigu Suanjing, 2761, 4362 Jyeṣṭha mūlam, 2402 Jihe yuanben, 2042 Jyopatti, 889 Jin Dynasty, 2894 Jyotīrmīmāmsā, 2427, 2428 Ji-nen, 1982 Jyotisa (astronomy), 862 Jingjing Lingchi (Treatise on Optics by an Untalented Jyotiṣapa ṭala, 2620 Scholar), 3446 Jyotis´aratnakos´a, 2518 Jing Luo, 24, 27 Jingshi (History of Optick Glasses), 4191 Jingui yaofang (Prescriptions in the Treasury of Medicine), K 1971 Kaaba, 2049 Jingui Yaolue Fang Lun, 2915 Kaambara, 3774 Jingxing (warp stars), 4016 Kabylian numeral system, 2732 Jinno shotoki (The Legitimate Succession of Divine Kacchapu ṭa, 2600–2601 Emperors, ca. 1340), 1676 Kachakara, 2095 Jinshu (History of the Jin Dynasty), 1971, 2553 Kadangas, 4358 Jin-Yuan Dynasties, 2976 kadi, 2198 Jishu huiqiu, 2557 Kaelib, 2711 Index 4665

Kahun papyrus, 2967 Karma, 2908 Kaibao Canon, 3601 Al-Kāshī, 242–243, 2066 Kaifuku dai no ho, 2071, 2793 Kashypiyakrishisukti, 3773 Kaihendai no ho, 2793 Ka statue of Mereruka, 4544 Kaiho honhen no ho, 2793 Katakana/katagana, 4564 Kaiho sanshiki, 2794 Katanda, 956 Kaindai no ho, 2793 Ka ṭapayādi system, 1013, 2167 Kaitai shinsho, 3001 Kathāvatthu, 3561 Kaiyuan Zhanjing (Kaiyuan Treatise on Astrology), 1944, Kaṭpayādi Nyāya, 2591 2693, 3533–3534 Katsushika Hokusai, 4144 Kalahari desert, 1620, 2752, 3317 Katsuyo sampo, 2794 Kalām, 794–795 Kātyāyana Śulbasūtras, 2045 Kala^m fi mahd al-khair (Discourse on the Pure Good), Kauhanga, space, 510 1576–1577 Kauman, 415 Kalamkāri, 4221–4222 Kāuru, 1902, 1904 printing, 3582 Kauṭilya, 1994, 2422–2425 Kalangiyam, 3774 Kava plant (Piper methysticum), 1768 Kaleva expression. See also Oceania, mathematics in Kayanas, 3674 Kaliyuga, 603, 605, 1043 Kebrä Nägäst (The Glory of Kings), 2626 Kalpa, 1029 Kedāra, 1384 Kalpa Sūtras, 862 Keicho map, 2665 Kamakura period, 2999 Kengyuu, 703–704 Kamāl, 3353–3354 Kenki Sampo (Studies for Mathematical Kamalākara, 2421–2422 Methods), 4137 Kamāl al-Dīn, 208, 3220 Kepler, Johannes, 3522, 4189 Kāmasūtra, 2441 Kerala school Kambuda, 187–190 Bhāskara I, 2426 Kamilaroi counting system, 2746 Bhāskara II, 2426 Kaminaljuyu technique, 2873 heliocentric planetary model, 2428 Kami no michi (the way of Kami), 2901 Jyeś ṭhadeva, 2427 Kammic effects, 3035 Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji, 2426–2427 Kampung, 403–404 Parameśara, 2426 Kaṇāda, 3527 Āryabhaṭa, 2426 Kan and chan, 2026 Sadratnamālā, 2427 Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka in 1815, 2930–2931 Śaṇkara Vārier, 2427 Kanejaku, 4460–4461 Śaṇkara Varma, 2427 Kangnido, 2668–2669 Yuktibhāṣā, 2427 Kangxi Emperor, 2672 Kermes dye, 1538 Kaniṣṭha mūlam, 2402 Kesi tapestry technique, 4216 Kanjanam, 3296 Kesra, 971 Kannadi bimba, 3294 Ketsugisho tojutsu, 2793 Kansei calendar, 2172 Kew Bulletin, 1383 Kan-shinko Sanhen, 2071 Key, Francis Scott, 4366 Kantalai reservoirs, 4380 Khagola, 588 Kantong Khiev, 3328 Khaguṇa, 2561 Kaogong Ji, 2888, 2889 Khahara, 2561 Ka˘o Gong Ji (The Artificer’s Record), 23, 4322 Khalādātta, 2421 Kapha, 3035 Al-Khālid, 181 Al-Karābīsī Aḥmed, 220 Al-Khalīlī, 243–244 Al-Karajī, 208, 241 khāllāri (saltworks), 3824 Karaṇa (astronomical manual), 630, 2590, 2591, 4334 Khaṇḍakādhyaka, 961, 2519 Karaṇāmrta. See Citrabhānu Al-Kharaqī, 245 Karaṇapaddhati (Methodology for Astronomical Kharif,48 Manuals), 3607, 3608 Kharoṣṭhī script, 4556, 4559 Karaṇaratna, 3565 Khasatriyas, 1988 Karaṇas, 3435 Khātavyavahāra, 2562 Karanī (square number and the square root), 809 Al-Kha ṭṭāb, Umar ibn, 4491 Karaṇottama, 30. See also Acyuta Piṣāraṭi Khayyām, 2068 Karaṇratna, 3564 Al-Khayyām, Abū’l-Fath Umar Ibn, 207, 245–248 4666 Index

Al-Khāzinī, 248–249 Kitāb-al-manāẓir (Book of Optics), 3522 Khennui, 3399 Kitāb al-masālik wa’l-mamālik (Book on the Routes and Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 1837, 1844–1846, Kingdoms), 2308 2461. See also Quipu Kitābal-Mughīth, 2334 Khirbat Hamra Ifdan, 3198 Kitāb al-Muḥīṭbi-˓l-lugha, 2283 Khirbat Ṣāliḥ, 3696 Kitāb al-Mu˓tabar, 3533 Khsatriyas, 1988 Kitāb al-rashshād fi’ l-ṭibb (Guide to Medicine), 2334 Khufu’s pyramid, 2777 Kitāb al-shakl al-mudawwar al-musta ṭīl, 2066 Al-Khujandī, 249–250, 250, 653 Kitāb al-shakl al-qa ṭṭ˓ā (Book on the Secant Figure), 4327 Khu pho Phap, 397 Kitāb al-shifā (Book of Healing), 2065 Khu tap the (KTT), 399 Kitāb al-ṭair,10 Khuttee (drying house), 3826–3829 Kitāb al-wisādfī `l-ṭibb (Book of the Pillow on Medicine), Al-Khwārizmī,Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, 10, 11, 251–252, 2334 1487, 4327 Kitāb al-Wuzarā ˒, 2284 Kiku yomei sampo, 2793 Kitāb at-tashrīḥ (Book of Anatomy), 2316 Kilns, Sawankhalok, 1148 KitābDīwān rasā’ilihi, 2283 Kimberley Process Certificate Scheme (KPCS), 3267, KitābDīwān Shi˓r(ihi), 2284 3268 Kitābfī ifrād al-maqālfī umr al-ẓilā, 2128 Kimberlite diamond mining, 3266 Kitābfi-l-adwiya al-mufrada (Book on the Simple Kim Chŏngho, 2668, 2672–2673 Medicines), 2334 Al-Kindī, 12, 252–254, 2329, 3218 Kitābfī misāḥa al-ashkāl al-musaṭṭaḥawa‘l-mujassama, Ibn Sīnā, 248 2065 intricate system used by, 12 Kitābfī misāḥaqaṭ ʿal-makhrūṭ alladhī yusammā works of, 241, 3521, 3522 al-mukāfi, 2065–2066 King David, 9 Kitābfī uṣūl ḥisāb al-hind (Book on the Principles of King Djoser, 2776 Hindu Reckoning), 2509 Kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392) Kitāb gushāyish wa rahāyish, 3324 medicine in Korea, 3003–3004 Kitāb-i Bahriye, 3537–3538 King Hammurapi, 4499 Kitābjām˓i al-ḥikmatayan, 3324 King Indravarman I, 1143 Kitābmīzān al-hikma, 4331 King Jayavarman II, 4386 Kitāb ṣan ʿa alaṣturlāb, 2068 King Jungjong, 4252 Kitāb ṣūra al-arḍ, 2069 King Nissankamalla, 1977 Kitābzād al-musāfirīn, 3324 King Njoya, 2627 Kitcher, Philip, 3557 King Ptolemy III, 1024 Kitora burial mound King Ramesses IV, 2658 celestial map, 2431–2434 King Sejo, 2671 Korean provenance, 2436 King Sejong, 2671, 4249, 4252, 4256 murals, 2434–2436 King Sukjong, 4254, 4256 and tomb, 2431 King Suryavarman II, 4 Kitora Kofun, 701–703 Kiore, 1905 Kiwicha, 3675–3677 Kirgiz trellis tents, 558 Klemm, Friedrich, 4164 Al-Kirmānī, 258 Knots Kissra, 968 cords and, 2461 Kitābaḥsan altaqāsim fi ma’ rifat al-aqālīm (The Best diviner’s interpretation, 2812 Climatic Divisions), 2002 in khipus, 1837, 1839 Kitāb al-adwiya al-mufrada, 14, 2328 lake-dweller, 1896 Kitāb al-ajrām wa-l-ab ˓ad, 2143 magical objects, 2964 Kitāb al-ʿllal (Book of Reasons), 4585 mnemonics and decoration in, 4074 Kitāb al-˓amal bi’l-ṣafīḥa al-zījiyya (Treatise on the Plate reef, 1891 for the Seven Planets), 2305 Knowledge systems, 3713 Kitāb al-asrār (The Book of Secrets), 4184 America Kitāb al-A˓yād wa-faḍā’il al-Nowrūz, 2284 experience and imagination, 2455–2456 Kitāb al-bayān wat-tadhkār, 2838 first words, 2452–2453 Kitāb al-buldān (The Book of Countries), 2003 inherency of, 2453–2454 Kitāb al-Fihrist,12 international resolutions and declarations, Kitāb-al-Filāḥat (Books of Agriculture), 2368 2462–2468 Kitāb al-hiyal (Book of Ingenious Devices), 813 Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 2461 Kitāb al-Kāmil (Perfect Book), 4327 Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461 Index 4667

relatedness, 2453–2454 maps and mapmaking in, 2666–2675, 2695–2696 resistance and recovery, 2456–2458 mathematics education systems in, 2796 sovereignty, responsibility, and respect, 2454–2455 mathematics in, 2795–2798, 4621 transmission, 2458–2462 medicine in, 3002–3011 varieties of, 2458 megalithic monuments in, 3095–3097 written knowledge, 2458–2460 national maps, 2671–2672 Australia, 2444–2451 rice China, 2438–2440 bap stage, 3762 Incas, 2471–2476 byeo stage, 3764–3767 India, 2440–2443 entities and meanings, 3761–3763 local knowledge, 2495–2501 farming schedules, 3761 Olmec, 2477–2478 geography, 3758 human embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489 green revolution, 3760–3761 human fetus, 2479–2480 history, 3758–3760 human gestation and 260-day calendar, 2480 industrialization, 3761 human infant, 2480 mo stage, 3763–3764 medical illustration art, 2480–2481 ssal stage, 3767 spiritual potential of adult body, explore, science in 2481–2484 bronze type printing system, 3898 trees and forests, 2489 casting technology, 3897 ecological classification, 2491–2492 ceramic type printing, 3898–3899 evolutionary myth, 2490–2491 Ch’omsongdae observatory, 3897–3898 Lanjia Saora, classification, 2492–2493 Koryo celadon, 3900 relevance in present context of Odisha, 2493–2494 Wood block printing, 3898 Knowledge transmission, 2467–2468 star chart, 2697 Islam, 1576–1580 time in, 4248–4257 in Latin West, 1580–1584 Korean Peninsula Kochers method, 4526 Iron lamellar armor, 598–600 Kodambae, 3775 organic armor, 590 Kohunlich, Mexico, 4207 vertical-plate armor, 592 Koindol, 3095 Koryŏ dynasty, 1120–1125 Koji Kosso, 1713 during cultivation, 4277 Kothi, 3774 processes for making, 4276–4278 Koti zigi game, 3406 red, 4277 Kotlai Khurumba, 3775 Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), 4562 Kouffas, 930 Kokon Sankan, 2071 Kpelle (Liberia), 2753 Kolb, Peter, 1451 Kraft, Kenneth, 1634 Kom Ombo, temple, 4529 Krākacikavyavahāra, 2562 Kompong Phluk, 3325 Kraton, 414 Komtino Mordekhai, 2835 Krishnamurti, 3856–3858 Kongo therapy, 2942 Kṛita (Winning Age), 1992 Konko kyo (Sutra of the Golden Light), 1676–1677 Kriyākramakarī, 2427, 3586 Kopenawa, Davi, 1656 Kriyā Yoga, 4588 Kora-kora, 919 Krṣṇạ Daivajña, 3310, 3591 Korea Kṛṣṇa pakṣa, 3489 armor, 589–601 Ksepa (additive), 1018 artifactual record, 2667 Kṣetragaṇita (geometry), 886 astronomical instruments, 646–653 Kṣetra-vyavahāra, 2562 ceramics, 1117–1133 Kubololo, 480 city maps, 2674–2675 Kudhir, 3775 cosmography, 2669–2671 Al-Kūhī. See al-Qūhī defense maps, 2675 Kui Tan Lu (Records Ashamed of Tan), 2892 district map, 2673–2674 Kungkarungkara, 787 geomancy, 2667–2668 Kunitzsch, Paul, 2716 horary systems, 4257 Kurkutch salts, 3829 Kangnido, 2668–2669 Kursuncu, 3057, 3058 Kim Chŏngho, 2668, 2672–2673 Kursun do¨kme, 3057, 3058 knowledge of Western cartography, 2668 Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bāshahrīal-Jīilī, 2509 4668 Index

Kusūf. See Eclipses Latin America. See also South America and Central Kusuryak, 2797 America Kuṭaka procedure, 3591 sugar Kutayudda (concealed war), 2424 cane-processing technology, 4078 Kuṭṭaka gaṇitā, 2563, 2783 cultivation, 4076 Kuttaka (pulveriser) method, 1017–1018 harvesting, 4076 Kutub al-aẓlāl (Books on Shadows), 3449 plantation, 4076 Kwai (areca nuts), 878 vacuum pan, 4078 KwŏnKǔn, 2668 Latin West knowledge transmission, 1580–1584 Kyokkei Jutsu, 2071–2072 Latour, Bruno, 2499 Kyoku Dai (special questions), 2072 Lau group, houses of, 480 Kyûketsu henkei so, 2794 La Venta, 2025–2026 Kyûseki, 2794 cities and town, 1244–1248 Lawsonia alba, 2144 Lawsonia inermis, 2144 L Laya Yoga, 4590 Lach, Donald, 4167 Leach, Edmund, 4238 La Citadel of Haiti architecture, 549 Lead isotope analysis (LIA), 3150 La Cité Hydraulique Angkorienne (Groslier), 4386 Leather work, Egypt LaDuke, Winona, 1683 importance of skin products, 2544–2546 La Fortaleza of Chipude, 2740 technology, 2540–2544 La Galigo boat, 920 Lebedeva, T., 2374 Laghubhāskarīya, 885, 2402, 2426 Legacy of Mesopotamian Metallurgy, Laghujātaka (Shorter Horoscopy), 4341 3198–3199 Lagna, 2428, 2519 Legalism, 3523, 3524 Lagnaprakaraṇa, 2591 Leibniz series, 1013, 4607 La Gomera Island, 2739–2741 Lei gong pao zhi lun. See also Lei Xiao Lahma mahfooz, 2886 Lei Jing, 2917 Lahoh, 970 Lei Xiao, 2975 Laity, 1631–1632 Length measurement Lake Manasarovar, 1631 Egypt, 4438–4439 Lake Titicaca, 1661, 2473, 4393 Hebrews, 4477 Lakota Indus valley, 4473 Deloria, 1684–1686, 1688 Islam, 4450 Standing Bear, 1682, 1685 Japan, 4460–4461 Lalla, 2518–2519 Mesoamerica, 4466, 4469 Lalla, K., 2881 Peru, 4470 Lamiral, Dominique, 4488 Leo de Balneolis, 2551–2552. See Levi Ben Gerson Lamphun (Haripunjaya) ware, 1153 Leo the African, 2550–2551 Lampshade (liaosi deng), 2085 Leti-leti of Madura, 920 Language, 2744 Levees, 1547 Lao/Thai Level soil, 2888 astronomy, 709–710 Leviathan and The Air Pump. See also Latour, Bruno ceramics, 1144–1145 Leviathan and The Air Pump, 2499 cities and town Levi Ben Gerson, 2551–2552 Lao variant, 1284–1286 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 4166 modern city planning, 1286–1289 Lewis, David, 3357 Northern and Central Thailand, 1281–1284 Lexicon, o vocabulario de la lengua general de Peru, prinicples, 1279–1280 2514 La philosophie bantoue, 2505 LIA. See Lead isotope analysis (LIA) Lập thành toán pháp, 2824 Liangxiang, 2905. See also Medical ethics, China Large Horoscopy. See B ṛhajjātaka Lianhualou (lotus clepsydra), 2140 Large Kunnāsh, 2327. See also Ibn Sarabi (Serapion) Liao qi, 2085 Large Scale Structure of Spacetime Liber Abaci (Book of Computation), 2750, 2782 (Hawking), 4268 Liber embadorum. See Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥawe Lashing holes, 952 ha-Tishboret Las Toscas del Guirre cave, 2739–2740 Liber embadorum,6 La Taptana, 2511–2518 Liber mahameleth,10 Late Neolithic Age, China pottery, 1106–1107 Liber Novem Iudicum (Book of the Nine Judges), 2718 Index 4669

Li Bing, 2552–2553 warp-weighted, 4430 Lichtheim, Miriam, 4543–4544 Lorojonggrang of Prambanan, 412 Li Chunfeng, 2553–2554, 2767, 3213, 4579 Los Pilares cave, 2735, 2736 Lienzos, 2676 Lost-wax process (shi la fa), 2888 Li Gao, 2554–2555 Lost-wax technique, 3133, 3136, 4481 Light-penetrating mirrors, 3517 Loti, 2417 Lignified cellulose, 2416 Loudness, 3525 Li Ji (Book of Rites), 1669, 2980–2981 Lugs, 941, 952 Li Jie, 4482 Luḥot,6 Līlāvatī (The Beautiful), 888, 2019, 2560–2563, 3586 Luis Montaluisa, 2512 Lilāvati Bhāsya, 2047 Lukasa, 2746 Limasan, 404–406 Lunar accuracy, 2884 Limbé, Cameroon, 392 Lunar Calendar, 212, 657, 698, 700, 703, 705, 744, 747, Limbs, 2487–2488 761, 766, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1039, 1044, 1045, Linde shu jie, 2557 1046, 1651, 2722, 2734, 2737, 2858, 3400, Linear cutting technique, 4101 3644, 3721–3722 Linear interpolation, 1017 Lunar mansion, 628, 636, 677, 678, 768, 773, 780, 781, Linear time, 4263–4265, 4267 792, 794, 1031, 1568, 1066, 2315, 2577, 2733, Linen, 4217 3735, 4014, 4627 Lingga,411 in islam, 2577–2578 Lingling-o, 2392, 2394 Lunar month, 1044 Linguistics, Indian knowledge systems and, 2441–2442 Lunheng (Balanced Discussions), 4361,. See also Wang Lippershey, Hans, 4189 Chong Li-recording drum carriage model, 2892 Lunisolar calendar, 4245 Lishang Suduan Mifang, 2916 Luo Hongxian, 2639 Li Shanlan, 2555–2558, 2766 Lương Thế Vinh, 2830–2831 Li Shizhen, 2558–2559, 2917, 2976 Luoshu chart, 2599 Bencao Gangmu, 3519 Luoxia Hong, 2578–2579 Lisitsyna, G. N., 2380 Lure, P., 2373 Li Ting, 2900, 2905 Lusona (singular), 2035–2036 Liu Chenggui, 4437 Lustrous woods, 4511 Liu Hong, 2563–2564, 4580 Lushi€ Chun Qiu (Master Lu€’s Spring and Autumn Annals), Liu Hui, 2137 2981 Liu Xin, 3533 Luwian language, 4566 Liuzhu Zhiwei Fu (Ode to Intricacies in the Circulating Luxor Temple, 2630, 2631, 2632 Flow), 4617 Luxuan Gonglun, 2900 Livestock population, 4352–4353 Lycoperdon mixtecorum, 1727 Livingstone, David, 4488, 4600, 4602 Lynch, Mark, 3315 Li Zhi (Li Ye), 2559–2560, 4584, 4620 Llewellyn, Othman, 1674 Lobo, Jerome, 4211 M Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) M˓āaseh Hoshev, 2551 program, 2466–2467 Mabād’ as-sālkin fī sharh rajz, 2321 Local knowledge. See also Knowledge systems Mabiki (infanticide), 3737 Lodovico Varthema, 3351 Macaçar Island, 921 Logic, 2564–2569 Macchu, 3774 Logographic scripts, 4533–4534 Machir, Jacob Ben, 2332 Logosyllabic scripts, 4554–4555 Machu Picchu Loha-gola-khaṇḍana, 2422 agriculture, 2586–2587 Loha-gola-samarthana, 2422 city planning, 2582–2584 London-Leiden Magical Papyrus, 2969 Condor Temple, 2589 London Medical Papyrus, 2968 construction, 2588 Long Count, 1996, 2001, 2569–2573 engineering infrastructure, 2584 Looms features of, 2583 Abyssinian, 4430 foundations, 2588 backstrap, 4225, 4226, 4230 fountains, 2585–2586 in India, 4219, 4220 Main Gate, 2588 in Mesoamerica, 4222 road building, 2587–2588 type, 4220 site selection, 2581 4670 Index

Machu Picchu (cont.) Mahendra Sūri, 2621–2622 technology transfer, 2588 Maidah (filter), 3825–3826 Temple of the Three Windows, 2589 Maidan, village defenses, 4357–4358 urban drainage, 2586 Mai Jing (Pulse Classic, ca. 300), 2916 water delivery, 2584–2585 Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de, 1557 water supply, 2582 Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, 857 Madagascar, astronomy in, 746–748 Mainland Southeast Asia, astronomy, 708–715 Madder dyeing, 4162, 4179 Maize, 1804–1805, 1810, 4411 Madengqie-jing, 792 Al-Majisṭī,14 Mādhava, 2426, 2591, 3410 Majno, Guido, 4319, 4320 Mādhavanidāna, 2983 Al-Majrīṭī, 258 Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma, 2590–2591 Majumdar, R., 2361 Madhava’s sine values, 1014 Makahiki, 1026 Madhyama, 2424 Makalati-Tibbiye, 2203 Madhyamānayanaprakāra (Method for Computing Mean Makara, 4508 Positions), 2591 Makaranda, 2622–2623 Madrasa (school), 4329 Makla, 971 Samarqand, 4329 Malabar coast, cashewnut processing, 1064 Madrid Codex, 4225 Malachite, 3566 Mafa coiled baskets, 823 Malaria, 2941 Mager sari, 414 Malayāam script, in Indian writing, 4558 Maghreb, mathematics of, 2836–2840 Malay architecture. See also Architecture Maghrib, qasba in, 3628–3638 carved components, 4508–4509 Magic and science, 4489–4490 components, 4503–4507 non-Western societies, 2595–2597 grave marker, 4502 Western intellectual tradition, 2592–2595 kris hilt, 4502 Magic squares motif types, 4507–4508 in China, 2598–2599 timber selection, 4509–4512 in India, 2600–2607 woodcarving in, 4501–4512 in Islamic mathematics, 2607–2610 Malay ethnobotany. See also Ethnobotany in Japanese mathematics, 2610–2613 botanical materials, 1820–1822 Magnetic compass, 1552 botanical richness, 1817–1818 Magnetic needle, 2896 concepts and philosophy, 1819–1820 Magnetism criminal tree, 1828 in Chinese culture, 2613–2616 forest species and vernacular names, 1821 in Mesoamerica, 2616–2618 geographical and historical components, 1818–1819 Magogaphate Shear Zone, 3566 plants on day in village, 1822, 1828 Mahabalipuram, 1071 sarawak tree, 1828–1829 Māhābhārata, 1993, 1995, 2095, 3339 species in villages, 1823–1827 war, 3588 Tongkat Ali, 1828 Mahābhāskarīya, 2426, 3495 Malay Peninsula, colonialism and medicine, 1346–1350 Mahābhāskarīya-Bhāṣya, 3495 Malay world Mahābhāṣya, 2426, 3493. See also Patañjali algebra, 211–215 Mahādeva, 2619 colonialism and science, 1379–1383 Mahājyānayana-prakāra (Method for the Computation of Malerisches Reise in Brasilien, 3276 the Great Sines), 2591 Malfatti’s problem, 2792 Mahājyās (Great Sines), 2591 Mali, (French Sudan), 389 Mahā Kumbha (Great Kumbha), 4374 Malnad, village defenses, 4358 Mahamaes, 2224, 2225 Malouf, David, 2744, 2748 Mahāmārganibandhana, 2167 Maltese Cross, 4193 Mahameru, 415 Malthusian predictions, 2523 Al-Māhānī, 9, 257 Malungu process, 3165 Māhāpurāṇa, 1991 Malyavanta Hill, at Vijayanagara, 376 Maharas kundy salts, 3828 Māmānākam (mahāmāgha), 2167 Mahasiddhānta, 2881 Mamiso (Bidens pilosa L.), 2941 Mahavamsa, 3032, 3033 Al-Ma˒mūn, 12, 259, 774, 813 Mahāvīra, 2018, 2619–2621, 3409 Manase Dosan, 3000 Mahāyuga, 1029 Mānasollāsa, 878, 4221 Mahdī,Muḥammad, 2699 Mānava Śulba Sūtra, 3535 Index 4671

Mancala, 2623–2624 Mass measurement Maṇḍalas,411–412, 2423, 2424, 2680–2681 in Indus valley, 4473–4474 Mangaitch, 186–187 in Japan, 4462–4464 Mangifera indica, 2493 in Peru, 4471–4472 Manihot esculenta, 1765 Masson, M. E., 2373 Manimekalai, 2095 Mastaba (tomb) of Mereruka, 4543 Mantellini, S., 2380 Mastabas, 2775 Man’yoshū (Collection of Myriad Leaves), 1675 Masters of the Art of Trepanning, 4320 Maori architecture, 507–510. See also Architecture Al-Mas˓ūdī, 260–261 Mapanpa, 3071 Masudic Canon, 2066 Maps and mapmaking Mata, 1904 in Africa, 2625–2628 Mataihi, faciality, 508–509 in Ancient Egypt, 2629–2633 Material culture, in Africa, 4488–4490 in Asia, 2633–2636 Materia medica, 1708, 1709, 2559 of Australian Aboriginal People, 2685–2687 applications in Africa, 2940–2942 celestial East Asian maps, 2692–2697 Materia Medica of Classifed Syndromes, 4139 celestial Islamic maps, 2698–2700 Mathematical Canon of the Sea Island, 2412 in China, 2636–2648 Mathematical canons, 2410, 2760. See also Nine Chinese geomantic maps, 2701 Chapters in Egypt, 2649–2661 Mathematical leather roll, 2778–2780 in India, 2662–2664 Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi, 1943 Islamic terrestrial maps, 2702–2706 Mathematical texts Islamic world maps centered on Mecca, Demotic, 2720 2707–2709 in Egypt, 2718–2720, 2770–2771 in Japan, 2664–2666, 2696–2697 hieratic, 2718–2719 in Korea, 2666–2675, 2695–2696 historiography, 2720 Marshall Islands, 2709–2712 Mathematics, 2721–2729 in Mesoamerica, 2675–2677 in Africa, 2751–2755, 2755–2759 Nahua maps, 2676 of Ancient Berbers, 2729–2742 of Native North Americans, 2688–2691 and astronomy, 1566, 1568, 2788–2789 in Southeast Asia, 2678–2680 Aztec mathematics, 2852–2856 in Tibet, 2680–2682 in China, 1568–1569, 2759–2767, 2796, 4621 in Vietnam, 2682–2685 classification, 2747 Maqma (vessel for soaking), 873 communicating across culture and time, 2743–2750 Marāgha, 2712–2715 cowrie shells, 2747 Maran, René, 4491 culture and, 2797 Marapu house, 458 in Egypt Marco Polo, 3337, 3340 and African predecessors, 2773–2777 at Kublai Khan’s court, 1552 mathematical leather roll, 2778–2780 Al-Māridīnī, Jamāl al-Dīn, 260 mathematical texts, 2770–2771 Mariner’s compass, 3337 numbers, 2770 Market places, in Mesoamerica, 424 tables and fractions, 2771–2772 Mars, 619 epistemology for, 3593–3594 Marsa, 972 finger reckoning, 2747 Marshack, Alexander, 3516 foreign influence in, 2765–2767 Marshall Islands, 3358–3359 games with, 2753 stick charts of, 2709–2712 of Hebrew People, 2833–2836 Martini, Martino, 1557 hexagonal weaving pattern, 2753 Martin, Thomas, 2803 Hindu-Arabic, 1553 Maruwhenua, 1984 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2290–2292 Marv, 4331 in India, 1553, 2781–2784 The Marvels of India, 3333, 3351 in India, in Kerala School, 2429 Marw, 4330. See also Marv Indian knowledge systems and, 2442 Masa, 972 in Islam, 2785–2789 Māshā˒allāh ibn Atharī, 2716–2718 in Japan, 2789–2795, 2796, 4621 Mashroo, 4221 knotting, 2747 Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), 1813, 3335 in Korea, 2795–2798, 2796, 4621 Maslow, Arthur, 1573 of Maghreb, 2836–2840 Masonry blocks (cadenas), 4135 Maya mathematics, 2857–2862 4672 Index

Mathematics, 2721–2729 (cont.) temples of, 4202–4210 in Mesopotamia, 2799–2803 writing (see Writing) in Native North America, 2804–2810 Maya Blue, 2866–2870 in Oceania, 2811–2817 Maya-Indrajala (deceit and pretense), 2424 patterns, 2747 Mayan ball courts, 2030 practical, 2847–2852 Mayang of Sunda Strait, 921 recreational, 2802–2803, 2847–2852 Mayangzi, 3369 sorcerer, 2755–2756 Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461 transmission, 2789 McKertcher, William, 4150 in Vietnam, 2818–2831 Meals, 1922 weaving, 2747 Mean motions, in Indian astronomy, 2880–2884 writings, Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 2302–2303 Measurement Law, 4465 of Yolngu Aboriginal Australians, 2840–2847 Measures in Square, 2411 Mathematike Syntaxis (The Mathematical Composition), Meat preservation, in Ancient Egypt, 2885–2886 255. See also Ptolemy drying, 2885 Mathematische Keilschrifttexte, 2800 fat, 2886 Mathesiz, 2567 honey, 2886 Mati, 2563 salt, 2886 Matilal, Bimal, 3415 smoking, 2886 Matsitama copper mines, 3566, 3572 Mecca, 13, 15, 170, 197, 213, 214, 244, 248, 263, 270, Matsitama Metasedimentary Group of rocks, 3566 281, 389, 413, 607, 656, 717, 1045, 2245, 2305, Matsyanyaya, 2423 2707, 3723, 3725 Matsya-Purāṇa, 1990 Mecca-centered world maps, 2707–2709 Mattang chart, 2711, 2712 Mechanical clocks, 4250–4257 Matteo Ricci, 2765 Mechanical engineering, 1617–1618. See also Engineering Matthiessen, Peter, 1684 Mechanical technology, and instruments of China, Mausoleum 2887–2899 of Augustus, 3432 Meddo chart, 2711 of Islamic World, 2863–2866 Medical ethics Maya, 511–523 African Societies, 2902 agriculture, 105–111 China, 2899–2900, 2904–2906 forms of, 107–108 India, 2900, 2906–2909 lowland intensive, 109–111 Islam, 2910–2911 upland and terrace systems, 108–109 near Eastern culture, 2901–2902 calendars, 1032–1033 pre-Columbian Western hemisphere, 2902–2903 cities and town Medical Paintings of Tibet (Sman thang), 2912–2914 astronomy and creation, 1251–1252 Medical papyri, 300, 2957, 2958, 2961, 4529, 4550. city planning, 1310–1313 See also Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) establishment, 1250–1251 Medical research, philanthropy and, 3510–3511 planning of, 1250–1255 Medical texts, in China, 2915–2918 political ideology, 1252–1253 Medical treatment in Ancient Egypt, 4524–4525 culture Medicinal food plants, 2918–2923 textiles, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226 Medicine time, 4258–4260 in Africa, 2937–2954 defensive barricades, 1504–1511 divination, 2942–2945 domestic architecture, 524–527 healing traditions, 2938–2940 lithic production, 2870–2876 health in social fabric, 2950–2952 mapping, 2677 materia medica applications, 2940–2942 mathematics, 2857–2862 new health crises and relegitimization of, 2952–2954 pottery, 1168–1177 (see also Ceramics) paradigms in African medical thinking, 2947–2950 public architecture, 527–540 scholarly debates about etiology, 2945–2947 pyramid, 3615 shrine communities and cults of affliction, region, writing of, 4569–4577 2950–2952 Sak Na goddess, 4223, 4224 in Ancient Egypt seaports anatomy and physiology, 2959–2961 characteristics, 3927 complementary therapies, 2962 independent or autonomous seaport, 3929–3930 diseases, 2965 regional capital, 3927–3929 drug therapy, 2962 trans-shipment ports, 3929 healers, 2966–2967 Index 4673

healing papyri and ostraca, 2957–2958 Masawayh, 2994 human remains: mummies and skeletons, 2958–2959 pharmacy, pharmacognosy, materia medica and instruments, 2964 therapeutics, 2996–2997 magical instruments, 2964–2965 physician and the patient, 2991 magical practices, 2962–2963 resources for the development, 2992 materia medica, 2964 in Japan, 2997–3002 medical devices, 2964 early modern medicine, 3001–3002 medical papyri, 2967–2968 medieval medicine, 2999–3001 medical practice, 2961–2963 prehistoric and ancient medicine, 2998–2999 mixed and pure iatromagical texts, 2968–2969 in Korea, 3002–3011 pathology, 2961 Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), 3004–3005 sources, 2957 Kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392), 3003–3004 surgery, 2962 localized Chinese medicine, 3005–3008 theoretical background, 2959–2961 oriental medicine in twentieth-century, 3008–3011 in Ancient Mesopotamia, 2970–2973 in Meso and South America, 3012–3016 of Australian Aboriginal people, 3068–3076 botanical knowledge, 3013–3014 aboriginal health workers, 3075 medical specialists and personnel, 3014–3015 bicultural medicine, 3074 surgical practices, 3015–3016 Bush food program, 3075–3076 of Native North Americans, 3061–3068 herbal medicine, 3071–3072 in Native North and South America, 3017–3022 Ngangkari, 3070–3071 in Oceania, 3023–3031 place of western medicine, 3073–3074 in Ottoman Empire, 3048–3053 practice in health services to aboriginal people, mechanistic medicine, 3048 3074–3076 modernization and westernization, 3053 preventing sickness, 3072–3073 Ottoman clinical reality, 3050–3052 traditional healers/Ngangkari, 3074–3075 Ottoman hospitals, 3052 traditional health system of Warlpiri Aborigines, Ottoman medical thinking, 3048–3049 3070–3073 popular medicine, 3048 traditional indigenous health systems, 3069–3070 philanthropic, 2933–2934 Warlpiri health system, 3072, 3073 in Sri Lanka, 3032–3036 Yawulyu ceremonies and healing songs, 3071 colonial period to modern times, 3033–3034 in China, 4611 differing worldviews, 3034–3035 acupuncture, 2979 future, 3036 artemisinin, 2975 medical history framework, 3032 diagnostic methods, 2978 philosophical note, 3034 eight rubrics method, 2978 from proto-histories to civilizational periods, ethics, 2899–2900, 2904–2906 3032–3033 forensic medicine, 2980 on validation, 3036 Jin-Yuan Dynasties, 2976 in Talmud, 3054–3056 Ming-Qing Dynasty, 2976 in Thailand, 3037–3046 pharmacy, 2975 Buddhism and traditional medicine, 3043 Sui-Tang Dynasties, 2975 Chinese medicine, 3046 texts, 2915–2918 court medical tradition, 3041–3042 traditional medicine, 2974 current developments, 3044–3045 ethnoveterinary, 4352, 4355 etiology, 3040–3041 Ibn Sīnā, 2329–2330 heterogeneity, 3041 in Islam, 2990–2997 traditional and cosmopolitan medicine, 3044 Al Majusi, 2994–2995 traditional pharmacy, 3039–3040 Al-Rāzī, 2994 transmission, 3039 Al-Zahrawi, 2995 village tradition, 3037–3038 Bukhtishu family of physicians, 2993–2994 of Tibet, 3078–3093 early era, 2991–2992 anatomy and physiology, 3078–3080 ethics of, 2991 Bad-kan constitution, 3086–3087 great physicians, 2993–2996 clinical diagnosis, 3080–3082 history, 2991 constitution analysis and treatment methods, hospitals during Islamic era, 2992–2993 3082–3083 Hunayn ibn Isḥāq, 2994 constitution and conditions in, 3083–3087 Ibn Nafis, 2995–2996 diagnosis by observation, 3080–3081 Ibn Sina, 2995 diagnosis by palpation, 3081–3082 4674 Index

Medicine (cont.) calendars, 1047–1054 diagnosis by questioning, 3080 cosmologies, 1429–1449 mKhris-pa constitution, 3084–3086 ethnobotany in, 1724–1729 pharmacology, 3087–3093 geography, 1996–2001 pulse diagnosis, 3081–3082 looms in, 4222 Rlung constitution, 3083–3084 magnetism in, 2616–2618 urine and tongue diagnosis, 3081–3082 maps and mapmaking in, 2675–2677 in Turkey, 3057–3060 medicine in, 3012–3016 veterinary (see Veterinary medicine) metallurgy in, 3135–3138 Medicine and colonialism in India pyramids of, 3613–3624 Ancient India, 2923 salt in European colonization archaeological markers, 3836 British, 2924–2926 basin of Mexico, 3837 Portuguese, 2924 and cloth dyers, 3835 women, 2927–2929 coastal Guerrero, 3839–3840 muslim invasion, 2923–2924 Cuyutlán, Colima, 3837 Medicine and colonialism in Sri Lanka, 2929–2936 Lake Cuitzeo, 3837–3839 historical background, 2930–2931 Maya area, 3840 organization of the project, 2934–2936 salt sources, 3836 philanthropic medicine, 2933–2934 Veracruz, 3840–3841 prevalence of hookworm disease, 2932–2933 stones in Medicine wheels, 3094–3095 ancient blade-making craftsmen, 4054–4055 Medieval India, astronomy, 717–725 bow and arrow, 4056 Medieval Japanese medicine, 2999–3001 early prehistory, 4038–4041 Medieval technique, China, 2790–2791 Mesoamerican biface technology, 4045–4046 Megalithic monuments, in Korea, 3095–3097 Mesoamerican blade technology, 4041–4045 Meghadūtam, 1995 obsidian, 4047–4052 Mehen, 984–985 origin of blade technology, 4052–4054 Mehmed Efendi, 3484 pecked and ground platform, 4055–4056 Mehmed II, 3482 textiles in, 4222–4227 Meiji Restoration of 1868, 1679 weights and measures in, 4466–4469 Meillacan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159 Mesoamerican Long Count, 2570 Mei Ren Fu, 2894. See also Sima Xiangru Mesopotamia Meji Restoration, 3458 astrology, 610 Mekong River, 3324, 3325 calendars, 1023 Melanesia. See also Mathematics in Oceania fishing, 1881–1888 Memoir of Respectful Veneration Pavilion geometry, 2073–2074 Heumgyeonggak-gi (Don), 4253 mathematics in, 2799–2803 Memphis Nilometer, 3388 medicine in, 2970–2973 Mencius, 3518 metallurgy in, 3187–3199 Mendis, D. L. O., 2363 Metad (Amhara), 968 Menelaus’ Sphaerica. See also Levi Ben Gerson Metallurgy Menelaus’ theorem, 4326 in Africa, 3098–3103 Meng Qi Bi Tan (Dream Pool Essays), 1552 in Ancient Eastern Eurasia, 3103–3113 Meng Xi Bi Tan. See also Shen Guo background, 3103–3104 Mengxi Bitan (Meng Xi Essays), 3444 data from Northern Zone of China, 3111–3112 Menzies, Gavin, 4616 data from Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Mercier, Raymond, 2881 and Altai, 3107–3111 Mercury, 620 general observations, 3112–3113 Mereruka problem, 3104–3107 Ka statue of, 4544 Ancient Egyptian, 3099 Mastaba (tomb) of, 4543 of Ancient Indian iron and steel, 3180–3186 wall scene, 4545 classification, 3182–3184 Mersenne, Marin, 4189 metal extraction, 3180–3182 Mescal bean, 1725 microstructures, 3184–3186 Mesoamerica in Arabia, 3116–3128 aquatic environments, 337–346 Bronze age architecture, 416–426 Bronze age: early, 3118–3121 astronomy, 726–736 Bronze age: middle and late, 3121–3122 Index 4675

chalcolithic, 3117–3118 in India, 3215–3217 copper production, 3128 in Islamic World, 3218–3221 geology, 3116–3117 Metius, Jacob, 4189 iron age, 3122–3124 Metl, 1805 Islamic period Métraux, 3018 early, 3124–3126 Metric system, 4449, 4450 middle and late, 3126–3128 decimal, 4468 in China, 3130–3132 transition to, 4464–4465 in Egypt, 3132–3135 Metrology, 4436 in Meso and North America, 3135–3138 Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) in Mesopotamia, 3187–3199 bed frame, 4513 advent of iron, 3197–3198 cosmetic box, 4514 copper and alloys, 3188–3190 table with cavetto cornice edge, 4514 gold and silver, 3190–3191 Metrosophy, 4436 Head of a Ruler, 3199 Metroxylon sagu,49 legacy of, 3198–3199 Metu, 302 metalworking techniques, 3191–3197 Mexica science, 804 nature of metals, 3187–3188 Mexico in Near East, 3171–3179 architecture in, 416–417, 520–523 comparison with other sources of data, 3177–3179 Balankanche, 4210 data, 3174–3175 Castillo, Chichen Itza, 4206 method, 3172–3174 Chicanna, 4208 raw material by geographical region, 3176–3177 copper, 1408–1413 raw material by taxon, 3177 earspools in, 1541–1543 results, 3175 Kohunlich, 4207 temporal distribution of butchered remains, temples, 4206, 4207, 4208, 4209, 4210 3175–3176 Yaxchilan, 4207, 4208, 4209 in Northern South American Indigenous Societies, Micos, 3774 3139–3141 Microfossil, 3680 in Pre-Columbian South America, 3142–3143 Micronesia, stone money in, 4312–4317 provinces, 3108 Middle East in Southeast Asia, 3144–3155 alphabet, 4567–4569 bronze age, 3144–3148 glass iron age, 3148–3154 Arabia and Gulf Areas, 2109–2110 islands, gold and silver, 3154–3155 Ayyubid Times (1171-1250), 2106–2107 in Southern South America, 3159–3163 colored glass bangles, 2110–2112 bronze alloys, 3161–3162 Crusader Times (1094-1187), 2106 precious metals, 3162–3163 Fatimid Caliphates (1069-1171), 2106 smelting, 3159–3161 Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia, 2108–2109 in Tanzania, 3164–3170 Near-East, 2106 furnaces, 3166 Ottoman Times (14th-19th), 2107–2108 iron production process, 3165–3166 writing in, 4564–4569 origin and chronology, 3165 Middle Horizon, 2132 rituals, symbolism, and taboos, 3167–3170 Middle Kingdom (Egypt), weights and measures, 4442 Tuyéres and Tuyére Ports, 3166–3167 Middle Stone Age (MSA), 2773 Metal mirrors, from India, 3290–3296 Midéwewin, 2809–2810 Metal tools, 4306–4311 Miftāḥ al-ḥisāb (Key of Arithmetic), 2065 Metalworking techniques, in Mesopotamia, Miftāḥ al-Riyāḍī, 2080 3191–3197 Mihrab, 2049 Meteorite. See Comet and meteorite Mikami Yoshio, 2818 Meteorology Milḥamot Adonai (Wars of the Lord), 2551 in China, 3213–3215 Military tattoos, 4144 achievements in phenology, 3215 Military technology, 1616, 1617, 2138–2139, atmospheric temperature and pressure, 3215 3221–3225 humidity and the surveying method, 3214 in Ancient Egypt, 3225–3235 meteorological phenomena, 3213 chariots, 3228–3230 precipitation and Chinese precipitation gauge, 3214 fortifications/siege, 3230–3234 weather forecasting, 3213–3214 navy, 3234–3235 wind and surveying instruments, 3214 weapons, 3225–3228 4676 Index

Military technology, 1616, 1617, 2138–2139, mKhris-pa, 3079 3221–3225 (cont.) constitution, 3084–3086 in Andes, 3236–3239 Moche archaeological culture, 2131 engineering, 1616–1617 Moche textiles, 4229 European, 1554, 1558 Moche Valley Chimu, 2533 Milkweed/butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), 1731 Mocoví, 753 Milky Way, 2694, 3220 Modern-style Vietnamese boat, 927–928 Millet and husked grains, 2411 Mofa, 968 Millet in China, 3239–3244 Mogogo (Tigrinya), 968 distribution expands, 3243–3244 Mohenjodaro millet botany, 3241 glass, 2092 millet domestication, 3241–3242 faience, 1849 millet noodles, 3242–3243 fishing, 1889–1892 modern production, 3240–3249 water, 4368 Mīmāṃsā, 3493 Mohism in China, 3523, 3524 Mimbres pottery, 1180–1186. See also Ceramics Mohist Canon (Mozi), 2020 Mindoro jade, 2392, 2394 Mo Jing, 3444, 3446 Mineral Policy, 3273 Chinese physics, 3516, 3518, 3525 Ming dynasty, 2139, 2695, 2898 Molle berries, 871 in China, 1552 Moluccas, architecture, 540–547 Mining. See also Metallurgy Molunghee (processing of raw materials), 3825 in Ancient Egypt and Nubia, 3245–3263 Momaday, N. Scott, 1684, 1685 copper mining, 3245–3248 Mongol empire, in Asia, 1552 gold mining, 3248 Mongolia, gold mining, 2133–2135 gold production Mongolian ger, 562–566 in Arab Times, 3261–3263 Mongolian periods, veterinary medicine, 4349 in new kingdom times, 3250–3258 Monochromatic woodblock printing, 3597 in old and middle kingdom times, 3249–3250 Monochrome-glazed porcelain, 1109–1112 in predynastic and earlydynastic times, Montaria, 3361–3365 3248–3249 Monte Albán, 3615, 3616, 3619 in ptolemaic (Greek) times, 3258–3260 Montecitorio obelisk, 3423 in Roman and Byzantine times, 3261 Monumental architecture, 3613 in Angola, 3264–3270 Monumental mosaics, 2106 colonial launching, 3266 Moon, 619 extent of diamond mining, 3264–3266 Candra-Vākyāni (Moon Sentences), 2590 postwar primacy of industrial mining, eclipse, 263 3268–3270 god, 291 wartime scramble, 3266–3268 path, 586 in Botswana, 3271–3275 Sphu ṭacandrāpti (Computation of True Moon), contribution of mineral sector to national income, 2426, 2590 3273–3274 Mori Koan, 2666 economy, 3272 Morinda citrifolia, 1772 mining sector history, 3272–3273 Mortuary chapel, 4282, 4283, 4285, 4286, role of mining in national development, 4288, 4289 3274–3275 Moscow Papyrus, 2017, 2075, 2727 in Brazil, 3275–3278 Moses Maimonides, 3297–3299 in Congo, 3279–3284 Mosques, 413–414 in Great Lakes (USA), 3284–3289 Motif Minneriya reservoir, 4379, 4380 arabesque, 4508 Minobimaatisiiwin, 2455 calligraphic, 4508 Minsheng yanchang quantu, 2643 cosmic, 4503, 4508 Miocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662 floral, 4503–4506, 4508, 4509 Miquel de Estete, 4472 geometric, 4508 Mirrors, metal (India), 3290–3296 swastika, 4508 Mishnah, 3054, 3055 types, 4507–4508 Mishnat ha-middot (Treatise on Measuring), 2065 woodcarving, 4502 Mis´raka-vyavahāra, 2562 Motion, Aristotelian theory of, 3532 Mitakuye oyasin, 2453 Mouhot, Henri, 4386 Mithqa^l, 2406 Mound builders, 3299–3302 Index 4677

archaeoastronomy, 3301–3302 N mound construction, 3300 Nabta Playa, 3314 pottery, 3301 Nādhadwāra pichwāis, 4222 tool manufacture, 3300–3301 Nāḍīvalaya, 3439 Mount Kailas, 2681 Nāgarasarvasva, 3313 Mount Meru, 2681 Nāgarī script, 4558 Mount Paektu, 2667 Naga, ritual enclosure, 486, 488–491 Mount Sumeru World, Ayutthaya, 2534–2539 Nāgārjuna, 1414, 1676, 2565, 2566, 2569, 3417, 4118, Mouth, 2486–2487 4333 Movable-type printing, 3601 Nagasaki Hanga, 2414 Moxa. See also Acupuncture Nagasaki kokon shūran, 2415 Moxibustion, 2974, 2979, 3304–3305, 4611, 4617–4618 Nagatada Shi-raishi, 2071 Mpapa-dan structure, 382 Nahrawān canal, 4181 Mrak, 3328 Náhuatl, 1752, 4468 Mu’ayyid al-Dawla, 2283 Nakanishi-ryu school, 153, 166 Mucerrebn€ ậme, 2196 Nakṣatras, 631, 1029, 2577 Mud-brick manufacturing, 4309, 4311 Nala, 3588 Muderris,€ 2197 Nam Nhat Thong Du Do, 2684 Mudhākarāt,11–12 Namoratunga, 3314–3317 Mudkhal, 635 Nampūtiri, 3607 Mueller, Max, 4368 Nam Pyong-gil, 2798 Mughal rockets, 4364 Nam Thien, 2682, 2684 Muhafaza, 456 Nanahuapatli, 1802 Muḥammad, 2910, 2938 Nanchoc, Rio, 4389 Muḥammad, ˓Abd al-Raḥīm ibn, 2707 Nanfang caomuzhuang, 1971 Muḥammad al-Khwārizmī, 2069 Nanjing, 3318 Muhtasib, 2551 Nanjing Benyi, 3318 Muhūrtaratna, 3495 Nan Qi Shu (History of the Qi Dynasty), 2892 Muhyī al-Dīn Pirī, 3536 Napier, John, 585 Mu’ jam al-buldān (Dictionary of Geography), 2002 Nārāyaṇa, 3410 Mūjiz al-Qānūn fi ‘l-Ṭibb (Abstract of Ibn Sīnā ‘s Canon of squares, 2602–2607 Medicine), 2296 NārāyaṇaPaṇḍita, 3319–3320 Mukhamedjanov, A. R., 2373, 2376, 2378 Nārāyaṇīyam,29 Mūla (square root), 808 Narcotics, 3051 Al-mulakhkhas fīal-hay‘aal-basīṭa, 2171 Nardostachys jatamansi, 1720, 4345 Mulla Chānd, 720 Narhan culture, 1850 Mumford, Lewis, 4159, 4169, 4176 Narmada river project, 4383 Mummies Nasca pottery, 3383 in Egypt, 3305–3307 Naṣīr al-Dīnal-Ṭūsī, 2020, 2068, 3321–3323 in South America, 3308–3310 Nāṣir-I Khusraw, 3323–3324 Mummification, 3305–3307 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 1674 Munda, 3183 Nassurius kraussianus, 957 Mung bean (Vigna radiata), 3544 National Convention Centre by GMP, 401 Munīśvara, 3310 Nationalism, 3508–3509 Muñjāla, 3495, 3540 National Palace Museum Taipei, 4539 Al-Muqaddasī, 261–262, 810 National Treasury, 2409 Muromachi period, 3000 National Water Policy, 4374 Mushroom, 1727–1729 Native America. See also America in Pakistan, 1745–1746 science in Muska, 3059 agriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909 Muslim. See also Islam cultural forms, 3905 astronomers, 3643–3644 early cultures, 3906–3907 civilization, 2910 ethnomathematics, 3905 dams, 4182–4183 ethnosciences, 3905 Al-Muʾtaman ibn Hūd, 262–263 occupation, 3904 Mu ʿtazila and mutakallimūn, 2067 thought, environment and nature in, 1680–1695 Myanmar (Burma), ceramics, 1145–1147 Native North America Mysore war rocket, 4365, 4366 astronomy, 737–742 The Myth of the Eternal Return (Eliade), 4268 drugs, 1730–1732 4678 Index

Native North America (cont.) Nehru, Jawaharlal, 3529 ethnobotany in, 1729–1736 Neidan (internal alchemy), 177, 179, 180 health and disease, 1730 Neipian (Esoteric Chapters), 1971 maps and mapmaking of, 2688–2691 Nei shu lu (Record of Forgiveness), 2981 mathematics in, 2804–2810 Nemtsev, N. B., 2378 medicinal plants, 1732–1736 Neo-confucianism, 1677–1678, 3000 medicine in, 3017–3022 Neolithic artifacts, 2887 medicine of, 3061–3068 Neolithic deposits, 3544 psychological drugs, 1732 Neolithic faunal resources, 3544 time in, 4261–4263 Neolithic period, 3226, 3227 Natron, 332, 1603. See also Mummies Neolithic revolution. See Agricultural revolution Natural building materials, in Palestine, 430–432 Neolithic transition, 3542 Natural disasters, 1557 Neolithization, 3549 Natural gas in Premodern China, 1968–1970 Nepal Naturalis Historia, 2092 animal disease diagnoses, 4354–4355 Naturalism, 3523 animal health care practices, 4355–4356 Naturalist School, 1668 animal health care systems, 4352–4354 Nature,31 ecological zones of, 4352 Natuurkunde (study of nature), 3893 veterinary practice in, 4351–4356 Nautical technology, in Cambodia, 3324–3330 Nephrite, 2389 Navagraha (nine planets), 2601 Neugebauer, Otto, 2800 Navagrāha calendar, 629, 680 Nevsal-i Afiyet, 2202 Navajo, 672, 739 New Hanoi Museum, 401 Navala village, houses, 479–480 New Kingdom (Egypt), weights and measures, 4442–4444 Navigation New Mexico, metals and metallurgy, 3209–3210 Africa, 3331–3335 Newton, Isaac Amazonia, 3360–3365 binomial formula, 4331 China, 3336–3339, 3365–3379, 4615 in physics development, 3517–3518 India, 3339–3344 Newton-Raphson iterative method, 1019 Indian Ocean and Red Sea, 3349–3354 New World, technology in, 4186–4188 Pacific, 3355–3359 Ngá, 929, 934, 938 Polynesia, 3344–3348 Ngangkari, 3070–3071, 3073–3074 Navy, military technology in Ancient Egypt, 3234–3235 Ngurra, 1983 NawābNaṣīruddīn Ḥaidar, 3693 Ngwa-yoˆbwê (game stone), 4432 Naxi Dongba writing of China, 4535 Nha chong diem, 396 Nayic, 753–754 Nha Hat Lon, 397 Al-Nayrīzī, 263–264 Nhcyrpt (master of the hunt), 4346 Nazca Lines, 3379–3384, 3383, 3384 Niaochuan (Bird junk), 2414 Nderit potsherds, 3317 Nigama settlements, 1977 Near East Niger-Congo, 2938 agriculture Nigerian Hausa, 2920 complex systems, 92–96 Nightshade (Solanum americanum), 1731 emerging, 86–89 Nihon Bun’ iki Shisho Zu, 2666 established societies, 89–92 Nihon Bunkei Zu (Map of Japan Divided into Parts), 2665 perspectives, 96–97 Nihon Bun’ya Zu, 2666 medical ethics, 2901–2902 Nihon Kiryaku, 1591 metallurgy in, 3171–3179 Nihon Shoki, 2664 plant domestication in, 3549–3554 Niḥs´reya, 3416 viticulture, 4497–4500 Nikina, 2514 winemaking in, 4497–4500 Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji, 2881, 3384–3386 Necef, 4475 Nile Valley, Ancient Egyptian temples orientation, Necho II, 3331 4193–4194 Necropolis of Gizeh, 4548 Nilometer, 3386, 4450 Needham, Joseph, 1563, 3516, 3518, 3524, 3557, 4169, and irrigation, 3398–3402 4580 metrology and inundation, 3387–3389 Neem tree. See Azadirachta indica types, 3389–3398 Neferhotep, 2776 Nimrud wine lists, 4500 Negev, cisterns, 4406 The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures, 2136, Negev Desert of Israel, 112, 117 2409, 2850 Index 4679

Nine-Patterned Dragon, 4144 Nujūmīs, 2399 Nineveh, bricks in, 978–980 Numbering system, 4466 Ninjas, 2134 Number sequence Niruddha, 2620 in Brazil, 2804 Niruzi, 3334 in Coahuiltecan of Texas, 2806 Nit in kot (NK), 2711 of Eastern Pomo, 2808, 2809 Niyoga, 2908 of Yuk, 2806 Njock, Georges, 2752 Number theory, 2786–2787 Njoya (King), 2627–2628 in Africa, 3404–3407 Noble Eightfold Path, 1629, 1633, 1634 in India, 3407–3410 Nobuhiro, Sato, 1678 in Islamic mathematics, 3411–3412 Nobumasa, Tsugaru, 1678 Number words, 2804–2807 Nohoanga te matangi system, 3925 Numerals Noko Mine, 3566 Hindu-Arabic, 200, 584, 1553, 2786 Nomuraea rileyii, 3502 Roman, 2–3 Non-Archimedean arithmetic, 1011 Nūoc mām (a condiment fish sauce), 935 Nong Qi Pu (Book of Faming Implements), 2895 Nushizumi Yamaji, 2071 Nong Qi Tu Pu (Illustrations of Faming Implements), 2895 Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi˒˒khtirāq al-āfāq, Nong Shu (Treatise on Agriculture), 37, 2890, 4162 2703–2704 Nongzheng quanshu,38 Nya-Uganda, 2507 Nonperoxide antibacterial factors, 2193 Nyāya, 2568, 2569, 3412–3417 Non-western cultures, probability in, 3585–3589 Nyāyaratna, 3608 Non-Western views of time, 4263–4270 Nyāyāsūtra, 3414 Noon shadow, 2127–2128 N’yāya-Vais´eṣika, 1699, 3527, 3528 Nordenskiold, Erland, 3136 school of physics in India, 3527 North Africa, archaeoastronomy, 347–355 North Americans geography O contemporary, 2010–2011 Oasis theory, 113 creation stories, 2007 Oaxaca valleys, 1193 cultural conflict and emergent identities, Obelisks in Ancient Egypt 2009–2010 history, 3420–3424 location, territoriality, and cultural boundaries, manufacture and installation, 3424–3425 2007–2008 middle ages to modern times, 3431–3433 resource adaptation, 2008–2009 Rome and First afterlife, 3425–3431 traditional native geography, 2006–2007 Objectivity, 3710–3711 medicine of native, 3061–3068 Observation, eclipses, 1586–1591 metallurgy in, 3135–3138 Observatories, 4329–4331 time in, 4261–4263 ˓Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma˒mūn, 3440 Northern Africa Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, 3441 bread in, 970–971 in India, 3435–3440 rice in, 3743 in Islamic World, 3440–3442 Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP). See also Ceramics Marāgha, 3441 culture, 1850 Mount Qāsīyūn, 3440 phase, 2096 Shammāsiyya, 3440 Northern Thai ware, 1152–1153 Zīj-i Jurjānā, 3441 Nose, 2486–2487 Zīj Ilkhānī, 3441 The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero Obsidian prismatic blade production, 2873 (Kaplan), 2801–2802 Obstetrics, Ancient India, 1203–1204 Notia koko (savanna/forest ochrosols), 381 Ocakli, 3058 Notia tumtum (black soil), 381 Oceania Notitie, 921 mathematics in, 2811–2817 Notre rencontre, 2505 medicine in, 3023–3031 Nsangan-yoˆbwê (stone of a fine), 4432 Oceanic navigation, Polynesia, 3346 Ntwuma, 381, 382. See also Architecture Ocimum sanctum, 2177 Nubia Octants, 644–645 history of colonization, 967 Octli. See Pulque (alcoholic drink) mining in, 3245–3263 Oculate Being, 3383 weaving cotton in, 4429–4430 Oculi, 936 4680 Index

Oil Orihime, 703–704 cooking, 1922 Ornamental horticulture, Egypt, 3473–3475 spot glaze, 2121–2122 Ornamentation, 936, 957–958 Ojé (Ficus insipida), 1797 Orthodox Jews, 1652 Ojibway, 2006, 2690, 2808 Oryza, 3744 Ojuyon mun-jangjon san’go, 2797 Oryza barthii, 3744 Okar (root), 2711, 2712 Oryza glaberrima, 32, 3744 Okinawa Oryza nivara, 3545 geographic location, 4273 Oryza sativa, 3545, 3744 tofuyo in, 4273–4275 Oryza sativa var. japonica, 3746 Old Copper culture, 3136 Osiris, god of the dead, 1605 Old World, 2033 Osler, William, 27 Olive oil, 4452 Osmotic effect, 2193 Oliver, Paul, 1528 Ostionan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159 Ollas/mankas (vessel for boiling), 873 Ostraca, 4539–4540 Olmec Ostrich eggshell bead, 866 ceremonial sites, 2026–2027 Ottoman Empire, 2058 cities and town Hospitals and Medical Schools, 2193–2203 La Venta, 1244–1248 Jewelry, 2403–2408 San Lorenzo, 1248–1250 medicine in, 3048–3053 earth structures of, 1543–1550 Ottoman science, 3478–3487, 4141 heartland, 3614 Ottoman Turkish, science in knowledge systems, 2477–2478 astronomy and astrology, 3902 human embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489 geography and cartography, 3902–3903 human fetus, 2479–2480 medicine and natural history, 3903 human gestation and 260-day calendar, Our Lady of Candelaria, 2739 2480 Out-in method, Gou-Gu theorem, 2136–2137 human infant, 2480 Outlines of Astronomy, 2555 medical illustration art, 2480–2481 Overall proportions, 2485 spiritual potential of adult body, explore, Oyama, 1983 2481–2484 Oyaninai Boshi, 697–698 pottery, ceramics, 1187–1193 Ololiuqui, 1725–1726 Omah, 407, 408 P Omiero, 3849. See also Santería Pātạgaṇita, 3586 Ongar, 3654–3656 Paan, 877 On Stomach Ailments, 2209 Pachacuti Inca, 2472–2473 On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians, 2899. Pacific islands. See also Oceania See also Sun Simiao agriculture On the Configuration of the Universe, 2293. See also Ibn origin and evolution, 102–104 al-Haytham traditional, 104–105 On Triangle, 2388, 4000. See also Archimedes agroforestry, 128–130 Oogun, 2723 ethnobotany in, 1764–1778 Open-tube periscope, 3446 navigation in, 3355–3359 Opet, 3402 worked glass artefacts in, 4519–4522 Ophthalmology, in Egypt, 3443 Padārthas, 3413, 3414 Opium, 3051 Padmaśrī (Nāgarasarvasva), 3313–3314 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) Painted Cave of Gáldar, 2738 method, 3317 Paintings Optics Ajanta, 164–166 in China, 3444–3447 tomb, 4499 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2292–2293 Paishachas, 1992 in Islamic World, 3447–3452 Paitāmahasiddhānta, 3539, 3541 Oquetlupuc, 1809 Pajala, 920 Oracle bones, 3453–3456 Pakal (shield), in Maya writing, 4572–4574 Or Adonay, 2169. See also Crescas, Ḥasdai Pakal u bak Ah Balam (Pakal was captured. Pakal Oraimono, 2790 was the captive of Sir Balam), 4574 Orang asli, 1819 Pakistan Origami, 3457–3460 Ayubia Ethnobotany Project, 1742 Index 4681

Ayubia National Park, 1744–1745 Parikarmāṣṭaka, 2561 capacity building, 1744 Pariṇāmavāda, 4590 conservation practices, 1746 Paris Observatory, 3441 conservation priorities, 1743 Parshnigraha, 2424 developmental issues in, 1743 Parshnigrahasara, 2424 ethnobotany in, 1736–1746 Parts Weighted According to Degree, medicinal plants in, 1737–1743 2411 Pakṣa, 3489–3490 Pascal triangle, 2409 Palaces Pashan bhed, 2177 in Java, 414–415 Patañjali, 3493 in Mesoamerica, 422–424 yoga, 4588–4589 Palans, 3334 Paṭi, 2563 Palari pinisi, 923 Paticca samuppāda, 4270 Palari-type schooner, 923 Pāṭīgaṇita, 581–582, 2561 Paleolithic artifacts, 2887 Patio hundido, 422 Paleolithic period, 3226 Patios de Indios, 3135 Palermo Stone, 3387, 3388 Patorani, 920 Palingu, 2095 Patun Gama settlements, 1977 Palmettan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159 Paturi, Felix, 4169 Palm fibers (Arenga pinnata), 950 Pauliśa, 3496–3497 Palm leaves, 4560–4561 Paulus-ul-Yunani, 3496 Pamphilian obelisk, 3430 Paush mela, 1029 Panacas, 2474 Paying Taxes in a Fair Way According to Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 1729 Transportation, 2411 Panamacani, 3015 Pediculus humanus capitis, 2145 Pan˜cakarma therapy, 2988 Pei Xiu, 2637, 2638 Pan˜camahābhūta, 1698–1699, 3034 Pelayaran rakyat, 924 Pan˜casiddhāntikā, 2126–2127, 2884, 3409, 3496, Pell’s equation, 1018, 1020 4341. See also Varāhamihira Pencalang of Java, 921 of Varāhamihira, 1596–1597 Pendants, 854 Panchakroshi route, 375 Peng Long Ye Hua (Li Rihua), 4273 Pangajavas, 921 Peniche, 923 Paniceae starch grains, 3241 Penis title sign in Maya writing, 4577 Panicle, 3680 Pennisetum (bajra),48 Paṇini, 2441, 3490–3493. See also Nyāya People’s Republic of China, 4539 Pānnā hazāra, 4221 Pepeha, 1984 Paper Peret, 3400 availability, 4538 Peri-Amazonian Savannas, wetland agriculture, development, 3494 1856–1861 history, 3494 Periplus, 2096, 3216 invention, 3494 Periplus of Hanno, 3331 Papermaking, 3494–3495, 4161, 4177 The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 3333 industrial revolution, 3494 Peru. See also South America preparing pulp for, 1618 beer production in, 871–876 Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), 1776 bezoar stones in, 882–884 Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), 827, 2650, 4539 map of, 4390 of Hunefer, 4540 water management in, 4389–4399 padiamenet, 4541 weights and measures in, 4470–4472 Papyrus Chester Beatty IV, 4548 Peruvian linear measurements, 4470 Paqdewakang, 922 Pervomayskaya plotina (lit. May 1st Dam), 2370 Paqtaripang, 922 Pest control Parabou, 3334 Egypt, 3469 Paracas textiles, 4229 era, 3499, 3501 Parahita-gaṇita, 2426 eradication era, 3499 Pāramārthika Satya, 4590 in India, 3497–3505 Parameśvara. See also Astronomy in Medieval India biological, 3502–3503 commentaris, 3495 biotechnological, 3503–3504 works, 3495 crop pests, 3497–3498 writings, 3495 herbal pesticides, 3501 4682 Index

Pest control (cont.) mechanics, 3531–3532 history of entomological science, 3499–3501 nature of matter and causal laws, 3530–3531 indigenous knowledge, 3499, 3501 origin metamorphosis, 3497–3499 China, 3516–3519 pesticides, 3501 India, 3519–3521 pheromones, 3503 Pi management era, 3501 in Chinese mathematics, 3533–3534 metamorphosis, 3497–3499 in Indian mathematics, 3535–3536 Deccan Chalcolithic period, 3498–3499 Yuktibhāa proofs of infinite series for, 3591 Harappan period, 3498 Piãgala’s Chandahsūtra, 3585 Protohistoric period, 3498 Picietl, 1805 Vedic period, 3499 Picking cotton, 44 Petersianthus quadrialatus, 949 Pictographs, 2689 Pet mummies, 332. See also Animal mummies Piddington, Henry, 3217 Petrie, W. M. F., 4440, 4443, 4476 Piezo-luminescence, 3519 Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 1724–1725, 3019 Pig (Sus scrofa), 104, 114. See also Animal domestication Phalaka-yantra, 639 Pig iron, 2615, 3131, 3185. See also Metallurgy Phaṇīndra yantra (the serpentine instrument), 2622 Pigments, 165 Pharaoh, 3399, 3400 mineral, 4223 Egypt of, 2774–2777 Pile fabrics, 4216 Psamtek II, 3423 Pinas, 923 Rameses II, 3422–3423 Pinax, 2208 Senusret I, 3421 Ping (floating differences), 2553 Seti I, 3422 Pinghunyi, 650 Thutmose I, 3421–3422 Pinglin prehistoric jade 2390 Pharaonic period, 3226 Pingree, David, 2884 Pheromones, in pest control, 3503 Pinhole image, 3445 Philanthropic medicine, 2933–2934 Pinisi, 923 Philanthropy Pinnace, 923 and Ayurveda, 3511 Pinyin, 4538 colonial state’s disengagement with, 3511–3512 Piper longum, 2178 and medical research, 3510–3511 Piper methysticum, 1767 role and contribution of, 3505–3506 Pirī Reis, 3536–3538 and western medicine, 3506–3508 first world map (1513), 3536–3537 Philippines second world map (1528), 3537 boats of, 948–953 Pisaek celadon, 1131–1133 jade ornaments, 2392–2393 Pistacia chinensis, 951 Philoponus, John, 3532 Piston-bellows, 2897. See also Box-bellows Phimeanakas temple, 3326 Piwei Lun, 2917 Phitsanulok and Nakorn Thai Ware, 1151–1152 Pizzarro, Francisco, 3562 Phoenician alphabet, 266, 267. See also Alphabet Placer gold, 2133 Phonetic scripts, 4533–4535 Place-value numeration system, 2800–2801 Phonology rules, of Paṇini, 3490–3491 Plaiting, 820 Phung Nguyen Cultural Phase, 2394 Plane trigonometry, 1017, 4323 Phu Thu village, 395 Planets, 618 Phyllanthus emblica, 2178 planetary accuracy, 2884 Physical Geography of the Seas (Maury), 3217 planetary hypotheses, 2170, 2171, 3540, 3541 Physicians writing, veterinary medicine, 4349 planetary models, in India, 3538–3542 Physics Plank-built boats, 914–915 China, 3516–3519, 3523–3526 Plant historical research, 3516, 3519 dyes, 4223 India exploration, Egypt, 3471–3474 Ancient India (2000 BCE-AD 800), 3527–3529 medicinal food, 2918–2923 elements, 3527 Plant domestication Medieval India (AD 800-1800), 3529 geography of, 3551 Modern India (AD 1800-Present), 3529 in India, 3542–3546 Islam, 3521–3522 in Near East, 3549–3554 in Islamic world, 3530–3533 scope, 3553 dynamics, 3532–3533 time frame and pace of, 3551–3553 Index 4683

Plaster, 165–166 potter’s wheel, 1115 Plateau basket, 837 production techniques, 1136 Plato, 1570, 1571, 1577, 2714, 4605 raw materials preparation, 1136–1137 Platonic idealism, 3523 rethinking Olmec, 1187–1193 Playfair, John, 4168 shaping, 1137–1138 Pledang of Lamalera, 921 Zisha, 1111 Pleistocene seafaring, 3912 Pottier, Christophe, 4387 Pliocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662 Pounding meat, 2885 Plumb bob, 4301–4302 Practical mathematics, 2785 Pluto Brasiliensis, 3276 Pradārtha dharma sam_ graha, 3521 Pocock, Edward, 2334 Prahu, 919 Poincaré recurrence theorem, 4264 Prajāpati, 1991 Pokok, 1820 Prakashayudda (open war), 2424 Polar Star, 628 Praka ṭārthadī pikā, 2167 Political dominance, 4165, 4167 Prakīrṇaka, 2561–2562 Polo, Marco, 1552 Prakṛti, 1700, 2173, 2423 Polycentered history of science, 3556–3562 Pramāṇa, 2567, 3412 Polychrome-painted porcelain, 1109–1112 Praśastapāda, 3521 Polynesia, 484. See also Oceania Praśna-atapañcāśikā, 3495 navigation in, 3344–3348 Pratodayantra, 639 Polynesian outliers, seafaring. See also Seafaring Pratyakṣa, 2567, 4608 Canoe Construction and Design, 3918–3923 Praves´aka,29 changes, 3925–3926 Preah Pisnokar, 3327 navigation, 3924–3925 Preceramic cotton textiles, 4228 sailing techniques, 3924 Precession of equinoxes, 4626, 4629 social relations, 3925 Precipitation gauge, 3214. See also Rainwater Pomegranate, 3088 Pre-colonial metal, use in Southwest, 3208–3209 Pometia pinnata, 950 Pre-Columbian America Pomo number words, 2807–2809 crop domestication, 1475–1477 Poncet, Charles, 4211 geometry, 2021 Pond fields, 4415–4417 salt in, 3824 Pope Gregory XIII, 1028, 1054 surveying in, 4111 Pope Sixtus V, 3420 Pre-Columbian green revolution, 1859 Pope Sylvester II, 608 Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, 3613 Poppy (Papaver somniferum), 1731 Pre-Columbian South America, metallurgy in, 3142–3143 Porcelain City, 1111, 1553–1555 Pre-Columbian Western hemisphere, medical ethics, Porosphaera globularis beads, 865 2902–2903 Porta, Giambattista della, 4189 Predynastic Narmer Palette, 2629 Portolano, 3537 Predynastic periods, 3225, 3226 Portuguese, European colonization, 2924 Predynastic times, gold production in, 3248–3249 Postharvest technology, Egypt, 3465–3468 Preformation theory, 2913 Poston, T., 3292 Pre-Hispanic North America, ceramics, 1134–1141 Post-Renaissance cartography, 2688 Pre-Hispanic-style maps, 2676 Potato Pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 4329 in Andes, 3562–3564 Preservation techniques genetic diversity, origins and conservation of, canning, 1932 3562–3564 dehydrated products, 1931–1932 Potgarland wheel, 4183 freezing, 1932–1933 Pot-lined water holes, at Heywoods, 4402–4403 fry drying, 1933 Potter’s wheel, 1115, 4176 Pressures creating and spatial planning, in South Africa, Pottery. See also Ceramics 446–450 decorating vessels, 1139–1140 Prevailing winds, 4314 Early Neolithic Age, China, 1103–1106 Pṛhuyaśas, 3495 finishing vessels, 1138–1139 Priepriggie, 786 firing, 1140–1141 Principia Mathematica, 3518 Late Neolithic Age, China, 1106–1107 The Principles and Practice of Medicine,27 Maya, 1168–1177 Printing Mimbres, 1180–1186 in Europe, 1565 mound builders, 3301 movable-type, 3601 4684 Index

Printing (cont.) Pym (Petrie: peyem), 4475 in Tang dynasty, 4538 Pyramid woodblock, 3596–3597 circular, 1295–1296 and dyeing in India, 3577–3585 in Egypt, 1617 centers of block printing and dyeing, 3580–3582 construction techniques, 3610–3612 craft revival, 3580 history, 3609–3610 domestic market, 3578–3580 pyramid workforce, 3612–3613 dyestuffs and printing blocks, 3583–3584 feathered serpent, 3617, 3618 hereditary occupation, 3582–3583 in Mesoamerica, 417–422 international trade, 3578 of Mesoamerica, 3613–3624 textile production, 3577 Sahure, 4285 Probability, in non-western cultures, 3585–3589 single-temple, 1295 Proctor test, 4133 step, 4283, 4284 Production-centred technology, 4178 texts, 4289, 4290 Project Directorate of Biological Control, 3502 twin-temple, 1294–1295 Proofs in Indian mathematics, 3589–3594 Pyramidion, 3419 alleged absence of, 3589–3590 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum spp.), field, 81, 83 The Prophecies of Neferti, 4545 Pythagoras, 1570, 2067 Prophetic medicine, 2938, 3049 Pythagoreanism, 3523 Proto-Canaanitic alphabet, 267. See also Alphabet Pythagorean theorem, 2135, 2727, 3409 Proto-dynastic writing system of Egypt, 4540. Pythagorean triplets, 2803 See also Writing Pyu period, 1093–1101 Proto-Elamite script of India, 4554. See also Writing Protohistoric period, 3498 Proyet, 3400 Q Pseudocereals, 3680 Qāḍīzāde al-Rūmī, 3481, 3625–3626 Pseudo-hieroglyphs, of Middle East, 4566. Al-Qalaṣādī, 269–271 See also Hieroglyphs Qalmas, 1045 Psychology, 253, 793, 981, 1403, 1404, 1520, 1572, 1573, Qalonymos, 2834 1584, 1830, 2284, 2285, 2292, 2329, 2330, Qanat, 1616, 1674, 2248, 3626–3627, 4182 3063, 3280, 3855 tunnels, 4175 Pterocarpus indicus, 950, 951 Qantir, 2089 Ptolemaic cartography, 2645 Qānūn (Canon), 2004 Ptolemaic planetary theory, 2300 Qasba Ptolemaic (Greek) times, gold production in, 3258–3260 of Agadir, 3629 Ptolemy, 3322, 3540 of Algiers, 3638 Almagest, 2783, 2785 in Central and Eastern Maghrib, 3630 Claudius, 4189 of Debdou, 3637 equant theory, 3442 dichotomy, 3631 Public health, 3508–3509 distribution of, 3637 Rockefeller philanthropy and (1920-1947), 3512–3513 and heritage issues, 3636–3638 Publishing and printing in China, 3596–3602 indiscriminate use, 3631 Pueblo Indian, adaptations of Spanish Metallurgy, Mashwar of Tlemcen, 3635 3201–3210 origins of, 3631–3633 Pueraria thunbergiana, 4214 patterns, 3633–3636 Puerto Rico tower, 3603–3607 as spatiotemporally hybrid concept, 3629–3631 Puffballs species, 1726–1727. See also Mushrooms urbanization, 3628 Pulque (alcoholic drink), 4045 in Western Maghrib, 3630 Pulverizer (ku ṭṭaka), 2563 Qemi, 2146 Pundits, 2399 Qi, 1668, 2555, 3640–3641 Punga salts, 3829 Qianjin Bao Yao (The Thousand Golden Remedies), 2904 Puquina, 2473 Qianjin fang, 4081. See also Sun Simo Puquios, 4413–4415 Qianjin Yao Fang, 2899, 3642 Purāṇa, 1988 Qian Xiang Li, 2564 Pura/Nagara settlements, 1977 Qian Yuanguan, 2694 Pūrṇimānta system, 3489 Qibla (direction to Mecca), 2049, 2143, 3730 Putra-am, 3492 and Islamic prayer times, 3642–3645 Putumana Somayāji, 3607–3609 Qi concept, 3720 Puzzles, 2753–2755 Qigong, 3720 Index 4685

Qi Guo Feng Qiehushi Tu, 2894 Raman, C. V., 3529 Qimin yaoshu,36–37, 39 Ramasubban, Radhika, 2930 Qīng, 21, 23 Ramat Raḥel site Qing dynasty (1644-1911), 2695, 2896 architectural features, 3700 glass, 2084 area map, 3697 Qingfang, 2136 Christianization process, 3703 Qing Jesuit maps, 2647 construction and development phases Qing map culture, 2646–2648 palace units and courtyards, Qin Jiushao, 3645–3646, 4584. See also Wang Xiaotong 3699–3700 Qin Shihuang, 4537 sturdy building, 3700–3701 Qipiri (vessel for transporting), 874 western tower, 3698–3699 Qi Yao Shu, 2564 destruction and desolation, 3702 Qochas, 2272, 2278, 4415–4416 excavation project, 3698 Qora aqa (maize beer), 871 Hellenistic period changes, 3702 Q sustainability equation, water management, 4395–4397 location, 3696 Qu, 1925. See also Fermentation reconstruction, 3698 Quadrant, 3646–3647 stamp impression types, 3702 in Islamic world, 655 Rāmayaṇa, 1993, 2095, 2536, 3339 Quahuitl, 2676 Rāma yantra, 3439–3440 Quan You Six Jiao (Directions for Those Working in Ramesses II, 4286 Pediatrics), 2917 Ramesses III, 3462 Quarries Ramesses IV (King), 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661 excavation of mine RH862, 3652–3654, 3657, 3658 Ramesseum papyri, 2967 in Harappa, 3647–3659 Ramesside period, 3258 Rohri Hills, 3647–3653 Raml, 2015 in Tunisia, 3661–3668 Rangaku, 2791 Quarters and shophouses, in Hanoi, 395–397 Raṅganātha, 3310 Quasi-cyclic time, 4265–4268 temple at Srirangam, 375 Quaternary period, Tunisian stones, 3662 Rangoli Qubilai Qan, 2140 history, 3705 Quechua number words, 1837–1838 patterns, 3705 Al-Qūhī, 272–273, 2066 women’s art, 3704–3705 Quichua, 2512 Rangrez, 3582 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), 1811, 3668–3680 Rasa, 2443 ancient uses of, 3678–3679 Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya, 3183 cultivation, 3677–3678 Rasāyana (elixirs of long life), 1572, 4344 Quipu, 2471, 2500, 2722, 3682–3687 Rasendrashar Samgraha, 3183 Quipucamayus (quipu-keepers), 2722 RashīdalDīn, 2748 Qurān, 1672–1673, 2910, 2911 Rās´is, 631 Qusṭā ibn Lūqā, 2124, 3687–3688 Rās´ivyavahāra, 2562 Rationale in Indian mathematics, 3706–3707 Rationality, 3708–3710 R Ratio studiorum, 2042 Radicati di Primeglio’s model, yupana, 4594 Rawashin, 456 Radiocarbon dates, 2739 Raychaudhuri, H. C., 2361 Raghuvam_ ms´a, 1995 Al-Rāzī, 9, 274–276, 2910, 2994, 4184 Rahman, Abdur, 4169 Rebbelith chart, 2711 Rainfall, in Africa, 1620–1622 Reckoning time, 3490 Rainforest crop production, Africa, 4158, 4173 Reclamation Raised fields, wet water technology, 4418, 4419 in India Rajanyas, 1988 drainage operations, 3740 Raja Ratan Singh dykes, 3739 biography, 3690–3691 networking, 3739 European astronomy, 3691–3692 rice cultivation, 3739 Hadā’iq al-Nujūm, 3691–3694 sowing, 3740 Mi’yār al-Azmān, 3691 Vembanad backwater system, 3738 Rajasthan, alum production, 4179, 4180 Recreational mathematics, 2802–2803 Rāja Yoga, 4590 Rectangular field, 2410 Rakshasas, 1992 Rectangular traditional house, 438 4686 Index

Red bean (coral bean), 1725. See also Sophora Rhus succedanea L., 931 secundiflora Ricci, Matteo, 1566 Red koji, 4277, 4279 Rice Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), 1773 in Africa, 1562, 3741–3745 Red Mummies, 3309 consumption variation, 3741 Red Sea, navigation in, 3349–3354 future, 3745 Red-sufu, 4271 history, 3741, 3743–3745 Reductio ad absurdum, 2564 introduction, 3745 Reductionism, 3524 Oryza glaberrima Steud., 3741 Reed, 826 Oryza sativa L., 3741 Reed baskets (pi ṭaka), 4560 production rate in 1961, CAGR, 3741 Regenerative forestry, 1938–1939 research, 3745 Regula falsi (rule of inversion), 808 in China Regular/standard script (kaishu), 4538 dispersal routes, 3750–3751 Reisner, G. A., 4442, 4513 increasing productivity, 3747–3750 Reiyaku-jutsu (continual division method), 4137, 4138 origins and early developments, 3746–3747 Rekhāgaṇita, 2397 in India, 3738–3740 Rekiho Shinsho, 2172 alcoholic beverages, 3754 Relativity, 3515, 3518, 3526 by-products, 3754 Religion and Science climatic factors affecting, 3753 Americas, 3732–3735 diverse ecological situations, 3753 in China festivals and ceremonies, 3755 Buddhism, 3715 flooding, 3753 Confucianism, 3717–3719 forms, 3756–3757 cosmological beliefs, 3716–3717 goddesses, 3756 Daoism, 3716 in Indian folklore, 3755 scientific subjects, 3715 irrigated ecosystem, 3753 Islam I, 3721–3726 medicinal values, 3755 Islam II, 3727–3731 rainfed lowland, 3753 Renze Shuji, 2701 reclamation, 3738–3740 Repetition pitch theory, 17–18 and religion, 3755 Repetitive Initial Units, 437–442 in Rites de Passages (Sanskara), 3756 Reproduction in Japan specialty rices, 3754 fertility and mortality, 3736 upland rice fields, 3753 infanticide, 3737 weeding and harvesting, 3753–3754 M and m parameter, 3737 in Korea marital reproduction, 3736–3737 bap stage, 3762 marriage, 3736 byeo stage, 3764–3767 Reservoirs entities and meanings, 3761–3763 Daroji, 4384 farming schedules, 3761 in India, 4376–4384 geography, 3758 Middle Period, 4379–4383 green revolution, 3760–3761 runoff-fed, 4383 history, 3758–3760 silt, 4422–4424, 4425 industrialization, 3761 in Sri Lanka, 4376–4384 mo stage, 3763–3764 Vijayanagara period, 4381–4382 ssal stage, 3767 water, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422 Taiwan Retting, 1921 after World War II, 3771 Reversed shadow, 2128 in ancient times, 3770 Reza Hatami, 2749 characters and habitat, 3770 Ṛgveda, 1703, 1987–1988, 1990–1992, 3339–3340, 3490, cropping season, 3770 3493, 3520, 3527, 3535, 3587, 4368, 4370, cultivation and utilization, 3771–3772 4371, 4372, 4555 in earlier times, 3770 Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, 3493 during Japanese colonization, 3770–3771 Ṛgvedic period, 3216 and life, 3772 Rhetorical algebra, 2725 Rice alcoholic beverages (RAB) Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP), 2770, 2771, 2777, India fermenting drinks, 192 2778 ingredients, 192–196 Rhododendron, 3088 taboos and safety rite, 196 Index 4687

Rice bran, 3754 Roys, Ralph, 4468 Rice fields reclamation, in India, 3738–3740 Rtikāvati, 809 Richard Lepsius, 2777 Ṛtuparṇa, 3588 Riddles, 2753–2755 Ruba (quadrant), 2004 Rigby, Peter, 4239 Rubbing stones Riḥla, 2414 stoneworkers using, 4303 Rilib, 2711 woodworkers using, 4304, 4305 Rings (kha^tim), 2407 Rudder, 3338–3339 Ripening induction, Egypt, 3467–3469 Al-Ruhāwi, 2910 Ripening period Ru Jia (the School of Scholars), 3717 red koji, 4279 Rules for Medical Studies, 2905 tofuyo, 4278–4280 Rumah gantong, 540, 543, 546 Risāla (Epistle), 12 Rumah tanah, 540–543 Risāla fī ˓Ilm al-Ẓilāl (Treatise on the Science of Shadows), Runoff Ratio, water management, 4392–4393 2299 Rural areas, tea in, 4156 Risāla fī istikhrāj jayb daraja wāḥida (Treatise on the Russel, John, 4167 Determination of Sine of One Degree), 4329 Rutherford, Lord, 4335 Risāla fī ’ l-barāhīn ˓ala masā’il al-jabr wa’l-muqābala Ruxiudu, 2574 (Treatise of Demonstrations of Problems of Ryots, 2416 Algebra), 4330 Risāla fī tas ṭiḥ al-ṣuwar wa tab ṭiḥ al-kuwar, 2068 Risālat al-jayb, 3625 S Risale-ye Mi’mariyya, 2058 Sacbeob, 539 Rites of Zhou, 2410 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4495 Ritsuryo, 56 Sacred animals, 332. See also Animal mummies Ritual calendar, 617–618 Sadācāreṇaiva narāṇām_ m āryatvam, 4368 River Ṣadr al-Sharịah al-Thanị, 3821–3822 Sarasvatī River, 4371–4372 Sadratnamālā, 2429 Siem Reap, 4387–4388 Safavid Era, veterinary medicine in, 4349–4350 River basins of India, 4373–4374 Al-Ṣāghānī, 276–277 River navigation, 3343 Sahagún, Bernardino, 1541, 1542, 1591 Riyong suanfa (Everyday Mathematics), 4584 Sahara Rlung€ constitution, 3083–3084 astronomy in, 743 Roasting, 1921 bread, 971 Roba ˓Yisrael (Quadrant of Israel), 2332 Ṣā ˒id al-Andalusī, 4012–4013 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 4219 Said, Edward, 4165 Rockefeller philanthropy, and public health 1920-1947, Saint-Louis, Senegal, 387 3512–3513 Sāiya, 4183 Rockets. See also War rockets Śakābdha saṃskāra, 2168 in India, 4364–4366 Śakas, 1042 Mughal, 4364 Sakiattiak, 1027 tactical use of, 4364 Sakwala (earth or universe), 1974 Roda Nilometer, 3389, 3390, 3396–3398 Saladoid period Rogers, Carl, 1573 ceramics, 1157 Roghan, 3579 Ṣalāt, 2049, 3642–3645 Rohri Hills, 3647–3653 Salt Rojas Rabiela, Teresa, 4467 in Africa, 3824 Rolok, 2711 in America, 3824 Roman alphabet, 4559 artificial boiling, 3822–3823 Roman-Byzantine gold production sites, 3259 in Bengal Roman calendars, 1027–1028 boiling process, 3826 Roman numerals, 2–3 drying process, 3826–3829 Roman quern technology, 3261 filtration process, 3825–3826 Roman times, gold production in, 3261 during Mughal period, 3824 Rondawel structure, 445–446 processing of raw materials, 3825 Rondelli, B., 2380 production places, 3824 Roppong, 920 chien, 3822, 3823 Rosaleen Howard’s study, 2462 in China, 3823 Rotuma island, houses of, 480 production techniques, 3830 4688 Index

Salt (cont.) Sangre de Grado (Croton lechleri), 1798 salt types, 3830 San Guo Zhi (History of the Three Kingdoms), 2890, 2891 by solar evaporation (shai yan), 3831 Śaṅkara’s Advaita philosophy, 3417 successive basin solar evaporation, 3832 Śaṅkara Vāriyar, 3846–3847 well salt production, 3832–3833 Sankey, R. H., 2363 in India, 3824, 3834–3835 Śaṅku, 637 meat preservation, 2886 San Lorenzo in Mesoamerica cities and town, 1248–1250 archaeological markers, 3836 earth structures, 1543–1544 basin of Mexico, 3837 soil in, 1546–1547 and cloth dyers, 3835 San Macuto obelisk, 3429 coastal Guerrero, 3839–3840 San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi), 1816 Cuyutlán, Colima, 3837 Sanskrit language (dhātupatha), 2441 Lake Cuitzeo, 3837–3839 Santería Maya area, 3840 for illness, 3848–3849 salt sources, 3836 orishas, 3847 Veracruz, 3840–3841 rebirth, 3849–3850 natural evaporation, 3823 santos, 3847 potential salt, 3822 Saptāpurī (seven cities), 376 in pre-Columbian America, 3824 Saqiya, 2265 shai, 3822, 3823 Sarasvatī River, 4371–4372 in sub-Saharan Africa, 3824 Sarawak tree, 1828–1829 Salt, Henry, 4211 Śārṇgadhara, 2983 Salt-producing units. See Fincas Śārngadharasaṃhitā, 2983, 2984 Sama (conciliation), 2424 Sarpagandha, 1721 Samādhi, 4589 Sarvajn˜āna, 3417 Sāmanta Candraśekhara, 3841–3843 Ṣaṣṭhām_ ms´a yantra, 3438 Samarāṅganasūtradhāra (SSD), 3843–3845 Ṣāstras, 2441 Samarāṭ-yantra, 640 Śatānanda, 3851–3852 Samarkand, irrigation in, 2370–2381 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 2046, 2095 Samarqand, 4329, 4330 Satin weave (duanwen), 4215–4216 Al-Samarqandī, 277–278 Satire of the Trades, 2544 Sāṃba, 2518 Sattva, 2907 Saṃkhyāsthānanirnaya, 2561 Saturn, 619 Samoa, 3024 Satvāda, 4590 Sampo Endan Genkai (Commentaries for Japanese Saudagiri ("trade goods" in Persian) textiles, 3581 Algebra System), 4137 Saumya-yantra (northern instrument), 2622 Sampo Henkei, 2071 Śaunaka, 3493 Sampo kyojo, 2794 Savasorda, 6, 2833 Sampo Kyokkei Shinan, 2071 Sawah,49 Sampo Nyumon (Introduction to Mathematical Methods, Sawai Jai Singh (Jaya SiṃhaSavā’ī), 2397, 2398–2400, 1680), 4137 3435–3438, 3441 Sampo Ruiju, 2071 Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai Ware, 1147–1150 Samrāṭ yantra, 3436–3438 Sawmill technology, 4236–4237 Samshraya (seeking alliance or shelter), 2424 Saw, woodworkers, 4306, 4308 Samūīlibn Abbās (Al-Maghribī), 3845–3846 Sayl and ghayl, 2249 Samvatsar, 1722 Scaphe sundials, 4250, 4255–4257 Sandatsu no ho, Kempu no ho, 2794 Schall von Bell, Adam, 1566 Sandeq, 920 Schick, Conrad, 4407 Sandeq pangoli, 920 Schoty,1,2 Sandeq paroppong, 920 Schweinfurth, Georg, 379 Sandeq potanga, 920 Science Sandesa Kavya (Message Poems), 1977 in China Sandhi (peace), 2424 bencao (pharmacopoeia), 3887 Ṣandūq al-yawāqīt (jewel box), 2301 Chinese numerals, 3881 Sangaku (mathematical tablet), 2071, 3457–3458, 3891 Chunqiu and Zhouli, 3882 Sangaku Keimo Genkai Taisei (Complete Works of civilisation, 3516 Commentaries on Suan Xue Qi Meng), 4137 Needham demonstration, 3881 Index 4689

principle of control, 3883 Science agenda-framework, 2465–2466 principle of masking, 3883 Science and Civilisation in China (Needham), Shennong bencaojing pharmacopoeia, 3885 4164 Shujing and Shijing, 3882 Science of Life, 2442 shuxue, 3882 Scientific method, 3711–3712 Suanshushu manuscript, 3884 Scientific Revolution, 1572, 2594 Tiangong kaiwu, 3881 European, 3515 wuxing (Five Elements), 3883 Scindia Steam Navigation Company, 3343 wuyi (shamans and doctors), 3885 Scorpion Pharaoh, 3401–3402 yaofu, 3887 Scraping-cum-incision technique, 4101 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi), Screwpine (Pandanus tectorius), 1770 3884 Scribe of the Tomb, 2658, 2659 East and West Sculpted porcelain, 1109–1112 algebraic barbarism, 3870 Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, 3909–3911 Bailly’s thesis, 3875 Seafaring British Indology, 3868 elephants, 3913 Colebrooke translations, 3876 Homo erectus, 3913 European tradition, 3868 Pleistocene seafaring, 3912 French missionaries, 3869 in Polynesian outliers Indian astronomy, 3869 Canoe Construction and Design, 3918–3923 Jesuit missionaries, 3869 changes, 3925–3926 John Playfair’s Program, 3875–3879 navigation, 3924–3925 modes of analysis, 3877 sailing techniques, 3924 in Japan social relations, 3925 astronomers and interpreters, 3893 prototype rafts, 3916 independent scholars and physicians, 3893–3894 stone tool knapping, 3915 samurai, 3894–3896 Weaiwe Formation, 3914 traditional period, 3888–3893 Sea navigation, in India, 3339–3344 in Korea Season-Granting calendar, 4248, 4249, 4250, 4257 bronze type printing system, 3898 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 4337 casting technology, 3897 Sefer ha-’Ibbur,6 ceramic type printing, 3898–3899 Sefer ha-Mispar, 2834 Ch’omsongdae observatory, 3897–3898 Sefer Tekhunah (Book of Astronomy), 2551, 2552. Koryo celadon, 3900 See also Levi Ben Gerson Wood block printing, 3898 Seiki teisho, 2794 of Native Americans Seima-Turbino, 3106 agriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909 Seki Kowa, 2560, 3931–3933, 4136, 4137 cultural forms, 3905 Seki Soko, 2666 early cultures, 3906–3907 Seki Takakazu, 2560, 2791, 2793–2795 ethnomathematics, 3905 Self-sounding clock, 4254 ethnosciences, 3905 Selibe Phikwe, 3272 occupation, 3904 Selibe Phikwe Regional Development Programme in Ottoman Turkish (SPRDP), 3272 astronomy and astrology, 3902 Selkirk Mine, 3566 geography and cartography, 3902–3903 Semi-cursive script (xingshu), 4538–4539 medicine and natural history, 3903 Senegambian megaliths, 3744 polycentered history of, 3556–3562 Senet, 985–986 well-ordered, 3557–3558 Senghor, L. S., 4491 as western phenomenon Senthong (rooms), 407 aging doctrine, 3866–3867 Serotong, 403–404 algebra, 3862–3864 Śeṣāvasanā, 2421 Arabic science, 3860 Setaria, 3242 classical science, 3859, 3860 Setaria italica ssp. italica, 3240 European science, 3860 The 17 Rules of Enjuin, 2901 experimentation, 3864–3866 Sexagesimal system, 3938–3939 Greek science, 3859 Sextants, 644–645 Renan’s interpretation, 3861 Al-Ṣfī, 2124 Western science, 3860 Shachuan (Sand junk), 2414 4690 Index

Shadgunya, 2424 raw materials, 3983–3984 Shādūf, 2264, 4183 ship types, 3980–3982 Shaku, 4461 in Egypt Shaku-kan system, 4461, 4464, 4465 First Dynasty, 3968–3970 Shalako, 1027 Middle Kingdom, 3975–3977 Shaman, 3020 New Kingdom, 3977–3979 Shamanism, in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, 3940–3942 Old Kingdom vessels, 3970–3974 Shang Dynasty, 2887, 2888, 3131 sailboats, 3968 Shanghan Lun (Discussion on Cold-Induced Disorders), sickle-shaped boats, 3967 2915, 3943–3944, 4611 technology changes, 3974–3975 Shang shu, 2642 in India, Wadia Shipbuilders Shangyu, 4361, 4431. See also Zhejiang coastal boats, 3986 Shang-Zhou bronze culture, 3131 racism, 3986–3987 Shapes-and-forces map (hyŏngsedo), 2667 steam navigation, 3987–3988 Sharaf al-Dawla, 3440–3441 to textile industry, 3988 Sharaf al-Dīn al-ṭūsī, 3944–3945 Al-Shīrāzī, 278–279, 2068, 3220, 3522 Sharḥ mā ashkala min muṣādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis, 2068, Shi Shen, 2692–2693 4331 Shishkina, G. V., 2374, 2378, 2380 Sharḥ Tashrīḥ Kitāb al-Qānūm `l-Ṭibb li-Ibn Sīnā Shi Xian Hong Mi (Zhu Yizun), 4273 (Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna’s Canon Shi-zen, 1982–1983 of Medicine), 2296 Shizuki Tadao, 3989 Shaṭṭal-˓Arab, 4181 Shophouses, 395, 396 Shaykh al-Ra ˒īs (Master of the Wise), 2328 Shorea robusta, 2490, 2491, 2493 Sheep (Ovis aries), 114, 326. See also Animal Shorea species, 949 domestication Shoushili, 2140 Shekel, 4474–4476 Shū,23 Shell Middens of the Coast of Balochistan Shuduyan (Fang Zhongtong), 2599 considerations, 3955–3964 Shu embroidery, 1613 Daun, 3947–3950 Shui pai, 2890, 2891, 2892 Gadani and Phuari Headlands, 3950–3954 Shuiyunyixiangtai, 647 Lake Siranda, 3954–3955 Shukuyo sampo, 2794 location, 3946 Shuli jingyun, 2043, 2765–2766 Sonari, 3955 Shumo, 3401 Shemu, 3401 Shushu Jiuzhang, 3989–3990 Shen, 2576 Shushu jiyi (Memoir on Some Traditions of Sheng jí,23 Mathematical Art), 2599, 4580 Shengji Zonglu (Imperial Encyclopedia of Shuxue, 2599 Medicine), 2916 Siddham script, 4557 Shengqi, 1865 Siddhāntadarpaṇa, 2427 Sheng shū,23 Siddhānta/gaṇita, 633 Shen Gua, 1552, 2615, 3337, 3517, 3518 Siddhāntas, 637 Shen Guo, 3965–3966 Siddhānta-samrāṭ, 2397 Shengyang Yiwei, 2555 Siddhāntasārakaustubha, 2397 Shennong Bencao (Shennong’s Herbal), 2915, 4140 Siddhāntas´ekhara, 3410 Shennong’s Classic of Herbology, 2975 Siddhāntas´iromanī, 2421, 2561, 3310 Shen Shou, 1614, 1615 Siddhānta-Tattvaviveka, 2421. See also Bhāskara II; Shibukawa Harumi, 3967 Kamalākara Shi Huangdi, 3223 Siddhayoga, 2601 Shi Ji (Book of Records), 2641–2642, 4242 Siem Reap, 3326, 3329 Shiji (Historical Memoirs), 627 Siem Reap River, 4387–4388 Shiji (Records of the Historian), 2693 Sierra Leone, 32 Shijing, 2573 dyeing, 1534–1536 Shijing (Book of Odes), 2692, 4321 Sifa ayetler, 3058 Shingen Sampo, 2071 Sifr (Zero), 584. See also Zero Shingen Takeda, 2071 Al-Sijzī, 280–281 Shintoism, 2596 Sika-yoˆbwê (stone of gold) money, 4432 Ship building Sikisa, 3775 in Bengal Siku ya mwaka, 3334 construction methods, 3984 Si Lian Shi, 4004. See also Song Yingxing Index 4691

Silk Soda ash, 3272–3273 in Bengal SODIAM, 3268 cocoon rearing, 3994 Soifua māloloina, 3024 cocoon spinning, 3995–3997 Soil silk weaving, 3997–3999 features, 1547 in China physical properties, 1545–1546 loom types, 3992 San Lorenzo area, 1546–1547 loom weaving, 3991 types, 1544 prerequisites, 3990 Soko, Yamaga, 1678 technology, 1553 Solanum, 3562 Śilpas´āstras, 2662 Solanum indicum, 3499 Silt dams, 4421–4422, 4423 Solanum tuberosum, 3563 Silt reservoirs, 4422–4424, 4425 Solar eclipses, 628. See also Eclipses Silver, in Mesopotamia, 3190–3191 Solar gnomons, 757. See also Gnomons Silvipasture, agroforestry, 152–153 Solarium, 3427 Sima Qian, 890, 2635, 3213 Solar model, 3540 Simuwu Ding, 2888 Somasutvan, 2426, 3591 Si nan, 2890 Sona (plural), 2035–2036 Sinān ibn Thābit, 3999–4000 Soncoyoc, 2903 Sinclair, John, 4601 Song Ci, 4002–4003 Sine, 1019 Song Dynasty, 3132 Sing Buri/Maenam Noi ware, 1153 Southern, 2892 Single-temple pyramids, 1295 Song I-yeong clock, 4254, 4255 Sinhala script, 4558 The Song of the Harper, 4546 Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975 Song’s astronomical clock tower, 2897 Sinicae historiae decas prima (Martini), 1557 Songshi (History of the Song dynasty), 4144 Sinjǔng Tongguk yŏji Sǔngnam, 2671 Songshi (Official History of the Song Dynasty), 2138 Sino-Tibetan astronomy, 782–783 Song Yingxing, 1970, 4003 Sinus Totus (Total Sine/radius), 2591 Song Yuan period, 2762–2764 Sioux, 3094 Son Yingxing, 4003 Sirak, 2797–2798 Sorghum bread products, 965 Si Sheng Zhi Shu, 3750 Soroban. See Abacus Śiṣyadhīv ṛddhida, 2518–2519 Soroban,1,2 Sivin, Nathan, 3524 South Africa, architecture, 443–450 Sivullik, 1027 South America Six Lectures on Light, 3446 advances in technology, 2524–2527 Six Nations of the Iroquois, 3063 agriculture in, 66–85 Six Warps (liujing) system, 4611 basketry, 835–853 Siyo sampo, 2794 calendars, 1055–1057 Siyuan jie, 2557 ethnobotany in, 1748–1762 Siyuan yujian, 4000–4002 herbal drugs, 1757 Skin boats (coracle), 908–909 Inka strategies, 2531–2532 Skin processing, 2540–2541 irrigation in, 2365–2367 Skull repair, 4528 measuring engineering creativity, 2519–2524 Slab-lined canals, 4414, 4415 medicinal plants, 1757–1759 Slash-and-burn agriculture, 112, 118. See also Swiddens medicine in, 3012–3016, 3017–3022 Sloping field terraces, 4411–4412 mummies in, 3308–3310 Smallpox, 2941 optimal agricultural strategies, 2527–2531 Small Tools Manufacturing Company, 4150 textiles in, 4228–4231 Sman thang (Medical Paintings of Tibet), 2912–2914 South Asian, faience varies, 1849–1851 Smith, Eliot, 4529 Southeast Asia Smith, Percy, 3355–3356 ceramics Smoking, 1921 Cambodia, 1143–1144 meat preservation, 2886 Laos, 1144–1145 Sm ṛtitattva, 2605 Myanmar (Burma), 1145–1147 Smudging, 1141. See also Ceramics Thailand, 1147–1150, 1147–1153 Snakebite, 4526, 4528–4529 Vietnam, 1153–1154 Social service organizations, 3508–3509 Jade, 2389–2396 Sociedade de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM), 3270 maps and mapmaking in, 2678–2680 4692 Index

Southeast Asia (cont.) SPRDP. See Selibe Phikwe Regional Development metallurgy in, 3144–3155 Programme (SPRDP) Southern Africa, astronomy in, 748–750 Spu ṭanirṇaya,29 Southern Song Dynasty, 2892 Śreḍhī (on series), 808 Southern South America, metallurgy in, 3159–3163 Śreḍhī-vyavahāra, 2562 South India Śrīdhara, 4010–4011 rice fields reclamation, 3738–3740 Sri Lanka village defenses in, 4357–4359 geographical knowledge water management in, 4376–4384 cartography, 1977–1978 South-pointing carriage model, 2892 geography, 1975–1976 Southwest Asia, agriculture island information, 1976–1977 early outside, 115–116 land surveying and design of irrigation systems, rise and development, 114 1978–1980 Southwest, pre-colonial metal use in, 3208–3209 Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975 Soviet-Style, in Hanoi, 399–401 irrigation in, 2361–2365 Soy sauce medicine and colonialism in, 2929–2936 benefits and risks, 4007 reservoirs in, 4376–4384 categories, 4005 water management in, 4376–4384 chemistry and biochemistry, 4006–4007 Srinivasa Ramanujan history, 4005 childhood, 3694 modern industrial production, 4006 death, 3695 traditional production, 4005–4006 employment, 3695 types, 4005 hepatic amoebiasis, 3695 Spain, weights and measures in, 4467–4468 lost notebook, 3695 Spanish Metallurgy, Pueblo Indian adaptations of, mathematical talent, 3694 3201–3210. See also Metallurgy number theory and analysis, 3695 Spatially interstitial trees, 142–144 at nursing homes, 3695 Spearing, fishing, 1877 working, 3695 Sphaerica, 2551 worldwide fame, 3695 Sphatika, 2095 Śrīpati, 3409–3410, 3495, 4012 Spherical astronomy and trigonometry, 773 Stadion, 1027 Sphujidhvaja, 2128, 4009–4010 Staircase Nilometer, 3393 Sphu ṭacandrāpti (Computation of True Moon), 2426, Standing Bear, 1682, 1685 2590 Staphylococcus aureus, 2193 Spider Grandmother, 2026, 2028 Starch grains, 3241 Spider Mother, 2022 Star chart, Korean, 2697 Spiral Pandanus, 187–188 Stars Spirits (shijin), 1923, 2434 in Arabic-Islamic science, 4013–4015 Spirit/spiritual In Chinese astronomy, 4016–4018 advaita and science, 3854–3855 State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (China), 2646 Bhagavad Gītā (BG), 3855 Stavrianos, Leon, 4169 buddhism STCDA. See Stone Town Conservation and Development Buddha, 3855–3856 Authority (STCDA) sati (mindfulness), 3856 Steam power in China self-reliance, 3856 cotton weaving and spinning mills, 4021 Vipaśśanā technique, 3856 steam mechanism, 4019 definition, 3852–3853 treadmill mechanism, 4019 in India, 3853 Steamships, 3342 karma-yoga, 3855 Steelyard, 4472 Krishnamurti, 3856–3858 Steeped leaf tea, 4156 scientific approach, 3854 Stele of Nefertiabet, 4547 seer/knower, 3853–3854 Stele of Rahotep, 4548 ultimate reality, 3854 Step pyramid, 4283, 4284 Vedānta Step Pyramid of Third Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser, 3609 Atharva Veda, 3853 Stirling’s formula, 1017 ṛg-Veda, 3853 Stone Age Upaniṣads, 3853 fishing, 1893–1899 Yajur Veda, 3853 tool recycling, 4293, 4295, 4297 Spiritual geography, 1639–1641 Stone-lined canal, 4414, 4415 Index 4693

Stonemasonry of the Incas Striking Palace Clepsydra, 4249–4253 antecedents, 4071 String and stories, 4072–4074 assembling, 4070 Stucco, 372–373 cutting and dressing, 4068–4069 Studies in Ancient Technology (Forbes), 4164 fitting, 4069–4070 Styrofoam blocks, 945 quarrying, 4068 Suakin, architecture, 451–456 transporting, 4070–4071 Suanfa tongzong (Systematic Treatise on Arithmetic), Stones 2599, 2764, 2765, 2790 in Ancient Egypt Suanfa Xuegu Ji, 2409 bekhen to basalt, 4032 Suanjing shishu (The Ten Computational Canons), gemstones, 4031 2037–2038, 2040, 2760, 2790 limestone and sandstone, 4028 Suan Pan,1,2 metagraywacke, 4032 Suan Quan Shu, 2172 ornamental stones, 4029–4031 Suanshu shu (Book of arithmetic), 2039 rock varieties and sources, 4026–4028 Suanxue Qimeng, 4075–4076, 4137 utilitarian stones, 4031 Suazan Troumassoid, ceramics, 1160 in Arabia Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 3556 late prehistory, 4035–4037 Sub-Saharan Africa Paleolithic sites, 4034–4035 astronomy, 742–750 prehistoric research, 4033–4034 salt in, 3824 beads, 4023–4025 Sub-Saharan African Healing, 2947 of Inca construction sūcī-kṣetra, 2562 antecedents, 4071 Sucuúba (Himatanthus sucuuba), 1798 assembling, 4070 Śūdras, 1988 cutting and dressing, 4068–4069 Su embroidery, 1612 fitting, 4069–4070 Al-Ṣūfī, 282 quarrying, 4068 Sufism, 2911 transporting, 4070–4071 Sugaku Jojo Orai (Textbook of Mathematical mauls, stoneworkers using, 4303 Multiplication and Division, 1672), 4137 in Mesoamerica Sugar ancient blade-making craftsmen, 4054–4055 in Latin America bow and arrow, 4056 cane-processing technology, 4078 early prehistory, 4038–4041 cultivation, 4076 Mesoamerican biface technology, 4045–4046 harvesting, 4076 Mesoamerican blade technology, 4041–4045 plantation, 4076 obsidian, 4047–4052 vacuum pan, 4078 origin of blade technology, 4052–4054 Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), 872, 1767 pecked and ground platform, 4055–4056 Suishu (History of the Sui Dynasty), 2553, 4437 money in Micronesia, 4312–4317 Sui-Tang Dynasties, 2975 needles (bian shi), 24 (see also Acupuncture) Suixing (the year-star), 1944 Olmec stone transport Suixing Jing (Treatise on Jupiter), 1944 cabezas colasales, 4062 Sui Yuan Shi Dan (Yuan Mei), 4273 challenges, 4063 Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra (Discourse on Paradise), 1676 INEGI, 4064 Sukhothai ware, 1150–1151 sled or using rollers, 4066 Śukla pakṣa, 3489 soil strength calculations, 4066 Sukur houses, 823 Stone tools, 821, 4306–4311 Sulba rule, 3535 Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority Śulbasūtra, 2018, 2045–2046, 2127, 2442, 2662, 2727, (STCDA), 4601 2781, 2783, 3535, 4079–4080 Stone Town, Zanzibar, 4600–4602 Sumatra tobacco, 51 Stoneworkers Sumba, architecture, 457–463 chisels, 4302 Sumerian writing, 4541 hand-cranked drills, 4305, 4306 Sun Dance of the Plains cultures, 1683 rubbing stones, 4303 Sundararāja, 3385 stone mauls, 4303 Sundararāja-pras´nottara, 2427 Strabo, 2632 Sundarī, 2402, 2426 Streambeds. See Wadis Sundials, 650–653. See also Gnomons Stride, S., 2380 in China, 4084–4086 Striking Heavenly Clepsydra, 4249, 4253–4254 in Islam, 4086–4090 4694 Index

Sundials, 650–653 (cont.) Svādhyāya, 4588 in Islamic world, 655 Swadeshi Shipping Company, 3342 Sundiata, 2596 Swahili towns Sundrying, 1921 cultural aspects, 1221–1223 Sǔngnam, 2671–2672 growth, 1216–1220 Sung Neo-Confucianism, 3523 origin, 1220–1221 Sunken gardens, 4415–4417 ruins, 1223–1224 Sun Simiao, 2899, 2916, 3305 Swidden agriculture, 4121 Sun Simo, 4080–4081. See also Sun Simiao backward and deleterious effects, 4123 Sun Tzu, 4082–4083 Manioc planting, 4121 Śūnyavāda, 4604–4605 mixed planting, 4122 Sun Zi, 4083–4084 Swnws, Ancient Egypt, 300–301 Sun Zi suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi), Syādavāda, 2565 4612 Syahi begar, 3581 Suphan Buri ware, 1151 Syllabic orthography, 4566 Supwunumen, 2811 Syllabic scripts, 4533–4535 Surgery Symbol for zero, 2801–2802 in Ancient Egypt Symbolic reasoning, 957–958 burns, 4096 Syncretistic symbolism, 2767 case study, 4091 Synodic month, 3489 circumcision, 4096 Synopsis of Golden Chamber, 2975. See also Jin gui dental surgery, 4097 yao lue€ pathological extensions, 4095–4096 Syrian irrigation technology, 4181 plastic and prosthetic surgery, 4094–4095 Syrian ships, 4444 skull surgery and trepanation, 4093–4094 Syro-Palestine area, wine in, 4498–4499 snake bites, 4096–4097 Système Internationale d’Unités, 4465 sources, 4090–4091 Syzygium cumini, 2493 surgeons, 4098 surgical devices, 4097–4098 trauma, 4092–4093 T wound repairing methods, 4091–4092 Al-Ṭabarī, 283–284 in Ancient India, trepanation, 4102 Ṭābiya, 4127 Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106 ergonomics, 4128–4133 Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104 formwork, 4128–4133 history, 4100 materials, 4133–4135 magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102 plain clayey earth, 4135 for medical reasons, 4101 preparation, 4133–4135 pseudo-trephinations, 4102 reinforced, 4135 Suri Mujinzo, 2071 stabilized homogeneous block, 4135 Surveying terminology, 4127–4128 in Ancient Egypt, 4112–4116 varieties of, 4135–4136 in Ancient India, 4108–4109 work flow, 4128–4133 in Babylonia, 4108 Taboos, 196 in China, 4109–4110 Tabṣirah al-Muhandis, 2080 in Egypt, 4107–4108 Tabulae Astronomicae, 2399 in Islam, 4110–4111 Tābūt, 4128 in pre-Columbian America, 4111 Tadhkira fi ʿilm al-hay’a, 2171 rope stretchers, 4107 Tadhkirat al-ahbāb fi bayān al-tuhābb, 208 Sūryasiddhānta, 1974, 2421, 2884, 3495, 3541, 3565, Tadqīq al-naẓar fi ilal Ḥāssat al-baṣar, 2334 3873, 4116–4117 Taedong yŏjido, 2673, 2674 Su Song, 2694–2695 Tafakkur method, 3730 Su Song’s Xin Yixiang Fayao, 2897 Tafsīr kitāb Diyusqūrīdis, 2288 Suśruta, 1571, 1574, 2907, 2983, 4117–4118 Tagore, Rabindranath, 4491 Sus´ruta Saṃhitā, 2349, 2443, 2900, 2907, 2908, 3033 Taguella, 971 Sustainable agriculture, 4393, 4395, 4396 Tahāfut al-falāsifah (Inconsistency of the Philosophers) , of Andean Societies, 4391, 4397–4399 3482, 3531, 4246 Sūtras, 3490 Taḥdīd nihāyāt alamākin (The Determination of the Al-Suyūṭī, 282–283 Coordinates of Cities), 2004 Suzhou star chart, 2696 Tahir Jalaluddin, Syeikh, 213–214 Index 4695

Taḥrīr Uqlīdis (Exposition of Euclid), 2066 Korean and Japanese students, 26 Taibien (Big Faint Fence), 2434 Ministry of Health, 25 Tai Chu Li (Tai Chu Calendar), 2579 texts in, 794 Taiji practice, 1869 waidan tradition during, 179 Taika Reform, 56 Tang Lu€ (Law of the Tang Dynasty), 2981 Tailored skin clothing, 4157, 4173 Tang Shenwei, 4139–4140 Taiping armillary spheres, 2895 Tang Xinxiu Bencao (Tang Newly Compiled Materia Taiping Yulan, 1395 Medica), 2916 Taiqing danjing yaojue, 4081 Tanks. See Reservoirs Taisei Sankyo (Complete Mathematical Manual), 4137 Tano chariot, 2546 Taittiriya Brāhmańa, 2095 Tan Tian, 4004. See also Song Yingxing Taiwan Tantra, 2428 Beinan Culture, 2391 Tantra, K., 2882 green jade tools and ornaments, 2391–2392 Tantrasaṇgraha, 2426, 2427, 2428, 3385, 3591. rice See also Somasutvan after World War II, 3771 Tanzania, metallurgy in, 3164–3170 in ancient times, 3770 Tanzimāt, 3486 characters and habitat, 3770 Tanzimat period, 429–430 cropping season, 3770 Tanzimat Reform Era, 1059 cultivation and utilization, 3771–3772 Tao Hong Jing, 3519, 4140 in earlier times, 3770 Tāpas, 4588, 4589 during Japanese colonization, 3770–3771 Tapeite process, 3839 and life, 3772 Tapenkeng, 2390 Taiweiyuan, 628 Tapesco process, 3840 Taixuan jing (Classic of Supreme Mystery), 1518 Taphonomy, 955 Tajul Mulu (Medical Book of Malayan Taptana Montaluisa Quichua, 2513, 2516 Medicine), 1820 Taptana Nikichik, 2513 Takagi Teigi, 2792–2793 TaqĪ al-DĪn, 3483, 4141–4142 Takakazu. See Seki Kowa Istanbul Observatory, 4141 Takakazu Seki, 2071 Uranienborg Observatory, 4141 Takamatsu Zuka Kofun, 701–703 Tarbī ˓al-dā ˒ira (On the Quadrature of a Circle), 2291 Takebe Kataaki, 4136 Tare-dan structure, 382 Takebe Katahiro, 2791–2792, 4136–4139 Tārih-i Hind-i Garbi, 3484 Takien tree, 1643 Tārīkh al-A ṭṭibā ˒(History of Physicians), 2386 T’ảkku, 2417–2418 Tarka, in Indian mathematics, 3592–3593 The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 4549 Tarkīb al-Aflāk (Composition of the Heavenly Spheres), The Tale of the Two Brothers, 4549 4585 Ta˓liq al-arṣād (Comments on Observations), 2300 Taro (Colocasia esculenta), 1765 Talkhīṣ ˓amāl al-ḥisāb (Summary of Arithmetical Tartaric acid, 4495 Operations), 2288 Tasmanian Aboriginal Talla, 1923 art, 2747 Tally devices, Africa, 3406 rock carvings, 2747, 2748 Tally records, 2807–2810 Tasmanian cider gum, 184–186 Talud-tablero technique, 418 Tat, 2418 Talun-kebun agroforest of the Sundanese, 132 Tattoos Tamarindus indica, 2493 in China, 4142–4146 Tamarisk, 4128 military, 4144 Tamas, 2097. See also Theory of guṇas types, 4143, 4144 Tambula (betel leaf), 878 Tattvavivekodāharaṇa, 2421 Tamhonso, 2798 Taul-ā-aitu-vavalo-ma-fai-tu‘i, 3025 Tamil scripts, in Indian writing, 4558 Taula ole aitu, 3025 Tamra luang, 3042 Tau tai mau kaavenga (expert at finding star paths), 3925 Tamra phaetsaat songkhro, 3042 Tavernier, Jean-Baptist, 2699 Tanabata festival, 703–704 Taveuni island, 481, 483 Tanbīhāt al-Munkirīn, 2080 Tawḥīd (unity), 1674 Tang dynasty (China), 3131, 3494 Taxation and Nilometer, 3398–3402 armillary spheres, 586 TCM. See Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) astronomy, 679 Tea, 39 Indian astronomy during, 793–794 black, 4147, 4148 4696 Index

Tea, 39 (cont.) Chicanna, Mexico, 4208 Camellia sinensis, 4146, 4156 Classical Greece, 4202 CTC process, 4150–4152 Copan’s Hieroglyphic Stairway, 4203, 4205 drinking, 4154 Inscriptions, Palenque (Mexico), 4208, 4209 at imperial court, 4154–4155 Kohunlich, Mexico, 4207 Zen Buddhist practices, 4154–4155 Kom Ombo, 4529 gathering practice, 4155–4156 of Kulkulcan, 2031–2032 hand-rolling process, 4148 of Maya, 4202–4210 historical developments, 4154–4156 Meridian family, 4199–4200 in India, 4146–4153 quarter-cardinal directions family, 4200 in Japan, 4154–4156 of Quetzalcóatl, 2032–2034 in modern period, 4156 of Ramesses II, 4286 powdered green tea, 4154–4155 seasonal sun family, 4196–4198 in rural areas, 4156 solstitial family, 4195–4196 steeped leaf tea, 4156 Sopdet family, 4198 waste, 4151, 4152 Sun, Palenque, 4203 West Bengal, 4147, 4149 temple II of Tikal, Guatemala, 531 The Teaching of Duaf’s Son Khety, 4545 Tikal, Guatemala, 4203, 4204 Technology, 4157–4163 Yaxchilan, Mexico, 4207, 4208, 4209 agriculture, 4186–4188 Temple of the Niches, 2031–2033 alum production, 4179, 4180 Temporally interstitial trees, 144 in China, 4161, 4162 Temporal Model Calendar, 4250, 4257 and culture, 4164–4172 Tenerife Island, 2737–2739 documentation, 4170 Tengenjitsu, 2560 engineering-centered, 4158–4159, 4173–4176 Ten Mathematical Classics, 4579. See also Xiahou Yang and environment, 4173–4180 Ten Mathematical Manuals (Suanjing shishu), 2037 environment-centred techniques, 4174 Ten Maxims for Patients, 2900 European science, 4491 Ten Maxims for Physicians, 2900 human species, 4171 Tenochitlan, pyramids at, 418 in India, 4162–4163 Tents, Inner Asia, 550–561 Indian textile, 4220 Tenzan-jutsu (inductive) method, 4137, 4138 Inuit clothing, 4157, 4173 Teotihuacan innovations, 1291–1292 in Islamic world, 1618, 1619, 4181–4185 Teotihuacan, pyramids at, 418 migration of, 1552 Terceme-i Akrabadin, 2196 in New World, 4186–4188 Terminalia tomentosa, 2491 nonhuman species, 4171 Terminology (paribhāṣā), 2561 non-Western science, 4164, 4172 Terraces potter’s wheels, 4176 in Andes, 4410–4413 production-centred, 4178 bench, 4412–4413 tailored skin clothing, 4157, 4173 broad-field, 4413 water, 4394–4395, 4409–4425 types of, 4412 water-raising wheel, 4177 Terracing, 4186–4187. See also Agriculture Western science, 4489, 4490 Terra firme soils, 1854 Tecoani, 422, 423, 3015 Terras mulata soils, 1856 Tedlock, Barbara, 4260 Terras pretas soils, 1856 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, 2134 Tetrabiblos, 629, 2509 Teff in Ethiopia, 32 Textiles, 4430 Tekoula, 971 in Africa, 4211–4213 Telescope, 644, 3517, 4188–4191 Alto Ramirez, 4229 Telia, 4221 calico craze, 4219 Tellico Dam, 1682 in China, 4213–4216 Telok Manok mosque, 4503 colors in, 4221 Temmon sûgaku zatcho, 2794 designs in, 4221 Temples in Egypt, 4217–4218 in Ancient Egypt, 4191–4201 embroidered, 1609–1615 of Angkor (Cambodia), 1616 in India, 3577, 4219–4222, 4518–4519 Balankanche, Mexico, 4210 colors and designs, 4221 Canopus family, 4198 technology, 4220 Castillo, Chichen Itza (Mexico), 4206 textile varieties, 4221–4222 Index 4697

traditional Indian costumes, 4220–4221 Tianwen Xingzhan (Astrological Prognostications), 1944 in Maya culture, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226 Tian Wen Zhi, 2890, 2894 in Mesoamerica, 4222–4227 Tian yuan method, 2763–2764 Moche, 4229 Tianyuan shu. See also Seki Kowa Paracas, 4229 Tianyuan shu, 2556, 2560, 2797. See also Seki kowa Preceramic cotton, 4228 Tibb-i jadid, 2196 in South America, 4228–4231 Tibburin ussegwass (doors of the year), 2733 varieties, 4221–4222 Tibet Thābit Ibn Qurra, 2019, 2067, 3521, 4231–4232, 4583 astronomy, 779–783 amicable numbers theory, 242, 262, 585 cartography, 2681 Ibn Al-Haytham, 1401 maps and mapmaking in, 2680–2682 law of the lever, 3521 medicine of, 3078–3093 number theory, 3411 Tierra de grava, 1547 sundial theory, 655 Tierra de primera, 1546–1547 Thailand Tikal Temple I, Guatemala, 4203, 4204 astronomy, 709–711 Tikkun Olam (healing everything), 1652 Buddhism and spirit beliefs, 1641–1642 Tikshna, 3183 (see also Buddhism) Ti-li, 2012 ceramics, 1147–1153 Timber environment and nature in, 1638–1647 availability, 4510–4511 Lamphun (Haripunjaya) ware, 1153 durability, 4511 medicine in, 3037–3046 frame construction, 380 Northern Thai ware, 1152–1153 for Malay architecture, 4509–4512 Phitsanulok and Nakorn Thai Ware, 1151–1152 physical characteristics, 4511 Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai Ware, 1147–1150 Timber-handling technology Sing Buri/Maenam Noi ware, 1153 industrial-age, 4234–4237 Sukhothai ware, 1150–1151 in Japan, 4233–4237 Suphan Buri ware, 1151 preindustrial, 4233–4234 Thakadu Mine, 3566, 3571 Time, 1573–1574, 4237–4239. See also Calendars Thakadu Shear System, 3566 in Africa, 4240–4242 Ṭhakkura Pherū, 2601–2605 atomically structured, 4269–4270 Thales of Miletus, 2803 in China, 4242–4245 Thammachaat, 1639 cultural studies of, 4238–4239 Thangkha, 2912. See also Medical paintings, of Tibet discrete vs. continuous, 4268–4269 Thatch/plaster sources, 384 in Islam, 4245–4247 Theology of Aristotle, 1576, 2568 in Korea, 4248–4257 Theoretical mathematics, 2785 linear vs. cyclic, 4263–4265 Theory in Maya culture, 4258–4260 of gnomon, 2128 measurement in Egypt, 4439 numbers (see Number theory) measurement of, 4246–4247 Thesaurus, 240. See also al-Jurjānī as moral dimension, 4247 Thich Nhat Hanh, 1631 in native North America, 4261–4263 Thick bifaces, 2873–2874 non-Western views, 4263–4270 Thien Nam Tu Chi Lo Do Thu, 2684 ontically broken, 4270 Thinning, 3680 quasi-cyclic, 4265–4268 Thomson, Donald, 2685 supplementary material, 4257 Thống toˆng toán pháp, 2824–2825 Timekeeping, 4248–4250 Three Tales of Wonder (from the Papyrus Westcar in the origin, 1022–1023 Egyptian Museum of Berlin), 4543 Times City Development by Vingroup, 402 Three-wall system, in Chinese astronomy, 4017 Tīmūr, 4329 Three Worlds According to King Ruang, 1640 Timurid periods, veterinary medicine, 4349 Thutmose III and IV, 3419, 3420 Tinbergen, Niko, 4169 Tian Gong Kaiwu (Exploitation of the Works of Nature) , Tin production in Africa, 3098. See also 817, 2898, 4003–4004, 4322 Metallurgy Tian-Mu Xiansheng (Mr Eye-of-Heaven), 4580. Tinsel printing, 3579 See also Xu Yue Tir-a-Hawai or AgniBana (fire arrows), 4364 Tianshiyuan, 628 Tirumala mountain, 376 Tiansuan huowen, 2557 Tiruvannamalai, 376 Tianwentu (Astronomical Chart), 2694 Tithi, 631, 1041, 3489, 3490 4698 Index

Tiwanaku shirts, 4229–4230 Tool Tjappanongo, 2685 adze, 4302, 4305, 4307, 4308, 4310 Tlachihualtepetl, 3619 in Ancient Egypt construction, 4300–4312 Toán điến trù cừu pháp, 2825 building materials, 4300–4301 Toán hoc cách trí, 2825 chisels, 4302 Toán hoc để uẩn, 2825 cubit, 4301 Toán hoc ta^m pháp, 2825–2826 Greco-Roman period, 4301 Toán pháp, 2826 measuring, 4301–4306 Toán pháp đại thành, 2826–2827, 2828–2830 moving, 4311–4312 Toán pháp đề cuơng, 2827 mud-brick manufacturing, 4311 Toán pháp ký diệu, 2827 plumb bob, 4301–4302 Toán pháp quyển, 2827 rubbing stones, 4303, 4304, 4305 Toba, of Western Formosa, 753 stone mauls, 4303 Tocochimpu, 3160 stone vs. metal, 4306–4311 Tofu, preparation, 4275–4276 wood roller, 4312 Tofuyo Tool recycling and awamori, 4272 antiquity of, 4293–4294 characterization, 4278–4280 in fresh knapping, 4298 history of, 4272–4273 implications in prehistory, 4295–4299 in Japan, 4271–4280 in India, 4293–4299 in Okinawa, 4273–4275 in prehistoric india, 4294–4295 origin of, 4273 reuses, 4299 preparation, 4271, 4275 Topkapiin Versailles, 2405 ripening, 4278–4280 Torquetums, equatorial, 647 soaking, 4278 Torres Strait (TSI), 187–188 Togi, 1117–1119 TOSHAT, sign in Maya writing, 4576–4577 Tokai, 2432 Total marital fertility rates (TMFR), in Japan, Tokugawa era, 3736 3736–3737 Tokugawa Yoshimune, 4138 Totemism, 1664, 1666 Toledan Tables, 2305 Totman, Conrad, 1679 Toloache, 1726 Tou-guang jian, 3444 Tolstov, S. P., 2380 Touk kamrol, 3327 Toltec Module, 3302 Touk loeuk kdar, 3329 Toltec Mound State Park (Toltec Mound), 3302 Touk ngor, 3329 Tombs, 2431 Touk pilan, 3329 in Ancient Egypt, 4282–4291 Touk prasat kdar, 3329 burial chamber, 4282, 4283, 4287–4291 Touk Thnaot, 3329 Deir el-Bahari, 4286 Tourism, 4356 Kawab, Giza, 4290 Townshend, Lord, 1572 in Nile Delta, 4282 Traditional Aboriginal medicine, 3069 paintings, 4499 Traditional Chinese medicine, 2974 plans of tombs, 4288, 4289, 4291 Traditional indigenous health systems, 3069–3070 royal tombs of the New Kingdom, Traditional medicine, Buddhism and, 3043 4287, 4289 Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM), 3078, 3079, of Samanids, 2052–2053 3089–3093 substructure, 4287–4288 Trail of Tears, 2010 textiles in China, 4215 Trai Phum, 2679 Valley of the Kings, 4289 Trairāsika (rule of three), 808 Tomb tower of Demavend, 2053 Trang Kenh, 2396 Tomb tower of Kharraqan, 2053–2054 Transition boat Tomb tower of Mo’mine Khatun, 2055 bamboo sailing rafts, 944–945 Tomos, 2220 basket boats, 931–936 Tonalpohualli, 2853 characteristics, 929–930 Tongguk chido (Map of the Eastern Country), 2671 fleets of modern, 930 Tongkat Ali, 1828 Mekong region, 943–944 Tongren Zhenjiu Shuxue Tujing, 2916, 4292–4293 Quang Nam, to Binh Thuan Province, 937–939 Tong shen cun, 2913 southern border, of China to Quang Binh Province, Tổng tuchư gia toán pháp đại toàn, 2827–2828 936–937 Tonle Sap Lake, 3324–3325 stitched boats, 939–943 Index 4699

Transportation, stone money in Micronesia, 4312–4317 extraction techniques, 3665–3668 Traveling disease, 3064 geological map of, 3664 A Treasury of Eastern Medicine, 3006 location of, 3662–3666 Treatise on Cylinders and Cones, 2834–2835 Tunisian stones, 3661–3663 Treatise on the Motion of the Fixed Stars, 2304 Tunnels, Iron Age water systems, 4405 Trees and forests, knowledge systems, 2489 Tuoyuan shiyi, 2557 ecological classification, 2491–2492 Tuoyuan xinshu, 2557 evolutionary myth, 2490–2491 Tuoyuan zhengshu jie, 2557 Lanjia Saora, classification, 2492–2493 Turin papyrus map relevance in present context of Odisha, 2493–2494 Amennakhte, son of Ipuy, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661 Trellis tent, 551–552 author and purpose, 2658–2661 Trepanation discovery and reconstruction, 2649–2651 Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106 eastern, 2655, 2656 Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104 hieratic texts and drawings, 2653 history, 4100 hieratic text translations, 2652 in India, 4102 reconstruction, 2654 magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102 topographic and geologic content, 2651–2658 for medical reasons, 4101 topographic and geologic maps, 2657 pseudo-trephinations, 4102 western, 2655, 2656 Trepangers (the paqtaripang, a specific type of Turkey paqdewakang), 922 ancient jewelry Trephination, 4319–4321 early evidence, 310 Tribal maps, 2678 historical periods, 314–319 Tribology, 4321–4322 neolithic advances, 310–311 Tri-doṣa (three troubles), 3035, 4343 technological breakthroughs, 311–314 Trigonometry, 1019, 4363 calendars, 1058–1062 Bhāskara II, 4325–4326 medicine in, 3057–3060 functions, 3591 Turkic yurts, 561 in Indian mathematics, 4322–4326 Ṭūsī Couple, 2715 in Islamic mathematics, 4326–4328 Al-Ṭūsī,Naṣir al-Dīn, 2067–2068, 2713–2715 plane, 4323 Tusniyudda (silent war), 2424 sine table, 4323–4325 Tutankhamun, 1949, 2544, 3228 Triple jiao Method, 2978 Tutoring and mutual engagement, 3560–3561 Triśatikā (eighth century), 808 Tuyères, 3188 Triskandavidyākus´alaikamalla, 2519 Twelve Earthly Branches, 4244 Triticum turgidum, 3461 Twining technique, 826 Tropical rain forest Twinquaes, 943 Amazon region, 1653 Twin-temple pyramids, 1294–1295 Peninsular Malaysia, 4510 Tylophora asthemetica, 1717 Troumassan Troumassoid, ceramics, 1160 Tyrian shekel, 4476 Trùng dính Toán hoc chỉ nam ta^n biên, 2828 Tyrrhenian dune line, 3662 Tsubo, 4461 Tzoalli, 1803 TTM. See Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) Tzolkin, 1032 Tuareg numeral system, 2732 Tuatua, 1905 Tuba, 189 U Tube houses, 395 Ubá, 3361–3365 Tubo Dynasty, 2912 Udasina, 2424 Tucapus, 2472 Ugaritic writing, 4567 Tucci, G., 2912 Uibang Yuchwi (Classified Collection of Medical Tucricuc, 2474 Prescriptions), 3005 Tula innovations, 1292–1293 Uinal, 1032 Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) (holy basil), 3501 Uji-method green tea, 4156 Tumbaga, 2131, 3138 Ukhedu, 302–303 Tumi knife, 4320 Ulemā, 3479 Tumpang Sari, 404, 409, 410 Ulli, 1805–1806 Tun, 1032 Ulugh Beg Tuna, 1904 Muslim lunar calendar, 4329 Tunisian quarries pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 4329 4700 Index

Uma mbatangu (bald, bare house), 459–460 Vale ni Kuro, 491, 493 Umar al-Khayyām, 4330–4331 Vale ni Moce, 493–494 Umbrella [-like] heaven, 1943 Valery, Paul, 4490 UNESCO, 2463–2465 Values and science, 4335–4339 UNESCO LINKS Programme, 24662468 Vamana, 2988 Unit fraction, 2772 Van Phuc village, 395 Upaniṣads, 1570, 1572, 1699 Varāhamihira, 2126, 2600, 3409, 3496, 3499, Upapattis, Indian mathematics, 3589 4340–4341, 4622 for Kuṭṭaka Process, 3590–3591 Vāras, 631 mathematical results, 3590 Varela, Francisco, 1573 in mathematics and astronomy, 3590–3591 Vargaprakrti (square nature), 962, 1019, 2402, 2426 and "proof," 3593 Vasanta (spring), 1992 Raison D’étre Of, 3591–3592 Vasco da Gama, 3341 Uparāgakriyākrama,30 Vasemasema, 478 Upavedas, 2440 Vāstuśāstras, 374 Upayas, 2424 Vaṭeśvara Siddhānta, 1017, 4341–4342 Al-Uqlīdisī, 291–292 Vatican obelisk, 3426, 3432 Uranography, 772 Vaticanus, 3431 Urbanization, Ancient Israel, 1207–1213 Vatica species, 949 Urban water system design Vāyakaraṇa, 3495 drainage system, 322 Vayu-Purāṇa, 1990 draining river, 323 Vedāṅga, 636 logic of, 323 Vedāṇgajyotiṣa, 3490 moat (Fosse), 322–323 Vedāṇgas, 2440–2441, 3535 paradigm of, 323 Vedas, 862, 1698, 2188, 2440 ponds and lakes, 322 Atharvaveda, 1571, 1700, 1702, 4371 urban river, 322 and chronology, 4367 water supply system, 323–325 concepts, 1671 Urd (Vigna mungo), 3544 knowledge, 4367 Urphänomen, 3859 Ṛgveda, 1703, 4368, 4370, 4371, 4555 Urpu (vessel for fermenting), 873 Sāma Veda, 862 Urtica magellanica,4 theories on different planes, 1701 Ushabtis, 2147 Yajur Veda, 4370 Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 4144 Vedic corpus, 3490 Uttara, 962 Vedic orthodoxy (s´ruti), 3412 Utu. See Sun Vedic period (Indian), 3499 Uxat, 970 Vegetable tanning, 2540 Uzbekistan, 4329, 4330 Vegetarianism, 1631, 1632, 1652 Venus, 620 Veṇvāaroha (Bamboo Climbing), 2426, 2590 V Verbal numeration, Africa, 3404–3405 Vaasara, 1029 Veterinary medicine Vacuum aspiration abortion, 5 in India, 4342–4345 Vādayutti, 3561 in Iran, 4346–4350 Vāgbha ṭa, 2900, 2907, 2983, 4333 Mongolian periods, 4349 Vague year, 1032 in Qajars periods, 4350 Vaidika, 4588 in Safavid Era, 4349–4350 Vaidya, 2909 Timurid periods, 4349 Vaillant, George C., 1541 Veterinary practice in Nepal, 4351–4356 Vais´eṣika, 1699, 3412–3414, 3520 Vietnam Vais´yas, 1988 astronomy in, 711–715 Vaiyākaraṇa, 3490 boats in, 926–947 Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, 4371 ceramics, 1153–1154 Vakraprakṣa-s´yena, 2045–2046 jade ornaments, 2393–2394 Vākyadīpikā, 3495. See also Parameśvara maps and mapmaking in, 2682–2685 Vākyakaraṇa, 3565, 4334–4335. See also Parameśvara mathematics in, 2818–2831 Vākyapadīya, 3493 Vigraha (war), 2424 Vale leka, 478–480 Vijayaba Pirivena, 1974 Index 4701

Vijigishu, 2423, 2424 social dimension, 860–861 Vikalpa-ganita, 3586 weaving baskets, 859–860 Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina), 1815 Wachaques, 2224, 2225 Village defenses Wadis, 2233 East coast, 4358–4359 Wadi Hammamat, 2626, 2632, 2651, 2654, 2655, maidan, 4357–4358 2657, 2658, 2659 malnad, 4358 Wadi Mousa (Petra), 2235, 2236 in South India, 4357–4359 Wadi Samad, 3119 West coast, 4359 Wadi Siyagh, 2233, 2235 Villages Waipian (Exoteric Chapters), 1971 in Fiji, 473–475 Wai tai mi yao, 2975. See also Wang Tao in Hanoi, 393–395 Wakfiya, 2196 Villa rustica, 3702 Wangarr, 2841. See also Dreaming Vingroup, 402 Wang Chong, 2614, 3213, 4361 Vintengwe process, 3165 Wang Mang, 4437 Violent inclination, 3532 Wang Xiaotong, 2761–2762, 4362–4363 Vipaśśanā technique, 3856 Wang Xichan, 4363–4364 Vīrya, 2443 Wang Zhen, 4162 Visual-ray theorists, 3450 Warapo, 872 Viśveśvara, 3310 Warizansho, 3931. See also Seki Kowa Vitex negundo L., 3501 Warlpiri Aborigines, traditional health system of, Vitex parviflora, 951 3070–3073 Vithala temple, at Vijayanagara, 375 Warlpiri health system, 3072, 3073 Viticulture Warping grove, 4220 in Anatolia, 4495 Warp-weighted loom, 4430 in Ancient Egypt, 4497–4500 Warren Shaft system, 4405, 4407 in Ancient Near East, 4497–4500 Warring States (Zhanguo) Period, 2888, 2904, 3000, 3517 Egypt, 3467 War rockets Viti Levu, 475–478 Anglo-Mysore war, 4365, 4366 Vivaraṇa, 3590. See also Bhāskarācārya II in India, 4364–4366 Vizinho, José, 4659–4600 Wasan, 2070–2071, 2791, 2797 Volcanic glass, 4519 mathematics, 3890 Volume measurement Wat Chaiwatthanaram, 2534–2539 in Egypt, 4439–4440 Watches, 1321–1324. See also Clocks in Indus valley, 4473 Watching towers (Mantarah), 436 in Japan, 4461–4462 Water in Mesoamerica, 4467 clocks, 3518, 4250–4257 in Peru, 4471 conveyance, 2363–2364 Voyages of discovery, 4166 festivals, 4374–4375 Vṛksha Āyurveda, 3499 in India, 4367–4375 Vulnerability Index, water management, 4393–4394 medicinal powers, 4371 Vyaktagaṇita, 581. See also Pāṭīgaṇita nature’s forces as deities, 4370–4371 Vyasoyogi Charita, 2095 payers of, 4370 Vyatīpāta, 30, 4591 spiritual aspects, 4367–4375 Vyatkin, V. L., 2373, 2378 stagnant, 4370 Vyavahāras, 3319 technical aspects, 4367–4375 Vyāvahārika Satya, 4590 Water dams, 4418–4419 Vyktagaṇitādhyāya, 4012. See also Śrīpati Water-driven chain pump, 40 Water intake at Ravatkhodja, 2370–2373 W at Varaghsar, 2370–2373 Wabanaki basketry Water management cultural dimension, 860–861 in Ancient Peru, 4389–4399 economic dimension, 860–861 Andean societies, 4389–4391, 4397–4399 environmental dimension, 860–861 at Angkor, 4386–4388 future of, 861–862 Bolivian Tiwanaku society, 4390 history, 855–858 Hire Benakal, 4378–4379 procuring and preparing materials, 858–859 in India, 4376–4384 4702 Index

Water management (cont.) Weiner, J. S., 4173 large settlements, 4404–4406 Weixing (web stars), 4016 Q sustainability equation, 4395–4397 Wellesley, Arthur, 4365 Runoff Ratio, 4392–4393 Well Nilometer, 3390–3393 in Sri Lanka, 4376–4384 Well-ordered science, 3557–3558 technology, 4394–4395 Wells, 4404 Vulnerability Index, 4393–4394 bamboo, 4486 Water mill, 1618 in China, 4482–4486 Water mirrors (Jian), 3444, 3445 at Hemudu site, 4483–4484 Water procurement, in prehistoric Caribbean, 4401–4403 in Yangtze River plain, 4483–4484 Water-raising wheel, 4177 in Yellow River plain, 4484–4485 Water reservoirs, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422 Were Rausina, 477 Water retention techniques, 4378–4379 West Africa Water supply, Afrasiab, 2378–2380 astronomy in, 743–746 Water systems bread, 972 in Bronze Age (Israel), 4403–4407 ceramics in Iron Age (Israel), 4403–4407 definitions and characteristics, 1163–1165 Water tank smelting site, 3566 origins and ceramic traditions, 1165 Water technology, in Andes, 4409–4425 production organization, 1165–1166 Water wheels, 4184 cities and town Wat Mahathat, 2538 construction, 1235–1242 Wat Phra Ram, 2538 urban development, 1230–1235 Wat Ratburana, 2538 urbanisation, 1225–1230 Watson, Andrew, 3626 urban trends, 1230–1232 Watsuji, Tetsuro, 1679 West Bengal, tea, 4147, 4149 Watt, George, 1717 Western Australia, fermented drink from, 187–188 Way-a-linah, 184–186 Western cartography, Korea knowledge of, 2668 Waywaka, 2130 Western dominance, 4487–4491 Weapons, military technology in Ancient Egypt, Western Formosa, Toba of, 753 3225–3228 Western Han bronze clepsydra, 2890 Weather forecasting, in China, 3213–3214 Western mathematics, 2803 Weaving, 4214 Western Zhou Dynasty, 2887 Aymara tradition, 4230 West Indies, ceramics, 1156–1162 in Ethiopia, 4429–4430 West Semitic language, 4567 in Maya, 4223 Wet water technology, 4417–4424 in Mesoamerican, 4222, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226 artificial bofedales, 4420–4421 in Nubia, 4429–4430 raised fields, 4418, 4419 Weft-faced patterning method, 4215 silt dams, 4421–4422, 4423 Wei Boyang, 4431 silt reservoirs, 4422–4424, 4425 Weighing the Soul, 4445–4447 types of, 4417 Weights and measures water dams, 4418–4419 in Africa, 4432–4435 water reservoirs, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422 of Burma, 4478–4481 Whakairo, 509–510 in China, 4436–4437 Wharenui, 507 in Egypt, 4438–4447 Wheaten bread (aish baladi), 966 figurative elements, 4434 Whewell, William, 4164 geometric elements, 4434 White-glazed porcelain, 1108–1109, 1108–1110 graphic designs, 4434 White, John, 935 of Hebrews, 4474–4478 White nephrite adzes, 2392 in India, 4466–4467 Wicker baskets, fishing, 1877 in Indus valley, 4473–4474 William M. Lee, 26 in Islam, 4447–4460 Willson, Roland, 1682 in Japan, 4460–4465 Windmill, 4492–4494 in Mesoamerica, 4466–4469 in China, 4493 Middle Kingdom, 4442 Windpower, 4492–4494 New Kingdom, 4442–4444 Wine in Peru, 4470–4472 in Anatolia, 4494–4496 in Spain, 4467–4468 in Chalcolithic period, 4498 Weil, André, 1017 cleansing nature, 4496 Index 4703

Egypt, 3469–3471, 3473 skull repair, 4528 in Late Uruk type, 4498 snakebite, 4528–4529 in Neolithic period, 4498 surgical devices, 4529 in Syro-Palestine area, 4498–4499 surgical processes, 4527–4528 Winemaking treatment, 4524 in Ancient Egypt, 4497–4500 Wound types, 4523–4524 in Ancient Near East, 4497–4500 Writing, 4532–4536 Wing end, 949 in China, 4537–4539 Winter, F. H., 4364 cuneiform, 4554 Wisdom Literature, 4543 in Egypt, 4539–4553, 4565–4566 Wise Collection in London’s India Office Library, 2682 evolutionary theory of, 4532–4533 Wittfogel, K. A., 1616, 2380 in India, 4554–4561 Women, and child health, 3509–3510 Indus Civilization, 4554–4555 Women make bread (gerasa and sensana), 968 in Indus valley, 4473 Woodblock printing, 1553, 3598–3601 in Japan, 4561–4564 bookbinding, 3601, 3602 logographic scripts, 4533–4534 in China, 3596–3597 manuscripts, 4559–4561 cutting, 3599–3600 of Maya region, 4569–4577 ink, 3599 in Middle East, 4564–4569 making impressions, 3600 palm leaves, 4560–4561 materials and tools used in, 3598–3601 Persian Empire, 4556 monochromatic, 3597 phonetic scripts, 4533–4535 paper, 3598 physicians, veterinary medicine, 4349 Wood carving seal stamp, 4555 durability, 4511 Sumerian, 4541 in Malay architecture, 4501–4512 syllabic scripts, 4533–4535 physical characteristics, 4511 uses of, 4559–4561 Wooden well, 4483 Vedic times, 4555 in Baiyin ruin, 4485 Written language at Hemudu site, 4484 communication without, 2745–2748 Wood-lined water hole, at Heywoods, 4402 cultures with, 2748–2749 Woodworkers Wucai porcelains, 1111 using adze, 4307 Wucao suanjing, 335, 2554, 2821, 4579. See also Li using rubbing stones, 4304, 4305 Chunfeng using saw, 4306, 4308 Wu Hanyue, 2694 Woodworking Wujing suanshu, 2554. See also Li Chunfeng in Egypt, 4512–4515 Wujing zongyao (Collection of Military Techniques), Hetepheres’ furniture, 4513 2139, 2895, 4162 Middle Kingdom furniture, 4513 Wuli Xiaozhi, 3446. See also Fang Yizhi Wool Wu Qian, 2917 in India, 4516–4519 Wuxing, 26. See also Five phases (Wuxing) production, 4516–4518 Wu Xing Xing Du Jie (On the Angular Motion of the Five textile industry, 4518–4519 Planets, completed in 1673), 4363 Wootz steel, 3182 Wuzi Yebing (Wuzi casting), 4322 Worked glass artefacts in Australia, 4519–4522 in Pacific Islands, 4519–4522 X World Health Organization (WHO), 27 Xelhá, 3929 World War II, 65–65 Xi,22 World-termite extraction tools, 955–956 Xiahou Yang Suanjing (Xiahou Yang’s Mathematical World War II, 65–65 Classic), 4579 Wound healing Xiang embroidery, 1612–1613 in Ancient Egypt, 4523–4531 Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, bandages, 4526–4527 2409, 4584 drug therapy, 4525–4526 Xiangjie suanfa (Mathematical Methods with Detailed fractures treatment, 4527 Explanations), 4584 joints treatment, 4526 Xiangshan Yelu, 3519 medical protocol, 4524–4525 Xian-square, 2136 mythological background, 4529–4531 Xiao’an, 4363. See also Wang Xichan 4704 Index

Xiao An Xin Fa (New Method of Xiao’an, completed in Yaxchilan, Mexico, 1312–1313, 4207, 4208, 4209 1633), 4363 Year of confusion, 1028 Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue, 2917 Yé Gonan, 2757–2759 Xi Jing Za Ji, 2894 Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, 2205. See also Huangdi Xingxing (movable stars) , 2575, 4016 Neijing Xing Yuan Lu (Li Shi-Ting), 4273 Yellow River plain, wells in, 4484–4485 Xin Tang Shu, 2894, 4083. See also Tian Wen Zhi Yelu Chu Zai, 4493 Xin Yixiang Fayao (New Design for an Astronomical Yeong-sil, Jang, 4253 Clock) , 2694, 2897. See also Su Song Yesodey ha-Tevunau-Migdal ha-Emuna, 6, 2833 Xinzhai zazu (Miscellanea of Zhang Xinzhai), 2599 Yew, 1735. See Taxol Xiu (lunar lodges), 2573 Ye Yi, 4004. See also Song Yingxing Xiuhmolpilli, 2853 Yichnal sign, in Maya writing, 4573, 4575 Xiuyaojing, 629 Yigu yanduan, 2560 Xi Yang Xin Fa Lin Shu (Astronomical Treatises of the New Yijing (Book of Changes), 1669 Methods of the West, 1646), 4363. Yinhai Jingwei, 2916. See also Medical texts, in China See also Wang Xichan Yinjí,23 Xi yuan ji lu (Collected Records of Washing Away Yīn-liàng. See Loudness the Wrong Cases), 2981 Yīnshū,23 Xu Chunfu, 2905 Yinyang, 26, 1668, 2439, 4586–4587 Xugu zheqi suanfa (Continuation of Ancient Mathematical Yin-yang energy, 2013 Methods for Elucidating the Strange), Yin-yang theory, 2795 2598–2599 Yirritja, 2448 Xunu, 2574–2575 Yi Sang-hyok, 2798 Xu Xiage Yuji (Dairy of The Travels of Hsu), 1986 Yisizhan, 2553 Xu Youzhen, 2906 Yixing, 793–794 Xu Yue, 4580 Yizhuan, 4586 Yizong Jinjian (Golden Mirror of Medicine, 1749), 2917 Yoco (Paullinia yoco), 1705 Y Yoda Ela (Giant’s Canal), 1978 Yácatas, 422, 423 Yoga, 4588–4590 Yagwoia numbers, 2746 Yogaja-pratyakṣa, 3416 Yajn˜as(sacrifices), 1702, 4372, 4373 Yoga Sūtra, 4589 Yajur Veda, 4370 Yogatārā, 2577 Yamato honzo, 1678. See also Ekken, Kaibara Yogye kwanbang chido, 2675 Yāmya-yantra (southern instrument), 2622 Yokote (Japan), basketry in, 828–834 Yana (march), 2424 Yolngu Aboriginal Australians, mathematics of, 2747, Yanantin, 2581 2840–2847 Yang, 26 Yongle dadian, 2037, 2409 Yangbans, 2797 Yongyi, 2905 Yang Hui, 2763, 4584, 4621 Yoni,411 Xugu zheqi suanfa, 2598–2599 Yonit Bousany, 2516 Yanglao Fengjin Shu, 2916 Yorừbá city planning, cities and town, 1314–1320 Yangshao culture, 3107 Yoruba system, 2723–2724 Yang Sŏngji, 2671 Ý Trai toán pháp nhất đắc luc, 2828 Yangtze River plain, wells in, 4483–4484 Yuan Dynasty, 2893, 2894, 2898 Yanshi xian he tu, 2644 Yuan Jing Shuo (Telescopium), 3446, 4191 Yantra, 637 Yuanxi Qiqi Tushuo Luzui (Illustrated Books of Western Yantraprakāra, 2397 Magic Instruments), 2898 Yantrarāja, 2622 Yudhishthira, 3588 Yaolu, 3371–3372 Yue embroidery, 1613 Yāqūt’s climate map, 2703 Yueling, 2574 Yarda, 3071 Yu Fu Zhi (Records of Carriages and Dresses), 2892 Yarta Yarta, 1983 Yugas, 3539 Yaṣṭi-yantra, 637 Yu Gong (The Tribute of Yu), 1986, 2642 Yāva, 809 Yugui, 2576 Yavanajātaka (the Ionian Horoscopy), 2128, 4585, 4586 Yu Huan Zhen Wen, 3519 Yavaneśvara, 4585–4586 Yu ji tu, 2637–2639, 2642, 2645 Yavu (house platform), 491 Yuki number sequence, 2806–2807 Yawulyu ceremonies and healing songs, 3071 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 1780–1782 Index 4705

Yuktibhāṣā, 2427, 2428, 2429, 3591. See also Jyeṣṭhadeva Zheng He hanghai tu (Zheng He’s navigation map), 3351, of Jyeṣṭhadeva, 4590–4591 4613–4616 proofs, of infinite series, 3591 Zheng Heng, 4189 Yuktikalpatru, 3339 Zhen Jing, 2205 Yuktikarata, 2095 Zhen Jiu. See Acupuncture Yunnan, astronomy, 709–710 Zhenjiu dacheng, 3304 Yupana, 4592–4598 Zhenjiu Dacheng, 4617–4618 addition on, 4596 Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (A-Z of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), archaeological artifacts, 4592–4593 2915, 3304, 4618–4619 Burn’s method, 4594, 4595 Zhenjiu juying, 3304 colonial descriptions, 4592 Zhen Luan, 4580 division on, 4596–4597 Zhenyuan miaodao yaolue, 2138 final reflections, 4598 Zhong sheng,21 Guaman Poma de Ayala illustration, 4593 Zhongshu, Dong, 3518 operation simplification, 4598 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi), 1943, performing operations on, 4595–4598 2020, 2136, 2760, 2761, 3533, 4619. See also Li Radicati di Primeglio’s model, 4594 Zhou dynasty, 3517 Yu´Shū,21 Zhouhou jiuzufang (Handbook of Medicine for Yuta (increased), 808 Emergencies), 1971 Yuzui (Fish Snout), 2552 Zhou Li, 3518 Zhouyi cantong qi (Agreement of the Three According to the Book of Changes), 4431 Z Zhou Yu, 4216 Zacut, Abraham, 4659–4600 Zhuangzhou, 2041 Al-Zahrawi, 2995 Zhuāng Zi,23 Zang-shu, 2013 Zhu bing yuan hou lun, 2975. See also Cao Yuanfang Zang Xiang,27 Zhu fang, 2136 Zanzibar Stone Town, 4600–4602 Zhuishu, 2554. See also Li Chunfeng Zeguxi zhai suanxue, 2556, 2557 Zhuó, 21, 23 Zengchang Kaifang (Method of Multiplying and Adding Zhu Shijie, 2763, 2764, 4137, 4584, 4620–4621 for Root Extractions), 2409. See also Jia Xian Zhu Xi, 1557, 4431 Zeng Gongliang, 4162 Zhu Yuanzhang, 2139 Zen Hodoji, 2071 Zhu Zaiyu, 2765 Zenon Archive, 2632 Zīj (Astronomical Handbook with Tables), 14, 771–772, Zero, 1553, 4602–4604 1588, 2143, 2286–2287, 2289, 4585, 4622 appearance, 1496 Zījalṣafā ˒iḥ,9 Bakhshālī Manuscript, 807–809, 4602 Zīj-i Bahādurkhānī (ZBKh), 722, 2078 and decimal place value notation, 1496 Zīj-i Ilkhānī, 2004, 2713 divisor, 3409 Zīj-i jadīd-i Guragānī, 4329 as integer, 1498 Zíj-i `MahmūdShāh Khiljī (ZJ), 719 in Jaina Texts, 1497 Zíj-i Maźhari (ZM), 723 as metaphors, 1500 Zíj-i Muhạmmad Shāhī (ZMS), 721–722, 2400 significance, 1495 Zíj-i Nāṣirī (ZN), 718–719 symbol, 4604 Zíj-i Sáīdī by Muhammad Amīn (ZS), 723 Zeroism, 4604–4609 Zíj-i Shāhjahānī (ZShJ), 721 Zhang Heng, 2638, 2890, 2892, 3336, 4610 Zij-i Sul ṭānī, 2400 Zhang Ji (Zhang Zhongjing), 4611 Zīj-i Ulugh Beg, 4329 Zhang Qiujian suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of ZījRaḥīmī, 721 Zhang Qiujian), 2762, 4579, 4612–4613. Zīj-Ulugh Bég (ZUB), 719–720 See also Li Chunfeng Zimbabwe, copper, 1406–1408 Zhang Yong, 2818–2819 Zinc production Zhang Zhongjing, 2915 in China, 4623–4625 Zhangzi, 3641 in India, 4623 Zhaocha, 2553 Ziping method, 629 Zhao Youqin, 3445 Zisha pottery, 1111 Zhejiang, 3495 Ziwei doushu, 630 Zhenduo, Wang, 2893 Zodiac Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected), 4140 development, 620–622 (see also Astrology) Zheng Fuguang, 3446 in Indian astronomy, 4625–4627 4706 Index

Zodiac (cont.) Zoyaku-jutsu (extra division in Islam, 4627–4628 method), 4137 signs, 4626 Zu Chongzhi, 3534, 4138, 4628–4629, 4629 Zoroastrianism, 2901 Zuixi, 2574, 2576 Zou Boqi, 3446 Zujāj, 2105 Zou hou bei ji fang, 2975. See also Gong Qingxuan Zulu people’s architecture, 443–444 Zou Yan, 3523, 4628 Zuni calendars, 1026–1027