FOURTH COMMITTEE, 1946th GENERAL MEETING ASSEMBLY Monday, 8 November 1971, at 3.25 p.m. TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION Official Records NEW YORK

Chairman: Mr. Keith JOHNSON (Jamaica). refute the petitioner's affirmations or clarify certain points. He associated himself with the representatives of and the other delegations in asking that Mr. Carlson's statement be widely distributed through the agency of the Office of AGENDA ITEM 66 Public Information and the Unit on Apartheid.

Question of Namibia (continued) (A/8388, A/8423/Add.l, 4. The CHAIRMAN drew the attention of the Nigerian A/8423/Add.3 (parts I and II), A/8473, A/C.4/735/ representative to the fact that the South African repre­ Add.4, A/C.4/738 and ..\dd.l, A/C.4/740) sentative was not present at the meeting. With regard to his second point, the Secretariat had taken careful note of the HEARING OF PETITIONERS (continued) original request and would take action on it.

At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. Joel Carlson Mr. Joel Carlson withdrew. (A/C.4/735/Add4) took a place at the Committee table. AGENDA ITEMS 66, 67 AND 68 1. Mr. ABDILLEH (Somalia) thanked Mr. Carlson for the very interesting statement he had made at the preceding Question of Namibia (continued) (A/8388, A/8423/Add.l, meeting, with its clear picture of the situation in that part A/8423/Add.3 (parts I and II), A/8473, A/C.4/736, of the world. After the Second World War, the Nazis had A/C.4/738 and Add.l, A/C.4/7 40) answered before the Nuremberg tribunals for their crimes against humanity. He asked the petitioner whether he Question of Territories under Portuguese administration thought it would be possible for the United Nations to (continued} (A/8348 and Add.l, A/8403, chapter XIII compile a register of such crimes committed in South (section A); A/8423/Add.l, A/8423/Add.4, A/C.4/736) Africa, thereby making it possible to bring the authors of those crimes to justice at a later date, and if so, how the Question of Southern Rhodesia (continued) necessary information could be obtained. The fact of (A/8423/Add.l, A/8423/Add.2 (parts I and II), A/C.4/736) having a register at the United Nations would perhals dissuade the South Africans from committing further HEARING OF PETITIONERS (continued) crimes. At the invitation of the Chairman, the delegation of the 2. Mr. Joel CARLSON found the Somali repre~entative's (A/C.4/736) took places at the suggestion very interesting. As he had already pointed out, Committee table. the backing for the South African Goverwnent's racist policy of apartheid came, in contradistinction to nazism, 5. Mr. Romesh CHANDRA (Secretary General of the not from the majority of the population but only for a World Peace Council) expressed appreciation of the oppor­ white minority which was on the defensive; another notable tunity, afforded the World Peace Council of explaining its point, incidentally, was that that Government was at views to the Committee and, through it, to the General constant pains to justify its actions. In those circumstances, Assembly and to the Governments of all countries. The there was no doubt but that the South Africans would be United Nations had just taken a vital step towards achieving sensitive to pressure applied along the lines suggested by the universality, but other urgent measures were necessary in Somali representative. An international commission or that direction. The United Nations could not truly be called international tribunal could be set up which would keep a by that name so long as 30 million people had still not register of crimes against humanity, using the files on the arrived at national independence and were not represented political trials staged in South Africa, the statements by in the Organization. prisoners concerning the injustices done them and tortures they had undergone, and so on, so that the criminals could 6. The World Peace Council was in a position to take be later arraigned. The International Commission of Jurists, particularly effective action in the field of decolonization of which he himself was a member, could assist that because of the fact that its membership included many of commission or tribunal in collecting information and trying the leaders of the liberation movements. The international the criminals. movements represented in the World Peace Council were at present concentrating on winning public support for the 3. Mr. ISHAN (Nigeria) hoped that the South African programme of action for the full implementation of the representative, who had been absent during the hearing of Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial the petitioner but who had doubtless now had time to read Countries and Peoples which the General Assembly had the relevant documents, would take the floor in order to adopted on 12 October 1970 in its resolution 2621 (XXV).·

173 A/C.4/SR.1946 174 General Assembly- Twenty-sixth Session- Fourth Committee 7. Two very important international conferences had been achieved independence in Africa in recent years, General organized by the World Peace Council in support of the Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) and 2621 (XXV) were still colonial peoples at Khartoum in 1969 and at Rome in not being fully implemented, as was also the case with 1970. The World Peace Council was working in close resolutions 2649 (XXV), 2704 (XXV), 2707 (XXV) and collaboration with the Organization of African Unity 2708 (XXV) on decolonization. There were thus problems (OAU), and had recently established closer links with the to be resolved at three levels: firstly, the United Nations Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the resolutions must be complied with by the Member States Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of directly concerned, namely, Portugal and South Africa; Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, a dele­ secondly, the United Nations resolutions must be complied gation from which had participated in the World Peace with by the other Member States, which should cease to Council's recent Assembly at Budapest. provide Portugal and South Africa with economic assistance or send them arms and aeroplanes, helicopters and other 8. Yet it had to be stated that despite all the efforts made means of transport; thirdly, the United Nations itself, and by the United Nations, especially by the Special Com­ its organs and specialized agencies, must take action in mittee, the preceding few years had been marked by a support of independence and the liberation movements. It slowing down in the pace of decolonization, as the was at the level of positive action, specifically, that the Secretary-General had pointed out in the introduction to World Peace Council had a part to play. his report to the twenty-sixth session of the General Assembly on the work of the Organization (A/8401/ 12. With regard to the Territories under Portuguese Add.l ). The hoped raised by the adoption of the Decla­ administration, the fact was that nearly one third of the ration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial territory of Mozambique, more than one third of that of Countries and Peoples had been dashed again and again, and Angola, and the major part of that of Guinea (Bissau) had it was regrettable to fmd some people becoming more and been liberated and were administered by the liberation more resigned to that state of affairs. The World Peace movements. Opposing the peoples fighting for their inde­ Council, for its part, refused to accept the existing pendence, the Portuguese army was waging a ferocious situation, with all its perils. Not only were 40 million struggle, with the aid of NATO armaments, as was proved peopled enslaved, in defiance of all the United Nations by such detailed evidence as that presented by the White resolutions, but the peace and security of the neighbouring Fathers of Mozambique. The situation in the Territories States were threatened, as was proved by the recent attacks occupied by the Portuguese army should be examined, of which Guinea, Senegal and Zambia had been victims. incidentally, in conjunction with the situation in Zim­ The parties responsible for that situation were the United babwe, in South Africa, in Namibia occupied illegally by States of America, the United Kingdom, France, the the South African Government, and in the Caprivi Strip, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Israel and the other where a particularly dangerous military base was stationed, allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as was evidenced by the recent incursion into Zambia. which were providing Portugal, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa with military and economic assistance not­ 13. The Frente de Liberta9ao de Mo9ambique withstanding the United Nations resolutions. To cite a case (FRELIMO), the Movimento Popular de Liberta9ao de in point, the United States had decided to import chrome Angola (MPLA), and the Partido Africano da Indepen­ from Southern Rhodesia despite the protests made by the dencia da Guine e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) exercised sovereign Special Committee at its 828th meeting. authority in the liberated areas and had a considerable influence over the population of the other areas. In the 9. The World Peace Council whole-heartedly supported liberated areas of Guinea (Bissau), a national assembly was the United Nations efforts to mobilize world opinion on to be elected shortly. Portugal, on the other hand, did not behalf of the national liberation movements and urged exercise authority over the whole of the Territories and in recognition of those movements as the only genuine any case did not exercise it in the interests of the African representatives of the colonial peoples. inhabitants.

10. It was not enough for the United Nations to adopt 14. Legitimate authority belonged to the people and to resolutions, declarations and programmes on decolo­ the political organization which stemmed from the people nization: it was necessary to demand their implementation, and was their spokesman. There had always been "com­ and to denounce unceasingly the criminal violations, overt mittees of insurgents" whose actions had been recognized or covert, of the United Nations decisions. To ensure closer in international law. The United Nations Charter and co-ordination between the United Nations and non-govern­ General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) recognized the mental organizations for the speedy implementation of the right of peoples under colonial domination to accede to 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to independence, in other words to form their own State, on Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Council would like the the impetus of the liberation movements that represented Committee and the General Assembly to invite the Secre­ them. tary-General to consider the possibility of convening a conference at United Nations Headquarters, during th.;: 15. The United Nations Charter was binding upon Member twenty-seventh session of the General Assembly, of all States, as were the resolutions adopted by the General non-governmental organizations dealing with decoloniza­ Assembly. When a principle such as that of the right to tion. independence was enshrined in the Charter and was constantly reaffirmed in a series of resolutions, that 11. Mr. Lucio LUZZATTO (World Peace Council) said principle could not be regard~d as contrary or foreign to that while there were many peoples and territories that had international law. The General Assembly resolutions, which 1946th meeting - 8 November 1971 175 provided for contacts with the liberation movements of Assembly resolutions concerning the Territories in ques­ Angola, Guinea (Bissau) and Mozambique, regarded them as tion, as was being requested by the sectors of international representatives of the people. The theory of the so-called public opinion represented by the World Peace Council. Portuguese overseas provinces was untenable, for there was no equality of rights between the African population and 20. Mr. Emilson RANDRIAMIHASINORO (World Peace the citizens of European origin. There was still, however, a Council) said that the heroic struggle in which the national great deal to be done to strengthen the legal position of the liberation movements were engaged constituted a direct liberation movements: positive efforts should be made to contribution to the achievement of the purposes and ensure that the United Nations resolutions were imple­ objectives of the United Nations Charter. Those movements mented and the United Nations must not be content with had proVed themselves to be the true representatives of the negative action of denouncing the Member States whose Mozambique, Angola and Guinea (Bissau). They were conduct was not in conformity with those resolutions. gaining more and more land and in the liberated areas they were establishing new economic, social and political struc­ 16. Some United Nations bodies had already established tures, such as the first popular national Assembly which relations with the liberation movements: for example, the PAIGC expected to set up shortly in Guinea (Bissau). Economic Commission for Africa had admitted the three National and international organizatiens and all States national liberation movements as associate members. A should recognize MPLA, PAIGC-and FRELIMO as the only similar formula might be considered in the case of other legitimate representatives of their peoples. bodies. Co-operation with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) would also be desirable. 21. In the face of the victories won by the national liberation movements, and in spite of world opinion and 17. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees the various resolutions of the United Nations, the Portu­ looked after people from Angola, Mozambique and Guinea guese colonialists were intensifying their war of aggression (Bissau), but only when they had left their country. A by all possible means: bombing, the use of chemicals and problem arose in connexion with people who had been napalm, massacres of the population, torture and so forth. displaced as a result of Portuguese military occupation and Portugal had its own reasons for stubbornly persisting in its the facts of war, the existence of occupied or contested absurd and criminal policy, namely, its economic under­ areas and of liberated areas; that obviously brought about development and its theory of European superiority, but if displacement within the Territories, but such displaced it had to rely upon its own resources alone it would not be persons were none the less refugees whose feeding and able to continue its war of aggression. It was clear that subsistence gave rise to difficulties. That situation might be through the assistance they were giving Portugal, the given special consideration by the High Commissioner and neo-colonialist imperialist Powers, in particular the NATO it should also be of concern to the Food and Agriculture countries, were following a policy for the reconquest of Organization (FAO). Africa. Moreover, Portugal was strengthening its links with the racist regime of South Africa and the illegal regime in 18. Referring to the role of the specialized agencies, he Southern Rhodesia. That collusion, too, was part of a pointed out that the Constitutions of F AO, the World general strategy of imperialist Powers to keep southern Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educa­ Africa under white minority rule. That was the only tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) explanation for the criminal attack made on the Republic provided for the possibility of admitting associate members, of Guinea on 22 November 1970 and the repeated attacks namely, territories which were not responsible for the on independent African States. Similarly, it was in accord­ conduct of their international relations, upon application ance with that strategy that South Africa was continuing its made on their behalf by the member State or other illegal occupation of Namibia, in defiance of the Advisory authority having responsibility for their international rela­ Opinion of 21 June 1971 of the International Court of tions. Those provisions could easily be applied to a Justice, was applying its inhuman policy of apartheid there liberation movement which, having been recognized by the and was building up a real war industry. Furthermore, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), was regarded as efforts made by the United Kingdom Government to representative by the African States members of that restore normal relations between London and Salisbury organization. Moreover, the co-operation agreements con­ were an insolent challenge to free Africa. cluded between the United Nations and the different specialized agencies provided that the agencies were to 22. The World Peace Council, convinced that colonialism co-operate with the United Nations in the achievement of and apartheid were threatening international peace and the purposes and objectives set forth in the Charter. He security, condemned the collusion of certain Western pointed out, in that connexion, that the admission of Powers with Portugal and South Africa. It felt strongly that liberation movements to UNESCO as associate members the international community and the United Nations had been recommended at a seminar held at Dar-es-Salaam should take resolute action to eradicate the last vestiges of in July 1971. colonialism and racism in Africa.

19. In conclusion, he said that more effective co-operation 23. Mr. Nicolai VOSHININ (World Peace Council) said and regular and direct relations between the United that there was much in common between the objectives of Nations, its organs and its specialized agencies, on the one the Fourth Committee, and of the United Nations as a hand, and MPLA, PAIGC and FRELIMO, on the other, whole, and those of the World Peace Council in the struggle would strengthen the legal position of those movements as against colonialism and apartheid, which the World Peace representatives of the peoples whose spokesmen they were Council had always considered to be crimes against and would help towards the implementation of the General humanity and a threat to international peace and security. 176 General Assembly - Twenty-sixth Session - Fourth Committee In recent years the World Peace Council had organized mass between NATO and the colonialist regtmes, and the campaigns at the national and international level in favour conferences of which he had spoken. As far as legal aid was of the oppressed peoples fighting for their liberation, had concerned, many lawyers, including Mr. Luzzatto, had collected funds to help them, had supported the action taken part in the defence of the victims of racism. The programmes established by the United Nations and the national committees of the World Peace Council had Organization of African Unity and had continuously established teaching programmes and a system of scholar­ denounced the imperialist allies of the racist regimes of ships. South Africa, Southern Rhodesia and Portugal. In 1970, together with other international organizations, the World 28. Mr. ABDILLEH (Somalia) said that it would be useful Peace Council had organized at Rome an International to co-ordinate the activities of the various organizations Conference in Support of the Peoples of the Portuguese dealing with the problem of apartheid He would like to Colonies, in which more than 300 representatives of know whether the World Peace Council had studied the different organizations from all over the world had partici­ question. pated. When the Republic of Guinea had been attacked by Portuguese troops on 22 November 1970, the World Peace 29. Mr. CHANDRA (Secretary General of the World Peace Council had been the first to organize an international Council) said that he too thought that co-operation was meeting of solidarity at Stockholm. The World Peace essential. The conferences at Oslo and Brussels would Council was working in close co-operation with OAU, with enable the various movements and organizations to give which it was currently preparing an international confe­ their points of view on the problems of colonialism and rence in support of the victims of racism and colonialism, apartheid. to be held at Oslo in May 1972, and drawing up a "White Book" on the collusion of the NATO Powers with the racist 30. He requested that all the non-governmental organi­ and colonialist regimes. The question of Namibia had been zations which dealt with those questions should be invited discussed by the Security Council recently. The World to take part in the twenty-seventh session of the General Peace Council, for its part, was preparing an international Assembly. conference on Namibia, which would be held at Brus~els early in 1972 and which would no doubt make a great 31. Mr. ABDILLEH (Somalia) said that Mr. Chandra had contribution to the just struggle of the Namibian people to mentioned the sanctions against Southern Rhodesia and throw off the yoke of the racist regime of Pretoria. Lastly, their recent violation by the United States Senate. He the Assembly of the World Peace Council, which had met at would like to know whether the World Peace Council Budapest in May 1971, had adopted a long-range pro­ thought that the system of sanctions against Southern gramme of action in the struggle against colonialism and Rhodesia should be reviewed by the Security Council. racial discrimination. 32. Mr. LUZZATTO (World Peace Council) said that 24. The United Nations had already taken many impor­ unfortunately the sanctions had not had the results which tant decisions to obtain freedom for oppressed peoples. To had been hoped for but he thought that efforts to ensure ensure that those decisions were put into effect the United the implementation of the United Nations resolutions Nations needed the support of world public opinion and of should continue. It was the duty of non-governmental all peace-loving peoples and progressive forces. The World organizations to arouse public opinion in favour of Peace Council, representing those peace-loving forces, oppressed peoples. would be glad to offer its assistance to the United Nations to put an r.nd to the last remnants of colonialism and 33. Mr. DIALLO (Guinea) congratulated the World Peace racism. Council on the attitude it had taken at the time of the Portuguese attack on Guinea. The World Peace Council had 25. Mr. ABDILLEH (Somalia) proposed that the Office of a particularly difficult task, for the word "peace" could be Public Information should be requested to publish as full an given whatever meaning was desired. It was in the name of account as possible of the petitioners' statements in the peace that South Africa exercised its tyranny in Namibia, publications entitled United Nations and Southern Africa that the regime of Ian Smith prevailed in Southern and Objective: Justice. Rhodesia and that Portugal continued to dominate its Territories. He supported the World Peace Council's appeal 26. There were two ways of solving the problem of the 30 to the United Nations to contribute to its activities and to million people who were still under the yoke of colonialism help to disseminate its publications. He asked the World and racism. The first would be to leave it to the liberation Peace Council delegation to thank the Italian Government movements to undertake the task on their own; the second for having contributed to the peace effort by holding a would be to appeal to all people and organizations of conference at Rome. goodwill. International organizations could give consid­ erable assistance in the legal and educational fields and 34. Mr. NEKLESSA (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) could arouse the conscience of the world. He wondered said that he supported the idea of co-operation between the what steps the World Peace Council had taken in that World Peace Council and the United Nations. The mani­ respect. festo adopted by the Assembly of the World Peace Council, in which a delegation from the Special Committee had 27. Mr. CHANDRA (Secretary General of the World Peace participated, asked that the United Nations decisions aimed Ccuncil) replied that the main activity of the World Peace at eliminating cotonial regimes and racial discrimination Council was in fact to arouse public opinion. He mentioned should be put into effect, and proposed the political, "the paper which was being prepared on the collusion economic and military isolation of colonial and racist 1946th meeting - 8 November 1971 177 regimes. The two organizations, whose aims in the struggle domination and had no more illusions in that regard. The against colonialism and racism coincided, had strengthened intention of Portugal was in fact to hoodwink public their bonds: the Special Committee had participat~d in the opinion and to continue to exploit the African populations Assembly of the World Peace Council, and the World Peace of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea (Bissau). Council had taken part in meetings of the Special Com­ mittee, the Special Political Committee and the Fourth 40. It was as absurd to hear Portugal citing Brazil as a Committee. model of Portuguese multiracial society as it was to imagine the United Kingdom Government claiming credit for the 35. His delegation felt that, in view of the close links that non-racial society established in Zambia since its attainment had been established between the World Peace Council and of independence. While the Portuguese oppressors, having the United Nations, the time had come to grant that vast persistently rejected the principle of self-determination as international non-governmental organization appropriate enunciated in the United Nations Charter and in General official status with the United Nations and that the Fourth Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), spoke of multiracialism, Committee could take the necessary initiative. His dele­ the liberation movements in contrast were positively gation was convinced that the co-operation which had been advocating non-racialism in future independent and sov­ initiated and was developing successfully between the ereign Angola, Mozambique and Guinea (Bissau). anti-colonial bodies of the United Nations and the World Peace Council would be fruitful and would serve to 41. The so-called assimilated Africans had already made it consolidate still further the forces opposed to imperialism, quite clear that they refused to be treated as "honorary" colonialism and neo-colonialism. That co-operation was Portuguese citizens isolated from the masses of their own currently all the more necessary since the forces of suffering peoples. They had chosen independence, freedom imperialism and colonialism were strengthening their oppo­ and human justice, for the so-called policy of assimilation sition to the process of decolonization and were taking was merely a disguised form of the familiar precept of steps to maintain colonial and racist regimes in order to "divide and rule". slow down and halt the anti-colonial activities of the United Nations. 42. The Portuguese representative had referred to the much publicized constitutional reforms announced by his 36. Referring to the proposal which had previously been Government, including the principle of local autonomy, made to have the statement of the petitioner, Mr. Joel which he claimed was designed to lead to self-determi­ Carlson, published in the magazine Objective: Justice and in nation. He had deliberately failed to indicate that the publications of the Unit on Apartheid, he suggested that Portuguese conception of local autonomy was restricted to the Office of Public Information should also be requested the white minority; it had been the same in Southern to publish in Objective: Justice summaries of other state­ Rhodesia when the United Kingdom Government had ments including those by members of the delegation of the placed the rights of the people of Zimbabwe in the hands of World Peace Council and the representative of FRELIMO. the racist minority clique. That sinister grand design, however, would not work. The liberation movements were 37. The CHAIRMAN said that, if there were no objec­ already in control of considerable portions of their land and tions, he would take it that the Committee adopted the the Portuguese usurpers would have to come to grips with proposal by the representative of Somalia. the hard reality and give way.

It was so decided. 43. The Portuguese representative had declared that his Government had rejected the Manifesto on Southern The delegation of the World Peace Council withdrew. Africa 1 on the grounds that it encouraged unequal racial relations and, consequently, racial wars. It was only GENERAL DEBATE (concluded) necessary to read the Manifesto to see that nothing could be further from its spirit. The Heads of State of southern 38. The CHAIRMAN recalled that the representative of and central Africa had declared: "Our objectives in south­ Zambia had asked to speak in exercise of the right of reply ern Africa stem from our commitment to this principle of before the closure of the general debate on the three items human equality . . . . Thus· the liberation of Africa for concerning the Territories of southern Africa. which we are struggling does not mean a reverse ra­ cialism . . . . We would prefer to negotiate rather than 39. Mr. NYIRENDA (Zambia) said that he wanted to destroy, to talk rather than kill. We do not advocate outline the position of his delegation following the state­ violence, we advocate an end to the violence against human ment made by the representative of Portugal, who had dignity which is now being perpetrated by the oppressors of claimed that the policy of Portugal was to create multiracial Africa." It was no longer possible to doubt that the Fascist societies in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea (Bissau) and and racist Governments of the Lisbon-Pretoria-Salisbury that the concomitant policy of assimilation was not in any axis preferred to go on subjugating the African peoples, way connected with racism and racial discrimination. The destroying rather than negotiating and killing rather than representative of Portugal had even cited Brazil as an talking. example of a Portuguese multiracial society. If after 400 years Portugal had not succeeded in building the so-called 44. The Portuguese representative had also denied that his multiracial society in Africa, there was no reason to think country received assistance from its NATO partners, there- that it would do so now. Zambia, for its part, as a former member of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, had 1 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-fourth experienced a multiracial society under United Kingdom Session, Annexes, agenda item 106, document A/7754. 178 General Assembly- Twenty-sixth Session- Fourth Committee by claiming that impoverished Portugal, with a population ence in Africa was serving Western interests, as was pointed of over 9.7 million, an estimated gross national product for out in an article which had appeared in a French publi­ 1970 of about $US6,1 00 million and defence expenditure cation, the Revue mi/itaire generale, in 1963 and which had for the same year of over $US398 million, was financing its stated that it was obvious that the West was serving its own own colonial wars. He had not explained how his country cause in supporting Portugal's efforts in Africa. In the same managed to maintain 35 infantry regiments and battalions, vein, a high official of one of the major NATO countries including 25 in the colonial Territories in Africa. The had once stated that it was not in his country's interest that estimated defence expenditure of $398 million was not Portugal should leave Africa or that its influence there sufficent to maintain such forces; Portugal must be receiv­ should wane. Despite denials by NATO Powers, no joint ing funds from elsewhere, particularly from Western eco­ declaration condemning Portugal's criminal wars in Africa nomic and financial interests. had yet appeared. He was firmly convinced that, if Portugal's NATO allies and trading partners decided to 45. The Portuguese representative had equally failed to disown Portugal's African policy, the battle would be mention that it was Portugal's major NATO allies which automatically won. supplied it not only with military personnel training services but also with military equipment. Portugal's pres- The meeting rose at 5. 20 p.m.

178