1 M.A. Part - I History Paper - II (Option - E) Indian National Movement (1857 A.D to 1947 A.D.) Objectives : To enable students to understand the factors leading to the rise of Nationalism. To enable students to understand Gandhiji, his movements and movements of other organizations and to understand the constitutional development and the rise of new forces. Modules 1. Historiography of the Indian National Movement a) Nationalist, Marxist and Subaltern Schools b) Cambridge School c) Revolt of 1857 2. Rise of Socio-Political Consciousness a) Growth of Western Education and its impact on Socio Religious Movement b) British Economic Policies and their Impacts c) The founding of Indian National Congress, its Policies and Programme 3. Growth of Nationalism a) Gandhiji and his Movements b) All India Muslim League c) Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2 4. Towards Independence a) Constitutional Developments b) Indian National Army, Naval Mutiny of 1946, Freedom and Partition c) The Depressed Classes and Women as New Forces Bibliography : K. Majumdar, Advent of Independence, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 1969. R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, 5th edition. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, 1976. Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism : Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, 1971. Arvind Ganachari, Nationalism and Social Reform in a Colonial Situation, Kalpaz Publication New Delhi, 2005. R. Nanda (ed), Gokhale : The Indian Moderates and the British Raj, Princeton University Press, New Jerssy, 1977. Bimal Malhotra, Reform Reaction and nationalism, in Western India, 1855-190, Himalaya Publishing House, 2000. Bipin Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism, in Western India, Economic Policies of the Indian National Leadership, 1850-1905 Peoples Publishing House, New Delhi, 1977. Bose, Nemai, Sadhan, Indian Natioanl Movement on Outline, Firma KL, Mukhopadhyay, 1974./ Chatterji Basudev, Trade, Tariffs and Empire : Lancashire and British Policy in India 1919-1939 (OUP, Delhi, 1972) Chatterji Basudev, Towards Freedom; 1938 (ed.) Three volumes of documents on Indian politics, economy and society in 1938 with a General Introduction, Chapter introductions and notes (OUP / ICHR, 1999). Chatterji Basudev, (General Editor, along with C.A. Bayly, Romila Thaper etal. of ‘Themes in Indian History’, a series published by OUP, Delhi. Over ten volumes were published between 1992 and 2001). Charles Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu social reform, Princeton University Press, 1964. Daniel Argov, Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement, National Book Organizations, 1998. Gupta D.C. Indian National Movement, Vikas Publications, 1970. 3 Kumar Nirmal, Rajendra Prasad and the Indian Freedom Struggle 1917-1947, Patriot Publisher, 1991. K.N. Pannikar (ed), National and Left Movement in India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1980. M.M. Ahluwalia, Freedom Struggle in India, 1858-1909, Ranjit Printers and Publishers, Delhi, 1968, Modern Historical Series, No. 3, by Bisheveshwar Prasad. P.N. Chopra, (ed), Role of Indian Muslims in the Struggle for Freedom, Life and Life Publications, New Delhi, 1979. Patil V.T. (ed). Studies on Nehru, Sterling Publishers, 1987. Shukla V, Soviet Revolution and the Indian National Movement : Perception of Indian Media, H. K. Publications, 1989. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, Mackmilan Ltd., New Delhi, 1983. M. M. Ahluwalia, Freedom Struggle in India, 1858 to 1909, Delhi, Ranjit Printers and Publishers, 1968 Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, New Delhi, Orient Longman Ltd., 1979. Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vols. I-IV, New Delhi, Govt. of India Publications Division, 1971-72 Sankar Ghose, The Renaissance to Militant Nationalism in India, Allied Publishers, 1969 K. K. Ghosh, Indian National Army, Meerut, Meenakshi Prakashan, 1969 S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1965 R. L. Handa, History of Freedom Struggle in Princely States Delhi, Central News Agency, 1968. R. C. Majumdar,Three Phases of India’s Freedom Struggle, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1961. R. C. Majumdar (Ed.), History and Culture of the Indian People, Vols. IX, X, and XI, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1963-69 S. R. Mehrotra, The Emergence of the Indian National Congress, Delhi, Vikas Publications, 1979 S. R. Mehrotra, Towards India’s Freedom and Partition, Vikas Publications, 1979 4 MODULE - I 1 HISTORIOGARAPHY OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (A1) Nationalist School UNIT STRUCTURE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Contributory Factors 1.3 The content of Nationalist Historiography: 1.4 Some Eminent Nationalist Historians 1.5 Summary 1.6 Broad Questions. 1.7 Additional Readings. 1.0 OBJECTIVES After the completion of study of this unit the student will able to:- Understand the nationalist school of historiography of the Indian National Movement. Comprehend the contributory factors to the writing of historiography of the Indian National Movement. Explain the search for national identity. Grasp the imperialist attack on Indian culture and civilization. Know the content of the nationalist historiography. Summarize the writings of some eminent nationalist historians. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Historiography means the history of historical writing or the art of writing history. It is the history of history. Historiography tells us the story of successive stages in the evolution of historical writings. It includes the evolution of the ideas and techniques associated with the writing of history and changing attitudes 5 towards the nature of history itself. Eventually it includes the study of the development of man’s senses for the past. There are differences in the nature, quality and quantity of historical literature in different ages and different people. These differences represented the changes in social life, beliefs in society, the presence or absence of the sense of history. The pace of change is greater ever since the study of the past came increasingly under the influence of various ideas. Thus Historiography is trying to trace these changes through the centuries. Arthur Marwick says that history is the historian’s reconstruction of the past whereas the historiography is neither only theory nor only practice but it is the real history of historical thoughts. History writing began due to the early compositions of the ancient Greeks and the Chinese which faced several difficulties and uncertainty due to absence of chronology and method of criticism even then this crude beginning of history writing has made a tremendous progress. It is pertinent to trace how the history writing of Indian National Movement came into existence. What were the problems and how they were solved, are surveyed in the foregoing description, analysis and a detail account them is given. Although the history of India is very old and rich, the Indian historiography is comparatively of recent origin. During the nineteenth century, emergence of new research papers, articles, addresses and monographs brought out new directions in research, which led to evolve the writing of Indian historiography, in which the nationalist school is one of the most important approaches. Roussean’s stress on feeling and passion and Herder’s doctrine of the ‘genius of nations’, of national culture and national character formed the philosophy of nationalism. Herder says that each national culture is a unique entity with its own inherent character. The national character is expressed in its language, literature, art and in its moral code, which determines the history of a people. Nationalism is a powerful sentiment, it is essentially spiritual in character and it is the will of the people to live together. This sentiment of unity is produced by the race of the community, Language, religion, geographic unity, common political aspirations and common historical development. The nation state is the normal form of political organisation in the modern world. The nationalist historians used to invoke the spirit of nations past the most, they used to emphasis on people rather than the state, which transformed the exclusive idea of political history and embraced the material & spiritual development of man in society. The spirit of resurgent nationalism gave a story impetus to historical studies and supplied a powerful motive for historical investigation in so far as people endeavored to trace the roots of their national identity. For this reason the nineteenth century was the century of nationalism in Europe and the century of Great history writing of national movements. 6 1.2 CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS: Following were some of the contributory factors to the writing of historiography of Indian National Movement: 1.2.1 The Search for National Identity: Although India came under westernization, followed westerns life in dress, manners and customs but the educated Indians began to think to make Indians real Indian and not English. They never wanted the westerns civilization to displace the Indian civilization as Macaulay and the missionaries desired. They wanted only the West should revitalize the Indian culture as Raja Ram Mohan Roy emphasized the most. Hence these educated Indians began to reform their age old socio-religious scenario and rejuvenate their ancient culture. This trend began to create a sense of self reliance, self respect and self confidence among the Indians which