Answers of Practice Paper 6 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Concurrent List. In case of dispute, will of Union Government will prevail. (b) Three sessions are:- • Budget Session [Feb-May] • Monsoon Session [July-Aug] • Winter Session [Nov-Dec] (c) Term of Lok Sabha is 5 years whereas the term of office of Rajya Sabha is 6 years. But every 2 years, 1/3rd members of Rajya Sabha retire. (d) Leader of the cabinet is Prime Minister. His resignation implies the resignation of whole cabinet. (e) Interpellation is an effective tool as it involves devices such as the “Question hour”, “Calling Attention Notices” and “Half-an-Hour Discussion” which help to seek information from the government about its policies and performances. (f) The ministers are individually responsible to the President, i.e., they hold office during the pleasure of the President and may be dismissed by him, on the advice of the Prime Minister when they may have the confidence of the Legislature. (g) Supreme Court judge shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years. High Court judge shall hold office until he attains the age of 62 years. They can be removed by the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity by the process of impeachment. (h) This means that the High Courts and other Courts are bound to give such decisions which are similar to the decisions given by Supreme Court in a similar case. They are not be questioned when they are produced before any Subordinate Courts. (i) Habeas Corpus. (j) COURT OF DISTRICT JUDGE SESSIONS COURT It is the highest civil court of the district. It is highest criminal court of the district. It is presided over by a District Judge. It is presided over by the Session Judge.

Answer 2. (a) After the first war of independence, the rule of East India Company ended. This was done by Government of India Act 1858. It transferred the power to govern India from the East India Company to British Crown. (b) Lord Dufferin favoured the formation of Congress as he wanted it to act it as a “safety valve for popular discontent” thereby safeguarding the British interest in India.

Practice Paper - 6 (Solved) 1 (c) Social reforms fought for, were:- • He opposed the caste system and other rigid rules regarding inter-dining and inter-mixing. • He advocated widow remarriage. (d) Early Nationalist failed in the following ways:- • Their achievements were not satisfactory to the younger element within the Congress. • Their method of constitutional agitation was criticised. • Assertive Nationalist advocated European Revolutionary method to meet British imperialism. • Activities of Early Nationalist were limited to middle class only. • They were loyal to British and relied on their generosity. (e) National education was promoted by Assertive Nationalist in the following way:- • Bengal National College was set up in . • Pachaiyappa National College was set up at . • D.A.V Movement made effort in spreading education through schools and colleges. • National College was set up with Aurobindo Ghosh as its principal. • The National Council of Education was set up in 1906, which later developed into Jadavpur University. (f) WHO’s objective is the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all people. The United Nations International Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by the UN General Assembly during its first session in 1946 to help the emergency needs of children in post-war Europe. (g) On August 20, 1917, the Secretary of State Edwin Montague announced August Declaration stating that the policy of the British Government was to develop gradually, Self-Governing Institutions in India. It was declared to pacify Indians as lot of pressure was created on British due to Pact. (h) Aims of Nazism were:- • To exalt Nationalism. • To extol war. • To use force and brutality. • To despise Internationalism, Peace and Democracy. (i) The functions of UNESCO in communication are:- • It has set up regional networks, trained technicians and deals with both hardware and software aspects of informatics. • It improves the quality of press, the films and video services. (j) Class conflict increased in many countries after the FWW. The real issue in most parts of continental Europe was whether control of government and economic systems would continue in the possession of aristocracies or it would be in the hands of less privileged 2 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X majorities. The common man had been promised, during the War, that he would be rewarded by greater attention to his economic needs. These promises were ignored and the common man was embittered. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) Difference between Money and Non-Money bill • Money Bill deals with financial matter. • Non-Money deals with non-financial matter. • Money Bill can be initiated only in Lok Sabha. • Non-Money bill can be initiated by either of the house. • In Money Bill, Rajya Sabha plays only advisory role, virtually it has no power. • In Non-Money bill, both the houses are kept at equal footing but if there is a deadlock between both the houses then matter will be decided by 2/3rd majority in which Lok Sabha will have greater say due to its numerical strength. (b) The following are the functions of the Speaker with respect to conducting day to day business of the house:- • The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House. All speeches and remarks are addressed to the Speaker. He allots time for discussion. • The Speaker interprets the rule of procedure of the House. His decision in all parliamentary matters is final. • All the bills passed by the house are signed by him and then sent to Rajya Sabha for its consideration or the President for his assent. • The Speaker decides the admissibility of all questions and resolutions. He decides the admissibility of a motion of adjournment. (c) The following are the situation when the Speaker vacant his office:- • Speaker can vacate his office by resigning his post on health or on other grounds by submitting a letter of resignation to the Deputy speaker. • He can also be removed by the Lok Sabha if the majority of the members pass a resolution to this effect. Speaker is elected for the period of 5 years. He remains in office till a new Speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha in its first meeting. Answer 4. (a) The administrative functions of the cabinet are as follows: • Policy Making: The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic policies of the government. It takes decisions on matters such as defence, economic policy, and

Practice Paper - 6 (Solved) 3 formation of New States, industrial policy, imports and electoral reforms. • Implementation of Policies: Once a policy decision is taken by the cabinet on any subject, it is conveyed to the Minister of state and the Deputy Minister of the concerned ministry. They work out the details and pass it to the civil servants under that ministry to implement the decision. In this way, the business of government is managed jointly by the Council of Ministers and the civil servants concerned. • Coordinates the Functioning of Various Ministers: The Cabinet coordinates the working of various departments for the smooth implementation of government policies. Any government policy, be it eradicating unemployment, improving public health services or increase in government revenue, requires involvement of several departments for its formulation and implementation. • Appointment: All major appointments, though made by the President, are decided upon by the Cabinet. Such appointments refer to the appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court, High Court, Governors of State, Chief election Commission and other dignitaries. (b) COUNCIL OF MINISTER CABINET 1. The Council of Ministers consists of all 1. The Cabinet is a group consisting categories of ministers - Cabinet Ministers, of Senior Ministers holding important Ministers of State and Deputy Minister. portfolios such as Defense, Finance, Home etc. 2. The Prime Minister may or may not 2. They are the most trusted colleagues of consult other Ministers, below the rank of the Prime Ministers. The Prime Minister Cabinet Ministers. always consults them. The decisions of the Cabinet are binding on all the Ministers. 3. In the day to day working of the 3. The Cabinet is a small cohesive group government, the council of Ministers as a of senior Ministers who determine the whole rarely meets. policy and Programme of the government; so they meet as frequently as possible. 4. According to the constitution, the 4. In day-to day governance of the country, President acts on the advice of the council the cabinet advises the President, through of Ministers. In reality, it is not the Council the Prime Minister. of Ministers but the cabinet which advises the President.

(c) Individual Responsibility of the Ministers • Each Minister is responsible to the Parliament for his/her department, departure from office policy, for the personal lapse or for failures of departure. • Members of Parliament can question the Ministers regarding the matters related to their department.

4 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The Ministers are obliged to answer to such questions. Collective Responsibility of Council of Ministers • Parliamentary Democracy is based on the principle of Collective Responsibility. • It means that the Council of Minister as a single body is responsible to the Lok Sabha. • All Ministers work as a team. • If a vote of No-Confidence is passed against One Minister, the whole ministerial team has to resign. Answer 5. (a) Appointment of various judges of Supreme Court: • Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the judges of Supreme Court and of High Courts besides the Council of Ministers. • Senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as Chief Justice of India by President. • The Chief Justice may appoint a judge of a High Court as an Ad-Hoc Judge of the Supreme Court for a period as may be necessary. • Ad-hoc Judges are appointed with the consent of the president and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned. • When the Chief Justice is unable to perform the duties of his office, by reason of absence or otherwise, the President may appoint another judge of the Supreme Court as the acting Chief Justice. (b) Judge of Supreme Court can be removed on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity by the process of impeachment. If a resolution to this effect is passed by a special majority in each house of the parliament. The word proved is very important. It means that an address can only be presented after that allegation has been thoroughly examined by some impartial tribunal. (c) Original Jurisdictions of Supreme Court extend to the following cases:- 1. Centre-state relationship– • Between government of India and one or more states; • Between government of India and any state or states on one side and one or more states and the other hand; • Between two or more states. 2. Interpretation of constitution-Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the constitution. 3. Transfer of cases from lower court-Supreme Court can transfer the cases from lower court. 4. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights-Supreme Court can issue the writs to enforce the Fundamental Rights.

Practice Paper - 6 (Solved) 5 SECTION B

Answer 6. (a) In 1856, the Britishers decided to replace the old fashion musket with the new Enfield rifle. The loading process of the Enfield rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off the top grease paper with the mouth. In January 1857, there was a rumour in the Bengal regiments that the grease paper had fat of cow or pig. Cow is sacred for Hindus and Pig is a taboo for Muslims. The Hindu soldiers as well as the Muslim soldiers refused to use the new rifle and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them. (b) The changes in the army that were brought by the government were:- • The strength of the European troops in India was increased to 65000. The number of Indian troops was reduced to 140000. Practically the same ratio was maintained till the First World War. • European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions. • The earlier policy of excluding Indians from officer corps was strictly maintained. • To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated weapons and ammunitions were never replaced under the charge of Indian soldiers. All Indian Artillery Units, with the exception of a few mountain units, were disbanded. • Discrimination on the basis of caste, region and religion was practiced in the recruitment to the army and was based on the policy of ‘balance and counterpoise’ or ‘divide and rule’ so as to prevent another anti-British Uprising. • In order to discourage nationalism, measures such as introduction of Caste and Community in most regiments were taken. • Newspapers, Journals and Nationalists Publication were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population. (c) Queen Victoria promised the following things:- • Do its best to advance the industries in India. • Follow a policy of non-intervention in social and religious matters of Indians. • Grant a general pardon to all those who had taken part in the war except those who were found guilty of murder of British subjects. • Treat all subjects –Indians and Europeans-as equals [education and ability would be the basis of all appointments]. • Promote work of public utility in India so as to ensure the material as well as the moral progress of the people. Answer 7. (a) The British Government followed the policy of divide and rules in the following way:- • In 1871 Lord Mayo’s government adopted a resolution which made Urdu the medium

6 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X of instruction for Muslims in primary and secondary schools and increased government aid to educational institutions run by the Muslims. • They tried to justify Partition of Bengal by convincing the Muslims that Bengal was being partitioned to create a new Muslim majority province where the Hindus would not be able to subvert their interest. • They portrayed Hindu rulers as ‘cruel kings’ and Muslim rulers as ‘plunderers’. • They used caste structure to turn the Non-Brahmins and the Lower Castes against High Castes. • They treated Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs as separate communities and accepted their communal leaders as authentic representatives of all their co-religionists. • They tried to spread communal hatred through the Press, Posters, Literature and Public Platform. (b) The British established their supremacy in India after dethroning the Mughal rulers who were the followers of Islam. So Muslims became bitter enemies of British in the beginning. • Muslims participated in “Wahabi Movement”, which aimed to end British domination in India. • They also took part in the uprising of 1857. • This made British view Muslims with suspicion. • But after 1870s, the British government changed their attitude and followed the policy of appeasing the Muslims in order to undermine the national movement. (c) Formation of Muslim League:- • The success of the Muslim deputation to the Viceroy motivated the Muslims to start a separate political organisation. • Nawab Salimullah of Dacca took the initiative. • In December, 1906, when eminent Muslim leaders assembled at Dacca in connection with the Mohammedan Educational Conference, arranged a meeting to consider such a proposals. • The Mohammedan Educational Conference accepted the proposal to form a Central organisation for the Muslims. • Muslim League was established under the presidentship of Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. • Agha Khan was elected as the permanent President of “All India Muslim League”. • Headquarter was in Aligarh. • Central office was shifted to Lucknow. Answer 8. (a) In the First World War Turkey was defeated and the Ottoman Empire was divided. The Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph, was deprived of all authority. Caliph

Practice Paper - 6 (Solved) 7 was looked upon by Muslims as their religious head. They felt any weakening of the Caliph’s position would adversely affect the position of the Muslims. In the First World War, the British fought against Turkey. So Muslims in India launched Khilafat Movement. • Khilafat Movement was launched under the leadership of Ali brothers-Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali-Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani. (b) Three point programme formed by Khilafatist were as follow:- • The Ottoman caliph should retain his empire. • The caliph must be left with sufficient territories to enable him to defend the Islamic faith. • The Arab lands (Arab, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine) must remain under the Muslim rule. (c) was elected as the President of ‘All India Khilafat Conference’. • Gandhiji saw in the Khilafat Movement an opportunity for uniting Hindus and Muslims. • He advised the Khilafat committee to adopt a policy of Non-Cooperation with the government. By August 31, 1920 Khilafat Non-Cooperation movement started. • People resigned from government services; shops selling foreign goods were picketed; hartals and demonstrations were held. By the end of 1920, the Khilafat Movement and congress Non-Cooperation Movement merged into nation wide movement. • Non-cooperation movement merged into one nation-wide movement. • The Khilafat committee appealed to all Muslims not to join the police and armed forces and not to pay taxes. • The Ali brothers were arrested on charges of sedition and thus it ended. Answer 9. (a) Immediate Cause– • Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated at Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on June 28, 1914. • The assassination was organized by secret society called ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’ formed by extremist Serbian nationalists whose aim was to unite all Serbians into a single Serbian State. • Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on July 23 making eleven demands. Serbia accepted most of the demands except those that would have led to the loss of her sovereignty. • Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia started preparation for war to support Serbia. • On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia; and on August 3, on France.

8 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • German troops marched into Belgium to press on to France on August 4 and on the same day Britain declared war on Germany. • Many other countries soon entered the War. • Japan declared war on Germany to capture German colonies in the Far East. • Turkey and Bulgaria joined on the side of Germany. • Italy remained neutral for sometime but joined the war against Germany in 1915 breaking the Triple-Alliance. (b) There were two kinds of States in Europe in the early 20th century. On the one hand there were single Nation-States like France, Holland and Germany whose national identities were based on their common language and traditions. The Russian Empire included territories populated by Polish, Ukrainian, Turkish and Mongol populations. Germany entered into an alliance with Austria-Hungary. In the 1882, Italy joined the alliance and it came to be known as the Triple Alliance. After the death of Bismarck, France was able to establish friendly relations with Russia and England. The three counties entered into the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the Triple Alliance. Later Japan joined the Triple Entente. Thus, Europe was divided into two hostile camps. (c) Aggressive Nationalism meant love for one’s country and hatred for the other countries. Each nation thought about its own national interest and did not care for the interests of the other nation. France wanted to get back its provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from Germany. Similarly, Italy wanted to get back the territory of Trentino Trieste from Austria and Balkan States like Serbia wanted that their fellow nationals (Slavs) who lived in other States should come together to form a greater Balkan State. These countries developed expansionist policies in the name of nationalism. Fierce economic competition among the nations also led to the rise of militant nationalism. By the end of the 19th century, England and France had built up a huge colonial empire in Asia and Africa. Some other countries of the world like Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan also wanted to increase their sphere of influence and create their colonies in Asia and Africa. Colonies were essential for their progress as they could provide raw material for their industries and markets for their finished products and also would add to the power and prestige of these countries. This led to a clash of interest among these countries. The European powers began to scramble for expanding their economic and political empire. Therefore, commercial ambitions of the European nations made an armed conflict inevitable. Answer 10. (a) Security Council. (b) Composition of Security Council- • It consists of 15 members. • It has 5 permanent members China, France, Russia, Britain, United States of America. • The Regional representation of 10 non-permanent members is–

Practice Paper - 6 (Solved) 9 – Afro-Asian countries – 5 – Latin American countries – 2 – West European and other countries – 2 – East European and other countries – 1 • The Presidency of the council rotates monthly according to the English alphabetical listing of its member states. (c) The functions and powers of the Security Council are as follows:- • To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of UN. • To investigate any dispute or situation, which might lead to international friction and to take military against an aggressor. • To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement. • To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments. • To determine the existence of threat to peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken. • To call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression. • To take a military action against an aggressor. • To recommend admission of new members. • To exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in the “Strategic Areas”. • To recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of Secretary-General and together with the Assembly, to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice. (d) Special power enjoyed by permanent members of Security Council is Veto Power. Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an affirmative vote of nine members, including the concurring votes of five permanent members. The negative voting of a permanent member is called a Veto. The Council is powerless to act if any of the five permanent members uses the veto power. However abstinence from voting does not amount to a negative vote or veto.

10 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Answers of Practice Paper 7 PART I

Answer 1. (a) President has power of Prorogation of a session, when every session gets over. (b) According to Anti-Defection Law, when a member of the house gives up membership of his party or votes against the direction given by the party to which he belongs, he shall be disqualified from being a member of the House. (c) Session court is the highest court that deals with criminal cases at district level. Delhi is the union territory that has high court of its own. (d) Cabinet Minister is appointed by President on advice of Prime Minister. (e) The legislative proposals that the Cabinet formulates are called Official Bills. (f) Quorum means the minimum number of members required to be present in order to enable the house to transact its business. Quorum of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha is one- tenth of the total membership of each house. (g) Habeas Corpus. (h) President is elected indirectly by Electoral College under single transferable vote system. Prime Minister is elected directly by the citizens of India. The president appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that command a majority in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minster. (i) Effect of imposition of President’s rule- • Dissolve the Vidhan Sabha of the State and dismiss the Council of Ministers; or the Assembly and the Council of Ministers can be kept in suspended animation. • In both cases, the Union Parliament can pass laws, even on all the Subjects of the State List, for that particular State. Even the Annual Budget of that State is presented to and passed by the Parliament. (j) 12 members are nominated by president in Rajya Sabha from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters such as: literature, science, art and social service. This provides platform for independent talent. Answer 2. (a) Battle of Plassey gave British control over Bengal, Bihar and Orisa. This marked the beginning of British rule in India. (b) Governor General of independent India was Lord Mountbatten. First Indian Governor General was C. Rajagopalachari. (c) In 1954, India and China signed an agreement containing five principles of peaceful co-existence. These principles are collectively known as “PANCHSHEEL” which became guidelines for the Non Aligned Movement to evolve.

Practice Paper - 7 (Solved) 11 The main objective of NAM at the beginning was to keep away the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from the super power rivalry and to protect and preserve their newly acquired independence. (d) The British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying to Baji Rao II as he was adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. Nana Saheb was forced to live at Kanpur, far away from his family seat at Poona. (e) Benito Mussolini’s theory of Corporate State involved management of sectors of the economy by government or privately-controlled organizations. Serbia was blamed for assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. (f) Achievements of Assertive Nationalist– • These leaders were able to inculcate national pride by extolling India’s past. Tilak revived the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals to arouse national sentiments. Through his writing in Mahratta and Kesari he preached nationalism. • Through their writings and speeches they infused in the Indians the spirit of active nationalism. It was their efforts that produced a class of revolutionaries willing to sacrifice their lives and property for the sake of their country. They exposed the hollowness of the belief in the sense of justice and fair play of the British rulers. (g) Bipin Chandra Pal is father of Revolutionary thought. Role of Bipin Chandra Pal as journalist is as follows:- • Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune, and New India were the newspaper Bipin Chandra Pal worked for. • British Government found his writings seditious. (h) Executive body of UN is Security Council. The Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It functions continuously. (i) Uniting for peace resolution which was adopted by the General Assembly in 1950, states that the Assembly may take action if the Security Council because of lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of peace or act of aggression. (j) The German army was restricted to a force of 100000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15000 men and 24 ships. The Air force and submarine were banned.

PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) Legislative powers of Parliament are:- • Matters in the Union List– The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the 97 subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like

12 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Defence, Communications, Foreign Policy etc. • Matters in the Concurrent list– Along with the State Legislative Assemblies, the Parliament can make laws on the 47 subjects listed in the Concurrent List. If there is a conflict between the Union Parliament and the State Legislature on any law in this list, the Union law will prevail. • Residuary Powers– The Parliament possesses residuary powers. It means that it can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three list – the Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List. • Powers during Emergency– When there is a total breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in a State, a State of Emergency is declared in the State. During the period of Emergency, the Parliament becomes the legislature in the State concerned and assumes all powers, including the financial powers of passing the state budget. • Ordinances– The president is empowered to promulgate an Ordinance at a time when Parliament is not in session. It has the same effect as an Act. All Ordinances must be put up before both the Houses for their approval, Ordinances ceases to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses. (b) The following are the Judicial powers of the Parliament:- • Impeachment of the President– The Parliament performs some judicial functions. It has the right to remove the President from the office through a procedure of Impeachment. In case of violation of the Constitution or grave misconduct either House can frame the charges against the President. • Removal of judges etc– The Parliament can remove the Judges of Supreme Court, High Courts, The Chief Election Commissioner, The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, if they are found guilty of violating provisions of the Constitution. • Punishment– The Parliament can punish a person for obstructing the work of Parliament or showing disrespect of the House. (c) The following are the Electoral Functions of Parliament:- • The Parliament of India along with the States Legislatures elects the President of India. • The Vice-President of India is elected by both the Houses of the Parliament. • The Lok Sabha elects its own Speaker and Deputy Speaker from amongst its own members while the Rajya Sabha elects its Deputy Chairman. Answer 4. (a) The financial powers of the Cabinet are:- • Budget– Though the budget is passed by the parliament, usually no changes are made in the budget figures against the wishes of the cabinet. Any amendment to the budget proposals against the wishes of the cabinet that may be passed by the Lok Sabha amounts to a vote of No-Confidence in the Ministry. It happens only when

Practice Paper - 7 (Solved) 13 the Ministry has lost the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha. In such situation, the whole ministry has to resign. • Finances of the Government– The cabinet is responsible for the expenditure of the government, for presenting the demand for grants and also for raising necessary income by various means including taxation. • Introduction to Money Bills– A money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha. (b) Prime Minster is a link between President and Council Minister:- • Prime Minister is a link between the President and the Council of Ministers. • Our Constitution lays down that it shall be the duty of the Prime Minister to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the Union and the proposals for legislation. • The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider any matter, which has not been considered by the Cabinet and on which a decision has been taken by a Minister. (c) Methods adopted by Parliament to exercise control over the Cabinet:- • A vote of No-Confidence in the Council of Minister. • Rejection of a Government Bill. • Passing a bill opposed by the government. • Voting a cut in the Budget. • Asking questions. • Adjournment motions. Answer 5. (a) Three types of cases which can be taken to Supreme Court by the way of appeal:- • In civil cases, special leave to appeal would not be granted unless there is a question of law or general public interest involved in the case. • In criminal cases, the Supreme Court interferes when it is shown that exceptional and special circumstances exist and grave injustice has been done. • The supreme Court could quash the decision of a tribunal when the tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or adopted a procedure which runs against the established rules of natural justice. (b) Qualifications needed to be a judge of Supreme Court are as follows:- • He should be Citizen of India. • He has been for at least 5 years a judge of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession; Or • He has been for at least 10 years an advocate of a High Court of 2 or more such courts in succession; Or • He is in the opinion of the President a distinguished jurist.

14 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X (c) Single integrated system means Supreme Court is the head of the entire judiciary system and not only supervises but also exercises control over the functioning of other courts. There are no separate set of laws and a single civil and criminal system operates throughout the country. All cases from lower court can be taken to higher court by the way of appeal. SECTION B

Answer 6. (a) Repressive policies of Lord Lytton who ruled India from 1876-1880:- • Vernacular Press Act 1878 which forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers. This act was repealed by Lord Ripon. • Lord Lytton introduced The Indian Arms Act 1879 which made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without license. This act was not applicable to the British. • The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination was reduced from 21 to 19 years thus making it difficult for the Indians to compete for it. (b) Drain of Wealth:- • Till the battle of Plassey, the European traders used to bring gold into India to buy Indian cotton and silk. However, after the conquest of Bengal, the British stopped getting gold into India. They began to purchase raw material for their industries in England from duty-free inland trade. • The transfer of wealth from India to England for which India got no proportionate economic return is called Drain Wealth. • Drain wealth included salaries, incomes and savings on Englishmen, the British expenditure in India on purchase of military goods, office establishment, and interest on debts, unnecessary expenditure on the army, etc. (c) The Working Class– • The growth of modern industries led to the birth of a new social class in India-the working class. • This working class was exploited by the factory owners who were generally Englishmen. • They formed the small section of the population, but represented a new social outlook. • Their outlook and interest were broad covering whole of India, though their factories were located in cities. • These factors made their political thinking far more significant than their numerical strength.

Practice Paper - 7 (Solved) 15 The Educated Indians– • Educated Indians were not getting employment as there was high competition in government services and chances of promotions were bleak. • They had hoped that British capitalism would develop India’s productive forces as it had done for Britain. • But instead British economic policies kept India economically backward. Answer 7. (a) . He belonged to the group of Early Nationalist. (b) Title- Father of Indian Nationalism (c) Book-Nation in the making. It gives an account of his political concern and view about self-government. (d) His Contribution– • Started agitation against License act, Vernacular Press Act, Arms Act [with the help of his organisation Indian association] • He opposed the Partition of Bengal. (e) Two Organisations– 1. Indian National Conference 2. Indian Association Answer 8. (a) The clauses of Cabinet mission were:- 1. Federal Union– There was to be a Federal Union of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The Union Government (Central Government) should deal with the following subjects: (i) Foreign Affairs; (ii) Defence; and (iii) Communication. The Union Government should have the power to raise the finances required for the above mentioned subjects. 2. Powers of the Union– The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of members elected by all Provinces. 3. Provincial Autonomy– The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than Union Subjects. 4. Formation of a Constituent Assembly– • A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the new constitution of the Indian Union. • The composition of the 389 members constituent assembly would be as under: • 296 members to be elected from the British Provinces. • 93 members to be elected from the Princely state. 5. Representation of Minorities– Separate representation was to be given to Muslims and Sikhs. 6. Formation of an interim Government– An interim government board would be formed at the center with 14 members. For the time being, the viceroy would reconstitute his executive council consisting representatives of all communities. 16 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X (b) Reasons for acceptance of Mountbatten Plan by Congress are as follows:- • The large scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the . • The league had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate. Experience of working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not have a joint administration with League. • The only alternative to partition was Federation with a weak Centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than bigger State with weak Centre. • Any further continuation of British rule would mean a greater calamity for India. The British were instigating the ruler of the Indian States to remain independent. Hence, partition was the price for immediate independence. • The leader felt that further delay in the transfer of power could find India in the midst of Civil War. (c) Reasons for rejection of demand of Pakistan are as follows:- • The establishment of Pakistan would not solve the problem of communal minorities because the percentage of Non-Muslim living in North West zone of Pakistan would be 37.93% and those living in north eastern zone 48.31% of the total population. • There was no justification for including within Pakistan, the non-Muslim district of Bengal, Assam, and Punjab. • The armed forces, transportation as well as the postal and telegraph system had been built for India as whole and the partition would create many problems. • The Princely States would find it difficult to decide which Union to join. • The two halves of the proposed Pakistan State would be separated by some seven hundred miles and interaction between them would be difficult. Answer 9. (a) The bloc led by USA was called the Western bloc or the American bloc. This bloc believed in liberal democracy. • Western bloc comprised of- Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Canada, Australia, Netherlands, Greece, Pakistan, Turkey. • The bloc led by USSR was called as Eastern bloc or the Soviet bloc. They believed in Communism based on Marxist theory. The Soviet bloc countries considered the western style democracy as a farce, meant only for the rich and upper middle class. • Eastern bloc included Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia. (b) Defeat of the Axis Power– • Upto the middle of 1942, the Axis power-Germany, Italy and Japan met with remarkable success and captured territories in Europe, Africa and Asia. • But by the end of 1942, the Allied powers-Britain, France and Soviet Union recaptured African territories lost by France.

Practice Paper - 7 (Solved) 17 • They won over Italy and forced Italy to sign an armistice. • In March 1945, the Allied forces moved across the Rhine and dealt the death blow to the German forces. • Hitler was so disappointed with the defeat that he committed suicide on April 30, 1945. • Then Allied powers turned attention towards Japan. • The allies’ power liberated Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines and Singapore which had been occupied by Japan. • Japan was asked to surrender in Potsdam Conference by Allied powers, but Japan refused. • So, on 6 August, 1945, USA dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima which destroyed half of the city killing thousands of people. • On 9 August, 1945, USA dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. • Japan surrendered on the terms of Potsdam declaration and on August 10, war came to an end. (c) Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki:- • Americans started their offensive against Japan to liberate the islands in the South west Pacific. • The American army and navy destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan was still firmly established in China, Manchuria and other places. • In 1945, Japanese in Philippines formed special force called Kamikaze who was suicide air corps. Young Japanese pilots steered an explosive laden plane into the side or deck of an American ship. • Civilians had been trained in the use of a variety of weapons. This made land invasion of Japan futile and costly. • Scientist in USA was working to conceive the first ever atomic bomb. • First atomic bombs were detonated in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico. • The decision was taken after much discussion to use this bomb. • Days before the first bomb was dropped on Japan, American planes dropped leaflets warning about the deadly weapon and requesting Japanese to stop the war. • On August 6, 1945, USA dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima which destroyed half of the city killing thousands of people. • Still Japan refused to surrender. • On August 9, 5, USA dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. Answer 10. (a) The functions of the UNICEF are broadly divided into the following categories:- • UNICEF works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health and well-being. It provides funds for training the personnel, including the health

18 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X and sanitation workers, teachers and nutritionists. Universal Child Immunization against preventable was one of the leading goals of UNICEF. • It provides technical supplies, equipment and other aids, ranging from paper for textbooks, to equipments and medicines to health clinic, to pipes and pumps for clean water to villages. • It assists governments to plan, develop and extend community-based services in the fields of maternal and child health, nutrition and clean water and sanitation. • It provides help to children and mothers in emergencies arising from natural calamities, civil water and epidemics. • UNICEF performs various other functions. As a sole agency for children, it speaks on behalf of children and upholds the convection on the rights of the child and works for its implementation. (b) The functions of UNESCO in science are:- • UNESCO organizes seminars and conferences of scientists of various countries and circulates information through journals, press and exhibitions. • It promotes basic researches in fields like geology, mathematics, physics and oceanography. As a result, it finances engineering and technology schemes in a number of developing countries. • It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower that exists, because 90% of trained manpower is concentrated in the industrialized countries. • It encourages the study of social sciences in order to focus attention on combatting all forms of discrimination, improving the status of women and helping the youth in solving their problems. (c) The United Nations International Emergency Fund (UNICEF) • Its name was changed to United Nations Children’s Fund. However, its acronym UNICEF continued. • The UNICEF has its headquarters in New York • WHO-World Health Organisation. • The headquarter of WHO is at Geneva in Switzerland.

Practice Paper - 7 (Solved) 19 Answers of Practice Paper 8 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Union Legislature comprises of the President and the two houses of Parliament: The House of the People [the Lok Sabha], the Council of States [Rajya Sabha]. (b) Before entering upon his office, the President takes an oath in the presence of the Chief Justice of India (or in his absence, the senior most judge of the Supreme Court). (c) Some formalities which the legislatures have to observe in the parliament as well as in the state legislatures are called parliamentary procedures. (d) Original jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance i.e., those cases that cannot be moved in any court other than Supreme Court. (e) Appeals can be bought to the High Court: • In matters concerning land revenue. • In cases where a blatant injustice has been done by any tribunal. In such cases, High Court may quash the order of the tribunals. (f) The Sessions Judge is appointed by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned state. (g) Presiding officer of Rajya Sabha is Chairman who is Vice President of India is elected by Electoral College consisting of the members of both houses of Parliament. He or She can be removed for the violation of the constitution, by the process of impeachment. (h) Supremacy of law, implying that no person can be made to suffer in body or goods except for a breach of law established in the ordinary Court of the land. Constitution grants wide powers to the High Courts and the Supreme Court for the preservation of the rule of law. (i) Question hour is important as it keeps the functioning of the government open to the scrutiny by the members. (j) Civil servants Answer 2. (a) On February 13, 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh to the company’s dominions on the pretext of alleged misrule. (b) Sir C. P. Ilbert, the law member of the viceroy’s council introduced a bill known as “Ilbert Bill” in 1883.Ths bill sought to abolish judicial disqualification based on race distinctions. This was resented by the British and they started a defence association to defend their special privileges. This reaction provoked counter agitation by educated Indians. The government ultimately withdrew the bill and enacted a more moderate measure which vested the power of trying European to a session judge and a district magistrate who might be an Indian. This bill made it clear to the Indians that justice and fair play could 20 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X not be expected where the interests of the European community was involved. (c) was Grand Old man of India. Four resolutions under him were– 1. Swadeshi 2. Boycott 3. National education 4. (d) Gokhale set up “Servants of India Society” with the aim of training national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the service of India. (e) The Quit India resolution was adopted by the “Congress Working Committee” at Wardha in July 1942. The “All India Congress committee” met at Bombay on August 8, 1942 and passed the “Quit India resolution”. (f) Kamikaze were suicide air corps. They were a special force formed by Japanese during second world war in Philippines. Young Japanese pilots steered an explosive laden plane into the side or deck of an American ship. (g) Disarm, Decolonize and Develop are the new objective of UN. (h) Germany, Austria-Hungary formed Alliance. In 1882 Italy joined the alliance and it came to be known as Triple alliance. France, Russia and England entered into the Triple Entente to counter Triple Alliance. Later Japan joined the Triple Entente. (i) Two Factors responsible for rise of Fascism are:- Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles– Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the Coastal Regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the German and Turkish colonial empire. Economic Crisis– Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property in the FWW. After the War, many soldiers became unemployed. Trade and commerce were ruined leading to large-scale unemployment. There was a shortage of food grains. (j) Nehru was against the mad race for armaments and thus called for disarmament and abolition of stockpiles of nuclear weapons. It was in pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India signed a treaty in 1963 for banning atomic tests. PART II SECTION A Answer 3. (a) LOK SABHA RAJYA SABHA Term-5 years Term-6 years Manner of election– Directly by the Manner of election– Indirectly by elected citizen of India above the age of 18. members of state legislative assembly. Presiding officer– Speaker Presiding officer– Chairman (Vice President)

Practice Paper - 8 (Solved) 21 Composition– Composition– • Maximum strength of Lok Sabha is • The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha 552 members. is 250 members. • Not more than 530 members shall • 238 members are elected and 12 represent the states. members are nominated. • Not more than 20 members shall represent union territories. • 2 members nominated from Anglo- Indian community by President. (b) Financial Powers of Parliament:- • The Budget– The Parliament passes the Union Budget containing the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the Government for a financial year. The Budget is presented in two parts, namely, the Railway Budget and the General Budget. • Salaries– The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by Parliament. • Permission for Taxes– No tax can be imposed or money be spent by the government without the approval of the Parliament. In matters of finance the Lok Sabha enjoys more powers than the Rajya Sabha. Money bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. Once the Money Bills go to the Rajya Sabha they have to be sent back to the Lok Sabha within 14 days. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. • Supplementary grants– If the amount authorised for the current financial year is not sufficient, the government may make a fresh demand known as the supplementary grants. (c) When there is a total breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in a State, a state of Emergency is declared in the State. • During the period of Emergency, the Parliament becomes the legislature in the State concerned and assumes all powers, including the financial powers of passing the state budget. Answer 4. (a) Military powers of President are:- • The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India. • He appoints the chiefs of the three wings of the Armed Forces, subject to certain Rule and Regulations. • The President has the power to make declaration of war and peace on the advice of the council of minister. (b) Assent to Bills– • No bill can become a law without the assent and signature of the President. • Once a Bill is passed by both the houses it is sent to the President for the approval. 22 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The President may give his assent or withhold the Bill or send back to the Houses concerned with their recommendation. • If the bill is passed in the same manner than the President has to give his Assent. State bills– • The Governor may reserve some Bills passed by the State Legislature for the consideration of the President. • The President can refuse his assent to such a Bill or he can also send it back for reconsideration. • Bills affecting matters such as the powers of the High Court are reserved for the consideration of the President. (c) Three types of Emergencies are- • National emergency -If the president is satisfied that a great emergency exist whereby the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened, either by war or by external aggression or armed rebellion, he may proclaim an emergency. • Breakdown of constitutional emergency -If the president, on the receipt of a report from the governor or otherwise, is satisfied that the governance of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution; he may declare an emergency in the state. This is called President’s rule because the president may assume to himself all or any of the functions of the government of the state. • Financial emergency -If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened, he can declare a Financial Emergency. Answer 5. (a) The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the Constitution and its decision is final. It has the power to review laws passed by the Union or State legislature. The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘ultra vires’ or null and void, if it is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution or contravenes any provision of the Constitution. This power is referred to as the power of judicial review. Supreme Court is given power of judicial review because:- • In a written Constitution a law may be ambiguously worked. The question of interpretation of the Constitution is bound to arise and the Supreme Court only has the power of the original jurisdiction. • The legislature may not possess the wisdom, experience and impartiality which are needed to explain what the law means. This function can be best performed by the Supreme Court. (b) Judges are paid handsome pension but they are not allowed to practise after their retirement. This has been done so that the judges are not obliged, during their tenure as judges, to any prospective employer. Moreover if they are allowed to practise they might influence their former colleagues in the judiciary. Practice Paper - 8 (Solved) 23 In case of High Court, a judge who has worked as a permanent Judge of a High Court can practice after his retirement only in the Supreme Court or in those High Courts where he has not served as a judge. He is prohibited from practising in other courts or judicial tribunals. (c) Lok Adalat means ‘people court’ which works in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties feel satisfied. The Advantages of Lok Adalat are:- • The Lok Adalat works in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties feel satisfied. • Lok Adalat delivers fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can move Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or using the format available with legal services authority and expect speedy justice. • The Lok Adalat reduces the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in higher courts. SECTION B

Answer 6. (a) A- – group - Early Nationalist B- -group-Assertive Nationalist (b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale was accepted by Gandhiji as his ‘political mentor’ as- • Gokhale went to South Africa and helped Gandhiji in his fight against racial discrimination. • The credit of persuading Gandhiji to return to India and join Indian public life also goes to Gokhale. Tilak was called forerunner of Gandhiji due to following reasons:- • Tilak’s idea of Swaraj was akin to Gandhiji’s idea of complete independence. • Tilak and Gandhiji both sought close contact with the masses. • Tilak preached ideas of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition which were preached and followed by Mahatma Gandhi later on. • Tilak had suffered many years of imprisonment for the sake of the country, an example followed by Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalist leaders. (c) Both were member of Deccan Education society. Founder of that organization was Justice M. G. Rannade. (d) Contribution of Gokhale– • Being an economist Gokhale demanded radical changes in the fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class. • As a member of the imperial legislative council-he pleaded in the council for reduction in salt duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods. 24 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Contribution of Tilak– • Tilak organized many Akharas and Lathi clubs to impart physical training with the objective to inculcate courage and self-defence and patriotism. • Tilak started celebrating Shivaji festival to encourage young Maharashtrians by glorifying Shivaji. • He started Ganpati festival to propagate nationalist ideas through songs and speeches. Answer 7. (a) Absentee Sovereightyship of the British • Absentee sovereignty of the British rule was resented by the Indians. • Absentee sovereignty means that India was being ruled by the British government from England, a distance of thousands of miles. • The earlier rulers like the Mughals, who had conquered India, had in course of time, settled in India. • The revenues that they collected from the Indians were spent in this country only. • But in the case of Britain, the Indians felt that they were being ruled from England and India’s wealth was being drained to England and not utilised for their welfare. (b) The Subsidiary Alliance system was a method perfected by Lord Wellesley to bring Indian states under the British control without actually annexing them. Any Indian ruler whose security was threatened was encouraged to seek help from and enter into alliance with the British, who promised to protect the ruler from external attacks and internal revolts. The Indian rulers had to accept certain terms and conditions. This arrangement is known as Subsidiary alliance. Subsidiary alliance was a system under which Indian ruler– (i) accepted the British as the supreme power. (ii) agreed to maintain troops at their own cost. (iii) accepted British Resident at their headquarters and agreed not to employ any European in their service without consulting the company. (iv) surrendered their foreign relations to the East India Company and agreed that they would not enter into any alliance with any other power and would not wage wars. (v) virtually lost their independence. (c) Lord Dalhousie, Governor – General of India, annexed many Indian states to the company using Doctrine of Lapse. • According to this doctrine, heirs adopted without the consent of the company, could inherit only the private property of the deceased ruler, and not his territory, which would come under the company’s rule. • When the ruler of Jhansi died in 1853, leaving no natural heir, the widowed Rani was pensioned and their adopted son, Anand Rao, was not recognized as a lawful successor to the throne. So Rani Laxmi Bai became victim of Doctrine of Lapse. Practice Paper - 8 (Solved) 25 Answer 8. (a) Clauses of Indian Independence Act 1947:- • Office of Secretary of the State and Interest of Existing Officers– Provisions were made for safeguarding the interest of the existing officers appointed by the Secretary of State. The office of the Secretary of the State for India was abolished. • Division of the Army and the Assets– Provisions were made for the division of Indian army between the two dominions and steps were to be taken to share the assets and liabilities between the two dominions. • Treaties and Agreements– With the effect from August 15, 1947 His Majesty’s Government would cease to have any responsibility for the Government of India. All treaties and agreement between the British Government and the rulers of the Indian States or any authority in tribal areas would lapse. Agreement with the tribes of the North West Frontier Province was to be negotiated by the dominion concerned. (b) End of Jurisdiction of the British Parliament:- • The legislative authority of the British Parliament would cease from August 15, 1947. • The titles of the ‘ Emperor of India ‘ and ‘ King of England ‘were dropped from the royal style. • Till the new Constitution was framed, each of the dominions and all Provinces were to be governed in accordance with the Act of 1935. • The Governor-General were given the powers to modify or adopt the Government of India Act 1935 by March 31, 1948. • The right of the King to veto laws was given up. This right was given to the Governor -General. (c) India was divided in the following way:- • Both Bengal and Punjab divided if so desired by the people. The Provincial Assemblies of the two parts would meet separately representing Hindu majority districts and Muslim majority districts and would decide through a majority vote whether they wanted division of the provision or not. • The plebiscite would be held in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) as well as in Sylhet district (Muslim majority area) in East Bengal to determine whether they would like to join Pakistan or India. (Both these provinces joined West and East Pakistan respectively). Answer 9. (a) Causes for rise of Nazism are as follows:- • Humiliating Treaty of Versailles–Defeat in the FWW and the conditions imposed in the Treaty of Versailles made the Germans feel humiliated and helpless. Germans looked down upon the Weimar Republic which had signed such a disgraceful treaty. Germany was forced to cede large chunks of her territory to France, Belgium, Poland, and Denmark. Her overseas possessions (colonies) were divided by the Allies 26 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X in the war among themselves. German army was fixed at one lakh. The terms of this Treaty were greatly resented by the Germans who eagerly looked for an opportunity to avenge the same. These sentiments were exploited by Hitler. He openly encouraged the Germans, to consign the treaty of Versailles into the waste- paper basket, to rebuild the empire of Germany, and recapture the lost colonies. • Growing Fear of Communism– After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Communist influence in Germany increased considerably. The communists organized themselves effectively and succeeded in capturing a number of seats in Reichstag. Hitler warned the people that communists of Germany would become the servants of their Russians masters and would follow the dictates of Communists. He therefore tried to persuade the people in Germany that Nazism alone could check the growing influence of Communism. • Economic Crisis– As a result of the harsh terms in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to suffer in agricultural production, Colonies, foreign investment, trade contracts etc. The foreign countries raised the tariffs against the German goods. The number of unemployed people increased. The condition of the farmers became miserable. By June 1931, debts on farmers had risen to $ 300 million. (b) Aims of Fascism are as follows:- • Fascism was the antithesis of democracy. Fascists believed that democracy was not suitable for the country because it widens the gulf between the poor and the rich. • Fascists supported one party and one leader. They believed that the country could make progress only under one leader. According to the Fascists, dictatorship was the best form of government. • Fascists favoured equal control over all sections of society. They wanted to control capitalists, industrialists, labourers, landlords, peasants and artisans. (c) Political Instability– Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time in 1919. Elections failed to gave a clear majority to a single party. As a result, there was complete instability in the country and between 1919 and 1922 six coalition governments were formed in Italy. The various political parties had different policies and programs and there was no community in their policies. They were unable to deal effectively with the problems of unemployment, strikes and riots which took place during 1921-1922. This situation was fully exploited by the Fascists under the leadership of Mussolini, who gave the people the idea of providing a strong national government. • Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles– Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the Coastal Regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the German and Turkish colonial empire.

Practice Paper - 8 (Solved) 27 Answer 10. (a) The factors responsible of NAM are:- • Global Tension caused by War– Many countries of Asia and Africa felt that they had just acquired independence and so they realized that division of world into two power blocs was not in their larger interest. They felt that by maintaining distance from both the super powers they would put off the danger of another war or a nuclear holocaust. • Struggle against imperialism and neo-colonisation– Newly independent nations wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and the power that had come with it without any pressure from other big nations. • Right of independent judgment– The newly independent nations were able to keep their own identity by not aligning with any of the power. (b) The five principles of Panchsheel are:- • Mutual Non Interference in each other’s internal affairs. • Mutual non-aggression. • Equality for Mutual Benefit. • Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. • Peaceful co-existence. (c) Role of Jawaharlal Nehru:- • Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. He played important role in the founding and evolution of NAM. • He was the man of great vision and far sight. He called upon the newly independent nations to keep themselves away from the politics of two opposing camps to protect their sovereignty and integrity. • It was Nehru who led the countries of Asia and Africa towards the concept of NAM. • He was acknowledged as the greatest spokesman for neutrality of Asian and African states in the Cold War era. • He did not approve of the military or economic alliances like NATO, CENTO, SEATO initiated by USA. • He did not approve military or economic alliances promoted by Soviet Union like Warsaw Pact, Cominform, Comecon • He opposed alliances as he believed that alliances encouraged colonialism and imperialism. • He rejected the communist state as monolithic and described Marxism as an outdated theory. • He did not favour Capitalism either and was influenced by socialism and so strongly advocated democratic socialism. • He was against the mad race for armaments and thus called for disarmament and abolition of stockpiles of nuclear weapons. It was in pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India signed a treaty in 1963 for banning atomic tests. 28 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Answers of Practice Paper 9 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Residuary powers means that Parliament can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three lists – The Union List, The State List and The Concurrent List. (b) Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law exercises to carry out judgements and enforce law. (c) The Judges of Supreme Court can be removed on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. (d) They are the second category of Ministers. They may or may not hold an independent charge on any portfolio. (e) Council of Ministers are appointed by President on the advice of Prime Minister. (f) Term of the office of President is 5 years. He or she can be removed for violation of Constitution. (g) Vice President shall continue to hold office, notwithstanding the expiry of his term, until his successor enters upon his office. (h) Niti Aayog and Atomic energy commission (i) The President (j) The Chief Justice of India may appoint a Judge of a High Court as an Ad Hoc Judge of the Supreme Court for a period as may be necessary with the consent of the President and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned. Answer 2. (a) General Service Enlistment Act stated that, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty. The act didn’t take into consideration the sentiments of the soldiers. (b) The court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine year terms of office by the United Nations, General Assembly and the Security Council sitting independently of each other. It may not include more than one judge from any nationality. (c) Treaty of Versailles was responsible in the following way- • First World War ended with Treaty of Versailles. • The treaty demanded annexation of German territories. • This treaty was based on the spirit of revenge and Germany was forced to sign it. • Germany lost all her colonies to victorious allies – Britain, Belgium, South Africa and Portugal. • Germany had to pay huge war reparations of 33 billion dollars.

Practice Paper - 9 (Solved) 29 • All German territories were taken away from her. • Germany was divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland. • She was burdened with huge war indemnity. • Her military power was reduced. • Due to this humiliation, Germany started looking for an opportunity to take revenge. • So Germany began rearmaments which made war inevitable. (d) Achievements of INA:- • The INA along with the Japanese army overran many terrorists in South-East Asia. • In May 1944, INA captured Mowdok, an outpost situated South-East of Chittagong. • In 1944, they advanced up to the frontier of India. • They captured the strong military post of Klang Klang. (e) Under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as the frontier Gandhi, organized the society of khudai khidmatgars known as red shirts. The members of khudai khidmatgar were pledged to non-violence and the freedom struggle. (f) The shifting of emphasis from oriental learning to western education was not received well by the people, especially the Pandits and the Maulvis. They saw in it an attempt to discourage traditional Islamic and Hindu studies. People started suspecting that the aim of western education was not to promote literature and sciences but to encourage their children to become Christians. (g) United Indian Patriotic Association, Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association. (h) The Early Nationalists wanted to achieve self-government and to strive for autonomy within the Empire and not absolute independence. Their methods were called as Constitutional Agitation Method. (i) Formation of a Constituent Assembly: • A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the new constitution ofthe Indian Union. • The composition of the 389 members constituent assembly would be as under: o 296 members to be elected from the British Provinces. o 93 members to be elected from the Princely state. • These members will be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) The following are the special powers of Rajya Sabha:- • The Rajya Sabha has some exclusive powers. Though the Parliament can’t, in normal times legislate laws on subjects of State list. The Constitution states that under article 249 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha can make a resolution adopted 30 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X by two-third majority, empowers the Parliament to make laws for the subject in the State Legislature. • The other special power by Rajya Sabha is that it may declare that the creation of New All India Services be made in the national interest. Thereupon the Parliament may create new services. • If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the National Emergency the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole de facto and de jure Parliament i.e. it takes over the functions of the Parliament. It can’t be dissolved. This is a limitation on Lok Sabha. (b) Monetary control is ensured in the following ways:- • During the budget session a cut motion may be moved. • Parliamentary committee on public accounts ensure that public money is spent in accordance with parliaments decision. • It examines report of the comptroller and Auditor general of India. (c) Power in matters in the Union List:- The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the 97 subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Communications, Foreign Policy etc. The Parliament can legislate laws on the State List:- • During the proclamation of an emergency. • When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two third majority that a subject in the State List has assumed national importance. • When two or more states are of opinion that the parliament should legislate on a subject given in the State List. Answer 4. (a) The power of the Prime Minister inside the Parliament are as follows: • Leader of the Lok Sabha– As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament, he is said to be the leader of the house. • Spokesperson of the Government– The Prime Minister is the chief spokesperson of the government in the Parliament. He makes all important announcements on national policies on the floor of the house. • Defender Of Government Policies– The Prime Minister defends the government in the Parliament. When a policy or a Minister comes under attack in the Parliament, the Prime minister comes to defend the issue involved. • Intervention In Case Of Controversial Issues– There are some controversial issues like the language issue, Center-State relations, price-rise and atrocities on women over which members lose their tempers. (b) The Prime Minister is the Head of Union Council of Minister. After the Lok Sabha elections, the President invites the leader of the majority in the Lok Sabha to form the Government and designates him as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the

Practice Paper - 9 (Solved) 31 President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that command a majority in the Lok Sabha. (c) Power of Prime Minister inside the Cabinet are as follows:- • Leader Of The Cabinet: The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet. No provision is made in the constitution for the appointment of different categories of ministers such as Ministers of the Cabinet rank, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers. • Power To Allocate Portfolios And To Reshuffle The Council Of Ministers: It isthe Prime Minister who allocates departments or portfolios to the departments to the Ministers. He can reshuffle his council of ministers whenever he pleases. • Power To Select And Dismiss Ministers: The Prime Ministers choose the Ministers and have the power to dismiss them too. He can ask an erring Minister to resign. • Power To Direct And Coordinate Policy: The Prime Minister coordinates the working of various departments so that administration is carried on smoothly. • Resignation Of The Prime Minister: The Prime Minister’s resignation implies the • resignation of the whole Cabinet. Answer 5. (a) In criminal cases, the appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals:- • Against the judgment of a Session Judge or an Additional Session Judge, where the sentence of impeachment exceeds seven years. • Against the judgment of an Assistant Session Judge, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds four years. • Against the state when the order of acquittal is passed by a Session Judge. • A sentence of death must be confirmed by the high court before it can be carried out. (b) Administrative power of High Court:- • The appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the Judges of the High Court • The High Court and the State Public Service commission are consulted by the governor in appointing persons to the Judicial service of the State. • High Court’s control over the lower court extends to matter such as recall of District Judges who are on Deputation. (i) Transfer of District Judges. (ii) Promotions and confirmations of persons belonging to the Judicial service of the state and holding a post, inferior to the post of District Judge. (c) Function of District Judge- • District Judge presides over the Court of District Judge. • The District Judge acts as a Deputy Commissioner and District Collector and in this capacity he maintains law and order and supervises the collection of revenue and taxes in the district. 32 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The District Judge decides civil cases related to land, property, money transactions, arbitration, guardianship, marriage, divorce and will. • The District Judge is appointed by the Governor in consultation with the chief justice of the High Court of the concerned State. SECTION B Answer 6. (a) Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political, cultural background, have the same language, cultural values and consider them as one nation. Economic Exploitation:- The economic discontent of the different section of society was as follows– 1. The Peasants– • They were the main victims of British colonial policies. • Heavy land revenue and other taxes led peasants into the clutches of landlord and moneylenders. 2. The Artisans and Craftsmen– • India became a source of raw material for British industries and a market for its finished products. • Artisans and craftsmen crippled as they were devoid of their source of livelihood. 3. The working class– • The growth of modern industries led to the birth of a new social class in India-the working class. • This working class was exploited by the factory owners who were generally Englishmen. • They formed the small section of the population, but represented a new social outlook. • Their outlook and interest were broad covering whole of India, though their factories were located in cities. • These factors made their political thinking far more significant than their numerical strength. 4. The Educated Indians– • Educated Indians were not getting employment as there was high competition in government services and chances of promotions were bleak. • They had hoped that British capitalism would develop India’s productive forces as it had done for Britain. • But instead, British economic policies kept India economically backward. (b) Aims and objectives of were:-

Practice Paper - 9 (Solved) 33 • To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country. • To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province. • To formulate popular demands and present them before the government. • To train and organise the public opinion in the country. (c) The military causes that led to the revolt of 1857– ILL Treatment of Indian Soldiers The East India Company established the British Empire in India with the help of Indian soldiers. Despite the fact that Indian soldiers were as efficient as their British counterparts, they were poorly paid, ill-fed and badly housed. GENERAL SERVICE ENLISTMENT ACT As per this act Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty. The act didn’t take into consideration the sentiments of the soldiers. The Brahmin soldiers saw in this a danger to their caste. This led to a feeling of resentment among them. LARGER PROPORTION OF INDIANS IN THE BRITISH ARMY In 1856 the Company troops comprised 238000 Indians and 45322 British soldiers. Dalhousie had recommended that more British soldiers be recruited in the army. This could not come through. Thus, it made it easier for the large number of Indian soldiers to take up arms against the British. Answer 7. (a) Objective of first set of method was to educate people in India in modern politics, to arouse national political consciousness and to create a united public opinion. First set of method included the following:- • They held meetings where speeches were made and resolution for the popular demand was passed. • They made use of the press to carry out the criticism of the government policies. • They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. These petitions were carefully drafted with facts and arguments. Though these petitions were addressed to the government, their real aim was to educate the Indian people. (b) The efforts of early nationalist led to the following reforms:- • The appointment of Public Service Commission in 1886. • A resolution of the House of Commons (1893) for simultaneous examination for the I.C.S in London and India. • Appointment of Welby Commission on Indian expenditure (1895). • The Indian council act of 1892.

34 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X (c) Beliefs of Early Nationalists were as follows:- • They had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British. • They hoped that British would grant them ‘home Rule’ to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government. • They believed that the British rule had many benefits eg.- they helped in removing social evils like Sati, Untouchability, Child Marriage. • They were of opinion that Britain would help Indians govern themselves according to the western standards. • They said that the main obstacle in India’s progress was social and economic backwardness of Indians and not the British colonial rule. • They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims. They believed in patience and reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation. Answer 8. (a) Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister. (b) Clement Atlee, the new British Prime Minster, declared in the House of Commons on 19th February 1946, that a Cabinet Mission would be sent to India to facilitate the process of transfer of power. The 3 members of Cabinet mission are:- • Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State. • Sir Stafford Cripps, President of Board of Trade; and • A.V. Alexander, the First lord of Admiralty. (c) Federal Union:- There was to be a federal union of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The Union Government (Central Government) should deal with the following subjects:- (i) Foreign Affairs; (ii) Defence; and (iii) Communication. The Union Government should have the power to raise the finances required for the above mentioned subjects. Powers of the Union:- The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of members elected by all Provinces. Formation of a Constituent Assembly:- • A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the new constitution ofthe Indian Union. • The composition of the 389 members Constituent Assembly would be as under: • 296 members to be elected from the British Provinces. • 93 members to be elected from the Princely state. Representation of Minorities:- Separate representation was to be given to Muslims and Sikhs. (d) Reasons for rejection of demand of Pakistan are as follows:- • The establishment of Pakistan would not solve the problem of communal minorities because the percentage of non-Muslim living in North West zone of Pakistan would

Practice Paper - 9 (Solved) 35 be 37.93% and those living in North Eastern zone would be 48.31% of the total population. • There was no justification for including within Pakistan, the non-Muslim district of Bengal, Assam, and Punjab. • The armed forces, transportation as well as the postal and telegraph system had been built for India as whole and the partition would create many problems. • The Princely States would find it difficult to decide which Union to join. • The two halves of the proposed Pakistan State would be separated by some seven hundred miles and interaction between them would be difficult. Answer 9. (a) Defeat of the Axis Power:- • Upto the middle of 1942 the Axis power- Germany, Italy and Japan met with remarkable success and captured territories in Europe, Africa and Asia. • But by the end of 1942, the Allied powers- Britain, France and Soviet Union recaptured African territories lost by France. • They won over Italy and forced Italy to sign an armistice. • In March 1945, the Allied forces moved across the Rhine and dealt the death blow to the German forces. • Hitler was so disappointed with the defeat that he committed suicide on April 30, 1945. • Then Allied powers turned attention towards Japan. • The allies power liberated Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines and Singapore which had been occupied by Japan. • Japan was asked to surrender in Potsdam Conference by Allied powers, but Japan refused. • So, on August 6, 1945, USA dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima which destroyed half of the city killing thousands of people. • On August 9, 1945, USA dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. • Japan surrendered on the terms of Potsdam declaration and on August 10,war came to an end. (b) After the defeat in Second World War:- • Germany was divided into two parts i.e., East Germany and West Germany. • The Federal Republic of Germany [FRG] was commonly known as West Germany. It was administered by UK, France and USA. Its capital was Bonn. It came under capitalist ideology of the Anglo-American and their Allies became part of the capitalist bloc. • The German democratic republic [GDR] known as East Germany was administered by Soviet Union. Its capital was East Berlin. It came under the influence of the political ideologies of communist Russia and became part of the communist or Eastern bloc. 36 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X (c) Effect on Japan- • Japan and Italy became very weak. • The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952. After this period; the Japanese would resume sole control over their own affairs. • Emperor Hirohito was left on the throne as a constitutional monarch. • Japanese parliament retained some of its law making powers. • All the land acquired by Japan since 1895 were taken away. Answer 10. (a) Objectives of UNICEF:- • The main objective of UNICEF is to look after children’s welfare especially in developing countries by providing people with low cost community-based services in maternal and child-health, nutrition and immunization, etc. • WHO’s objective is the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all people. Health is defined in WHO’s constitution as a state of complete well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. • The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication. (b) It encourages modernisation without the loss of cultural identity and diversity. • UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. • It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts. • It gives encouragements to artistic creation in literature and fine arts. • It pays attention towards the cultural development through the medium of films. • It sends cultural missions to different countries so that there would be development of contracts which may promote peace and prosperity. (c) The United Nations International Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by theUN General Assembly during its first session in 1946 to help the emergency needs of children in post-war Europe. For financing its projects, the UNICEF depends on voluntary contributions madeby different governments, donations made by private agencies, sale of greeting cards and through various fund-raising campaigns. Sale of UNICEF cards is an important source of income.

Practice Paper - 9 (Solved) 37 Answers of Practice Paper 10 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Supreme Court Judge shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years. (b) High Court protects the Fundamental Rights of individual by issuing Writs. (c) Elections in India are held by secret ballot way so that voters choice is not revealed and he or she can vote fearlessly. (d) Both the houses of Parliament can amend the constitution. In some cases the amendment requires the ratification or approval of half of the Legislative assemblies. (e) Lok Adalat provides cheap and quick justice. (f) Council of Minister Cabinet In the day to day working of the The cabinet is a small cohesive group of government, the council of Ministers as a senior Ministers who determine the policy whole rarely meets. and Programme of the government; so they meet as frequently as possible. According to the constitution, the In day-to day governance of the country, President acts on the advice of the council the Cabinet advises the President, through of Ministers. In reality, it is not the Council the Prime Minister. of Ministers but the Cabinet which advises the President. (g) President (h) Civil Court, Criminal Court, Revenue Court. (i) Ordinances can be issued when both the houses of Parliament are not in session. (j) President Answer 2. (a) UNICEF is important because as a sole agency for children, it speaks on behalf of children and upholds the convection on the rights of the child and works for its implementation. It looks after children’s welfare especially in developing countries by providing people with low cost community-based services in maternal and child-health, nutrition and immunization, etc. (b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy; Subhash Chandra Bose (c) Principles of United Nation:- • To respect the sovereign equality of all its members. • All members should fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them. (d) There were rumours that the telegraph poles were erected to hang people who were against the British rule. The orthodox Indians noted that in the railway compartments the higher castes and the 38 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X lower castes were made to sit side by side. They believed that the British had introduced such practices to defy their caste and religion. (e) Positive impact– Unity between Muslim league and Congress. Negative impact– The Lucknow Pact did not involve the masses. It was confined to only educated and rich Hindus and Muslims. (f) NAM was formally launched at 1st summit held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia. (g) British tried to justify partition of Bengal by convincing the Muslims that Bengal was being partitioned to create a new Muslim Majority Province where the Hindus would not be able to subvert their interest. (h) Following demand were put forward:- • Representation of Muslims in elected bodies on the basis of their political importance and not on their numerical strength. • Separate electoral constituencies for the Muslims in the Provincial Council and the Imperial Legislative Council. (i) At Chauri Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh, a procession of about 3000 peasants marched to the police station to protest against the police officer who had beaten some volunteer picketing a liquor shop. The police fired at them and so angry demonstrators set the nearby police station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside the police station. Such more violent incidents in other parts of the country greatly shocked Gandhiji who was a great believer in Ahimsa. So he suspended Non Co- operation movement. (j) General Assembly elects judges of International Court of Justice. Their term is of 9 years. PART II SECTION A Answer 3. (a) LOK SABHA RAJYA SABHA Nominated members – 2 from Anglo- Nominated members – 12 members are Indian community are nominated by nominated by President from among President. persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters such as: literature, science, art and social service. Manner of election – By members of Lok Manner of election – By both the houses of Sabha from among themselves. Parliament. Role in Financial matter – Money Bill can Role in Financial matter – Rajya Sabha has be introduced only in Lok Sabha. Lok only advisory role in Money bill. It has Sabha has supreme power in financial virtually no power in financial matter. matter. Practice Paper - 10 (Solved) 39 (b) Motion refers to a formal proposal made by a member stating that the house should take up some particular matter which is of public importance. • An adjournment motion means a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a definite matter of urgent importance. • No confidence motion is a proposal expressing lack of confidence in the ministry. • Both adjournment motion and No confidence motion can be passed only in Lok Sabha. (c) Functions of Speaker in regard to Parliamentary committees:- • Speaker is ex-officio chairman of the committees of the house, such as the Business Advisory Committee and the Rules Committee. • He appoints Chairmen of all the committees of the House. • He issues directions to the chairmen in all matters relating to their working and the procedure to be followed. Answer 4. (a) The three ways in which the constitution ensures the pre-eminent positions of the Prime Minister in relations to his Council of Ministers are: • The Ministers are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. • The Prime Minister allocates portfolios among the Ministers. • The Prime Minister coordinates the working of various ministers. (b) The Prime Minister occupies a unique position in the Parliament as:- • It is on the advice given by the Prime Minister, the President summons and prorogues the Parliament. • The Prime Minister is the principal spokesperson and the defender of the government and its policies in the Parliament. • It is on the Prime Minister that the President dissolves the Lok Sabha. (c) Three important features of the Parliamentary System of the government are: • The President is the constitutional head of the state while the real head is the Council of Minister who formulate government policies. • All ministers are members of Parliament and take part in its deliberations. • The Council of Ministers are collectively and individually responsible to the Parliament. Answer 5. (a) India has adopted single integrated judicial system due to the following reasons:- • An independent and supreme judiciary is an essential requirement of federal governance. In a federal set up, there is constitutional division of powers between the executive, legislative, judiciary.

40 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • An independent and impartial judiciary is an essential requirement for ensuring human rights and protecting democracy. • We have representative democracy in which justice assumes special significance in view of rights of Individuals, which needs protection against executive or legislative interference. This protection can be given by making judiciary independent. (b) Supreme court’s opinion can be taken in the following cases:- • Any question of law may be referred to the Supreme Court if the President considers that the question is of public importance and it is necessary to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court. Such opinion of the Supreme Court is advisory and not binding on the Government or it is executable as a judgement of the Supreme Court. • Disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties and agreements which are excluded from original jurisdiction by article 131. (c) Administrative and supervisory functions- • Appointments of officers and staff of the Supreme Court are made by the Chief Justice of India or by such other judge as he may direct. • The Court makes rules regarding the conduct of advocates and other persons appearing before it. It makes rules regarding the fees to be charged in respect of proceedings in the Court. • The Supreme Court ruled that Chief Justice of India’s recommendation to transfer judges of the High Courts was not binding on the Government, if the recommendation was made without consulting four senior most judges of the Supreme Court. • The Supreme Court simplified procedures in the area of Public Interest Litigation (PIL). A person can register a case simply by writing on a postcard or application stating his complaint. These complaints are registered and necessary orders are passed. The grievances of women, children, bonded labourers and other weaker sections are given attention under the scheme. SECTION B Answer 6. (a) From 1905 to 1918, there emerged a new and a younger group of leaders within the congress who did not agree with the methods and ideology of the early nationalist leaders. These were angry young men that stood for complete Swaraj to be achieved by more self-reliant methods. This group of leaders came to be called as Assertive Nationalism. • Assertive Nationalists were so called as they had a different outlook that advocated active resistance to British Imperialism. (b) The following are the achievements of the Assertive Nationalists:- • These leaders were able to inculcate national pride by extolling India’s past. Tilak revived the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals to arouse national sentiments. Through his writing in Mahratta and Kesari he preached nationalism. Practice Paper - 10 (Solved) 41 • Assertive nationalist gave new slogans like ‘non-cooperation’, ‘passive resistance’, ‘mass agitation’, ‘self-reliance’. • They spoke, wrote and edited newspaper in vernacular languages and thus, succeeded in conveying their message to a large number of people. • Through their writings and speeches they infused in the Indians, the spirit of active nationalism. It was their efforts that produced a class of revolutionaries willing to sacrifice their lives and property for the sake of their country. They exposed the hollowness of the belief in the sense of justice and fair play of the British rulers. (c) Methods of early nationalist:- • Early nationalist followed peaceful Constitutional agitation methods. • Their first set of methods included holding meetings where speeches were made and resolution for the popular demand was passed. • They made use of the press to carry out the criticism of the government policies. • They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. • Their second set of methods included using three P’s-petition, prayer and protests. • Deputations of British leaders were sent to Britain. • These leaders carried on active propaganda in Britain. Methods of Assertive Nationalist:- • Swadeshi– Using good of one’s own country. • Boycott– Abstain from purchase of foreign products. • National education– A national scheme of education was planned to replace that of Government controlled Universities and Colleges. • Passive resistance– The Assertive Nationalist believed in adopting the policy of Non- Violent Resistance and vigorous political action to achieve their aims. • Revivalism– Tilak revived India’s glorious past by starting celebration of festivals like Shivaji Jayanti and Ganesh Chaturthi. • Personal sacrifice– The followers of the movement used self-reliance and were ready for self-sacrifice, suffering and hardships to achieve their goal. • Mass involvement. Answer 7. (a) Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India by Winston Churchill as the Japanese army was rapidly advancing towards India, and her sensational victories in the opening months of 1942 obliged British government to break the political deadlock in India. So Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of war cabinet was sent to India for consultation with all the parties. (b) The Muslim league opposed the creation of a single union. The proposal did not accept Pakistan specifically. They did not grant the right of self-determination to Muslim. Cripps Mission was rejected by Congress due to following reasons:-

42 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The principle of non-accession of the provinces was opposed by the Congress. • The Congress wanted all the subjects including defence to be handed over to the national government. • The congress insisted on the immediate formation of a national government with full responsibility. (c) Repressive measures of government were as follows:- • The press was completely muzzled. • The demonstrating crowds were machine-gunned and even bombed from the air. • Prisoners were tortured. • The police and secret police reigned supreme. • Nearly 10000 people were killed and 60000 people were arrested. • Military took over towns and cities. • Rebellious had to pay huge fines. • Villagers had to undergo mass floggings. • Gandhiji was detained at the Agha Khan Palace in ; and other leaders were sent to jail in Ahmednagar Fort. Answer 8. (a) Methods used by Gandhiji in freedom struggle were:- 1. Satyagraha– Satyagraha is made up of two Sanskrit words-Satya (truth) and Agraha (insistence to hold fast). It was moral force born of truth and non-violence. It meant to be fearless, truthful as well as peaceful. 2. Non-violence– Non-violence or Ahimsa means non-killing or avoiding injury to anything on earth by thought, word or deed. 3. Swadeshi– Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one’s own country and using them for one’s use without being dependent on imported goods. Gandhiji emphasised manual labour and the use of Charkha and Khadi. 4. Mass Movement– The south African experiment gave Gandhiji the experience of leading Indians belonging to different religions, regions and social classes. (b) The Congress Working Committee met in January 1930 and decided the following programme:- • Preparation of Civil Disobedience. • As per the Poorna Swaraj resolution, the word henceforth means Complete Independence or Poorna Swaraj which was set forth as the gaol of the National Movement. • Observations of 26th of January as the ‘Poorna Swaraj’ day, all over the country with the hoisting of the tricolour flag. • Resignations by members of the legislature. • Withdrawal from all possible association with the British Government.

Practice Paper - 10 (Solved) 43 (c) Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of state for India, justified the execution of Indians in the Simon Commission. He said that the Indians were not united and could not arrive at an “agreed scheme of reforms.” To refute this charge, an All parties conference was convened in 1928 to take up the challenge posed by lord Birkenhead. Liberals and assertive nationlists, leaders of the Hindu Maha sabha, the Muslim League and the depressed classes came together. Motilal Nehru was made chairman of the committee with Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru and N. C. Kelkar as his principal associates. The report submitted by the All parties conference is known as the Nehru Report. The Report mainly dealt with finding a solution to the communal problem. It favoured Dominion Status for India. Answer 9. (a) USA entered the war because:- • In the beginning, America followed a policy of strict neutrality. • The American Congress decided to lease or lend armaments to Britain and China because their defence was vital to the defence of United States. • The only military force that Japan had to fear was the US pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. • On December 7, 1941, the US fleet based at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii was attacked by Japan under the premiership of General Tojo. • The battleships were sunk and the important airfields were destroyed. • 3700 people were killed. • So America declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy. • Two crucial mistakes made by Japanese were:- • They did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base. • They did not seek out and destroy the US Carriers [Lexington and the Enterprise]. • As a result, most of the ships that were damaged were soon back into actions. (b) Humiliation caused by Treaty of Versailles- • First World War ended with Treaty of Versailles. • The Treaty demanded annexation of German Territories. • This Treaty was based on the spirit of revenge and Germany was forced to sign it. • All German territories were taken away from her. • Germany was divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland. • She was burdened with huge war indemnity. • Her military power was reduced. • Due to this humiliation Germany started looking for an opportunity to take revenge. • So Germany began rearmaments which made war inevitable. (c) Hitler attacked Poland because- • To give a land route to Poland up to the sea. 44 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Port of Danzing was also given to Poland. • Germany wanted Danzing back because:- • Port of Danzing was given to Poland in Treaty of Versailles. • The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans. • By occupying Danzing Corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia. • Germany signed Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939 and accused Poland of committing atrocities against the Germans living there. • On September 1, 1939 the German armies marched into Poland. Answer 10. (a) Picture is of big three-Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill. (b) The United Nations formally came into existence on October 24, 1945 when Charter was ratified by 29 nations including the five permanent members of the Security Council. It was formed to maintain international peace and security and save the succeeding generation from the horrors of war. (c) The main objective of UN are as follows:- • To maintain international peace and security: to take collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace, to suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace. • To develop friendly relations: among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people. • To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural or humanitarian problems and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms. • To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. (d) The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of UN. The functions and powers of the General Assembly are as follows: • To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security. • To discuss any question relating to international peace and security (Except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council) to make recommendations on it. • To discuss and make recommendations on any question within the scope of the charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations. • To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international, political, social and economic cooperation.

Practice Paper - 10 (Solved) 45 Answers of Practice Paper 11 PART I

Answer 1. (a) State legislative assembly (elected members) (b) Lok Sabha (c) Armed forces (d) Federal government means all the administrative powers are divided between the central and the state governments by the constitution and both are supreme within their respective spheres. (e) Rules Committee, Business Advisory committee (f) Prime Minister (g) President (h) The office of a Judge of a High court shall be vacant when:- • A Judge resigns his office by writing, under his hand addressed to the President. • He is appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or when he is transferred to any other High Court. (i) If the President was to be elected directly by the people, he could become a rival centre of power to the Council of Ministers. This would be against the parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. (j) He will be dismissed. Answer 2. (a) Two roles of International Court of Justice:- • To settle, in accordance with International law, the legal disputes submitted to it by the states. • To give advisory opinions on legal questions to it by duly authorized international organs and agencies. (b) Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, Passive resistance, Revivalism, Mass movement, Personal sacrifice. (c) Quit India movement was launched due to following reasons:- • Threat of Japanese army marching towards Assam. • Failure of Cripps Mission which left no further meeting ground between the British government and the Congress. • Gandhiji felt that the presence of British in India was an invitation to Japan to invade India, and their withdrawal would remove the bait. (d) Estates confiscated by Inam Commission due to inability of landlords to provide the evidence like the title deed by which they held the land, were sold by public auction to the highest bidders. Such estates were usually purchased by merchants and moneylenders who did not understand the tenants and fully exploited them. This drove landed

46 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X aristocracy to poverty without benefitting the peasantry which suffered under the weight of exorbitant land revenue. (e) Press played following role in developing a strong nationalism:- • It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals like liberty, fraternity, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people. • The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British government in India and exposed the true nature of the British rule in India. (f) Measures taken by Lord Curzon to crush Indian Nationalism were as follows:- • The Act of 1898 which made it an offence to provoke people against English. • The Calcutta Corporation Act 1899 which reduced the strength of elected members from India, thereby giving the British a majority. • The Officials Secret Act • The Indian Universities Act of 1904 which imposed strict control over the Indian universities because Curzon considered them as the centres of nationalism. (g) Declaration of August 20, 1917 promised a policy of gradual development of self- government institutions in India. (h) The congress agreed to following points in Gandhi-Irwin Pact:- • To suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement. • To participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference. • Not to press for investigation into police excesses. (i) Two reasons for entry of USA in First World War was:- • Germans U-Boats had sunk a British ship Lusitania on May 7th, 1915. Among 1153 passengers killed, 128 were Americans. • The Americans were generally sympathetic toward British and this incident further roused anti-German feelings in the USA. • The Allies power had raised vast amounts of loans in the USA to pay for the arms and other goods bought by them. So USA feared that if Germany won the war, she would become a serious rival to the USA. (j) Role of Jawaharlal Nehru:- • It was Nehru who led the countries of Asia and Africa towards the concept of NAM. • He was acknowledged as the greatest spokesman for neutrality of Asian and African states in the Cold War era. • He did not approve of the military or economic alliances like NATO, CENTO, SEATO initiated by USA. • He did not approve military or economic alliances promoted by Soviet Union like Warsaw Pact, Cominform, Comecon. • He opposed alliances as he believed that alliances encouraged colonialism and imperialism.

Practice Paper - 11 (Solved) 47 PART II SECTION A Answer 3. (a) The Lok Sabha represents the people directly as its members are elected by the people. On the other hand Rajya Sabha represents the States of the Indian Union and its members are elected indirectly by the members of State Legislative Assemblies. They never have to go to the people. So Lok Sabha is given upper hand in many matters. (b) Qualification to be a member of Lok Sabha • Should be the citizen of India. • Should be of at least 25 years of age. • Should not be of unsound mind and declare insolvent. • Should not hold office of profit neither under the Union Government nor under State Government. • Should not be a proclaimed criminal. • Should have his name in an electoral list in some parts of the country. (c) Financial Powers of Lok Sabha:- • The Budget– The Parliament passes the Union Budget containing the estimates of receipts and expenditure of the Government for a financial year. The Budget is presented in two parts, namely, the Railway Budget and the General Budget. • Salaries– The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by Parliament. • Permission for Taxes– No tax can be imposed or money spent by the government without the approval of the Parliament. In matters of finance the Lok Sabha enjoys more powers than the Rajya Sabha. Money bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. Once the Money Bills go to the Rajya Sabha they have to be sent back to the Lok Sabha within 14 days. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. Answer 4. (a) Financial Emergency is declared when financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened. Effect of Financial Emergency:- • The President may appoint a finance Commission to suggest methods to get out of the financial crisis. He may adopt suitable measures to restore financial stability in the light of recommendations of the Finance Commission. • The President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons, including the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. • All Money Bills passed by the Lok Sabha are to be submitted to the President for his/ her consideration. 48 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The President can issue instructions to the States in regard to the utilization of funds in the manner he thinks fit. • The President may order the State to submit Money Bills to him for his assent. (b) The diplomatic powers of the President are as follows:- • The President has the power of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries. • He receives ambassadors, high commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations. • All treaties and International Agreement are concluded in the name of the President. • The President represents India in International Conferences. (c) President appoints the following people:- • President appoints the Prime Minister and the Council of Minister on Prime Minister’s advice. He summons the leader of the majority group in the parliament and asks him to form the government. • The Chief Justice and the Judges of Supreme Court. • The governors of the states. • The Lt. governors and the Chief Commissioners of the Union Territories. • The Attorney General of India. • The Comptroller and the Auditor General of India. • The chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission. • The chairman and members of the Economic Commission whenever appointed. • The chairman and members of the Planning Commission. • They all are appointed on the advice of Prime Minister. Answer 5. (a) Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is not extended in the following cases:- • A dispute arising out of a treaty, agreement, etc., which is in operation. • In certain other matters such as interstate water dispute, matter referred to finance commission, and • Adjustment of certain expenses and pension between Union and States. (b) It is a Court of Appeal which means that it is a Court which may change the decision or reduce the sentence passed by the lower courts. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgment or final order from a Higher Court of India. (c) Appeals in civil matter lie to Supreme Court, if the High Court certifies:- • That the case involved a substantial question of law of general importance, and • That the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. (d) Certificate of High Court is not required when:- • The High Court have reserved the judgment of acquittal given by lower court and punish the accused with a death sentence. Practice Paper - 11 (Solved) 49 • A case which is withdrawn by the High Court from a Subordinate Court and sentences the accuse to death. SECTION B Answer 6. (a) Significance of the Lucknow Pact are as follows:- • Hindu-Muslim Unity– The joint scheme symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity. Both the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the common good. The Congress comprised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of separate electorates for Muslims. The Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule. As 1916 to 1922. • Unity within the Congress– The Lucknow Session and the signing of the Lucknow Pact brought about unity between the Radical Nationalists and the Moderates. After the Surat session of 1907 both wings of the Congress were moving in different directions. They came together in 1916 and as a result, the Congress was strengthened. • Pressure on the Government– The unity between the Congress and the League and between the Moderates and the Radical Nationalists became a threat to the British Government of India. Until now the Government had been repressing the Nationalist Movement by using force. • Necessity to Pacify Indians– As the First World War continued, and the Home Rule League was gaining momentum, the leaders of the Congress and the League impressed upon the British Government that their demands for Constitutional Reforms should not be rejected if they wished Indians to be loyal to the British. (b) National events that led to the foundation of the Lucknow Pact are:- • The Partition of Bengal was cancelled. • Nationalist Muslims like Abul Kalam Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad and Shaukat Ali – made use of this opportunity to spread nationalist ideas among the Muslims for mobilizing public opinion in favor of self-government. • Tilak was released from jail in 1914, after six years. • Under the ‘Seditious Meetings Act’ some prominent Muslim leaders were arrested. (c) Objectives of Indian associations were:- • Creation of a strong body of public opinion. • Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests. • Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims. • Mass participation in public movement. Achievements of Indian Associations are that, it launched agitation against:- • oppressive acts such as the license Act, the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act. • lowering the age limit for I.C.S. examination. • problems of workers on British-owned plantations.

50 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Answer 7. (a) As a member of the imperial legislative council Gokhale played following role:- • He pleaded in the council for reduction in salt duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods. • His relentless efforts led to reduction in toll tax. • He tried to introduce a bill with a view to make primary education compulsory but he could not achieve much success in it. • Being an economist Gokhale demanded radical changes in the fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class. • He impressed upon the government to reduce the land revenue. (b) Early nationalist were criticised in the following ways:- • Their achievements were not satisfactory to the younger element within the congress. • Their methods of constitutional agitation were criticized. • Activities of Early nationalist were limited to middle class only. • They were loyal to British and relied on British’s generosity. (c) Second set of method included:- • Using three P’s-petition, prayer and protests. They sent petitions, request and letters of protest to the British government to look into the problems of Indians. • A British committee of the Indian national congress was set up in London which published a weekly journal called India, to present India’s case before the British public. • Deputations of British leaders were sent to Britain. These leaders carried on active propaganda in Britain. For example, Dadabhai Naoroji spent major part of his life in Britain to create awareness among British people and politicians about the plight of Indians. • The objective of second set of method was to influence the British government and the British public. Answer 8. (a) Lord Mountbatten (b) He proposed Mountbatten Plan which included Partition of India into two halves India and Pakistan. Also it included giving independence to India. He consulted big seven leaders-Nehru, Patel, Kripalani, Jinnah, Liaquat, Nishtar, Baldev Singh. (c) Main clauses of Mountbatten plan are as follows:- • Partition–The country would be divided into two Dominions, i.e. India and Pakistan. • Relations between the two new Dominions– It was for two Dominions to decide what relations they would have with the British Commonwealth and with each other. • A Boundary Commission– The plan provided for the creation of the Boundary Practice Paper - 11 (Solved) 51 Commission to settle the boundaries of the two Dominions in case partition decided upon. • Bengal and Punjab– The partition of Bengal and Punjab was proposed, provided that the Legislative Assemblies of the two provinces decided in favour of partition. (d) Reasons for acceptance of Mountbatten Plan by Congress are as follows:- • The large scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the partition of India. • The league had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate. Experience of working with the League had convinced Congress that it could not have a joint administration with League. • The only alternative to partition was Federation with a weak Center. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than bigger State with weak Center. • Any further continuation of British rule would mean a greater calamity for India. The British were instigating the ruler of the Indian States to remain independent. Hence, partition was the price for immediate independence. Answer 9. (a) Race for Armaments: • The mad race for armaments which began soon after the Franco-Prussian War was one of the reasons which led to the First World War. • Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defence and preservation of peace. • In order to protect her colonies in Africa and few islands in the Pacific. Germany began to build a powerful navy with a view to achieving parity with Britain. • By 1914, she had left Britain and France far behind in the production of iron and steel and in many other manufactures. • One of its ships, the Imperator, built in 1912 was the largest in the world. • The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battleships could enter its waters. Britain and France were concerned with Germany’s growing military strength. • This led to fierce competition among the European countries and gave to the race for armaments. (b) The period after the War saw was the beginning of the end of the European supremacy in the world. Economically and militarily, the United States surpassed Europe to emerge as a world power. The peace treaties signed after the War transformed the political map of the world, particularly of Europe. It was as Follows:- • Three ruling dynasties were destroyed -the Romanov in Russia during the War itself, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary. • Soon after the War, the rule of Ottomans came to an end in Turkey. • Austria and Hungary became separate independent states. • Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent state. • Thus, the War gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchical system and led to the development of democracy in Europe. 52 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Empires having different cultures were dissolved and independent states having distinct cultures emerged after the War. • These included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia. • Under the impulse of Nationalism Alsace-Lorraine was restored to France and Schleswig-Holstein was restored to Denmark. (c) The horrors of War convinced the leaders of the world that there must be a mechanism to prevent War and which promotes International Cooperation. This culminated in the setting up of the League of Nations. An important part of the peace treaties was the Covenant of the League of the Nations. Wilson’s fourteen points included creation of an International Organization for the preservation of peace and to guarantee the independence of all states. Thus, League of Nations was created as a world organization of all independent states in 1920. Germany & Soviet Union were not allowed to become member of League. Answer 10. (a) The functions of the UNICEF are broadly divided into the following categories:- • UNICEF works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health and well-being. It provides funds for training the personnel, including the health and sanitation workers, teachers and nutritionists. Universal Child Immunization against preventable diseases was one of the leading goals of UNICEF. • It provides technical supplies, equipment and other aids, ranging from paper for textbooks, to equipments and medicines to health clinic, to pipes and pumps for clean water to villages. • It assists governments to plan, develop and extend community-based services in the fields of maternal and child health, nutrition and clean water and sanitation. (b) The functions of UNESCO in science are:- • UNESCO organizes seminars and conferences of scientists of various countries and circulates information through journals, press and exhibitions. • It promotes basic researches in fields like geology, mathematics, physics and oceanography. As a result, it finances engineering and technology schemes in a number of developing countries. • It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower that exists, because 90% of trained manpower is concentrated in the industrialized country. • It encourages the study of social sciences in order to focus attention on combatting all forms of discrimination, improving the status of women and helping the youth in solving their problems. (c) A conference was held at London in November 1945, for the establishment of an educational, scientific and cultural organization. This lead to the establishment of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 4th November, 1946. (d) The headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris. Practice Paper - 11 (Solved) 53 Answers of Practice Paper 12 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Parliament is the body of people’s representatives who have supreme power of governance in a democratic country. (b) Rajya Sabha represents the federation of the states of the Indian union. (c) Vote given by (Vice President) Chairman or Speaker to break the deadlock when there are equal votes on both the sides is called as casting vote. (d) President gives resignation to Vice President. (e) President (f) The Council of Ministers may be compelled by the Lok Sabha to resign when vote of no- confidence is passed against them. (g) Opposition keeps check on the working of ruling party. (h) 24 high courts (i) Writ of prohibition is issued when certain proceedings are going on, the writ of certiorari is issued after the order has already been passed by the lower court. (j) Article 352 states that if there is a danger of foreign aggression or danger to the peace and security of the country because of a civil war, insurgency of any other such cause then National emergency can be declared. Answer 2. (a) Father of Indian Renaissance is Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Organisation founded by him was Brahmo Samaj. (b) Objectives of Indian associations were:- • Creation of a strong body of public opinion. • Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests. • Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims. • Mass participation in public movement. (c) Surendranath Banerjee is known as father of Indian Nationalism. Surendranath Banerjee opposed:- • Surendranath Banerjee opposed Morley Minto Reforms of 1909. • He opposed the division of Bengal by Lord Curzon. • He started agitation against the License act, Vernacular Press act and lowering age from 21 to 19 years. (d) Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon on October 16th, 1905. (e) International events that shattered the myth of European superiority are:- • Japan, an Asian country defeated Russia. • Abyssinians in Ethiopia defeated Italian forces. • In South Africa, Boers fought for 3 years against British Empire. 54 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • In Ireland people were waging a full-scale Home rule Agitation. (f) Hindu-Muslim Unity was brought in the following way:- The joint scheme symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity. Both the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the common good. The Congress compromised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of separate electorates for Muslims. The Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule, as 1916 to 1922 cancelled. (g) Sir C.P.Ilbert, the law member of the viceroy’s council prepared a bill known as Ilbert bill in 1883. This bill sought to abolish judicial disqualification based on race distinctions. It was introduced by Lord Ripon. (h) The three ways Germany progressed are follows:- • Germany began to build a powerful army with a view to achieving parity with Britain. • By 1914 she had left behind Britain and France in the production of iron and steel and in many other manufactures. • One of its ships Imperator, built in 1912 was the largest in the world. • The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battleships could enter its waters. (i) Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated at Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on June 28, 1914. The assassination was organized by secret society called ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’ formed by extremist Serbian nationalists whose aim was to unite all Serbians into a single Serbian State. (j) The main objective of NAM at the beginning was to keep away the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from the super power rivalry and to protect and preserve their newly acquired independence. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) The picture is of Parliament which comprises of the president and the two houses of Parliament– The House of the People (the Lok Sabha), the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). (b) House of people represented by this is Lok Sabha. Composition of Lok Sabha:- • Maximum strength of Lok Sabha is 552 members. • Not more than 530 members shall represent the states. • Not more than 20 members shall represent Union Territories, • 2 members nominated from Anglo-Indian community by President. (c) Powers of Parliament to make laws on various subjects:- • Matters in the Union List– The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on Practice Paper - 12 (Solved) 55 all the 97 subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Communications, Foreign Policy etc. • Matters in the Concurrent list– Along with the State Legislative Assemblies, the Parliament can make laws on the 47 subjects listed in the Concurrent List. If there is a conflict between the Union Parliament and the State Legislature on any law in this list, the Union law will prevail. • Residuary Powers– The Parliament possesses residuary powers. It means that it can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three list – the Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List. If there is a conflict between Union and State legislature on any law in this list, the Union Law will prevail. • State list– The Parliament can legislate laws on the State List:- 1. During the proclamation of an emergency. 2. When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two third majority that a subject in the state list has assumed national importance. When two or more states are of opinion that the parliament should legislate on a subject given in the state list. (d) Procedure of Money Bill • Money bill can be initiated only in Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha has virtually no power in matter of Money bill. • Rajya Sabha cannot reject money bill nor amend it by virtue of its own powers. • Rajya Sabha must within the stipulated period of 14 days, return the Bill to the Lok Sabha, which may thereupon either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. • Then bill is sent to President for his assent. Answer 4. (a) Legislative function of Cabinet:- • Source of Information– The minister along with the secretaries of the concerned departments answers, questions put to them by the members of the Lok Sabha and thus provides information to the public through their representative. • Summoning the Houses of Parliament– Although the Houses are summoned by the President, initiative in this matter is taken by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. • President’s Special Address– The cabinet prepares the President’s Special Address to the Parliament. The cabinet, thus, sets forth its legislative programme at the commencement of the first session of Lok Sabha after each General Election and at the commencement of the first session of Parliament of each year. • Issuing Ordinances– Cabinet also advises the President to issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

56 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X The legislative power of Cabinet is similar to that of President in the following ways:- • Addresses Sessions of Parliament: The President addresses both the houses of Parliament assembled together for the first session after each General Election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of first session of each year. He lays emphasis on the internal and external policies of the Government. • Message to Parliament: He has the power to send messages to either of the House of Parliament either regarding a bill or any other matter. • Promulgate Ordinance: Under Article 123, the President can promulgate an ordinance which has the same status as an Act of Parliament. The President may withdraw the Ordinance at any time. • Summon and Prorogue the House: The President has the power to summon and prorogue the Houses of Parliament. The power to summon Parliament is subject to the condition that there should not be a gap of more than six months between two sessions of each house. (b) Position of Prime Minister in Cabinet are as follows:- • Leader of the Cabinet– The Prime Minister is the head of the cabinet. No provision is made in the constitution for the appointment of different categories of ministers such as Ministers of the Cabinet rank, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers. • Power to Allocate Portfolios and to reshuffle the Council of Ministers– It is the Prime Minister who allocates departments or portfolios to the departments to the Ministers. He can reshuffle his Council of Ministers whenever he pleases. • Power to select and dismiss Ministers– The Prime Minister chooses the Ministers and has the power to dismiss them too. He can ask an erring Minister to resign. • Power to Direct and Coordinate Policy– The Prime Minister coordinates the working of various departments so that administration is carried on smoothly. • Resignation of the Prime Minister– The Prime Minister’s resignation implies the resignation of the whole cabinet. (c) Individual Responsibility of the Ministers:- • Each Minister is responsible to the Parliament for his/her department, departure from office policy, for the personal lapse or for failures of departure. • Members of Parliament can question the ministers regarding the matters related to their department. • The ministers are obliged to answer to such questions. Collective Responsibility of Council of Ministers:- • Parliamentary democracy is based on the principle of Collective Responsibility. • It means that the Council of Minister as a single body is responsible to the Lok Sabha. • All Ministers work as a team. • If a vote of No-Confidence is passed against one minister, the whole ministerial team has to resign.

Practice Paper - 12 (Solved) 57 Answer 5. (a) Three types of Jurisdiction:- • Original jurisdiction– The power of High Court to hear and decide the case in first instance is called as Original jurisdiction. • Appellate Jurisdiction of High Court– Appellate Jurisdiction means that the High Court has the Power to accept appeals against the decisions of District courts, in civil as well as criminal matters. • Revisory Jurisdiction of High Court– Revisory Jurisdiction means that the High Court can call for the record of a case which has been decided by a subordinate court. This is done because High Court feels that the sub ordinate court has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it or the latter has not followed proper procedure. (b) Composition of Court of District Judge:- • Court of District Judge is presided over by a District Judge. • Sometimes additional district judges are also appointed. • The District Judge acts as a Deputy Commissioner and District Collector. Composition of Session Court:- • Sessions Court is presided over by the Session Judge. • There are also Session Judge and Additional Sessions Judge in Sessions Court. (c) Work of Lok Adalat:- • The Lok Adalat works in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties feel satisfied. • Lok Adalat delivers fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can move to Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or using the format available with legal services authority and expect speedy justice. • The Lok Adalat reduces the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in higher courts. SECTION B Answer 6. (a) The socio-religious causes for the revolt of 1875 are the following:- 1. INTERFERENCE WITH SOCIAL CUSTOMS– Some of the social reforms introduced by the British in India were aimed at improving the conditions of the people. The result was that the reforms like the ABOLITION OF SATI Act (1829), the introduction of “Widow Remarriage Act” (1856) and the opening of western education to girls were not welcomed by masses. 2. APPREHENSIONS ABOUT MORDERN INNOVATIONS– Modern innovations such as railways and telegraphs introduced by British were misunderstood by the people. There were rumours that the telegraph poles were erected to hang the people who were against the British rule. Similarly, the orthodox Indians noted that in the

58 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X railway compartments the higher castes and the lower castes were made to sit side by side. They believed that the British had introduced such practices to defy their caste and religion. 3. POLICY OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION– The British officers were rude and arrogant towards the Indians. They believed that they were superior to Indians and followed the policy of contempt towards the Indians. They dubbed the Muslims as cruel and unfaithful. Some European officers ill-treated and insulted Indians. Such acts of unjust discrimination alienated the British from the Indian masses. 4. CORRUPTION IN ADMINISTRATION– The police and petty officials were corrupt. The rich got away with crime but the common man was looted, oppressed and tortured. (b) Following factors were responsible for growth of nationalism in India:- Economic Exploitation:- • The peasants– Heavy land revenue and other taxes led peasants into the clutches of landlord and moneylenders. • The Artisans and Craftsmen– Artisans and craftsmen crippled as they were devoid of their source of livelihood. • The working class– This working class was exploited by the factory owners who were generally Englishmen. • The Educated Indians– Educated Indians were not getting employment as there was high competition in government services and chances of promotions were bleak. Repressive colonial policies:- Some of the repressive policies followed especially by Lord Lytton led to growth of nationalism which included:- • Lord Lytton organised a grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Lakhs of rupees were spent on the event but nothing was done for Indians who were in the grip of famine. • Lord Lytton introduced Vernacular press Act 1878 which forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers. This act was repealed by Lord Ripon. • Lord Lytton introduced The Indian Arms Act 1879 which made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence. This act was not applicable to the British. Socio-Religious Reform Movements:- • Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation. • The reformers condemned untouchability and the caste system. The ideas of brotherhood and equality attracted the so-called lower castes. • The importance laid emphasis on importance of women who could participate in the national movement. Practice Paper - 12 (Solved) 59 Role of the Press:- Press played following role in developing a strong nationalism:- • It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals like liberty, fraternity, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people. • The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British government in India and exposed the true nature of the British rule in India. (c) Changes in administration after revolt of 1857- • It transferred the power to govern India from the East India company to the British crown. • While the authority over India was earlier in the hands of the directors of the company and the board of control, now the power was to be exercised by the Secretary of the state for India, aided by a council. Secretary of the state was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible to the parliament. • Out of these 15 members-seven to be elected by the Court of Directors and rest of the eight members were to be appointed by the Crown. • The Secretary of State was to be assisted by a 15 member India Council of which 9 should have served or resided in India from at least past 10 years. Answer 7. (a) First set of method included the following:- • They held meetings where speeches were made and resolution for the popular demand was passed. • They made use of the press to carry out the criticism of the government policies. Second set of method included:- • Using three P’s-petition, prayer and protests, they sent petitions, request and letters of protest to the British government to look into the problems of Indians. • A British committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in London which published a weekly journal called India, to present India’s case before the British public. (b) Contributions of Early Nationalist were as follows:- • The early nationalists created national awakening among the people that they belonged to one common country-India. • They trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and nationalism. • The early nationalist did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of the British rule in India. They made the people realise the economic content and character of British imperialism. By doing so, early nationalist weakened the foundations of the British rule in India.

60 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Their political and economic programmes established the truth that India must be ruled in the interest of the Indians. The efforts of early nationalist led to the following reforms:- 1. The appointment of Public Service Commission in 1886. 2. A resolution of the House of Commons (1893) for simultaneous examination for the I.C.S in London and India. 3. Appointment of Welby Commission on Indian expenditure (1895). 4. The Indian council act of 1892. (c) Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists The Early Nationalists wanted to achieve The Assertive Nationalists aimed at self-government and to strove for nothing short of Swaraj as it existed in the autonomy within the Empire and not United Kingdom. absolute independence. They believed in constitutional methods They were assertive in their approach. and worked within the framework of the law. They held good positions under the British They denounced British rule and defied it. government. They had faith in British sense of justice They rejected the British rule and held and fair play. it responsible for poverty of the Indian people. They received their support from the They drew their support from masses. intelligentsia. They were inspired by western They were inspired by India’s past. philosophers. Answer 8. (a) Non-cooperation movement was a great step in the course of the Indian national movement in the following ways:- • The National Movement became a Mass movement– The Indian National Movement, for the first time in history, acquired a real mass base with the participation of different sections of Indian society such as peasants, workers, teachers and students. • Instilled confidence among the people– It generated a desire for freedom and inspired people to challenge the colonial rule. • The Congress became a Revolutionary Movement– It transformed the Indian National Congress from a deliberative assembly into an organisation for action. • Fostered Hindu-Muslim Unity– It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity which could be seen in the merger of the Khilafat issue with this movement. It provided an opportunity to the Congress to bring the Urban Muslims into the national movement by

Practice Paper - 12 (Solved) 61 convincing them that the nation was equally concerned with the problems affecting them. • Promoted social reforms– As a consequence of the non-cooperation movement several steps were taken in the direction of prohibition and removal of untouchability. Many national schools and colleges were set up in different parts of the country. (b) The Muslim League accepted it in its entirety on June 6, 1946 because it felt that the grouping of Muslim majority Provinces in a way meant the formation of Pakistan. The League asked Wavell, the Viceroy, to constitute an interim government. Congress’ reaction:- • The congress accepted the proposals with reservations. • It accepted only that part of the scheme which dealt with the Constitution making. • It considered the Constituent Assembly as a sovereign body of drafting the Constitution. The congress wanted the grouping of the Provinces as optional and not compulsory. • This was important in view of the fact that Assam in the Proposed Group C had a Congress government at that time. • The Cabinet Mission accepted the complete freedom of the Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution, but insisted on the compulsory grouping of the Provinces. • The Congress, however, rejected the Viceroy’s offer to form an Interim Government because of its limited status and powers and also because the principle of parity with Muslim League was not acceptable to it. • It was also opposed to the League’s claim that it alone had the right to nominate all • Muslim members to the Executive Council. (c) End of Jurisdiction of the British Parliament: a. The legislative authority of the British Parliament would cease from August 15, 1947. b. The titles of the ‘ Emperor of India ‘ and ‘ King of England ‘were dropped from the royal style. c. Till the new Constitution was framed, each of the Dominions and all. Provinces were to be governed in accordance with the Act of 1935. d. The Governor-General were given the powers to modify or adopt. ` e. Government of India Act 1935 by March 31, 1948. f. The right of the King to veto laws was given up. This right was given to the Governor-General. Answer 9. (a) The functions and powers of the General Assembly are as follows:- • To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation in the maintenance of International peace and security. • To discuss any question relating to international peace and security (Except

62 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council) to make recommendations on it. • To discuss and make recommendations on any question within the scope of the charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations. • To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote International, political, social and economic cooperation. (a) Function of International Court of Justice:- • The court has a dual role – to settle, in accordance with International Law, the legal disputes submitted to it by the states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions to it by duly authorized International organs and agencies. • Only member states may appeal to and appear before the Court. The member states of the UN are entitled to appear and apply before the International Court of Justice. • The Court is competent to entertain a dispute if the states concerned agree to take issue to it. • The advisory procedure of the Court is open solely to the international organizations. The only bodies at present authorized to request advisory opinions of the Court are five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations family. The court has compulsory jurisdiction in the following areas:- • Against the background that a large number of treaties provide that disputes are submitted to the court. • Its jurisdiction extends to: o Disputes pertaining to the Interpretation of international law; and o Reparation; i.e., compensation to be made for the breach of an International obligation. (c) The following are the factors for establishing United Nations: • Disastrous World Wars– The 20th Century had seen two world wars that left a legacy of misery and depression in nearly every country. The wars cost billions of dollars. Millions lost their lives and many people became disabled, homeless and unemployed. There came a realization among the world leaders that another world war might lead to possibility of destruction of the world and of human civilization and culture. • Failure of League of Nations–The League of Nation (1920-1939) was born after the First World War with a promise of peace but it failed to prevent another world war. Many leaders of the world felt the need for an organization which could be more powerful than League of Nations. • Fear of the Third World War– The peace treaties signed after the First World War sowed the seeds of bitterness and conflict leading to the Second World War. All the countries feared that the Second World War could be the cause of the Third World War which would might lead to the end of the world.

Practice Paper - 12 (Solved) 63 • Division of the world into Two Blocs– At the end of the war, the world was divided into two power blocs, one lead by the USA and the other by the erstwhile USSR. Both of them had opposite ideologies and therefore had no faith in each other. A transparent and impartial organization was required so that they would be able to resolve their differences amicably rather than resorting to war. Answer 10. (a) Benito Mussolini (b) Leadership Provided by Mussolini played important role:- • Mussolini played important role in the history of Italy. • He had a charismatic personality. • His speeches praised the past glories of Italy and won the faith of his countrymen. • Mussolini was called ‘Duce’ which means the Leader. (c) Political Instability:- • Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time in1919. • Elections failed to gave a clear majority to a single party. • As a result, there was complete instability in the country and between 1919 and 1922 six coalition governments were formed in Italy. • The various political parties had different policies and programs and there was no community in their policies. • They were unable to deal effectively with the problems of unemployment, strikes and riots which took place during 1921-1922. • This situation was fully exploited by the Fascists under the leadership of Mussolini, who gave the people the idea of providing a strong national government. (d) The socialist who included the Anarchists, the Communists and the Social Democrats created conditions for conducive growth of the Fascism in Italy. Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communists inflamed the atmosphere with the revolutionary ideas. Peasants took away the lands from landlords; workmen organised strikes, damaged machines and took hold of the factories. The communists began to devise new plans of overthrowing the government and capturing power. People wanted a powerful leadership who could establish peace and prosperity by ending lawlessness and insecurity prevalent in Italy. The industrialists viewed the growing strength of the labour unions with alarm and provided financial support to Fascism.

64 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Answers of Practice Paper 13 PART I

Answer 1. (a) Motion refers to a formal proposal made by a member stating that the house should take up some particular matter which is of public importance. (b) The Speaker decides whether a bill is ordinary bill or money bill. All the bills passed are signed by him and then sent to Rajya Sabha for its consideration or the President for his assent. (c) Planning Commission, Economic Commission, Union Public Service Commission. (d) President will appoint Finance Commission. It is comprised of chairman and four other members. (e) Appointment of a Prime Minister by President takes place when no single party commands the clear support of the majority of the Lok Sabha members and there is a hung parliament. This is because the President cannot appoint the new Prime Minister on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister who may have lost the election or the support of the house. • Appointment of Prime Minister in case of sudden death of the incumbent, where the ruling legislature party is unable to meet immediately to elect a leader. (f) Vice President can be removed for the violation of the constitution, by the process of impeachment. The resolution to impeach the Vice President be passed by Rajya Sabha by a majority of its members and agreed upon by the Lok Sabha. (g) The two important functions of Prime Ministers are:- • The Prime Minister chairs cabinet meetings. • He coordinates the work of different departments. (h) Parliament (i) Supreme Court, as it has the power of Judicial review. (j) Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other such judges as the President of India may appoint from time to time. Answer 2. (a) Serbian nationalist ‘Black Hand’ or Union of Death killed Archduke Ferdinand who was the heir to the throne of Austria -Hungary. Austria served an ultimatum to Serbia making 11 demands. Serbia accepted most of the demands except for those that led to the loss of her Sovereignty. So Austria declared war on Serbia. (b) Two reasons for entry of USA in First World War was:- • Germans U-Boats had sunk a British ship Lusitania. Among 1153 passengers killed, 128 were Americans.

Practice Paper - 13 (Solved) 65 • The Americans were generally sympathetic toward British and this incident further roused anti-German feelings in the USA. • The Allies power had raised vast amounts of loans in the USA to pay for the arms and other goods bought by them. So USA feared that if Germany won the war, she would become a serious rival to the USA (c) Awadh-Alleged Misrule, Jhansi-Doctrine of Lapse (d) Ill treatment of Indians abroad- • In South Africa Indians were subjected to Racial discrimination. • Indians were denied the right to vote. • They could not enter the buses or railway coaches reserved for the whites. (e) Axis group-Germany, Italy and Japan (f) Muslim League rejected Cripps Mission because:- • The league opposed the creation of a single union. • The proposals did not accept Pakistan specifically. They did not grant the right of self-determination to Muslims. (g) Gandhiji started Dandi march because • The Congress Working Committee met from February 14 to 16, 1930 at Sabarmati Ashram and vested in Gandhiji, powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. • Before starting the movement, Gandhiji served on the British government ‘eleven point ultimatum’. • But it was in vain. • Gandhiji then started his Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coast of Dandi. • Gandhiji had selected to attack the salt laws because the salt tax had affected all sections of the society, especially the poor. Gandhiji’s breaking of salt laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement. (h) Lucknow pact was important towards unity of India because:- • The joint scheme symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity. • Both the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the common good. • The Congress compromised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of separate electorates for Muslims. • The Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule. (i) Italy joined Second world war on side of Germany and Japan because • Italy wanted to revive the glory of Old Roman Empire. • Italy joined Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and formed a ten years alliance with Germany in 1939 to strengthen her position. • Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy. • Italy was disappointed with treaty of versailles as it had gained only Southern Tyrol and Trentino and Coastal regions of Dalmatia.

66 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X (j) The Security Council is composed of 15 members • Five permanent members–China, Russia, France, The United Kingdom and The U.S.A. • 10 Non permanent members who are elected by the General Assembly by Two- Third majority for a two year term. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha enjoys equal powers in following matter:- • Amendment of constitution– Both the houses of the Parliament can amend the constitution. The amendment must be passed by each house by a majority of total membership and by a two-third majority of members present and voting, otherwise amendment bill cannot be passed. • Impeachment– In the matter of impeachment of the President of India or the Chief Justice or a Judge of Supreme Court or High Court, both the Houses have absolutely equal powers. Impeachment can be initiated in either House and the other House has an equal say in the judgement. (b) Supplementary grants– If the amount authorised for the current financial year is not sufficient, the government may make a fresh demand known as the supplementary grants. Vote on account– If the Union Budget is not passed before the beginning of the new financial year, i.e. April 1, there would be no money for the executive to spend. Thus there is a device known as vote on account which authorises the executive to draw funds from the consolidated fund until the Budget is passed by the parliament. (c) Control over the Executive:- The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the LokSabha. The Ministers remain in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of a majority of members in the LokSabha. Parliament exercise control over the Executive in the following manner: • Interpellation– The Question Hour, calling Attention Notices and Half – an – Hour Discussion are some of the devices to seek information from the government about its policies and performance. Of these, the most important is the Question Hour. The first hour of a sitting in both Houses is allotted for asking and answering of questions. The questions are asked to obtain information on a slackness of the government. • Vote of No-Confidence–If a Government acts against the Constitutional provisions, it can be voted out of office by passing a vote of no – confidence against the Prime Minister, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its members. In such a case, the Whole Ministry has to resign.

Practice Paper - 13 (Solved) 67 • Adjournment Motion– Motion for ajournment is aimed at censuring the acts of omission and commission of the ministers. The following are some of the occasions in which adjournment motions were allowed in the past: (i)death of several persons due to the consumption of unlicensed liquor; (ii) killing of a senior IPS officer in place of worship, etc. • Other motion of censure– The Parliament exercise its control over the government by other motion which, if passed,amount to no confidence. They include: motions of censure against a minister, rejection of a government bill, passing of a private members bill, passing of private numbers bill against the wishes of the government, etc. Answer 4. (a) Following are the situations in which an ordinance can be promulgated:- • The President must be satisfied that the circumstances make it necessary for him to take. • It can be promulgated at a time when both Houses of Parliament are not in session for immediate action. • However if one House is in session, there is no bar in issuing ordinance. • The Ordinance so promulgated should be laid before both houses of Parliament when they reassemble. If the Parliament does not approve the ordinance, it lapses. If an ordinance is not disapproved, it will automatically cease to operate at the end of six weeks from the date the Parliament reassembles. (b) President’s position:- • The executive power of India is vested in the hands of president. • The President exercises his power on the advice of Prime Minister and Council of Minister. • President is the nominal head of the country. • There are lot of limitations imposed on the President’s power by Parliament and Council of Minister. (c) The power of the Prime Minister inside the Parliament are as follows:- • Leader of the Lok Sabha– As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament, he is said to be the leader of the house. • Spokesperson of the Government– The Prime Minister is the chief spokesperson of the government in the Parliament. He makes all important announcements on national policies on the floor of the house. • Defender of Government Policies– The Prime Minister defends the government in the Parliament. When a policy or a Minister comes under attack in the Parliament, the Prime minister comes to defend the issue involved. • Intervention in case of Controversial Issues– There are some controversial issues

68 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X like the language issue, Center-State relations, price-rise and atrocities on women over which members lose their tempers. Answer 5. (a) Revisory jurisdiction is applicable in the cases of High Court in the following matters:- • Injustice or an error of law apparent on the face of the record. • Violation of the principles of natural justice. • Arbitrary authority leading to wrong judgment. • Flagrant error in procedure. (b) Judicial review of High Court:- If any law, executive order or any ordinance passed the State Legislature or any other authority, and infringes the Fundamental Rights or contrivances any provision of the constitution, the High Court can declare it ‘null and void’. The high court may withdraw a constitutional case from a Subordinate Court and deal with it and send it back with its directions. Judicial review of Supreme Court:- The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the Constitution and its decision is final. It has the power to review laws passed by the Union or State legislature. The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘ultra vires’ or null and void, if it is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution or contravenes any provision of the Constitution. This power is referred to as the power of judicial review. (c) Three writs:- • Habeas corpus– By issuing such a writ, the High Court or Supreme Court can get the body of any person released if it has been unlawfully detained by any person or a group of persons or by the state. This writ is, thus, a great safeguard for the personal freedom of a citizen. • Mandamus– In Latin, it means ‘we order’. It is a command or an order from a lower or administrative authority to perform a certain duty. • Writ of Prohibition–The Writ of Prohibition is an order issued by the superior court to lower court to stop proceedings in case which might be in excess of the jurisdiction of lower court. SECTION B Answer 6. (a) 3 Causes for Rise of Assertive Nationalist:- 1. Failure of Early Nationalist– • Their achievements were not satisfactory to the younger element within the Congress. • Their methods of constitutional agitation were criticised.

Practice Paper - 13 (Solved) 69 • Assertive Nationalists advocated European revolutionary method to meet British imperialism. • Activities of Early Nationalists were limited to middle class only. • They were loyal to British and relied on British’s generosity. 2. Growing Consciousness among Indians– • The nationalist writer and agitators blamed the British rule for the poverty of people. • Leaders of new ideology [Lal-Bal-Pal] developed self-respect and self-confidence among the people. • Nationalist leader asked Indians to rely on their abilities. 3. Need for mass action– • The Assertive Nationalist taught the people that the remedy to their sad condition lay in their own hands. • Belief in self-effort created an urge to extend the national movement to the masses. • There was realisation that only masses could make sacrifices to win the freedom. 4. Repressive policies by Lord Curzon– • The Act of 1898 which made it an offence to provoke people against English. • The Calcutta Corporation Act 1899 which reduced the strength of elected members from India, thereby giving the British a majority. • The Officials Secret Act • The Indian Universities Act of 1904 which imposed strict control over the Indian Universities because Curzon considered them as the centres of Nationalism. (b) Methods of Assertive Nationalist were as follows:- • Swadeshi- Swadeshi means buying goods of one’s own country. • Boycott-Boycott means abstain from purchase of foreign products. • National education-A national scheme of education was planned to replace that of Government controlled universities and colleges. • Passive resistance-The Assertive Nationalists believed in adopting the policy of non- violent resistance and vigorous political action to achieve their aims. • Revivalism-Tilak started celebrating festivals like Shivaji Jayanti and Ganesh Chaturthi to revive India’s glorious past. • Personal sacrifice-Assertive Nationalists encouraged people to do sacrifice for the country. The followers of the movement used self-reliance and were ready for self- sacrifice, sufferings and hardships to achieve their goal. • Mass involvement-They had an abiding faith in the strength of the masses and proposed to win freedom through mass action. They aroused the masses by influencing them with their sacrifices and suffering. (c) Titles:- • Father of Assertive Nationalist

70 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Companion of Indian Empire • Father of Indian Nationalism • Sher-E-Punjab, Kesari Hind Answer 7. (a) Communal viewpoint in History Text book:- • Some British and communal historians divided Indian history into the Hindu and the Muslim periods. The rule of Turks, Afghans and Mughals has been described as Mughal rule. Rulers of this period were said to be followers of Islam and their subjects, the followers of other religions. In the so- called Hindu period, Muslim rulers were dubbed as foreign invaders and India was ruled by Shivaji and Akbar who are described as national heroes. They portrayed Akbar and Aurangzeb as foreigner and infused communal feelings. • The British and communal historians ignored the nation of a composite culture in India and tried to create a rift between the two communities. They failed to interpret that the diversity was primary class-wise and region-wise and not religion-wise. • Communal bias was propagated through poetry, novels, drama, short stories, newspaper etc. • Some communal historians highlighted the myth that Indian society and culture had reached great heights during the ancient period but was declining during the medieval period which was dominated by Mughal rulers .They did not give much importance to the contribution of the medieval period to the development of Indian economy, religion, art, literature, culture and society. (b) Efforts of Sayyid Ahamd Khan is as follows:- • He was a great educationist and social reformer. • He founded Mohammedan Anglo oriental college at Aligarh which had both Hindu and Muslim patron. • Under the influence of principal Beck, he gave up his earlier views of Hindu Muslim unity. He now believed that political interest of Hindus and Muslim was different. • The United Indian Patriotic association was founded by him with a view to oppose the Indian National Congress in 1888. • He felt that since the Hindus formed the majority of the Indian population, they would dominate the Muslims in case of a withdrawal of the British rule. He felt that continuation of British rule in India would guarantee welfare and progress of their community. • He wanted educated Indians to support British as he felt that their support would be rewarded by British by giving those jobs and other special favours. (c) Actions of Assertive Nationalists that led to the growth of Muslim league are as follows:- • The propagations of Shivaji and Ganapati festivals by Tilak. • Aurobindo Ghosh’s concept of India as a mother and nationalism as religion. Practice Paper - 13 (Solved) 71 • The initiation of Anti partition agitation with dips in the Ganga. Answer 8. (a) Civil Disobedience Movement involved following programme:- • Defiance of Salt Laws. • Boycott of liquor. • Boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds. • Non-Payment of taxes and revenues. (b) The impact of the Movement can be summarised as follows:- • The movement caused a tide of patriotic fervour in the country that would not leave the Government in peace. • The Government withdrew the ban on the Congress in June 1934. • The suspension of the Movement did not mean that people had abandoned their struggle for freedom. • The Civil Disobedience Movement widened the base of the freedom struggle. A large number of social groups like merchants and shopkeepers, peasants, tribal and workers in different parts of the country were mobilised for the Indian national movement. • It made people understand the significance of the principles of non-violence. People could resist violence with tolerance and courage. (c) Progress of the movement:- • Violation of Salt laws all over the country was soon followed by the defiance of the forest laws in Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces and refusal to pay the rural chaukidari tax in eastern India. • Under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as the frontier Gandhi organized the society of khudai khidmatgars known as red shirts. • The members of khudai khidmatgar were pledged to non-violence and the freedom struggle • Ghaffar Khan was arrested. • On April 23, there were demonstrations held at Peshawar, to protest against the arrest of Ghaffar khan. • A platoon of Gharwal troops refused to open fire on the demonstrators. The commander of the platoon, Thakur Chandra Singh and others were severely punished. • In Nagaland, Rani Gaidilieu, at the age of 13 responded to Gandhi’s call and raised the banner revolt against the British Rule. Answer 9. (a) Adolf Hitler (b) Hitler ideology matched with that of Mussolini in the following way-

72 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • To uphold One-party and One-leader. • To have faith in the totalitarian rule. • To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism. • To despise democratic political system. (c) Hitler began second world war in the following way:- • According to Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts due to following reason:- 1. To give a land route to Poland up to the sea. 2. Port of Danzing was also given to Poland. • Hitler wanted Danzing back because:- 1. Port of Danzing was given to Poland in treaty of Versailles. 2. The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans. 3. By occupying Danzing corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia. • Hitler signed Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939 and accused Poland of committing atrocities against the Germans living there. • On September 1,1939 the Hitler with German armies marched into Poland and thus began the second world war. (d) Economic Crisis: • As a result of the harsh terms in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to suffer in agricultural production, colonies, foreign investment, trade contracts etc. • The foreign countries raised the tariffs against the German goods. The number of unemployed people increased. • The condition of the farmers became miserable. • By June 1931, debts on farmers had risen to $ 300 million. • Hitler promised to the farmers that he would condone their debts. • Hitler won over the capitalist by assuring that industries would not be nationalised. Answer 10. (a) Composition of International Court of Justice:- • The court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine year terms of office by the United Nations, General Assembly and the Security Council sitting independently of each other. It may not include more than one judge from any nationality. • Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats and retiring judges may be re-elected. • The judges must possess the qualification required in their respective countries for the highest judicial offices or be jurists of recognized competence in international law. • The composition of the court has also to reflect the main forms of civilization and the principle legal systems of the world.

Practice Paper - 13 (Solved) 73 • The court elects its president and vice-president for a three-year term. • They may, when their term expires, be re-elected. The court has the power to appoint its Registrar. (b) Achievements of WHO:- • A coverage of over 80 percent has been achieved in immunisation. • Diarrhoeal death have been reduced significantly. • Small pox has been eradicated. • India has been declared as Polio free country by WHO. (c) General Assembly promotes peace in the following ways • It consider and make recommendations on the principles of co – operation in the maintenance of International peace and security including disarmament and regulations of arms. • Under the uniting of peace resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1950, assembly has the power to make recommendations to the members, to use collective measures including the use of armed force in case of aggressing or breach of peace.

74 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X Answers of Practice Paper 14 PART I

Answer 1. (a) The President addresses both the houses on the following two occasions:- • Parliament addresses both houses of parliament assembled together for the first session after each General election to the Lok Sabha. • At the commencement of the first session of each year. (b) Parliament (c) An independent member of the parliament or a state legislature will be disqualified if he joins any political party after his elections. (d) Lok Sabha can be dissolved by President when vote of no-confidence is passed against council of minister. (e) The Governor may reserve some Bills passed by the State Legislature for the consideration of the President. The President can refuse his assent to such a Bill or he can also send it back for reconsideration. Bills affecting matters such as the powers of the High Court are reserved for the consideration of the President. (f) President (g) The Supreme Court judge is free to decide its own procedures of work and its establishment as well as condition of service of its employees. Thus its free from influence of any outside agency (h) Appellate Jurisdiction means that the High Court has the Power to accept appeals against the decisions of District courts, in civil as well as criminal matters. (i) Courts which deal with cases relating to the maintenance of land record and the assessment and collection of Land revenue. (j) Speaker Answer 2. (a) Terms of peace treaties were decided by :- • Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States • Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Britain • George Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France (b) Trade with England didn’t benefit the Indian economy because:- • Heavy duties were imposed on Indian silk and cotton textiles In Britain. • British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty. (c) Indigo cultivators were ill-treated in the following way:- Indigo trade was highly profitable to the British but the conditions under which the peasants had to work were inhuman. The peasants were forced to cultivate only indigo

Practice Paper - 14 (Solved) 75 in the fields chosen by the British planters. If they planted anything else their crops were destroyed and their cattle was carried off as punishment. (d) The split in congress was unfortunate for Indians and beneficial for British as it gave opportunity to the British to exploit the situation to their advantage. They adopted a policy of “Concession and repression”-concessions for the Early Nationalists as well as the Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists. (e) was associated with Arya Samaj Movement. He was instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V College at in 1886. He opened orphanages, hospital and schools. He set up Servants of the Peoples Society for the welfare of the downtrodden and outcastes. (f) In December, 1906, when eminent Muslim leaders assembled at Dacca in connection with the Mohammedan Educational Conference, Nawab Salimullah arranged a meeting to consider such proposals. Muslim League was established under the president ship of Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. (g) During 1912 and 1913, Turkey’s Ottoman Empire had to fight the Balkan powers. The British policy during the Balkan Wars was not sympathetic to Turkey. The Sultan of Turkey was regarded as the caliph or the religious head of Muslims. Moreover, all the Muslim holy places were situated within the Turkish Empire. In the First World War, Britain was fighting against Turkey. This caused a wave of pro-Turkey and pro-Caliph or Khilafat sentiments amongst the Muslims. They felt that the British were pro-Christian and anti- Muslim. The change of attitude of the Muslims towards the British led the former to support the Congress in their efforts to gain self-government in India. (h) Measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping Cough. Malaria eradication programme continues to be the world’s biggest health programme. (i) Nehru rejected the communist state as monolithic and described Marxism as an outdated theory. He did not favour Capitalism either and was influenced by socialism and so strongly advocated democratic socialism. (j) The Official languages of UN are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Documents are written in only written languages – English and French. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) Composition of Lok Sabha:- • Maximum strength of Lok Sabha is 552 members. • Not more than 530 members shall represent the states. • Not more than 20 members shall represent Union Territories, • 2 members nominated from Anglo-Indian community by president.

76 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the citizen of India who is above the age of 18 by the way of secret ballot. (b) Co-Equal powers are enjoyed by both the Houses in the following matters:- • Impeachment of President– In the matter of impeachment of the President of India both the Houses have absolutely equal powers. Impeachment can be initiated in either House and the other House has an equal say in the judgement. • Impeachment of chief justice of Supreme Court and High Court– In the matter of impeachment of the Chief Justice or a Judge of Supreme Court or High Court, both the Houses have absolutely equal powers. Impeachment can be initiated in either House and the other House has an equal say in the judgement. • Amendment of constitution– Both the houses of the Parliament can amend the constitution. The amendment must be passed by each house by a majority of total membership and by a two-third majority of members present and voting. Otherwise amendment bill cannot be passed. (c) The following are the special powers of Rajya Sabha:- • The Rajya Sabha has some exclusive powers. Though the Parliament can’t, in normal times legislate laws on subject of State list. The Constitution states that under article 249 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha can make a resolution adopted by two-third majority, empowers the Parliament to make laws for the subject in the State Legislature. • The other special power of Rajya Sabha is that it may declare that the creation of New All India Services be made in the national interest. Thereupon the Parliament may create new services. • If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the National Emergency the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole de facto and de jure Parliament i.e. it takes over the functions of the Parliament. It can’t be dissolved, this is a limitation on Lok Sabha. • The States have been given the right to participate in the functioning of the government. The Rajya Sabha mainly comprises of the representatives of the States. Answer 4. (a) Vice President is elected by Electoral College consisting of the members of both houses of parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The Vice President may hold the office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he enters upon his office. (b) Two important functions of Vice President are as follows:- • He is the ex officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. • Vice President takes over the office of the President under the following situations:- (i) Death of the President. (ii) Resignation of the President. Practice Paper - 14 (Solved) 77 (iii) Removal of the President. (iv) When the President is unable to discharge his function owing to absence, illness or any other cause. (c) Removal- Vice President can be removed for the violation of the constitution, by the process of impeachment. The resolution to impeach the Vice President be passed by Rajya Sabha by a majority of its members and agreed upon by the Lok Sabha. Pay and allowance-Vice President gets no salary as the Vice President; whatever is paid to him is only in the capacity of the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Answer 5. (a) Composition:- Each high court consists of a Chief Justice and other such judges as the President of India may appoint from time to time. The President has the power to appoint the Additional Judges due to the following reasons:- • Additional Judges for a temporary period not exceeding two years, for the clearance of arrears of work in the High Court. • An Acting Judge, when the permanent judge is temporarily absent or unable to perform is appointed to act temporarily as chief justice. The Acting Judge holds office until the Permanent Judge resumes his office. Qualification:- To be a judge of the High Court a person must be:- • A citizen of India. • Not over age of 62 years. • He has held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least 10 years. Or • He has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years. (b) High Court is called the Court of record because:- • Its judgment and orders are preserved as a record to be referred to by its courts in future cases. They can be produced as precedents. The law laid down by the High Court is binding on all subordinate courts in the state concerned. But it does not bind the other High Courts, although it is of great significance and can be produced in support of an argument. • The High Court can punish anyone who commits contempt of court. (i) It means ‘people court’ which works in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties feel satisfied. (ii) The Advantages of Lok Adalat are:- • The Lok Adalat works in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties feel satisfied. • Lok Adalat delivers fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can move to Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or using the format available with legal services authority and expect speedy justice. 78 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The Lok Adalat reduces the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This reduces delays in higher courts. SECTION B

Answer 6. (a) Early Nationalists made following administrative demands:- • Indianisation for the services through simultaneous Indian civil Service examinations in England and India. • Complete separation of executive and judiciary, so that Indians could be protected from the arbitrary acts of the police and the bureaucracy. • Increase in the power of local bodies and reduction of official control over them. • Repeal of the Arms Act and License Act. (b) Contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal Role of Bipin Chandra Pal as journalist is as follows:- • Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune, and New India were the newspaper Bipin Chandra pal worked for. Two social reforms Bipin Chandra pal fought for, were:- • He opposed caste system and other rigid rules regarding inter-dining and inter mixing • He advocated widow remarriage. (c) Attitude of Lord Dufferin initially when Indian National Congress was founded:- • Lord Dufferin favoured the formation of congress as he wanted to act it as a safety valve for popular discontent thereby safeguarding the British interest in India. Attitude of Lord Dufferin later:- • Lord Dufferin attacked congress in his speech and ridiculed it as representing only a microscopic minority of the people. British officials criticised the national congress and branded its leaders as ‘disloyal babus’ and ‘violent villains.’ • Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Raja Shiva Prasad of Banaras and other pro-British individuals were encouraged to start anti Congress movement. British wanted to break the growing unity within Indians. Answer 7. (a) Second Round Table conference. It was held in London. (b) Gandhiji attended Second Round Table conference on behalf of Congress as it was agreed in Gandhi-Irwin Pact. (c) Gandhiji returned disappointed from here because- • The conference was soon deadlocked on the minorities’ issue, with separate electorates being demanded now not only by Muslims but also by the Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. Practice Paper - 14 (Solved) 79 • The question of independence or setting up of a responsible government receded into the background. • British government refused to concede the immediate grant of dominion status. • Thus it failed. (d) The Great depression of 1930s in the world had hit the farmers in India. Gandhiji sought an interview with Viceroy Willingdon. The interview was refused. So the Congress passed a resolution for the renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement. (e) The Congress which was unhappy with the Simon Commission boycotted the First round table conference but the other political parties and interest groups were well represented. But without Congress’s presence it failed. Answer 8. (a) Following were the reasons for the rift between Gandhiji and Bose:- • Shubhash Chandra Bose favoured the policy of large scale of industrialization. On the other hand, Gandhiji favoured the idea of small scale industries to make villages self-sufficient. • Bose favoured using tact like dealing with his opponents. He could not appreciate the openness with which Gandhiji spoke putting forward his demands at the time of the Second session of the Round Table Conference in London. • The Tripuri Session of Congress in 1939 saw the widening of the gulf between the two wings of the Congress Party. The left wing led by Bose wanted the Congress to help the people of the Princely States in their struggle for freedom, whereas Gandhiji criticized their demand. • As Britain started facing difficulties in Europe because of the German threat, Gandhiji wanted to adopt a compromising attitude towards the British and he was opposed to a national struggle during the War. Bose wanted to take advantage of the difficulties face by the British. (b) Subhash Chandra Bose felt the urgent need for an organized leftwing party in the Congress. After resigning from the Presidentship of the Congress in 1939, he laid the foundation of a new party within Congress, to bring the entire left wing under one banner. This party, known as Forward Bloc, was formed on May 3, 1939. (c) Contribution of INA:- • The revolt of 1942 and the INA had revealed the heroism of the Indians. • With the release of the national leaders from jail, the people started to look forward to another, perhaps the final struggle for freedom. • The INA inspired uprisings in the armed forces of the country. • The Indian Naval ratings in rose in revolt in February 1946. • Similar uprising took place at Kolkata, Chennai and Karachi. These Naval revolts shook the foundation of the British Empire.

80 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • The government decided to put on trial in the Red Fort at Delhi, officers of INA - Shah Nawaz Khan, Gurdial Singh Dhillon & Prem Saighal -who had earlier been officers in the British Indian army. • They were accused of having become ‘Traitors’ while the people welcomed them as national heroes. • Demonstrations demanding their release were held all over the country. • The British government was at that time in no position to ignore Indian opinion. • Even though court-martial held the INA prisoners guilty, the government had to set them free. Answer 9. (a) Terms of Treaty of Versailles are as follows:- • The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression. • Germany was required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the Allies during the war. The amount of reparations was fixed at 33 billion dollars. Germany had to cede her merchant ships to Allies compensation and had to supply huge quantities of coal to France, Italy and Belgium for ten years. • The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and the German territory West of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years. • Germany lost Alsace Lorraine to France; Eugen-et-Malmsey to Belgium, Schleswig to Denmark. Danzig became a free port in the Polish territory. • Germany ceded parts of her pre-war territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and France. (b) In favour of Treaty of Versailles: • Formation of League of nation • Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent state. • Thus, the war gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchical system and led to the development of democracy in Europe. Against Treaty of Versailles: • Treaty was designed to take revenge from Germany and humiliate Germany. • Humiliating terms of Treaty led to Second world war. (c) Causes of First World War are as follows:- • Militant Nationalism– Militant nationalism was caused by aggressive nationalism economic competition and international tension. Aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s country and hatred for the other countries. By the end of the 19th century, England and France had built up a huge colonial empire in Asia and Africa. Some other countries of the world like Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan also wanted to increase their sphere of influence and create their colonies in Asia and Africa. Colonies were essential for

Practice Paper - 14 (Solved) 81 their progress as they could provide raw material for their industries and markets for their finished products and also would add to the power and prestige of these countries. This led to a clash of interest among these countries. Therefore, commercial ambitions of the European nations made an armed conflict inevitable. • Race for Armaments– The mad race for armaments which began soon after the Franco-Prussian War was one of the reasons which led to the First World War. Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defence and preservation of peace. In order to protect her colonies in Africa and few islands in the Pacific. Germany began to build a powerful navy with a view to achieving parity with Britain. By 1914, she had left Britain and France far behind in the production of iron and steel and in many other manufactures. One of its ships, the Imperator, built in 1912 was the largest in the world. The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battleships could enter its waters. Britain and France were concerned with Germany’s growing military strength. This led to fierce competition among the European countries and gave to the race for armaments. • Division of Europe into Two Hostile Groups– There were two kinds of States in Europe in the early 20th century. On the one hand there were single Nation- States like France, Holland and Germany whose national identities were based on their common language and traditions. The Russian empire included territories populated by Polish, Ukrainian, Turkish and Mongol populations. Germany entered into an alliance with Austria-Hungary. In the 1882, Italy joined the alliance and it came to be known as the Triple Alliance. After the death of Bismarck, the German Chancellor, France was able to establish friendly relations with Russia and England. The three counties entered into the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the Triple Alliance. Later Japan joined the Triple Entente. Thus, Europe was divided into two hostile camps. Answer 10. (a) Aggressive nationalism in Germany:- • The Germans could not reconcile with the democratic parliamentary system prevailing in their country. • They preferred prestige and glory to liberty and freedom. • They felt that only a strong man could restore that prestige of Germany and check the rising popularity of Communism. • When Hitler promised them all glory, they welcomed him with open arms. • Hitler started Nazism in Germany that gave way to Second World war. (b) Policy of Appeasement:- • Appeasement refers to the policy of conciliating an aggressive power at the expense

82 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X of some other country. It meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace. • Britain and France followed the policy of Appeasement. • The policy of Appeasement was followed by Britain and France towards dictatorial countries like Germany and Italy. British and France followed the policy of Appeasement because:- • Britain and France felt that the dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating terms of treaty of Versailles and if the grievances were removed they would not disturb world peace. • They wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Russian Bolshevism. Britain and France feared that Germany would divert towards Russian Bolshevism. • Without western countries policy of appeasement, Fascism and Nazism would not have survived for so long and second world war would have not taken place. (c) Rise of Fascism and Nazism: • Fascism rose in Italy and Nazism in Germany. • Italy wanted to revive the glory of Old Roman Empire. • Italy joined Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and formed a ten years alliance with Germany in 1939 to strengthen her position. • Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy. • He opposed treaty of Versailles. • He attacked Abyssinia. • Germany/Hitler declared its imperialistic designs in the following way– o He flouted the military clauses in the treaty of Versailles and declared re-armament. o He annexed Austria in 1938. o He dismembered Czechoslovakia.

Practice Paper - 14 (Solved) 83 Answers of Practice Paper 15 PART I

Answer 1. (a) If the amount authorised for the current financial year is not sufficient, the government may make a fresh demand known as the Supplementary Grants. (b) During Financial emergency. (c) Proposal to make law is called as “Bill”. Act means a Bill that has been approved by both the houses of the Parliament. (d) When there is a deadlock between both the houses over the Ordinance Bill, both the Houses of the Parliament will meet for a joint session. (e) Elections of President and Vice Presidents are held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of “Single Transferable Vote System.” (f) President. (g) Resignation of the whole Cabinet. (h) Every judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President after consulting the Cabinet as well as Judges of Supreme Court and High Court. Thus Executive and Judiciary are involved in the appointment of Judges. (i) Ordinance can lapse in the following situation:- • The ordinance so promulgated should be laid before both Houses of Parliament when they reassemble. If the Parliament does not approve the ordinance, it lapses. • The ordinance lapses if it is replaced by an Act of Parliament. (j) High Court of Guwahati. Answer 2. (a) According to treaty of Versailles Germany lost:- • Alsace Lorraine to France. • Eupen-et-Malmedy to Belgium. • Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. (b) Lokmanya Tilak • Surendranath Banerjee • Dadabhai Naoroji • Lala Lajpat Rai (c) Gokhale is called Political mentor of Gandhiji because:- • Gokhale went to South Africa and helped Gandhiji in his fight against Racial Discrimination. • The credit of persuading Gandhiji to return to India and join Indian public life also goes to Gokhale.

84 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X • Gopal Krishna Gokhale was accepted by Gandhiji as his political mentor. (d) Declaration of August 20, 1917, promised a policy of gradual development of self- government institutions in India. This declaration was made to pacify Indians. (e) Resolution of Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) was passed at the Lahore Session of Congress. On the midnight of December 31, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru led a procession to the banks of the river Ravi at Lahore and hoisted a tricolour flag. (f) Lord Mountbatten Mountbatten plan stated that the treaties with them would come to an end. They would be free to associate themselves with either of the Dominions or to retain independent. (g) Assertive Nationalist gave new slogans like ‘Non-Cooperation’, ‘Passive Resistance’, and ‘Mass Agitation ’, ‘Self-Reliance’. (h) ‘Fascism’ or ‘Nazism’ means ‘Autocracy’ or ‘Dictatorship’ followed by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany respectively where the power of the state is vested in one man only; and it is obligatory for all the others to obey his orders. (i) All the members of the United Nations are Members of the General Assembly. Every state has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each state has one vote. (j) The expenditure of the United Nations is met by the contributions made by the member countries. This contribution is decided by the General Assembly annually on the recommendation of its committee on contributions. PART II SECTION A

Answer 3. (a) The following reasons show the importance of Federal Form of Government:- • India is a large country with 28 states and 7 Union Territories. It is not possible in the Indian Federal System for the states to break away as a separate unit from the union of India. This is essential for maintaining the unity and integrity of India. • A Federal System is the only system suitable for country like India, consisting of various types of people. This is of utmost importance if India is to be saved from separatist forces fighting for Fragmentation and Provincialism of the country. • There is a division of powers between the Union and the State governments and none of them could violate the limitations imposed by the Constitution. (b) In the Table of Precedence Speaker ranks higher than all Cabinet Ministers, other than the Prime Minister himself. (c) Every elected member of the Parliament stands on equal footing in the election of President and Vice President of India. However the Lok Sabha has a greater say on such matters because of the strength of its numbers.

Practice Paper - 15 (Solved) 85 (d) Following are the qualification required to become a member of Rajya Sabha:- • Should be the citizen of India. • Should be of at least 30 years of age. • Should not be of unsound mind and declare insolvent. • Should not hold office of profit neither under the Union government nor under State government. • Should not be a proclaimed criminal. • Should have his name in an electoral list in some part of the country. Answer 4. (a) President appoints the following people:- • The Chief Justice and the Judges of Supreme Court. • The Governors of the states. • The Lt. Governors and the Chief Commissioners of the Union Territories. • The Attorney General of India. • The Comptroller and the Auditor General of India. • The Chairman and Members of the Union Public Service Commission. • The Chairman and Members of the Economic Commission whenever appointed. (b) Following are the Judicial powers of President:- • The President is not answerable before any court of law for the exercise of the power and duty of his office. • No crimal suit can be initiated against him during his tenure. • The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieves, or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted to an offence. (c) Effect of general emergency on:- • Fundamental Rights– The most important effects of a General Emergency are that the exercise of the Fundamental Rights is partially or wholly suspended. Even the right to move to Supreme Court or a state High Court for the enforcement of the rights, except Articles 20 and 21 remains suspended. • Centre – State Relationship– The country has to forego its federal spirit, as the States are obliged to carry out the instructions of the Centre. The Union Parliament acquires powers to give directions to a State on any matter, so that the State Government will be under the complete control of the Union Executive and will function as under a unitary system with local sub-divisions. Answer 5. (a) Judgement– A judgement must be a decision pronounced by a Court determining the rights of the parties in the proceeding. • Contempt of the Court– Disrespect for the dignity or authority of a Court, refusing to

86 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X answer a question as witness, interfering in the business of Court, speaking disrespectfully to the Judge or refusing to carry out a Court Order. • Rule of Law– Supremacy of law, implying that no person can be made to suffer in body or goods except for a breach of law established in the ordinary Court of the land. Constitution grants wide powers to the High Courts and the Supreme Court for the preservation of the rule of law. (b) Administrative functions:- • Appointments of officers and staff of the Supreme Court are made by the Chief Justice of India or by such other judge as he may direct. • The Court makes rules regarding the conduct of advocates and other persons appearing before it. It makes rules regarding the fees to be charged, in respect of proceedings in the Court. • The Supreme Court ruled that Chief Justice of India’s recommendation to transfer judges of the High Courts was not binding on the Government, if the recommendation was made without consulting four senior most judges of the Supreme Court. • The Supreme Court simplified procedures in the area of Public Interest Litigation (PIL). A person can register a case simply by writing on a postcard or application stating his complaint. These complaints are registered and necessary orders are passed. The grievances of women, children, bonded labourers and other weaker sections are given attention under the scheme. (c) Two types of appeals of criminal cases lie in the Supreme Court:- • Cases without the certificate of High Court. • Cases with the certificate of the High Court. Certificate of high court is not required when:- • The High Courts have reversed the judgement of acquittal given by lower court and punish the accused with a death sentence. • A case which is withdrawn by the High Court from a Subordinate Court and sentenced the accused to death. SECTION B

Answer 6. (a) A.O. Hume, a retired British member of the Indian Civil Service. Phase - Early Nationalist. (b) He wanted to set up an organisation that would draw the government’s attention to the administrative drawbacks and suggest means to rectify them. (c) Indian National Congress. (d) Hume wrote an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University asking them to dedicate themselves to the service of the people by forming a union to organise a well- defined course of action. This appeal produced the desired result.

Practice Paper - 15 (Solved) 87 (e) Initial name was Indian National Union. Dadabhai Naoroji changed its name to Indian National Congress. Answer 7. (a) Civil rights demanded by the Early Nationalists were:- • Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of press. • Abolition of preventive detention act and restoration of individual liberties. • Restoration of right to assemble and to form association. (b) They had faith in British rule because:- • They had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British. • They hoped that British would grant ‘Home Rule’ to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government. • They believed that the British rule had many benefits. eg., they helped in removing social evils like sati, untouchability, child marriage. • They were of opinion that Britain would help Indians govern themselves according to the western standards. (c) Three leaders and their contribution- • Dadabhai Naoroji– Credit for demanding Swaraj for the first time goes to Dadabhai Naoroji. • Gopal Krishna Gokhale– He set up Servants of India society with the aim of training national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the service of India. • Surendranath Banerjee– Surendranath Banerjee opposed Morley Minto Reforms of 1909 and he opposed the division of Bengal by Lord Curzon. Answer 8. (a) The clauses of Cabinet mission were:- • Federal Union– There was to be a federal union of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The Union Government (Central Government) should deal with the following subjects: (i) Foreign affairs; (ii) Defence; and (iii) Communication. The Union Government should have the power to raise the finances required for the above mentioned subjects. • Powers of the Union– The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of members elected by all Provinces. • Provincial Autonomy– The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than Union Subjects. • Representation of Minorities– Separate reception was to be given to Muslims and Sikhs. • Formation of an interim Government– An interim government board would be

88 Checkpoint History & Civics (ICSE)-X formed at the center with 14 members. For the time being, the viceroy would reconstitute his executive council consisting representatives of all communities. (b) Congress’ rejected Cabinet Mission because:- • Congress accepted the proposals with reservations. • It accepted only that part of the scheme which dealt with the Constitution making. • It considered the Constituent Assembly as a sovereign body of drafting the Constitution. The Congress wanted the grouping of the Provinces as optional and not compulsory. • This was important in view of the fact that Assam in the Proposed Group C had a Congress government at that time. • The Cabinet Mission accepted the complete freedom of the Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution, but insisted on the compulsory grouping of the Provinces. • The Congress, however, rejected the Viceroy’s offer to form an Interim Government because of its limited status and powers and also because the principle of parity with Muslim League was not acceptable to it. • It was also opposed to the League’s claim that it alone had the right to nominate all Muslim members to the Executive Council. (c) Provision of the Indian Independence Act 1947 regarding Treaties and Agreements: • With effect from August 15, 1947, His Majesty’s Government would cease to have any responsibility for the Government of India. • All Treaties and Agreement between the British Government and the rulers of the Indian States or any authority in tribal areas would lapse. • Agreement with the tribes of the North West Frontier Province was to be negotiated by the Dominion concerned. Answer 9. (a) USA entered the war because:- • In the beginning, America followed a policy of strict neutrality. • The American Congress decided to lease or lend armaments to Britain and China because their defence was vital to the defence of United States. • The only military force that Japan had to fear was the US pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. • On December 7, 1941, the US fleet based at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii was attacked by Japan under the premiership of General Tojo. • The battleships were sunk and the important airfields were destroyed. • 3700 people were killed. • So America declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy. Two crucial mistakes made by Japanese were:- • They did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base.

Practice Paper - 15 (Solved) 89 • They did not seek out and destroy the US Carriers (Lexington and the Enterprise). • As a result, most of the ships that were damaged were soon back into actions. (b) Japan surrendered in the second world war because- • Japan was asked to surrender in Potsdam Conference by Allied powers, but Japan refused. • So, on August 6, 1945, USA dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima which destroyed half of the city, killing thousands of people. • On August 9, 1945, USA dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. • Japan surrendered on the terms of Potsdam declaration and on August 10, war came to an end. (c) Cold war is an atmosphere when there are no armed struggle, but the rivals continue to maintain their peace through diplomatic relations along with their hostility. It is the state of tension between countries in which each side adopt policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict. Features of Cold war were:- • A bitter state of tension and hostility. • Absence of armed struggle. • Proxy wars. • Trade Embargoes. • Stockpiling of armaments. Answer 10. (a) The UN flag is light blue in colour and portrayed in white, at its centre is the UN Emblem, a polar map of the world embraced by twin olive branches. The UN flag was adopted on October 20, 1947. (b) Membership of UN is open to all peace-loving countries who believe in the principles of the UN and accept the obligations of the UN charter. (c) The advisory role of the International Court of Justice is open solely to the International Organizations. The only bodies at present authorized to request advisory opinions of the court are Five Organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations family. Headquarter-Its headquarter is in Hague (Netherland).

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