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Syria Archéologie, art et histoire 89 | 2012 Varia Amir HARRAK, Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions of Iraq Lucas Van Rompay Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/1110 DOI: 10.4000/syria.1110 ISSN: 2076-8435 Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2012 Number of pages: 448-451 ISBN: 9782351591963 ISSN: 0039-7946 Electronic reference Lucas Van Rompay, « Amir HARRAK, Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions of Iraq », Syria [Online], 89 | 2012, Online since 01 July 2016, connection on 24 September 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ syria/1110 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/syria.1110 © Presses IFPO 448 RECENSIONS Syria 89 (2012) des divers ateliers et des différentes phases, en mosaïstes, dont la provenance locale ou itinérante et fonction des mortiers, des supports, des couleurs et étrangère reste en question. des matériaux. Quelques motifs singuliers pourraient Après la traduction turque de la synthèse, sont même représenter la « signature » d’un artiste ou présentés des addenda. d’une équipe (p. 142). Dans ce premier ouvrage du Corpus des mosaïques Avant d’en venir à un essai de chronologie du de Turquie, d’une indéniable réussite, une question bâtiment, l’A. rappelle des différentes étapes et les n’est pas éclaircie : la raison pour laquelle le livre a apports du programme récent de restauration. La été rédigé en anglais par l’auteur de langue française chronologie du complexe (p. 144) ne repose ni sur et l’on se demande si c’est un parti pris qui sera adopté des inscriptions, ni sur des monnaies ou des textes pour tous les volumes suivants. On formulera aussi de l’époque. C’est l’étude du bâti, des phases de quelques restrictions sur deux points. Dans le tableau reconstruction consécutives à des séismes qui sont p. 178-181, on regrette certaines erreurs et omissions. répertoriés dans cette région, aidée de l’examen Dans cette liste comparative des motifs classés par des sols qui a permis à l’auteur de donner quelques sites, provinces romaines, et pays modernes, on fourchettes de dates. L’église protobyzantine aurait relève quelques inexactitudes et imperfections pour fait l’objet de deux périodes de construction et les provinces romaines de certains sites de Syrie et de reconstruction, proches dans le temps et séparées Jordanie, comme de grossières erreurs dans les pays par un séisme important. Ces périodes se situeraient modernes, qu’il sera nécessaire de revoir. Mettons-les entre le milieu du Ve s. et la seconde moitié du VIe s. sur le compte de la rapidité des dernières corrections. Ces propositions sont étayées par plusieurs constats : Enfin on remarque que les deux plans dépliants placés les remplois de certains matériaux, les changements dans le volume pâtissent d’une distinction peu lisible d’équipes, la copie de certains motifs. Un nouveau des couleurs qui veulent différencier les phases du séisme semble être intervenu dans la seconde bâti de la période protobyzantine. moitié du VIe ou au début du VIIe s., rendant l’église Ce beau livre aux descriptions claires, aux schémas inutilisable pour le culte, avant qu’un petit sanctuaire précis, utilement disposés et aux comparaisons bien ne vienne s’établir au XIe s. dans les ruines de l’ancien choisies augure bien de ce Corpus des mosaïques de baptistère. Turquie. On apprécie également le gros travail sur En guise de conclusion, l’A. mesure l’importance la détermination des ateliers, l’étude par motifs, par de ce chantier de la basilique de Xanthos à l’époque tesselles, par les mortiers et les supports, un travail protobyzantine et le rôle qu’ont dû jouer les qui fournit quantité d’informations bien analysées commanditaires dans l’élaboration d’un ambitieux et par M.-P. Raynaud. Il faut souligner que la synthèse vaste programme décoratif des sols de l’atrium, du tirée de l’analyse des pavements, qui n’apparaît que narthex, de l’église et du baptistère. La multiplication rarement dans les corpus de mosaïques, est un apport des équipes et les influences croisées témoignent inestimable à la connaissance de ce complexe. En du statut sans doute élevé de ce complexe, qui était outre, la méthode utilisée et son illustration abondante probablement la cathédrale. L’A. s’attarde plus feront date et serviront d’exemple. particulièrement sur la question des ateliers de Marie-Christine COMTE Amir HARRAK, Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions of Iraq (Répertoire des inscriptions syriaques 2) Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 2010, 2 vol. : I. Texte, 737 p. ; II. Pl., 285 p. ISBN : 978-2-87754-221-0. This momentous two-volume publication deals to the challenges and opportunities that the majority with the Christian history of Iraq. The collection culture presented to them. Furthermore, from the of ca. 600 inscriptions reflects in multiple ways the 5th or 6th cent. onwards Syriac Christianity became history of the Christian communities from the early divided between the followers of the Dyophysite days under the Parthians and the Sassanians, through dogma associated with the names of Nestorius and the Islamic and Ottoman period, until the present Theodore of Mopsuestia and those that adopted day. Throughout their history Iraqi Christians have Miaphysite beliefs – both regarded as heretical by the lived as minorities in a non-Christian and non-Syriac Chalcedonian Roman and later Byzantine Imperial environment. They have had to respond, therefore, Church (as well as by Western Christianity). In the Syria 89 (2012) RECENSIONS 449 modern period, all communities were exposed to Syriac inscriptions from the first millennium missionary efforts by the Western Churches, which are extremely rare and were all uncovered in led to the creation of “Uniate” Churches. The archaeological excavations. This is true of the inscriptions studied here, therefore, belong to four inscriptions from Takrit (FA, between the 8th and the different ecclesiastical traditions: the Church of the 12th or 13th cent.) and from the Kerbala (G) and al- East or Assyrian Church (Dyophysite, previously Najaf (H) regions (ca. 9th cent.). Even the first half of known as “Nestorian”); the Syriac Orthodox Church the second millennium is poorly represented except (Miaphysite, previously known as “Jacobite”); the for the treasures of the Mor Behnam Monastery and Chaldean Church, which is the Uniate offshoot of the Martyrium (AE), both of which preserve several 13th- Church of the East; and the Syriac Catholic Church, cent. inscriptions, from the days when the Christians which separated from the Syriac Orthodox tradition. of the Mosul region shared in the prosperity under the The ca. 600 inscriptions in Syriac and Garshuni Atabeg dynasty. The bulk of the inscriptions date from (i.e. Arabic in Syriac script), of various length and the Ottoman period (1534-1918), with a great number belonging to different genres, are listed according to belonging to the 19th cent.. This high productivity the governates of present-day Iraq. By far the largest continues throughout the 20th cent., with the most number of inscriptions is from the Governate of recent inscription dated to the year 2000 (BL. 03.01, Nineveh (A: 474 inscriptions). Much smaller numbers p. 568). Many churches in Iraq went, often more than are from the governates of Dehok (B: 34), Erbil once, through the cycle of building, destruction, and (C: 26), Sulaimāniyya (D: 3), Kirkuk (E: 1), Baghdad rebuilding. This multilayered history is reflected in (F: 41), Kerbala (G: 14), and al-Najaf (H: 4). The the inscriptions. actual study of the inscriptions (p. 59-659, providing The author should be commended for his very for each inscription the basic information, the Syriac meticulous work in transcribing and translating or Garshuni text, translation, and notes) is preceded the texts. Typos and errors are extremely rare. The by an Introduction (p. 25-56) and is followed by following corrections are borne out by a comparison indexes of: Biblical references and quotations (p. 661- with the photographs (except in one case): AA.17.08 663), Personal names (p. 665-692), Geographical (p. 183), A.1: ~Y®mcmL ] read ~Y®mCdL , as in Ps. 83:5 names (p. 693-700), Authors and acknowledged – AO.01.10 (p. 419), A.1: æYTA] read æY†Ya – names (p. 701-703), Subjects (including the names same typo in AO.01.15 (p. 426), C.1 and in AO.02.05 of patriarchs and dignitaries, p. 705-723), and Dated (p. 436), 1 – AO.02.03 (p. 434), 1: ADWAD] read inscriptions (p. 725-730). The accompanying volume YDWAD – BA.01.03 (p. 536), 13: A†yKD TR‹N (also of plates contains more than 700 photographs, p. 537)] read A†yKDT R‹N , the first term being in the including a small number of drawings. Most of the construct state and the whole expression intended as a photographs are by the author himself; they cover the translation of “purgatory” (“Fegefeuer”) – CA.01.18 large majority of the inscriptions. For a small number (p. 587), 2: T‹ylI] read YT‹ylI – FA.01.19 (p. 624), of inscriptions existing photographs were used. 1: [æU]WRW] probably read [æpU]WRW , as exactly the The Syriac and Garshuni inscriptions provide same combination is found in another Takrit-related most welcome and often fascinating additions to obituary inscription preserved in Dayr al-Suryān what we know about Syriac Christianity in Iraq from (see Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie 4 literary sources (in Syriac and Arabic) and from [1998], p. 101 “May the Lord provide mercy and pity the material remains. In spite of its extraordinary [lit. brooding, cf. Gen. 1:2]” – FA.02.03 (p. 629), 1: richness and great significance, the present corpus ~Y†M] read ~Y†NW (for w-nētyān).
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