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Roy Lichtenstein, Sociedad Moderna Como Expresión Artística. Rocio Castillo Rojas. “El Pop Art Mira Hacia El Mundo. No Parec

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Roy Lichtenstein, Sociedad Moderna Como Expresión Artística. Rocio Castillo Rojas. “El Pop Art Mira Hacia El Mundo. No Parec Roy Lichtenstein, sociedad moderna como expresión artística. Rocio Castillo Rojas. “El Pop Art mira hacia el mundo. No parece una pintura de algo, se parece a la cosa en sí misma”1. De esta forma Roy Lichtenstein intentaba responder la pregunta del crítico de arte, G.R. Swenson, ¿Qué es el Pop Art? (1963) y es que para entonces ya se reconocía el valor de sus obras para el enaltecimiento artístico de la sociedad moderna. A fines de los 50, el Pop Art surgía como reacción al Expresionismo Abstracto representando imágenes y elementos de la sociedad moderna caracterizada por el consumismo, los medios de comunicación masivos, la moda, la tecnología, el capitalismo, etc. Sus principales impulsores buscaban convertir la cotidianeidad de la cultura occidental en una obra estética de forma crítica e inteligente, entre ellos destaca la obra de Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein nace en 1923, en Nueva York, EEUU, siendo el primero de dos hijos del matrimonio entre Milton y Beatrice Lichtenstein. Desde joven presentó habilidades artísticas y musicales: dibujaba, pintaba, esculpía, tocaba piano y clarinete, y desarrollo una gran afición por el jazz. El verano de 1940, año en que se graduó de preparatoria, estudió pintura y dibujo en la Art Students League de Nueva York con Reginald Marsh. Ese mismo año ingresó a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio, pero no fue hasta 1946 que logró graduarse como Bachelor of Fine Art, desde entonces comenzó su carrera como académico en la misma Universidad Estatal de Ohio y en paralelo preparó su maestría la cual obtuvo en 1949. Su trabajo como docente lo fue mezclando con su producción artística, hasta 1964 en que abandona su trabajo como profesor y se dedica exclusivamente a su trabajo como pintor, grabador y escultor. En sus comienzos como pintor, en la década de los 40, Lichtenstein fue influenciado por el expresionismo abstracto, produciendo múltiples obras bajo esta corriente artística como Wrestler (1947), The Serpent (1948) y Galileo (1949)2. Durante la década de los 50 sus obras estuvieron influidas por el cubismo con trabajos como Cowboy on Horseback (1951), Captain Stephen Decatour (1954) y The Cowboy Blue (1958)3. Recién en 1958 comenzó a producir los primeros trabajos en papel y tinta en los que incorporó elementos populares como Mickey Mouse y Donald Duck, pero no fue hasta 1961 que sus obras se fueron claramente influenciados por la sociedad moderna con obras como Girl With Ball, Look Mickey y Popeye4. Desde entonces su obra se desarrolló en el Pop Art, donde se reconocen piezas como Blam (1962), Girl in the bath (1962), In the car (1962), Crying Girl (1964) y muchos más. 1 Cita original “Pop Art looks out into the world. It doesn't look like a painting of something, it looks like the thing itself.” 1963, entrevista con G.R.Swenson, What is the Pop Art?. http://www.artnews.com/2007/11/01/top-ten-artnews-stories- the-first-word-on-pop/ 2 Catálogo online de obras de Roy Lichtentein, www.imageduplicator.com 3 Catálogo online de obras de Roy Lichtentein, www.imageduplicator.com 4 Catálogo online de obras de Roy Lichtentein, www.imageduplicator.com Los trabajos hechos por Lichtenstein bajo la influencia del Pop Art se caracterizan por representar la temática de la sociedad actual a partir de fuentes como el cómic y la publicidad. La estética de sus obras pretendía dibujar la realidad sin demasiados adornos ni abstracciones, con diseños meticulosos, alejados del expresionismo abstracto, caracterizada por la frecuente utilización de la técnica de puntos benday5 y de colores rojo, negro, amarillo y azul, además del uso de textos y onomatopeyas. Asentó su trabajo en una crítica social hacia el mundo contemporáneo. Sus creaciones de motivos simples, basadas en comics y publicidad era una burla al absurdo de la realidad. Así también, por ejemplo, el uso de la técnica de puntos benday y colores brillantes, se ha interpretado como una mofa a las técnicas ahorrativas de la industria de la impresión de comics. Sin embargo, también se reconoce cierta idealización, incluso admiración, por los elementos de la sociedad capitalista occidental, generando ambigüedad entre la crítica y la fascinación por la cultura moderna. El éxito de Lichtenstein vino de la mano de sus obras Pop Art a partir de la década de los 60 y se expandió incluso después de su muerte en 1997. Un ejemplo de aquello es la venta en subasta de arte contemporáneo realizado por la casa Christie’s en 2013, en donde se subastó la obra “Woman with flowered hat” por 50 millones de dólares6. La prolífica carrera artística de Roy Lichtenstein durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, junto al trabajo de artistas como Andy Warhol, Richard Hamilton y otros, validó el valor artístico que puede alcanzar los elementos de la sociedad moderna, los cuales a pesar de su superficialidad adquieren valor al ser expresados mediante manifestaciones artísticas de forma crítica e inteligente. 5 Proceso de impresión de puntos Benday, llamado así por el ilustrador Benjamin Day, es una técnica que imitan las tramas de impresión industrial. 6 Obras de Pollock, Lichtenstein y Basquiat logran récords en subasta de arte contemporáneo, La Tercera, 16/05/2013 http://www2.latercera.com/noticia/obras-de-pollock-lichtenstein-y-basquiat-logran-records-en- subasta-de-arte-contemporaneo/# Art Critic (1996) Surrealist. Collage for three cheese door (1993). Girl with Tear III (1977) Surrealista The Gun in America(1989) Pop and Commercial Girl in bath (1968) Pop y Comercial. Thinking of Him (1963) Comics, Girl Brushstroke Sculpture(1981). Dukakis 88 ¡ Poster (1988) Comics, Girl. Mobile I (1989) Mobile Sculpture Care Poster(1993) Miscellaneous 1990s. Seductive Girl(1996) Comics Girl . Sunlight,Moonligyht(1995) Sculpture 1990s Collage for The Leo Book ICI Salutes Leo Castelli October 9, 1997 Nude (1997) Girl With Ball (1961)Pop Art Print POSTER Affiche Spray (1962) Pop and Commercial. Jobs Not Cheese! Moffett for Senator - 1982 - SIGNED Double Gass(1979) Cups and Glasses .
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