Bull./nd./nst.Hist.Med. VO/.XXVII. 1997. pp. 63 to 74 REGULATION OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, SEX REVOLUTION AND El\1ERGENCE OF AIDS- A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.
AMARJEET SINGH. *
ABSTRACT
No Society in the World permits fully free sexual behaviour. All societies utilize a variety of ways for regulation of sexual behaviour. This has been happening since antiquity. Culture also affects sexual behaviour. In western civilization there was a healthy outlook towards sexuality during Greco-Roman ·era. In Indian civilization also human sexuality was considered an inseparable part ~f life and was given a higher place in human life. Many treatises on human sexuality were written. Sex was considered as an art and was given an exalted status thTough the medium of sculpture work in temples of Konark & Khajuraho. But in Christian civilization sexual acts and related areas were considered immoral, debasinq, dirty and abhoring. Sex-related ideas/thoughts were con- sidered immoral in Churches and were given low status in society. Rapidly occuring social changes in 20th century- World wars I & II, urbanization, modernization, industrialization, women emancipation and a strong reaction to unprecedented suppression of 19th century suppression of sexuality led to advent of sexual revolution in America & other western countries. Liberal- sex spread throughout the society. Sexual promiscuity, prostitution, homosexu- ality, group-sex were socially accepted on a wide scale. Presumably as a result of these tendencies a disease like AIDS has now spread from America to the whole world. Present article is an effort of analysis of historical perspective of this problem. No society of the world allows sexual body, age at which .children are sup- behaviour to go unregulated. Society posed to show sexy~1 interest and age has a strong influence on sexual at which adults are to stop. Sexual behaviour of its members through vari- constraints are placed on behaviour as ous mechanisms. From time immemo- a result of socialization within a subcul- rial humans have attempted to regulate ture because of ethnic, historical, racial, sex-life of others through societal norms economic, geographical educational which vary tremendously from culture and other factors (Wiseman, 1976). to culture - with whom to meet, to marry, Culture is important in regulation of with whom to have sexual intercourse, sexual behaviour. All cultures impose socially constructed norms about pri- restrictions on Sexual behaviour be- vate or public display of portions of comes subject to increasing social regu-
• Associate Professor, Community Medicine, PGI, Chandigarh (India). 64 Regulation of Human sexual behaviour - Singh
lauon as we ascend the evolutionary fied and divinized to a greater extent scale in animal kingdom from animals than any other part of the world (Ellis, to man. (Seward, 1954). All cultures 1936). prescribe sex within marriage. In West- Even regarding chastity, varying at- ern & particularly American society sex titudes are reflected among different has been proscribed without (Smith and cultures. During 18th-19th century, ide- Hindus, 1980). Sexuality in traditional als of chastity were condemned. In society may be thought of as a great higher religions, asceticism and mortifi- iceberg frozen by command of custom, cation are necessary door for most ex- by the need of stability by the commu- alted religious state. From savages to nity, by the dismal grind of daily life, at civilized generation there is a tendency the cost of individuality. Such regula- for chastity to be less regarded or to be tion of sexual behaviour was consid- retained only as a traditional conven- ered necessary to ensure peace and to tion no longer strictly observed. It usu- provide for stable domestic relationship ally becomes confined to a special philo- in order to raise children. sophic orreligious sects which cultivate Western societies have mainly re- it to an extreme degree in more or less lied on Judeo-Christian ethic to regu- a professional way. Christianity itself late sexual behaviour. In ancient Greece was one of these sects enamoured of & Rome, nudity was widely practised by the ideal chastity. aristocracy. Even Plato approved cus- Preoccupation of much early Chris- toms involving nudity to blunt the over tian literature with sexual matter was keen edge of sexual appetite. In medi- vastly greater than the pagan society eval times nudity was common in daily. they had left ... Paganism accepted life e.g .. public bath. Women of femi- sexual indulgence and was able to dis- nist 16th Century France admitted their miss it. Christians could not escape adorers in toilet/bath. However, Chris- from obsession of sex ... it was everwith tianity disliked it. They had deeply them. During Middle Ages, the primi- ingrained hatred for savages of Tropics tive freshness of Christian chastity be- in opposition of pagan world which wor- gan to lose its charm. Spread of Chris- shipped naked gods. Christianity de- tianity to N. Europe found it difficult to veloped the idea that nakedness was acclimatize its ideals among wild Ger- merely sexual & therefore immoral. On mans. Hereafter, celibacy was imposed the other hand Germans advocated on regular clergy and VOluntary celi- nudity as a method of cure and regen- bacy was kept alive by religious enthu- eration. They said that familiarity with siasts . . nudity directly and through art/literature In 16th century, convents were li- abolished prurience. It was said to be able to become almost brothels. It good for sexual training forthe sense of remained so in 18th century. In Protes- beauty and for the soul. When we turn tant countries the chastity was further from Christianity to other religions we discredited by 'Reformation Movement' do not usually meet with so ambiguous - a revolt against compulsory celibacy. an attitude towards sex e.g. Muslims It was felt that chastity is an unhappy asserted sanctity of sex and were pre- and injurious mistake to maintain lofty pared to carry the sex into future life. In ideals which encouraged hypocrisy. India the sexual love has been sancti- Conception of physical virtue of virgin- Bul/./nd.lnst. Hist. Med. Vol. XXV/I. 1997 65 ity had degraded the conception of spiri- erotic sex. Burst of homosexual cul- tual virtue of virginity. Christianity de- ture in 11-12th centuries followed by preciated dignity of sexual relationship. condemnation of all non-marital, non- Sixteenth century outbreak of Protes- heterosexual sex - came with collapse tantism - Luther's revolt against Ca- of Europe's social structure in 14th tholicism was in part a protest against century. abstinence teaching. The era of 1300-1950 AD saw The Church considered all sexual greatly restricted socially acceptable activity outside matrimony as wrong. sexual orientation. This narrowness All sexual activity within marriage was began to disintegrate in early 1960s to be for procreation and no pleasure with the revolution of civil and women's seeking through sex was envisaged. rights movement, 'pills' and free Any attempt at contraception was pro- economy. Since 1960s more tolerance hibited. The Church made marriage and even acceptance of deviant or very difficult by laying down various unconventional behaviour, e.g. the conditions while condemning all extra prevalent obsession of Victorians with or pre-marital sex. It was a heavy the debilitating evil of self pollution, burden in the form of suppression of a has Changed to a general acceptance natural urge. Sexual morality at that of masturbation as a common and nor- period was very low. Thus, sexual mal sexual outlet for adolescents, for repression was a reaction by Church to single persons of all ages and even sexual permissiveness as we in 20th within marriage. century are reacting to puritanism of an Three major economic depression early age. in 1819, 1837, 1873-78 greatly influ- Changes Over Times-Social Script- enced the development of dominantly ing And Sex Revolution: sex- negative values of the last cen- The dominant forces in society are tury .. "economic depression and sexual set againstthe development of a healthy repression went hand in hand." Ex- sex-outlook and the dominant voice of ceedingly rapid and evolutionary the society (the middle class) is every changes in sex attitudes and practices ready to pit themselves against these in 20th century U.S. have been ob- forces. served, Puritanic attitudes of 19th Sexual permissiveness has fluctu- century have given way to a flux in ated continually between extremes mores and practices. End of Victorian through centuries (Johnson, 1969). era came in 20th century with Freud's Generally speaking, human erotic po- emphasis on sexuality of women and tential has been gradually but clearly children, Ellis' studies on sex, family constricted by social condition and planning work by Margret Sanger in scriptinq from prehistoric times down New York. Exposure of youth to alien to its narrowest dimension after 1200 culture during world War I and II also AD. Historians have documented a changed sex roles. Emergence of short gradual shift in social scripting from a skirt, sanitary pads, cheek to cheek very open, multidimensional eroticism dancing, vamps of silent movies also in ancient Greece & Rome through a reinforced the new attitude towards sex. growing disapproval of anything be- The new independence gained by yond heterosexual, reproductive, non- women who had replaced men in the 66 Regulation of Human sexual behaviour - Singh factories during the war was undoubt- The U S Sex Revolution Of 1960s: edly the crucial social factor in the shift Th e social turmoils of 1960s with its towards more liberal and relaxed emphasis on civil rights, women's behaviour patterns (Murstein, 1974; movement, individualism, self-fulfill- Smith 1978; Buliough, 1981). ment, sexually explicit print media-play Although puritanical condemnation Boy magazine and U.S. Supreme Court of sex has not disappeared, pleasure decision on 'obscenity criteria' brought for pleasure's sake in the uninhibited a gradual shift in values of Americans enjoyment of sex is by far the prevail- towards sex. ing attitude in many societies. The In 1970s, Vietnam War- challenge intellectuals emancipation of our age to government's action - promotion of has destabilized the traditional value alternate life style promoted by media system and sexual morality is one of - legalization of abortion in 1973 by the persuasion most aggessively chal- Supreme Court - nudity on stage - 'X - lenged and often peremptori Iy contra- rated' films - Gay rights movement - dicted. Removal of traditional taboos reproductive technology advances - is the main thrust of scientific under- Masters & Johnson's first hand obser- standing of today. vations of human sexual response and Sexual Revolution: orgasm, birth of sex-therapy affected The sexual revolution which shook the life styles (Murstein, 1974; Smith, US in 1960s and 1970s had repercus- 1978; Francouer, 1987). sions almost everywhere (Hoshii, 1987). The Indian Scene: The most important element in sexual Traditional Indian attitude towards revolution, which emphasised pleasure sex reflect a striking absence of guilt in aspect of sex, its technique and organs contrast to Judeo-Christian ideals was removal of taboos surrounding sex (Gupta, 1982). However, Indian atti- and disregard of traditional norms/ re- tude towards sex, particularly of high straints. It asserted sexual freedom of caste Hindus, is more ambivalent and individual and questioned the legiti- paradoxical (Bhattacharya, 1975). On macy and foundation of limiting sexual one hand, there is high value of chas- relatioris to institutionalised- form of tity, virginity, rigid separation of sex, marriage (Hoshii, 1986). It also soft- prudishness, praise of spiritual /physi- ened law relating to sexually stimulat- cal value of continence and thrifty ing material - porn - films, topless hoarding of precious fluid (semen); on dances, spectator sex and sports the other hand, there is cult of LlNGAM, (Hoshii, 1987). Many of the rules and KHAJURAHO'copulative acrobacy, conventions regulating sexual sex chargedmythology, KAMASUTRA, behaviour of individuals and society in sex pharmacy and aphrodisiacs and the beginning of 20th century faded indulgence in sex is manifest. There is into oblivion. simultaneous shameful denial and tri- China, however, in 1981 declared umphant affirmation of sex (Gupta, that sex revolution had no place there. 1982, Khosla, 1976). As opposed to In Russia sex revolution following Rus- sexual frankness in Indian art, sexual sian Revolution soon gave way to suppression is at the root of Indian counter - revolution (Hoshii, 1987). society. By contrast, there is no frank- ness in religious literature in West but Bull.lnd.lnst.Hist.Med. Vol. XXVII. 1991 61 there is freedom in personal life (Gupta, Iygamy and divorce were permitted. 1982). Prostitution was state controlled. He This ambivalence is in part a result also advocated petting for arousal of unnatural crude and violent form of (Bhattacharya, 1975). Kamasutra of patriarchy (prevalent even today) in Vatsyayana borrowed heavily on constant struggle with matriarchal learn- Kautilya and other earlier texts. ings of lower class. Chronic insistence Even temple architecture in India on class divided patriarchal society and (and in other countries) are analogous authoritarian social structure by the to female sex organs. The porch de- writers of Smiritis and their violent noted lower end of vagina, hall - the enforecement by the ruling class in vagina and inner sanctum - the uterus public life, severely acted upon the (garbha griha). This along with the natural development of sexual life in customs of Devdasis, erotic passages India. Two main streams, two different in Vedas and Epic literature denote sets of ideals are said to have existed that sex had a religious significance in India earlier (and even now). For and acceptance in India and that sex simpler and' poor people - sex had a was not inconsistent with holiness. In social significance in accordance with ancient India, thus sex, was not a ta- their beliefs, ideals and requirements boo. Love making was promoted as an as reflected in religious texts. For art, which was learnt by upper class dominant class, sex was for the sake of men through ganikas. Grihastha sex only - a source of physical plea- ashram, one of the four phases in Hindu sure. It gave rise to polygamy, patriar- life, was meant for enjoyment of sex. chy, concubinage and harlotry as re- Sexual fulfilment was considered one's flected in sophisticated, erotic and other dharma towards self, family and soci- literature. Ritual drawings with ety. Scriptures considered sexual plea- prounced erotic motives, quite com- sure as the supreme pleasure. Adul- mon in different parts of India, e.g., tery and sex with daughters/wife of Khajuraho, Konark etc. are reflections others have been reported to be in- of abnormal sexual desire of the domi- dulged in by rishis and gods (Indra) nant class (Bhattacharya, 1975). Rul- (Chaudhary 1965). ing class often made a distinction be- In India, every activity is consid- tween aristocratic and artistic sex of ered as part of one's dharma (duty). upper strata and rustic sex of lower Bathing, eating and even sex were class (Chaudhary, 1965). specified and regulated by sacred texts. Kautilya described three objec- Vedic literature also have mentions of tives of life - spiritual (dharma) eco- rape, prostitution and incest. Women nomic (artha) and sensual (kama). He have been shown as fickle and prone to promoted the idea of marriage before sexual arousal on seeing a man, in menarche emphasizing that the men- Mahabharata. Need to keep them in a strual period should not go waste. If a control was emphasised. Early mar- girl could not be married by puberty she riage was one measure to ensure chas- was forced to have sex with others. tity. He condemned adultery, rape, ab- Gradually, patriarchy, joint family, duction, incest, masochism, exhibition- double standard (promoted by ruling ism, nudity and homosexuality. Po- class), prostitution and low education 68 Regulation of Human sexual behaviour - Singh of females degraded their status in permissiveness (Gu~a, 1982). Ex- society. Simultaneously, sex morality plicit sex is appearin in print media of middle class survived, exhorted by and movies. On-sere n kissing is al- moral prescription of premarital chas- lowed in films, even nu ity is creeping tity, monogamy and moderate marital in. Women's rights, intercaste mar- sex. These factors in the course of riages, homosexuality are being several centuries were successful in publicised through TV. Premarital sex pulling down sex from its erstwhile place is becoming more common, more un- of honour to a position of dirty, nasty married abortions and more divorces and secret thing with harden ing of vari- are occuring (Hoshii, 1987). ous unhealthy, improper attitude to- English medium in schools with wards sex. This acted, as a powerful liberal sex mores of the west in books barrier in sex socialisation of youth in prescribed in syllabus (courtship, free India (Ruhela, 1969). marriage, illegitimacy and divorce), Varied experiences of Indians as a going abroad for training, foreigners'- result of diverse, historical, cultural and visit to India, western novels/paper social currents and counter currents backs with 'hot sex' (and now even by throughout last 2500 years or so have Indian female authors) have resulted in developed some socio-psychological preference by youth of Iiberalised sex notions in the community. Traditional mores of the west. Upper middle class stereotype of a powerful patriarch fa- - boys and girls have started mixing ther developed a fear complex in fam- freely. Love making in colleges, court- ily. This role is played by teachers in ship, going steady, and love marriages schools. So, healthy relations do not are popular (Ruhela, 1969). develop in boys and girls. Various sex Social changes are affecting In- inhibitions in boys/girls are due to dis- dian youth regardless of their class, couraging behaviour of adults, particu- caste, religion. Mixing and coming larly in upper class. There is no such together of va rious cultures, subcul- stifling attitude in lower class where tures due to increased urbanisation, free mixing before marriage is allowed transport and media have helped in (Ruhela, 1969). youngsters' questioning of traditional Noweven in India, a marked change social control resulting in significant in sexual mores is being observed social disorganisation in the form of mainly in the cities. There is a trend growing trend of extra and pre-marital towards more open society (Hoshii, sex, crime, delinquency, homosexual- 1987). Progressively declining appeal ity, and exhibitionism. Films, radio, of religion and lesser adherence to advertisements, dresses, newspapers, tradition, westernisation through edu- pornography etc. have also helped in cation, tourism, media (pri nt/TVlVid eo) , promoting such behaviour (Ruhela, availability of reliable contraceptives, 1969) .: urbanisation and industrialisation is With the dawn of 20th century and leading to development of nuclearfami- involvement of women in freedom lies and transformation of sex patterns struggle, enforcement of provisions in in Indian society. New generation is the Constitution of India for upgrading getting acquainted with Iiberalised sex- the status of women, their being elected mores of the west leading to sexual as MLA, MP and even Prime Minister Bul/./nd./nst.Hist.Med. Vol. XXVII. 1.997 69
has helped female emancipation in In- if they took such liberties (Tuli, 1976). dia, furtherlooseningthe medieval male Still, in large section of Indian soci- control over females and breaking down ety, there is a sense of duty dominating the joint family system (Gupta, 1982). all consideration of personal rights and This has also led to development of a deep feeling of respect for tradition female frigidity, male importance and pertaining to family and marriage. For perversion. Family planning move- ment with its advertisement at majority, virtues attributed to Sita - primetime on TV is also affecting youth. Savitri (the role models) inspire rever- 'Jingles' being popular with kids natu- ential awe from women - a sense of rally elicit many queries from them on moral instructions exhorting them to be family planning, when they see contra- faithful, submissive and unquestioning ceptives being advertised on TV, which (Gupta, 1982). are not answered properly by their par- Advent Of AIDS: ents due to their Close-lipped attitude It has been hypothesized that AIDS on such matters. This leads the youth appeared in early 1980s after its incu- to resort to pornography and peer-group bation period ( 10 years) following the for enlightenment (Ruhela, 1969). sexual perversion, promiscuity, swing- In India, desexualised marital rela- ing, mate-swapping and homosexual- tionship of joint family is giving way to ity in U.S. and 'sex revolution' of 1960s. a dynamic state of reciprocity espe- The temporal sequence is striking ... cially in middle class (Gupta, 1982), sexual repression of 19th century and Couples who could meet in the night earlier era-advent of 20th century . only because of lack of privacy and World war and other changes - Sex - restrictive norms of joint family in India, revolution of 1960s AIDS in 1980s - now have plenty of time and privacy reduction in promiscuity and insistence because of ernerqence ofnuclearfami- on safe sex in 1990s and revival of lies,less parental interference and small family as an institution. Thus, indul- families because of urbanisation, mo- gence in excessive perverted sexual bility and contraceptives. The concept behaviour in 1960s has been said to be of 'bed rooms' has further provided the the triggering mechanism for develop- privacy. to the couples. ment of AIDS. This free sex itself here Premarital and extra marital sex been said to be a reaction of undue and girlfriends are now considered sta- repression of sexual behaviour in last tus symbol in India, particularly in ur- century. And now in the wake of emer- ban areas. There is greater inclination gence of AIDS with its inevitable mor- towards free sex under influence of tality, and absence of any curative drug west. There has been a tremendous or prophylactic vaccine, people have change in attitude towards sex and again seem to have rediscovered the man-women relation in cities. But still, virtues of 'safe sex', 'single partner', double standard prevails - male can 'faithfulness to one's partner', and of visit prostitutes, have extra marital sex the family asan institution. Many people - but he would kill his wife or daughter believe that AIDS will not be a major 70 Regulation of Human sexual behaviour - Singh
public health problem in India since preoccupation with sex is partly a sort promiscuity and perversions here are of release phenomena after puritanical not as prevalent as in the west. How- repression of sex in western society in ever, it should be remembered that 19th century (Walker & Fletcher, 1955; once the locus of infection is there in Hoshii, 1987). the community, other routes of trans- Greater alienation and individual- mission may help establishment and ism in modern mass society leads to spread of AIDS e.g .. blood transfusion, loss of values and direction and disin- shared razor and infection equipments. tegration of binding social norms. There Extent of promiscuity will not matter is difficulty in attaining a sense of much then. fulfilment or adequacy leading to a Modem Advanced Society: need for affection and clutching type Enormous changes occurring si- relationship ratherthan genuine sexual multaneously in different fields at an desire (Hoshii, 1986). This was evi- ever increasing pace transform the tra- denced in depressions of 1930s when ditional sexual attitude (Toeffler, 1971). sex afforded one possible form of se- Intellectual emancipation of our age curity available (Seward, 1954). has destabilised traditional value sys- Trends And Projection: tem. Sexual morality is challanged and With above description one can contradicted. Rules and conventions attempt a prediction of future trends in regulating sexual behaviour have faded sexual behaviour. Cyclic pattern of a into oblivion. Atomisation of society conservative-permissive phase alter- had made social coercion ineffectual. nating with a exploratory-permissive Revolution resulting from seculariza- phase may continue, however, some tion of society has completely changed major perturbations of 20th century may the views on sex (Hoshii, 1987). break this cycle and throw the evolu- , Today's society is hardly condu- tion of human sexuality into a quite new cive to sexual restraint. Social sur- orbit (Fra ncouer, 1987). roundings and conditions abet irrespon- Six trends have been projected: sible sexual behaviour. Moral stimula- 1. 'Decriminalization' of variant sexual tion of sexually knowledgeable enter- behaviours/ relationship - as criminal tainment and advertising, increasingly law relinquishes efforts to regulate available and respectable contracep- sexual behaviour. tives, potentially curable and control- 2. 'Demaritalizing' - increasing break- lable venereal diseases, leisure, afflu- down of traditional legal and moral ence and feeling of urgency to live limitations of sexual behaviour to mar- today because of chronic threat of glo- ried couple. bal war has also affected the sexual 3. 'Degenitalization' human reproduc- behaviour (Johnson, 1969). Pleasure tion, - pregnancy becoming a conscious, for pleasure's sake in the unihibited if less frequent, choice. enjoyment of sex is by far the prevail- 4. 'Degenderzing' sexual behaviour and ing attitude in many societies. Today's values, increasing attention to the qual- BuIUnd.lnst.Hist.Med. Vol. XXVI/' 1997 71 ity of intimacy shared by 2 or more As of present, the whole world is sexual persons regardless of their grappling with the and scourge of AIDS. sexual anatomy. As a result of fear of inevitable death 5. 'Desexing' orsexual behaviour-with once AIDS is established there ap- less emphases on coital and perfor- pears to be a swing towards reduction mance pressures - a growing apprecia- in promiscuity. Nowthe emphasis is on tion of the pan-erotic nurturing charac- safe sex. Still, with the insatiable ubiq- ter of all our senses. uitous urge for attainment of momen- 6. 'Relationalizing' our sexuality - as tary pleasure of sex ... often sought per Biblical concept - transcending in- surreptitiously ... without the knowledge dividualism - relating intimately/ rever- of one's partner the problem of promis- ently to other and through them with cuity and perversion may continue for cosmos. man will be man after all. This is likely Ourpersistent need for nurturence; to be accentuated when a cure of a the "pluralism" will cut through tradi- vaccine for AIDS is developed. This tional boundaries of age differences, evidenced by history where fearof gen- handicaps, marital status and gender. eral diseases was lessened by advent However, this pluralism, will create of more or less effective cure for these problem of adaptation. through penicillin and other antibiotics. 72 Regulation of Human sexual behaviour - Singh
REFERENCES Bhattacharya, N.N. 1975 History of Indian Erotic Literature, Munishi Ram Manohar Lal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Chaudhary, N. 1965 The Continent of Circe, London, Chatto & Windus. Ellis, H. 1936 Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol.11 Random House, New York. Francoeur, RT. 1987 Human Sexuality, In: Sussman, M.B. andSteinmentz, S.K. (eds) Hand Book of Marriage and the Family, plenum press, New York. Gupta, A.R 1982 Women in Hindu Society, 2nd Ed. Jyotsna Prakashan, New Delhi. Hoshii, I. 1986 The World of Sex, Vol.4, Sex in Ethics & Law, Paul Norbury Publications Ltd, Kent. Johnson, W.R 1969 Human Sexual Behaviour and Sex Education Perspective and Problems. 2nd Ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Khosla, G.D. 1976 Pornography & Censorship in India, In dian Book Company, New Delhi. Ruhela, S.P. 1969 Sociology of sex education in India Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi. Seward, G.H. 1954 Sex and the Social Order. Penguin Books, Middlesex. Smith D.S. & Hindus M.S. 1980 Pre marital pregnancy in America 1640- 1971 - an overview and interpretation. In: Marriage & Fertility - Studies in interdisciplinary history RI. Rotberg and T.K. Robb (Eds). New Jersey, Princeton University Press (p. 339-372). Toffler, A. 1971 Future Shock, Bantam Books. London. Tuli, J 1976 The Indian Male: Attitude towards sex, Chetana Publications, New Delhi. Walker, K & Fletcher, P. 1955 Sex & Society. Fredrick Muler Ltd, London. Wiseman, J.P. 1976 The Social Psychology of sex Harper & Row Publishers, New York. Regulation of Human Sexual behaviour - Singh 73
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