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1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted Material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Gert Hekma and Alain Giami 2014 Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6– 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Contents List of Figures vii Preface viii Notes on Contributors x 1 Sexual Revolutions: An Introduction 1 Gert Hekma and Alain Giami 2 Sexual Liberalism in Sweden 25 Lena Lennerhed 3 The Long Sexual Revolution: The Police and the New Gay Man 46 Peter Edelberg 4 A Radical Break with a Puritanical Past: The Dutch Case 60 Gert Hekma 5 Catholics and Sexual Change in Flanders 81 Wannes Dupont 6 The Long History of the ‘Sexual Revolution’ in West Germany 99 Franz X. Eder 7 Sexual Revolution(s) in Britain 121 Matt Cook 8 The Revival of Sexuality Studies in France in the Late 1950s 141 Sylvie Chaperon 9 Therapies of Sexual Liberation: Society, Sex and Self 155 Alain Giami 10 ‘Something Much Bigger than Lust or the Struggle for Homosexuality’: The Ambivalent Sexual Emancipation of Daniel Guérin 173 Rostom Mesli 11 The Gay Liberation Movement in France 188 Michael Sibalis 12 Pornography, Perversity and the Sexual Revolution 203 Jeffrey Escoffier v Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 vi Contents 13 ‘Sex Freedom Girls Speak Out’. Women in Sexual Revolution 219 Massimo Perinelli 14 The Sexual Revolution in the USSR: Dynamics Beneath the Ice 236 Dan Healey 15 Abortion, Christianity, Disability: Western Europe, 1960s– 1970s 249 Dagmar Herzog 16 Pedophilia, Homosexuality and Gay and Lesbian Activism 264 David Paternotte Select Bibliography on Sexual Revolutions 279 Index 284 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 1 Sexual Revolutions: An Introduction Gert Hekma and Alain Giami Preamble The 1960s saw a series of events in Western countries that created new perspectives and practices regarding sexuality and brought a flood of eroticised texts and images into the public realm. This was the sexual revolution. Beginning early in the decade, Sweden saw debates on abor- tion, the Netherlands witnessed Provos that advocated general amoral promiscuity in 1965, England was host to a summer of love in 1967,1 Paris provided the setting for the May 1968 uprising and demonstrations which produced a pivotal image of the 1960s,2 and in 1969 New York’s Stonewall Inn became the symbol for gay liberation. The decade saw the ascendancy of the pill, pop music and festivals like Woodstock, feminism, homosexual emancipation and gay liberation, student revolts, sex shops and shows, girls without bras and with miniskirts, sexualised media and the TV that broadcast it all. Marriage and the nuclear family came under attack and people developed alternative relational models such as communal living and group sex. Nudity infiltrated theatre and ballet stages, cinemas showed Italian and German films containing sexual content, and the streets became the site for ‘streakers’. Pornography was liberalised in Denmark and later on in other European countries. Hippies were busy changing the cityscapes by sleeping in parks and public squares and shopping for food, clothing and drugs in countercultural circuits of squatted buildings such as in Copenhagen’s Christiana. The political landscape was transformed through organised social movements and demonstrations including Black Power and protests against Vietnam, colonial wars, and nuclear technology. Sexuality became politicised and society eroticised. Western countries made gigantic steps forward in the 1960s with an aperture, upsurge and liberation of sexualities. 1 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 2 Gert Hekma and Alain Giami The sexual revolution was about movements that politicised private and everyday life, subjectivity, the arts and culture as well as other ter- rains such as prisons, conceptions of justice, army and conscription, asylums, medicine, education, religion. In the 1960s, social movements were created alongside the sexual revolution that sparked a cultural rev- olution in the sense that many domains of existence were transformed. Some people applauded the sexual openness, the freedom of speech or the emancipation of female and gay sexuality; others decried the loss of traditional values, continuing sexism, growing consumerism, extreme individualism or unabated Puritanism. The authors of this book discuss the events and evaluations of the sexual revolution that go in their vari- ous trajectories. Although many of these events and debates occurred throughout Western society, some remained more local. The sexual revolution was a patchwork of ideas, events, controversies and (broken) dreams, which makes it difficult to give a singular definition or to identify its main characteristics.3 Here we use the term to indicate important changes in sexual behaviours and beliefs that led to greater freedom and extended agency for individuals. As will be seen in this book, these terms guar- antee complications. What promises more self- determination for one group may mean less for another. The new demand for sexual equality is beneficial for women and gay/lesbian couples, less so for heterosexual pairs who face gender inequality, and unfavourable for child or animal lovers whose relations are seen as inherently unequal. And one could question how much agency people who believe in innate drives and orientations actually allow themselves. When it comes to time periods, many authors of this book see the revolution as a long- term development that started with the moderni- sation of sexuality at the end of the 19th century,4 or with the sexual reconstruction in post- war Western societies after 1945. There are also good arguments for seeing it as a short, radical phase in the late 1960s when a real sexual explosion took place, or for combining both periodi- sations. Regarding utopia and revolution, the former is more a question of imagining how things could be, and the latter how erotic ambitions are put into practice. This book is about both sexual realities and erotic dreams as the two are difficult to separate. Most authors agree that in the late 1960s something really changed both in sexual lives and values and we will give many examples in this collection. There have been many books that touch upon issues of the sexual revolution, but remarkably few which have it as a main topic. Some con- centrate on a single country or city, others on very relevant sub- topics Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Copyrighted material – 978– 1– 137– 32145– 9 Sexual Revolutions 3 such as abortion or the gay movement, but very few take a more encom- passing perspective.5 In this introduction, we first discuss the history of utopian and radical thought on sexuality, secondly the changes that the sexual revolution created, and thirdly the political and theoretical critiques it received. Sexual revolutions and utopias from the 18th to the 20th century The early radicals: Sade and Fourier There is a long series of authors who wrote about utopias, but they rarely addressed sexual issues or, like Thomas More and Francis Bacon, were harsh on sexual variation.6 It was only during the 18th- century Enlightenment that some authors broke the repressive hold that church and state had on sexual pleasure and developed more radical ideas, especially in France, the Dutch Republic and England. Starting in the 17th century, the work of Descartes and Spinoza and of the first pornographers suggested a break with a religious past.7 In England, authors such as Thomas Hobbes, Bernard Mandeville and Jeremy Bentham wrote in defence of sexual freedoms. According to Faramerz Dabhoiwala, together with poets, novelists and early feminists, they initiated a first sexual revolution mostly for well- to- do men and less for the poor, women or pederasts.8 In 1789, a radical change was taking place in France where the politically subversive work of pornographers, libertines and other authors such as Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Nicolas Edme Restif de la Bretonne and the philosophes laid the groundwork for the French Revolution. The most important sex radical was Donatien A.F.
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