W Vol. XXIX. No. 4 April, 1925 ili'e "AC I TIC imdbmtne

HNILIN CLOSED DU 620 Australia's National Flower, the Yellow Wattle 1143 ig papers read at the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference, Honolulu, July 31 to August 14, 1924. AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, and lastly and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area,—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the. Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. r ni aiLMiCaiCkittfAiiLMiCLMinizninfiCuiLliirlunuLitnuLainaxCuiCa 04r t.b_li al ta. r gatig tt3itir.

CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Volume XXIX Number 4

CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1925

Papers Read at the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference Called by the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu, July 31 to August 14, 1924. The Survey of the Pacific Ocean an Economic Necessity 602 By Colonel E. Lester Jones Olive Products in California 617 By Prof. W. V. Cruess Floating Eggs of Prawns 623 By Dr. K. Kishinouye • Agricultural Experiment Stations in Java - - - - 625 By Dr. P. J. S. Cramer

An Australian Survey of Animal and Plant Diseases - 627 Presented by Sir Joseph H. Carruthers • Marine Alesand the Production of Human Food - 633 ,...... "'"15' Dr. W. A. Seteheir ---"~"."....--*"...,,. The Soya Bean in Manchuria • 639 By Taro Ito The Problem of Food Succession in Marine Organisms 645 By Prof. T. C. Frye The Fisheries of China 653 By Dr. Arthur De Carle Sowerby 1 Insects in Relation to the New Zealand Food Supply - 665 By Dr. R. J. Tillyard Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - 681. Now Series, No. 63

Index to Papers and Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Food • Conservation Conference. . qv , Tly fflth-Variftr iiiagazinr its Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolik T. IL Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptiOn in the Uni d States and possevions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Po:Mance. Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine ''' PUTIVITUHL.71R7P7TR711(7HY.71B30:711VM.711C711Y7DY7DWursuluitocrupficrittyrpoq Iv, tut. R-.711K7ITC:=71 602 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE MID-PACIFIC 603

"21,1, • • virmstr,14 • • 4, • vxm.s.,•Ar•,,,gs,trps,412 The Survey of re the Pacific Ocean Is an Economic Necessity

By COL. E. LESTER JONES 4 Director, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 4.•

Read at the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference • aa•4VNIViAMWt • 114\ Col. E. Lester Jones, Director, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey is satsifactory terms of international co- said to be the oldest scientific organ- operation. ization in the United States. May I By the immediate adoption of a com- then claim for it the prerogative of prehensive and farsighted plan, pro- submitting, for the mature considera- viding for all essential elements, yet tion of this Conference, and for such elastic enough to be modified in de- further action as may be deemed prop- tail as new' developments may arise, er thereafter, both by the Pan-Pacif- all the fragmentary results gradually ic Union and the Governments to obtained will fit into the final mosaic, whom reports are made, a concrete as permanent and valuable contribu- proposal ? tions to the ultimate sum of accom- This is an undertaking that will require plishment. Every step will be toward generations for its consummation, yet of the goal. such immediate benefit that a .beginning Existing organizations should be should be made by this generation. utilized, so far as practicable. Our The Coast and Geodetic Survey has first hand knowledge of the earth, the honor to suggest that the Pan- after thousands of years' existence on Pacific Union take steps looking to- it, is limited to 3/4 mile below sea ward a carefully-devised plan for a level. Man has not yet trodden the complete survey of the Pacific Ocean, highest known spot on the surface, and the publication of a series of charts Mount Everest, 29,002 feet high, on uniform projections and scales and though Finch and Bruce, on May 27, with uniform symbols, and that the 1922, reached an altitude of 27,200 question be referred to the Govern- feet or 5.15 miles above the sea. Man ments of the 22 Pacific Nations with has got a trifle higher by airplane ; a recommendation that they confer Sadi Leconte, at Villa Corblay, France, concerning its feasibility and mutually last October, having climbed to 36,- 604 THE [D-PACIFIC

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564 feet, nearly 7 miles. It will be haps similar to the progress sketches seen that a spherical shell, less than prepared for the Annual Reports of 8 miles thick, is the limit of effec- the Coast and Geodetic Survey. tive occupation in a vertical direction. Thus much, by way of an inventory True, by sounding balloons and dredges, of assets ; indicating areas satisfac- our knowledge has reached somewhat torily surveyed and charted, areas partly farther. Yet, in the light of these re- or poorly surveyed, areas of recon- markable facts, we must qualify our naissance, areas wholly unsurveyed ; statement, and say, "The Surface of the and the relative exigency of work not Earth is Man's Home." His habitat is yet done. practically two-dimensional. He lives on A well-balanced map and chart pro- a worldwide map. gram would be the next objective. Most of the governments already The various sections would presum- possess bureaus trained in the mak- ably be allotted to the Governments ing of maps and surveys. Some of exercising jurisdiction or mandate, un- these bureaus are already invested by less they desired otherwise ; each, if law with sufficient discretionary pow- possible financing the work in its own ers, that they could at once begin to section, and making a quota of con- cooperate. For example, the Enabling tribution to maintain whatever Cen- Act constituting the Coast and Geo- tral Bureau might be necessary. detic Survey empowers it to survey The Central Bureau might be a and chart all navigable tidal waters Committee of the Pan-Pacific Union ; under the American Flag. The Sur- or the Bureau of the "Carte du Monde vey is thus prepared to assume re- au Millionieme" at Southampton might sponsibility for about 100,000 miles take over the topographic project, and of the detailed shoreline bounding this the "Bureau Hydrographique Inter- area. national" at Monaco undertake the hy- A catalogue of existing maps and drographic and oceanographic coordi- charts of the Pacific regions, now or nation ; or a joint Conference might heretofore issued by the Governments be arranged, to sit with this Union, concerned or others, could easily be and have permanent office headquar- compiled. A more delicate task would ters at some point on the Pacific be the classification of these charts where supplies and documents would as regards their accuracy and com- be readily obtainable and where ac- pleteness. This appraisal should be cess to its collection would be con- delegated to a corps of experts, in venient. whom all would repose confidence. The project for a map of the world Much would depend on the judicious- on a scale of 1:1,000,000 is already ness of the methods employed in the well under way ; projection, symbols, work of surveying and drafting, and statutes, and program of cooperation the conscientious application of these agreed upon ; and about 140 sheets methods. Those of the Coast and Geo- issued or in hand, though only 6 of detic Survey have been published, and these are within the Pacific area. Be- it invites constructive criticism in the sides, the British General Staff has hope that the processes evolved dur- adopted a scheme for a series already ing over a century of practical opera- embracing about 100 sheets. The U. tion may contribute to the desired end. S. and Japan are in cooperation. On A necessary adjunct to the catalogue the millionth scale, there are uncon- described would be index-maps, show- nected surveys covering the whole of ing areas covered on each scale, and the Dutch East Indies, Siam, Indochi- the present condition of operations per- na, Japan, and the coast of Chinai; in 606 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID -PACIFIC - 607

fact, all of Eastern Asia excepting to this program are already fully alive Siberia. Evidently, it will be the wise to its importance and zealous to do course, to indorse the Millionth Map all in their power to further it. project for the Pacific, and facilitate Doubtless they still need, in many its completion by whatever assistance cases, that broader vision of the prob- may be rendered. lem as a whole which will enable Geodetic connection for the adjust- each to accumulate such additional ment of control is a prime and obvi- collateral data, not now considered ous requirement. The U. S. Stand- essential to their immediate tasks, as ard datum, based on the Clarke can be obtained without unduly tax- Spheroid, has been adopted by Can- ing their existing facilities. ada and Mexico and renamed the Another task, at once more im- North-American Standard D a t u m. portant and more difficult, will be Doubtless the geodetic control for that of educating public opinion to North America already established the importance of these great eco- may be regarded as permanent. It nomic problems, to the end that the remains, however, to link it up to various nations may give to the pro- that of Asia and Australasia. gram that enhanced support by which For nautical charts, the Mercator alone its progress can be accelerated. Projection. has so completely won its As illustrating the application of way, that its adoption for the Inter- this proposed plan, let us glance national Standard Projection becomes briefly at the existing situation with almost a matter of course. regard to the charting of the Ha- Another question to be determined waiian Islands by the U. S. Coast and in advance is just what features or Geodetic Survey. categories of information it will be A great deal remains to be accom- necessary or desirable to show, and plished in the Hawaiian Islands and the relative emphasis proper for each. vicinity, and it is my hope that at Inasmuch as certain classes of fea- an early date it may be possible to tures and other information, that undertake this work following a def- would have to be eliminated in favor inite procedure looking toward its of others more important in one re- early completion. gion, might chance to be the only in- Like Alaska and the Philippines, formation presentable in another re- the Hawaiian. Islands are dependent gion where their elimination would entirely upon water-borne transporta- leave a blank, the choice must neces- tion for their communication with the sarily be relative ; and the best solu- outside world, and adequate charts, tion would be to establish an order guaranteeing safety to navigation, are of admission and omission, or inclu- essential to the development of the sion and exclusion. In general, the territory. The necessity and impor- aim would be to present the maximum tance of additional surveys in these of essential information, accurately islands have long been realized by represented, consistent with clearness. the Coast and Geodetic Survey, but This coordination of existing ef- with the facilities now and heretofore fort will prove to be the simpler of available it has been impossible to un- the tasks which the Union would find dertake this work upon the scale its it necessary to undertake, if this plan importance deserves. be adopted. My observation leads me The program of surveys of these to believe that the agencies of the islands can be divided into two sec- various governments now charged with tions : one in the immediate vicinity the execution of projects contributory of the larger eastern group of islands, 608 THE MID-PACIFIC including the area within the 1000- the fact that this is becoming quite fathom curve ; the other extending an important agricultural section. to the westward, including the area Of the remaining area unsurveyed of islands and shoals from the Island in this first section, no definite pro- of Niihau to Midway Island. gram has been adopted as yet and The work inside the 1000-fathom such a program will depend upon the curve in the vicinity of the larger is- conditions found to exist at the time lands of the group comprises 3700 the survey is made. In general these square miles of completed hydro- areas include water area south of graphic work, and 10,280 miles of re- Molokai, northeast coast of Hawaii, connaissance or unsurveyed area. In north coast of Molokai, southwest 1922, all Government departments and coast of Lanai and southeast coast commercial interests interested in the of Hawaii. surveys of the Hawaiian Islands were In addition to the surveys men- consulted in regard to the need of tioned, I am firmly convinced that Coast Survey work in the Islands. one of the greatest needs of the Ha- During the summer of that year one waiian Islands is a satisfactory cur- of our officers in the Islands per- rent survey. From the reports re- sonally consulted with representatives ceived, it is apparent that a great of maritime interests and different in- many of the marine accidents which dividuals in regard to the work most have happened in these islands are urgently needed. As a result of these due largely to currents, whose char- studies, a tentative plan for the sur- acter is little known. vey of the Islands has been. com- The work in the second section, pleted : among the group of Islands west of (1) A survey of Kauai, Niihau and Niihau, presents an entirely different Kaula Islands. This survey is neces- problem. This area extends approx- sary because vessels bound for the imately from 160 degrees west to 180 Orient usually take their departure degrees west longitude, or approxi- from Lehua Island, if sailing north mately 1200 nautical miles. Here the of Midway, or from Kaula Island if average known depth is in excess of 2000 bound south. The absence of sound- fathoms, but in these waters are scattered ings in the vicinity of these Islands islands, shoals and reefs, the exact loca- is a menace, as off-lying rocks in their tion and character of many of which are vicinity indicate that additional un- unknown. The importance of this work charted dangers may be expected to is indicated by the occasional reports of occur where they would be a men- new shoals discovered in these wa- ace to the deep draft vessels. ters, and the uncertainty of the loca- (2) A survey in the vicinity of tion of many shoals shown on the Ilio Point and Penguin Bank. The present chart. The accurate location hydrography of these two areas, es- of these shoals and the necessary pecially that in the vicinity of Ilio soundings might possibly lead to the Point, is at present inadequate as adoption of a new steamship track deep draft vessels coming from San for vessels bound between Honolulu Francisco sometimes pass close to and the Orient, thereby shortening this point. the steaming distance and reducing (3) An additional survey of the the time necessary to make the trip. area west of Maui is necessary in or- If, before undertaking this work, der to completely develop that area. the Coast and Geodetic Survey could (4) The west coast of Hawaii is have before it a comprehensive plan in need of additional work owing to such as has been suggested, it might THE MID- PACIFIC 609 well find it possible, without in any ligent study and elucidation of all the way detracting from its primary func- conditions of climate, weather, soil, tion of aid to the mariner, to collect drainage, etc., affecting production ; much additional data of great value the extent and character of vegeta- to other cooperating agencies. Con- tion, both spontaneous and cultivated ; versely, if no such plan were avail- the situation and development of tilla- able, it might fail to secure readily ble areas, and their varied products, obtainable data, solely through lack as well as regions devoted to graz- of informaton as to how they could ing; resources 'subsidiary to the pro- be utilized if available. duction, storage, and transportation of Furthermore, there is no present foodstuffs; means of shipment by prospect of undertaking this work un- land and sea ; the oceanic contribu- less the Survey can secure an addi- tion to our food-supply ; and all the tional staunch seagoing vessel of large depots and trade-routes used for mov- steaming radius, together with the ing the food-crops of land and sea. personnel and funds necessary for her Geographical considerations deter- continued operation. Before these mine climate and weather. As show- things will be forthcoming, Congress ing how cold increases with latitude must be convinced that the importance of and altitude, compare bleak Tibet with the work they are to perform is such as the exuberant Ganges valley, immedi- to justify the increased demand upon the ately south. As showing how moun- public treasury. tain-ranges wring out the moisture Marine travel measures the spread from the trade-winds, compare the of man's worldwide dominion. An- verdant northeastern slopes of some cient Rome found her course of em- of these Hawaiian Islands with the pire determined by contiguity to the arid lava-flows on the lee side, where Mediterranean Sea. Great Britain, no rain falls to disintegrate the rock. France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, and Where mountains fend off prevailing all the other colonizing nations of the winds and rains, valleys act as troughs present and recent past, have found to guide their course. Proximity to their dominance gauged by sea-power. the ocean, with its currents of warm Need more be said, to establish the or cold water, affects the equability close and fundamental connection be- of the climate, the 'amount of rain- tween Geography and Economics, or fall, the fertility of the soil, and the to indicate the enormous value of the resulting volume of food-production. sciences of Oceanography, Hydro- Compare rain-drenched Southeast Alas- graphy, and Cartography ; as well as ka with parched central Australia, or the important function of the organ- California with Nevada, and note the izations charged with the development radical influence of climatic condi- of these sciences and their practical tions on production and industry. application to the scheme of human These random examples must suffice. welfare. To the physiographer, the examina- We may now note briefly a few of tion of the map of any properly-sur- the manifold relationships of Topo- veyed region reveals its story, as one graphic and Hydrographic Surveys to would read an open book. the specific theme before this Con- Irrigation has demonstrated that the ference, viz., the production and ex- desert may, be made to blossom as change of food and other necessities the rose; that the arid wastes may of life. be reclaimed by the magic touch of Maps, the more accurately surveyed water, and subdued to pay tribute to the better, are requisite for the intel- man's science with offerings of food. 610 THE MID-PACIFIC

The volcanic ash-beds of Eastern by request of the Navy Department, Washington have become apple-orch- and is preparing to issue a special ards. The Great American Desert is publication on the subject. A choro- today a vast wheat farm, a veritable graphic survey, showing the valleys Golden Belt. Whenever commercially and plains of a country adapted for expedient and profitable, scientific rec- cultivation ; a soil map, showing the lamation can transform the deserts composition and quality of the ground ; into pasture land or grain fields ; pro- a drainage map, showing the streams vided, only, that an engineer survey that water the earth ; all minister to shows where and how the necessary the ancient calling which feeds the water can be impounded. world. Latterly, road maps have tak- Surveys of forest areas reveal en an important place; as the good sources of supply for the fuel neces- roads movement, fostered by automo- sary to manufacture and transport bile owners, has brought farm-dwellers food-supplies ; the lumber to build fac- into contact with the social and cul- tories, cars and ships; the paper on tural advantages of community and which to print information ; and final- city life, and facilitated the rapid and ly, sources of direct food-supply in cheap marketing of the food-products the form of nuts and fruits, which of the farm. form a constantly increasing portion Production without conservation of our dietary. would represent a waste, not only of The map of the Pacific Region resources, but also of labor. Perish- shows millions of square miles adapt- able commodities, which phrase in- ed to stock and dairy farming ; all the cludes most foodstuffs, except grain, way from the reindeer tundra of Si- must be dispatched promptly from beria and Alaska, the sheep and cat- producer to consumer. Economy and tle ranges of western North America, safety of transportation are indispens- the Llanos of Colombia, and the pam- able factors. Here, enter the railroad pas of Argentina, to where flocks and surveys, the waterways and Great herds browse on the steppes of Mon- Lakes surveys, the river and harbor golia or the back-blocks of Austra- surveys, and the comprehensive and lia. Great seaports, railways, and continuous scheme of the Coast and steamship lines, owe their prosperity Geodetic Survey. to the packing and shipment of pork, The transcontinental railways are beef, mutton, milk, butter, cheese, and feeders to, and are fed by, the sea- other animal products. ports. The same holds true in a com- The first man tilled the ground ; mercial sense, of the great oceanic and so the first great continuing serv- rivers and indentations, whence their ice of topographic surveying has been strategic importance. What arteries in the interest of agriculture. The for traffic are the Amur, the Hoangho, metes and bounds of estates and farms the Yangtse, the Mekong, on the must be ascertained and marked. The Asiatic shore, and the Mississippi, Yu- ancient Hebrews had stringent laws kon and Columbia of North America ; respecting landmarks. Cadastral sur- not to mention a score of almost equal veys are considered especially elab- importance ! What fishing and mineral orate and accurate ; witness the ex- resources are offered by the Seas of cellence of the Ordnance Maps of Great Bering and Okhotsk ; what great pop- Britain, France, Italy, etc. The Coast ulations dwell on the shores of the and Geodetic Survey has recently Seas of Japan and China ; what mag- completed a cadastral survey of the nificent harbors at Puget Sound, San Virgin Islands of the United States, Francisco, Yeddo, Hongkong, Port THE MID-PACIF C 611

Jackson, Pagopago, Esquimalt, and less than 5 per cent of man's food now your own Pearl Harbor ! Time would comes from the sea, we begin to real- fail to enumerate the great entrepots ize the vastness of the latent resources of commerce, like Shanghai, Singa- awaiting future explorations. pore, Wellington, Valparaiso, and oth- Field-parties of the Coast and Geo- ers that will occur to every mind. detic Survey sometimes find in the The navigator, equipped with the uncharted waters of Alaska fishing- nautical charts that will direct him fleets of half a hundred motorboats how to enter and clear from port, from our Pacific States; which, with and lay a true course along the far- the sailing-craft of the local fisher- reaching sea-lanes, next plays his men and the native boats, are dili- necessary part in the transportation gently reaping the finny harvest of and distribution of the world's food- halibut or salmon. Our charts show supply. Loading his vessel from the the intricacies of the Alaska coasts warehouses, cold-storage plants, and dotted with canneries. The marvelous grain-elevators, that line the water- life-cycle of the salmon, which must front, and consulting his tide tables, be left to our biological confreres, ex- he puts to sea, reposing faith in chart plains its geographical distribution. and compass, till he sights his far- This choice fish is only one of many away haven. Thus, by transoceanic edible species, that swim the deep in commerce, by a constant interchange shoals. Fisheries being the source of between the continents,• the food-sup- seafood, the location and extent of ply of every zone is brought to the the fishing-banks again enlist the serv- table of the dweller in any clime, af- ices of the surveyor and cartographer. fording a savory and appetizing va- The Coast and Geodetic Survey has riety, adding to the pleasure of life, had charge of the triangulation, and enhancing nutrition and health. Our furnished the cartographic base, for Texas beefsteak, or Australian mut- all the biological surveys along the ton, or Alaskan reindeer-venison, may coasts of the United States ; provid- be seasoned with condiments from the ing an engineer foundation on which remotest islands of Polynesia ; eaten to erect the superstructure of biologic with bread from Canadian wheat, Chi- or other economic distributions. Be- nese rice, Japanese fish ; and our Cali- tween 1880 and 1891, this Bureau fornia fruit sweetened with Hawaiian made oyster-grounds surveys of Ches- sugar. apeake Bay, the North Carolina But the exploration and charting of Sounds, the Georgia coast-islands; be- the seas also bring under man's tween 1906 and 1913. cooperated with dominion a fresh and practically il- the Maryland Shellfish Commission ; limitable source of direct food-supply. charted the oysterbeds of San Fran- Every ship that skims the surface of cisco Bay and Puget Sound ; and has the sea, with a cargo of land-pro- long been associated with the fishery duced food in the hold, has beneath surveys by the "Albatross." its keel miles of waters filled with sea- Around us, extending away for thou- food. The food-resources of the sea sands of miles in every direction., itself, with its islands and shores, of- stretches the mighty expanse of an fer to the human race for its sus- oceanic new world. tenance the greatest potential supply Its area, 70,000,000 square miles, far in existence. It was the belief of Sir exceeds the sum total of all the con- John Murray that the sea is capable tinents and islands combined on the of a productivity equal to that of the entire globe. The maximum width of land. When we recall that probably the great ocean, 10,000 miles, is 2-5 612 THE MID-PACIFIC

o

G THE MID-PACIFIC 613 of the circumference of the world. continent, whose ancient mountain- Truly, a new and unique world, to ex- peaks alone remain above the waters, plore and subdue. forming the many archipelagoes of The geophysical forces are here seen Polynesia ; the continent whose strange in actual operation on a scale of civilization left the giant statues of unparalleled grandeur. Ocean-currents Easter Island ? Whatever the answer, sweep around a third of the circum- it is certain that the mastery of this ference of the globe. Deeps of 5Y2 great ocean sets man a task to put him and 6 miles have been located. The on his mettle and evolve all his latent periphery of the ocean is outlined by faculties. an immense chain of active volcanoes, It is singular that, with venerable a veritable Ring of Fire. civilizations of remote antiquity on both Hawaii can boast of the greatest shores of the Pacific—China and Ja- crater in the world, Haleakala, on pan on the one side, the Toltec, Maya, Maui ; and the loftiest active volcano and Inca empires on the other—the in the world, Mauna Loa ; and singu- very existence of the great ocean was larly enough, in the "Paradise of the not certainly known to Europeans un- Pacific" is found a lake of fire, Ki- til about four centuries ago. So re- lauea, where the fire is not quenched. cent was the emergence from the in- Of late, Pele, the fire-goddess has been tellectual thraldom of the dark ages ; raging in the "House of perpetual recent, yet sudden ; and accelerated by burning" with unexampled fury. Pos- the double discovery of the new world sibly she will presently thrust up an- and the great ocean. Historians have other island to the southeastward. The never yet appraised at its full value study of Hawaiian volcanoes and their the old world's reaction to the sec- characteristics has contributed much to ond of these two discoveries. our knowledge of volcanism and Four decades after the invention of seismology, through the works of printing, Columbus stood on the shores Brigham, Dutton, Dana, Hitchcock, of an unknown continent. Ten years Emerson, Pickering and others. later,' near Chiriqui on the Caribbean, Bogoslof in Bering Sea is a partially a native told him of another ocean, submerged crater, whose violent erup- only 9 days' journey westward. If tions occur so frequently that the is- Columbus already suspected that, aft- lands are constantly changing their er all it was not the wealth of Ormuz configuration, to the despair of carto- or of Ind, but a new world instead, graphers. Katmai, overlooking the that he had given to Castile and Leon, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, has he discreetly refrained from disturb- a way of blowing the air for hun- ing the golden dreams, that meant for dreds of miles around full of millions him continued favor and further dis- of tons of ashes. Krakatoa, near coveries. Probably, he held persistent- Java, exploded in 1883 with such de- ly to his original vision. structive energy that the strait was The European discovery of the choked with thousands of human oceanic new world occurred almost corpses. Asama in Japan blew its sum- simultaneously on both shores. In mit into the sky. The recent earth- 1511, Albuquerque stormed Malacca, quake in Japan, with its appalling loss and Portuguese ships began stream- of life, still evokes the world's sym- ing through the Strait and radiating pathy. toward all parts of the Malay Archi- What means the action of these ter- pelago, China and Japan. September rific cosmic forces ? Do they presage 25, 1513, Balboa from the summit of the resurgence of that supposed lost Quarequa gazed on the boundless ocean 614 THE MID-PACIFIC

stretching to the sunset horizon. No- Exploring Expedition under Wilkes, vember 28, 1520, Magellan's ship 1839-42 ; Kellett ; the "Novara"; Nares emerged from the Straits named for in the "Challenger," 1872-6 ; Cable him, into the Mar Pacifico, which he Surveys by U. S. S. Tuscarora, Alas- crossed, discovering the Ladrones and ka, Alert, Ranger, Enterprise, Thetis, Philippines, and circumnavigating the and Nero ; and many another com- globe. Thus, in only 30 years, 1492- mander or officer in charge of land- 1522, an entire hemisphere, comprising parties sent out by order of the va- a great continent and the greatest of rious Governments. oceans, was added to the charts. Into These men have delineated on the the discard went the tradition of a flat charts of the Pacific nearly all of its earth, and with it many another shores and islands. A worthy begin- agelong superstition. ning, but only a beginning, of a task, The story of the exploration of the the ultimate vastness of which is com- great ocean and its shores is adorned mensurate with the titanic ocean it- with many an illustrious name and many self. a heroic achievement. Limitations of It is scarcely too much to assert time and space forbid the recital. Be- that the coasts and waters of the Pa- sides, others have told it well. In the cific can feed the world. From what Annual Reports of the Coast and Geo- has already been said, it is evident detic Survey for 1855, 1857 and 1884, that the first step, preliminary to any appeared a series of papers by J. G. inventory of resources, must be a com- Kohl, entitled : "Abstract of a Com- prehensive geographical survey ; ful- plete Historical Account of the Prog- filling all requirements of commerce ress of Discovery on the Western and navigation, and furnishing a base Coast of the U. S. from the Earliest on which to represent visually all the Period" ; "Western Coast Annals of economic and biological distributions Maritime Discovery and Exploration" ; that can serve the needs and comfort "History of Discovery and Explora- of evolving humanity. tion on the Coasts of the U. S." In The first essential is to complete the Report for 1886, was published, our knowledge of the configuration of "An Examination of some of the Early the sea-bottom, and obtain data for Voyages of Discovery and Explora- an adequate bathymetric chart. De- tion on the Northwest Coast of velopments in aerial surveying, in sub- America, from 1539 to 1603," by aqueous sound ranging and in sonic George Davidson. In the Report for sounding encourage the hope that 1890, W. H. Dalrs account of the first rapid and thorough methods will soon and second expeditions of Vitus Ber- be practicable, that shall expedite the ing, from two original MS. maps and collection of bathymetric observations Chaplin's Russian journal. Davidson's to an extent hitherto undreamed of, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), and his and in due time permit the construc- Alaska Coast Pilots (1879, 1883) com- tion of a model-map of the ocean- bine admirable geographical descrip- bed. Such a model, showing subma- tion with a wealth of historical allu- rine plateaus, ridges, shelves and pin- sion, and a comprehensive bibliography. nacles, as well as valleys, troughs, and On the heels of Cook and Van- abysses, will serve not only naviga- couver, Portlock and Dixon, came the tion, but all branches of hydrophysi- Frenchmen, La Perouse and D'Entre- cal research. For example, foodfish casteaux; the Russians, Krusenstern, are found only on the continental shelf Kotzebue, and Lutke ; Beechey, Biscoe, and slope or its immediate vicinity. Dumont d'Urville, Belcher ; the U. S. Crustaceans abound for a few hun- THE MID-PACIFIC 615 dred fathoms beyond the mud-line at globigerina, diatom, radiolaria) and red about 100 fathoms ; hence, called by clay. Coral and lava are especially Murray the great feeding-ground. significant as to formation processes. Thus, the fishing-banks can all be lo- Variations of temperature, density, cated, and fishing-rights adjudicated. salinity, acidity, etc., affect the strength Closely related to depth is the sub- and seasonal changes of ocean currents ; ject of bottom-characteristics. The and all together affect the migrations tideflats are characterized by boulders, and supply of foodfish. The circula- gravel, sand, mud and grass ; shoal- tion of the waters in the great ocean water, thence to the mudline (100 streams has also a climatic influence fathoms), same with seaweed and ter- upon the life on the land areas of the rigenous deposits ; these last continue world as well as upon the life in the to the outer edge of the muds (coral, sea. It is the climatic balance wheel volcanic, green, red, blue) or "feed- for many regions, ever striving toward ing-ground"; and finally beyond the an equilibrium which fortunately is continental shelf are the true pelagic never quite attained. The sea has its deposits, consisting of oozes (pteropod, seasons no less than the land.

REFERENCE MAIN COACH ROUTC, ■" room?,, ROARS

How New Zealand uses the airplane service for topographic work. A bit of Hawke's Bay mapped for use of the Napier Thirty Thousand Club in setting forth the natural advantages of the surrounding country. 616 THE MID-PACIFIC

Southern California has become, in recent years, one of the world's greatest olive- growing countries. The orchards vie with the orange groves and the olives are care- fully handpicked by experienced workmen. There are 40p00 acres planted in olive trees in California. THE MID-PACIFIC 617

Olives in the great vats where they are pickled for packing and shipping.

• • • %,•,14. • 111,11 • 114.kly •4, W1114,41 41,15„14&41,9).MI,V,9), %VP 40,•,14kInt,•,11,111.• (411, Olive Products in the State o California By W. V. CRUESS Associate Professor of Fruit Products, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. A paper prepared for the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference.

Zit lfrist • • ritItirm • • • • Vast • • triltriatem ittlf • trestrert a • •. • • • • • • •

There are approximately 40,000 acres quart cans or six No. 10 cans each). The of olives in California, of which only pack, however, exceeded 400,000 cases about 15,000 acres are in commercial in 1918 and dropped to 150,000 cases in production. The remainder represents 1920. The olive is an irregular bearer, young non-bearing trees and groves a fact that accounts for this great varia- abandoned because of lack of irrigation tion in the size of the pack. facilities or for other causes. Olive Varieties: The most important The principal olive districts in Cali- variety is the Mission, an olive imported fornia are in the Sacramento valley near by the Spanish Franciscan fathers in the Oroville and Corning; in the San Joa- eighteenth century and taking its name quit valley near Lindsay and in the San from the Spanish missions. It is of ex- Fernando and San Gabriel valleys near cellent flavor, color and texture for ripe Les Angeles. A small acreage of olives pickling, but a large percentage of the exists in Arizona near Phoenix, but the fruit is too small for pickling, i. e., below output is very small compared Lc) that 9-16 inches in diameter. Second in im- of California. portance is the Manzanillo, the same The normal pack of olives in Califor- olive as grown under this name in south- nia is about 300,000 cases (of two dozen ern Spain. It is somewhat larger than 618 THE MID-PACIFIC

The olives are carefully graded by hand and sorted in varying sizes.

Every olive, before packing, is carefully sterilized in specially constructed retorts. THE MID-PACIFIC 619

the Mission but lower in oil content, brine prevents bruising. It is a remark- more difficult to pickle and more subject able fact that an olive stored a few days to frost injury. The Queen or Sevillano in brine is practically immune to bruis- olive of Spain is the largest olive grown ing. in California. It is excellent for green In the brine an active, gaseous, lactic pickling, probably the best commercial fermentation occurs and the olives un- variety for this purpose, but extremely dergo a "curing" process, becoming difficult to pickle by the California ripe tough, sour in taste and losing much of process because if its tendency to fer- their bitterness. Our experiments have ment and soften during pickling. Be- definitely proven that olives stored in cause of its large size it is, however, in brine for four weeks or longer are much great demand. At present many Mission less susceptible to bacterial decomposi- and Manzanillo trees are being grafted tion during pickling than is fruit pickled to the Sevillano. direct from the tree. Holding solution The Ascolano is a very large variety treatment, therefore, is to be recom- imported from Italy. It is similar to the mended for most olives to be cured by Sevillano in size and pickling quality. the California ripe olive process. Harvesting: For ripe pickling the Lye Treatment and Oxidation of Manzanillo and Mission olives are har- Color: Unpickled olives are bitter and vested from the time they have attained of uneven color. Pickling has two pur- a faint pink blush to full color. The poses : (1) to remove bitterness, and Sevillano and Ascolano must be picked (2) to intensify the color and make it less mature than the smaller varieties in uniform. The lye (dilute sodium hy- order to avoid excessive losses during droxide solution) is usually applied to pickling and too tender flesh in the the fruit in shallow concrete or wooden pickled product. vats holding about half a ton of fruit. The fruit of all varieties ripens un- Several lye treatments are given. evenly, making several pickings neces- The first of these usually contains sary. The large varieties are harvested 1N. to 1 Y4 per cent NaOH (sodium hy- first—in some sections early in October droxide) and is applied at about 60-65° —and the Mission and Manzanillo var- F. until the solution penetrates the skin ieties later, October 15 to December 15. and a short distance into the flesh. This The picking of these smaller varieties first lye treatment is not for the purpose for pickling is often terminated by heavy of removing bitterness but to facilitate frosts, which render the fruit unfit for darkening of the color by oxidation. pickling, although still suitable for oil- Therefore, after this lye solution is re- making. moved the olives are exposed to the air Great care in picking and transporting for several days, during which period the the olives to the factory is essential in color darkens through oxidation of a order to avoid bruising. Bruised fruit tannin-like compound. Several subse- is apt to spoil before canning or be soft quent brief dilute-lye applications and in the can. exposures to the air are given until the Holding Solutions: Much of the fruit desired color is attained. is shipped in brine or stored in it at the A final lye application (usually the factory, this brine being known as a fourth or fifth) is given to destroy all "holding solution." Fifty-gallon barrels remaining bitterness. This is usually or tank cars are used for shipment in Y2 to 3A per cent NaOH. brine; storage at the factory is usually Aerated Water Process: Exposure to in large redwood tanks. Shipment in air is laborious, slow and can be applied 620 THE MID-PACIFIC only in small tanks. Oxidation of the ever fermentation during pickling be- color can also be attained by passing air comes evident. through water in which the olives are Canning and Sterilizing the Pickled immersed. Large tanks may then be Olives: Olives are canned in dilute used ; the labor required for handling is brine 2Y2 to 4 per cent salt, and sterilized considerably reduced and the time re- at 240° F. for 40 minutes in order to quired for pickling is shortened. Results destroy spore-bearing anaerobes, which, to date have been satisfactory. because of the low hydrogen ion con- Washing: The lye is removed from centration of the pickled olive, find it the fruit tissues by soaking in water a good medium for growth. This cooking which is changed two to four times daily. has been established through the investi- Brine Curing: In order to develop the gations of K. F. Meyer of the University flavor and prevent "salt shrivel" in the of California and E. C. Dickson of Stan- cans, storage of the olives several days ford University. Since the adoption of in dilute brine, 2 to 3 per cent salt, is this process spoilage has been practically desirable. eliminated. 7'ime Required for Pickling: The Olive Oil: Olive oil to the extent of time required varies with the process 200-300,000 gallons per year is produced used and the temperature of the water, as a by-product of the pickling industry. and may require as much as four weeks The price is relatively so low that olives or as little as four or five days. The cannot be grown in California for oil average is about 15 to 18 days. The only. The small, cull and frosted fruit pickling is more rapid at a warm tem- is used for oil. perature than at a low one. The usual process consists in crush- ing, pressing in a powerful hydraulic Spoilage During Pickling: Manzan- illo, Sevillano and Ascolano (but not press ; separation of oil and juice by flo- Mission) olives are very susceptible to tation; storage; decanting to remove fermentation and softening by bacterial sediment ; storage to age and clear the action during washing of the fruit in oil ; filtration and bottling. Ordinarily water to remove lye (a process lasting the oil is not ready for market under six months. Recently, however, a process usually six to seven days). Losses have been very heavy in some factories ; has been devised by a commercial con- as much as 40 to 50 per cent of these cern by which the fruit is crushed and varieties. Our experiments* show that pressed continuously, the oil and juice this trouble is greatly reduced if the separated by a centrifugal separator, and olives are stored in brine four weeks or the oil filtered at once. It is ready for longer before pickling to permit fermen- market within a few days of filtration. tation of the sugars and mamite before It is stated that a higher yield and better pickling. Fermentation before lye treat- product result from the new process. In some factories pickled ment is not injurious, but that occurring By-Products: after lye treatment results in spoilage. small and blemished but otherwise sound The bacterial action we find can be ar- fruit is pulped mechanically and screened rested by pasteurizing the olives in the to separate seeds. The resulting pulp is flavored in various ways and canned for vat at 180° P. for 30 minutes. This is now practised in several factories when- use as a sandwich filler, relish, etc. In most oil plants the oil press cake *Cruess, W. V. and Guthier, E. H. (pomace) is used only for fuel. The Bacterial Decomposition of Olives, Bul- total amount is relatively so small that letin 368, University of California, 1923. extraction of the residual oil has not THE MID-PACIFIC 621 proven attractive; although the cake con- product since the olives are grown prim- tains an average of about 8 to 10 per arily for pickling. cent oil, which can be recovered with any 4. The market demand is for large oil solvent, such as carbon bisulphide, olives of black color. Present varieties benzol, etc., and used as a soap stock. are either small or of poor pickling Summary: 1. California produces quality. Future expansion of the indus- canned, sterilized, ripe pickled olives, try, therefore, probably depends upon which are totally different than the im- procuring from Europe or elsewhere ported Spanish product in color, texture varieties better suited to the market needs. Several such varieties are now and flavor and which are much richer in under investigation. oil content. 5. Pickling methods vary greatly and 2. The pickling process is one of de- the product is also of variable quality. struction of the bitter principle with di- Improvetnent and standardization of lute sodium hydroxide and oxidation of pickling practise, therefore, are needed. the color to dark brown or black by It is to this problem that the fruit prod- exposure to air or aeration under water. ucts laboratory of the University of 3. Olive oil is in the nature of a by- California is giving most attention.

A typical olive orchard in Southern California. 622 THE MID-PACIFIC

Shrimps and small fish are caught in fine mesh nets everywhere in Japan.

A street market for fish and shrimps in Tokyo. THE MID-PACIFIC 623

In the off season the Japanese fisherman mends his nets in readiness for the shrimp and fish season.

pzimucTh • •ww • • wAt.wm..._ vialputico_v_nvirupun Floating Eggs of Prawns By DR. K. KISHINOUYE Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, Komaba, Tokyo A Paper Prepared for the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference.

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So far as I know, the description of how these eggs pass their early stages, floating eggs of the Euphausidae by G. before they hatch out as nauplii. 0. Sars in 1898, in Arch. f. Math. og On July 26, 1914, I collected small Naturvid. bd. 20, is the only record of bluish eggs in a plankton-net, hauled ver- floating eggs in the Crustacea. The tically up from the bottom of Suruga penaeid crustaceans are very abundant bay, near a fishing village named Kan- and important in the Indo-Pacific region. bara, while I was stopping over one af- They are caught in a large quantity, to ternoon on the way to Shikoku. These be consumed as food. These prawns do eggs are most probably what I have not carry their eggs about their body, as wanted to collect, and would belong to we find in all the other tribes of the Sergestes phosphoreus Kishinouye, the Crustacea. We have hitherto been quite most important Crustacea of that dis- ignorant where they lay their eggs, and trict. The color and size of these eggs 624 THE MID-PACIFIC are just the same as those of ripe ovarian differs in individual cases. Sometimes ova of the shrimp, according to the state- the diameter of the chorion is more than ment of Mr. T. Aoki, who was studying three times that of the vitelline mem- the natural history of the shrimp at that brane; but often it is only twice in diam- time, as a fishery expert of Shizouka"-ken. eter, and very rarely we find no swelling In July, 1923, while I was examining at all. a haul of a plankton net at the Marine The nauplius seems to develop to the Biological station at Misaki for penaeid protozoea in the next morning, as I do larvae, I was fortunate to find a minute not find any intermediate stage in the spherical ovum with a nauplius actively plankton, collected in the morning. swimming in it. The ovum had a very As rice and fish constitute the prin- wide perivitelline space, and the nauplius cipal part of food in our country, fishing had characteristics of the penaeid larva. industries are very important. For the Eggs seem to spawn early in the encouragement of fishing industries morning, as I found segmentation ova of nearly all of the prefectures have their four-cell stage in a day-break, and later, own experimental station of fisheries, eggs of the morula stage. They are equipped with a staff of experts in dif- greenish or greenish-blue in color, very ferent branches of the industry, good minute, ca. 0.3 mm. in diameter, and bows, laboratories, etc. Officers of the undergo a total segmentation. In the station often deliver lectures to fisher- morula stage cells are more or less un- men, fish curers, fish merchants, etc., at equal in size and color. Those near the different parts of the prefecture, about animal pole are smaller in size and darker the results of their experiments. Also in color than those in the vegetable pole. they instruct fishermen about new prac- Eggs collected early in the morning are tical methods of fishing industries and either in the segmentation stage, or in carry on some research works too—bio- the nauplius stage with well-developed logical, hydrographical and technological. appendages. Thus I am inclined to be- lieve that the eggs of the former group Education of fishery is also a very im- are those spawned in that day, while the portant problem in Japan, and we have eggs of the latter group are those at present many schools or institutes spawned on the previous day. Eggs of where special education on the subjects the former group have their chorion relating to fisheries are taught. Children quite tight, and they are found near the learn something about our fishery from bottom of the sea, while those of the textbooks at general grammar schools. latter group have generally the wide Some postgraduate children of fishing perivitelline space and some of them are villages take supplementary lessons in found even at the surface of the water. fisheries at their schools. There are also In these eggs of the nauplius stage we special fishery schools of the middle can find very easily a thin vitelline mem- school grade in several prefectures. brane, enveloping the embryo. These So far as I know, only a few scientists eggs of the nauplius stage do not retain have tried to study the fishing apparatus their original greenish color, but they are and the method of fishing. I am, how- pale yellowish. In the afternoon of the ever, convinced that the study is equally second day after spawning the nauplius as important as the study of fish. In- is hatched. The swelling of the chorion deed, the improvement of fishing indus- seems to be due to the intrusion of water tries could not be hoped for, without by osmosis, similar to the case of eggs of understanding the construction and effi- Limulus. The amount of water imbibed ciency of fishing apparatus. THE MID-PACIFIC 625

Javanese laborers cutting sugar cane for the central m ill.

• LI • • • .4 i 711Wp. __A,ivrIMULRUmU,ICY . si Agricultural Experiment Station .11 in Java By DR. P. J. S. CRAMER, Director, Experiment Station, Department of Agriculture, Buitenzorg .1 Before the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference. ffil—n-ffini--nrsinimrdirarekin • --.-- • in/ aaaaa • a •tilirel•14•1 ate •

In describing the agricultural exten- a year. The export trade is the prin- sion work in Java it must be kept in cipal purpose of the industry. We have mind that our stations serve two differ- no manufacturing industry, as in the ent kinds of agriculturists. We have United States, raw material being sold one system' of production on a large to the world's markets. plantation scale, each unit comprising Then on the other hand we have the several thousand acres. The native native agriculture which is done on laborer on these plantations is more or small farms, largely devoted to the less in the same position as the indus- growing of foodstuffs and the neces- trial laborer in the United States. He sities of daily life. It is the agricul- is simply the hand laborer, and the ture which a century ago was able to policies of the plantation are deter- provide nearly all the wants of the mined by Europeans or foreigners. The natives. However, in late years the plantations aim to produce for the contact of the native with the com- world market and the local consump- merce of the outside world, the build-. tion is quite secondary. Taking our ing of railroads, etc., has caused a largest plantation crop, sugar, we ex- tendency among the natives to also pro- port 1,600,000 tons, while we use in duce articles for the world's markets Java something like 150 thousand tons and we see in the year 1922 that while 626 THE MID-PACIFIC

our large plantation exports were val- these stations ; they meet once a year ued at something over $200,000, the and talk over their respective interests value of the exports of the natives from and exchange ideas for the mutual their small farm units was $65,000,000, benefit of each other. which is about the value of the sugar Apart from this whole organization crop in Hawaii. It shows the tendency of private stations, we have an Agri- to develop the commercial side of agri- cultural Department very much like culture, which seems to be the more your Federal Department. It tries to profitable. fill the gap between the local experi- I shall explain also our situation with ment stations. There are five main regard to research and extension work. divisions : (1) abstract or pure science ; With these two different kinds of pro- (2) general applied science (3) special duction systems, it is clear that each applied science ; (4) extension work needs its own type of research institu- (5) the farmer and his welfare. In tion and its own way of running them. our experiment stations are special Our large plantations have organized men who are located in the centre of their own experiment stations. Our the various sugar districts and report sugar people have one of the largest on the work done. and oldest experiment stations in the In our work for the natives the world, more than double the size of greatest difficulty is the extension the sugar experiment station in Ha- work. It is much more difficult to waii, and they have done some very advise the native than the European excellent work. It is much on the planter. The latter receives everything same basis as the sugar experiment with open hands from the experiment station in Hawaii. It is entirely kept station and hastens to follow the ad- up by the money of the companies who vice. The difficulty is to get the na- have invested capital in the sugar in- tive farmer to practice better methods dustry there. It is not directed by the of production. I could cite examples planters themselves but rather by the to show you how superstitious the banks which own the sugar planta- native farmer is. It requires a good tions. In the rubber industry we have deal of study to understand their men- the same situation, and for the other tality. They would rather do less industries much the same. We have work than improve their crops and get a sugar experiment station in east Java a larger production if it gives more and two rubber experiment stations ; trouble. It makes it extremely diffi- in west Java we have one for coffee cult for us, therefore, to get the farm- and one for tobacco, as well as one ers to use better farming methods. We for tea. So we also find in Sumatra have in every province of Java one one for tobacco, and, independent of trained agriculturist, generally trained this, one for rubber and oil palms and in our agricultural high school in Hol- for the other crops being developed land. He has to pass an. examination there which seem promising for Su- in the native languages and have a matra. While these are absolutely in- knowledge of native institutions. These dependent and have nothing to do with men have done a great deal of work each other so far as their finances are even though it is only the beginning concerned, there is a mutual under- of what we hope eventually to do for standing between the staffs of all the natives. THE MID-PACIFIC 627

Dipping sheep in Queensland to destroy insect pests.

•• knkly • %,•AoMxtivs) • • • 4www•tojkg,• IC7r • • • EMMM ■•,1 • • • ktrtA,K1041PAreosy,p,m2"v,* • V Australian Survey of Plant and ..:31 Animal Diseases ■1 .1 Presented by SIR JOSEPH H. CARRUTHERS Australian Government Delegate to the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation, .1 Conference iniormaffinninniumairca•---..t—aat, • f-curem •-ta at et• • •tract• .IT • ( 1) Animal Diseases: At the wealth and this information is placed last Pan-Pacific Science Congress (held at the disposal of the consular officers in Australia last year) a resolution was for Holland, France, the United States adopted by the Veterinary Science Sec- of America and other countries. tion, to the effect that interchange of in- A beginning, although a small one, has formation re the occurrence of quaran- been made in making a disease survey of tinable disease should be established be- this State, and similar action is being tween the countries bordering on the taken with regard to several animal para- Pacific. sites. At the present time such an inter- All the above lines of action lead di- change of information takes place be- rectly to the suggestion at the first para- tween the various States of the Common- graph of this report. 628 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 629

There is no doubt that many of the Boophilus australis (Cattle tick) : It restrictions on international trade are is of importance to Australia to know based on ignorance rather than on knowl- the exact distribution of Boophilus aus- edge. It is natural that ignorance tralis in any country from which cattle should lead to restrictions, and when the are admitted into Australia, and to those disease conditions in the exporting coun- States in Australia not already infected, try are not known to the importing to know the exact distribution of it in. country, the latter is justified in taking the infected States. stringent measures to protect itself from Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa: Any possible risk. country importing cattle from Australia There is no doubt as to the desirability requires the fullest information as re- of such a survey as is mentioned above gards the distribution of Pleuro-pneu- being undertaken. The carrying out of monia in that country. the survey would be subject to the limi- Haemaphysalis bispinosa: A knowledge tations imposed on each country by the of the distribution of this tick in Aus- stage of development to which it had at- tralia is of importance to those States tained. In no part of Australia could in which it does not occur (if any) and such an initial survey be made as would to other countries importing cattle from be possible in many parts of the United Australia. States of America or Great Britain. Anthrax: The distribution of an- Methods of Giving Effect to thrax in all countries bordering on the Suggestions Pacific should be communicated to all The first necessity would be to get the others. authorities controlling animal and plant Tuberculosis: The distribution of this disease in the various countries border- disease in any given country is of prac- ing on the Pacific to agree to the main tically no importance to countries im- principle, with the proviso that the. first porting animals and animal products surveys to be carried out in each coun- try would be those of most importance to since all countries protect themselves by the application of tests in their own the countries importing animal products from the country in which the survey territory and by only permitting the im- portation of meat from those countries is being taken. in which the system of inspection meets The second step : that the same author- with the approval of the importing coun- ities should agree when requested by any try. Further, it would be impossible at country importing animals and animal present for Australia to provide any products from the country in question, to definite figures as to the comparative carry out a survey if practicable with re- incidence of the disease, although the gard to any particular disease or para- figures obtainable would have a scien- site, the introduction of which is feared tific interest, and would probably act as by the importing country. an encouragement to those countries who To illustrate these points, the follow- have not yet undertaken any work in ing examples might be taken : connection with tuberculosis eradication, Rinderpest: It is essential for Aus- to commence operations. tralia to have the fullest available inf or- It is unnecessary to add to these ex- mation at hand regarding the distribu- amples, but it will be evident from the tion of Rinderpest throughout the Pacific above notes that the value of a survey area. in connection with different diseases va- Foot and Mouth Disease: ditto. ries enormously; theref ore, at the com- THE MID-PACIFIC

A wheat crop on new land in South Australia. This area is carefully protected from the introduction of pests. mencement, attention should primarily would be the responsibility of the coun- be focused on those which have a bear- try receiving the information to see that ing on international trade. Incidentally, the material supplied was so recorded of course, each country will at the same and filed as to be of practical value. time be collecting information on other There is no doubt that were such a matters, and when the time came to list system carried out thoroughly, it would those also as subjects for interchange be possible to arrange for quarantine re- of information, such information would strictions, and prohibitions to be periodi- be readily available. cally reviewed in the light of the infor- mation supplied and it might even be Overseas Transmission of possible that many restrictions now con- Information sidered necessary would be removed. When two or more countries had So far as Australia is concerned, the agreed to carry out a survey on any given question would at once arise as to subject, the incidence of the disease, so whether this work is to be carried out far as is known, during, say, the prev- by each State individually or by the Com- ious five years, should be furnished by monwealth or by both, acting in concert. and to each country concerned, and that If by each State individually, then the information kept up to date by the supply present veterinary section of the Depart- of quarterly, half-yearly or annual re- ment of Agriculture would be responsi- turns as might be decided upon, showing ble for the work. If by the Common- the occurrence of the disease during wealth, then the creation of a veterinary the period covered by the report. It hygiene branch, dealt with at the last THE MID- PACIFIC 631 conference of Ministers of Agriculture disease in New South Wales, our knowl- of the various States would be essential. edge is somewhat incomplete. The question of the Commonwealth It is based upon a record of all dis- Government establishing a Veterinary eased plant specimens sent in for exami- Hygiene Branch was fully discussed at nation, chiefly to the Department of the Interstate Conference of Ministers Agriculture in the orchard and in the of Agriculture held in Sydney from the field. 6th to the 10th May, 1924, and the Min- isters agreed to a recommendation made It is hoped to carry out this survey by a special committee appointed to con- more completely by the distribution to sider this and other veterinary matters inspectors of books in which to record included in the Conference Business observations. It is hoped by summaris- Paper. The recommendation of the Com- ing each year the information in these mittee was as follows: books to obtain a fairly complete survey of the general distribution of plant "That the recent outbreak of Rin- disease. derpest in 'Western Australia should be taken as a warning of the The value of such a record to the ever-present danger of the intro- State is that it will indicate what dis- duction of animal scourges into eases are causing the most damage and Australia, and that the Common- upon the control of which the greatest wealth Government be urged to effort should be expended. review immediately the statutory To foster mutual understanding be- provisions and administrative meth- tween countries, it will be of advantage ods under the Federal Quarantine if a prompt, fearless and easily accessible Act to meet the changed conditions publication concerning the presence and of overseas trade and transport. To extent of, and damage caused by, disease that end it is essential that a Veteri- is established. For example, there was nary Hygiene Branch be established convened recently in America a meeting to strengthen the administrative con- of pathologists, horticulturists and nurs- trol of animal quarantine." erymen to discuss the prevalence and The decision of the Conference has damage caused by "Crown-gall." As a been brought before the notice of the result of the paper submitted and of the Federal Government in Australia. discussions which followed a series of resolutions were drawn up. These indi- (2) Plant Surveys: cate that "Crown-gall" is not such a As in the case of animal diseases what serious disease as it was thought to be, each country required is (a) a knowledge and that in the case of the distribution of the distribution of disease in its own of young fruit trees the inspection and territory, and (b) a knowledge of the the regulations for importation need not distribution of disease in other countries. be of so drastic a nature as they have As regards the distribution of plant been hitherto in some quarters. 632 T II E MID-PACIFIC

In Japan many kinds of algae or seaweed are gathered in the shallow estuaries and dried to be used later as human food in souks or in specially prepared dishes that are tasty to the Japanese palate. THE MID-PACIFIC 633

414 •O'JK7,w4,..,,,,,.....•.,,,,r, •4.....,..„....• . • •) Marine Algae I. and the Produc- :• • 1 tion of Human • .-: Food ,1 •t i • By DR. W. A. SETCHELL 1 • University of California 'I :5 g Paper Prepared for the Pan-Pacific • Food Conservation Conference • A bit of Hawaiian algae. II • --i—i- a Ye\ teNV•Ntlii\ o •UN/1'i~ • • nnICI

"Nilul vilior alga," is, I believe, a seem possible of sufficient development classical saying. Rendered into the ver- to constitute a real factor of the situation nacular, it becomes "Nothing is more confronting us, viz., that within the next worthless than seaweed." It may well century importation of food from outside become the text of my short talk on the countries may be possible only in slight subject of marine' algae in relation to degree and that the population of the the human food supply. United States may have reached the sus- If I confine my attention to the mar- taining limit of its agricultural possibili- ine algae in the proper technical sense, ties within something like another cen- the Latin statement above more nearly tury of present expansion. expresses a truism than it does if I in- With such a situation ahead of us, at clude all marine aquatic plants under the least in remote possibility, and with such term, as may be done in the more general a situation also threatening the more and older use of the word alga. productive portions of the world, the We are assembled here to consider question comes to the front to each stu- food conservation and we are interested dent or specialist as to how far his own in all possibilities of furthering this mat- particular studies may suggest lines or ter, but particularly we may well feel in- paths of relief. clined to lay little stress at present on As a phycologist, viz., one who has the small outliers of possibility, but been particularly interested in the marine rather we desire to attack the main prob- algae, I have long considered the possible lem of resources not as yet developed to relationship of this class of plants to their full capacity or to preserve from food production, whether directly or in- decrease important sources of food sup- directly, but with little result in the line ply now threatened with slight or con- of constructive suggestion. As food, in siderable damage. To make even more the proper sense, i. e., materials to pro- effective our present organization of vide certain definite amounts of calories, food production and to add any which the algae promise little. Such investiga- 634 THE MID-PACIFIC

Hawaii, taking cognizance of the need of biological stations near the sea, maintains in Honolulu one of the most remarkable aquariums in the world. Adjoining this is the marine biological station.

On the reef in front of the aquarium the native Hawaiian still combs the rocks for edible sorweed and spears the luscious squid. THE MID-PACIFIC 635

tions as have been made seem clearly to other are the algae really used as food, indicate only slight availability of either nor does their sale form any very con- carbohydrate or protein materials and as siderable percentage of the trade balance. to "roughage," the algae are inferior to From seaweeds, other products than most palatable green stuff such as may food are obtained, such as potash and be produced in abundance and at little iodine, acetones, glues, algin compounds, cost. As to vitamines, something remark- agar-agar, etc., of considerable but not, able yet may be discovered among the as yet, with the possible exception of the algae, but the fish products rich in vita- last, of prime importance to mankind, mines come, chiefly at least, from those but I will not go into these matters, since species which are three to four times re- our subject deals rather with food- moved from the eaters of plant life and relation. furnish no immediate proof of vitamin- rich algae. Finally, we may inquire briefly into the indirect relations possibly existing The algae, whether of salt or of fresh between the algae and food supply. This waters, consumed in greatest quantity by matter concerns itself with the biotic any race of mankind, furnish, in no case, relations or, rather, the possible symbolic staples of diet, but are used as relishes, relations, existing between the algae and generally being esteemed for their par- the fish (including the "shell-fish") sup- ticular flavor, salt-content or gelatinous ply. We must preface our inquiry with consistency. the statement that marine algae in the While all peoples with sea-coast facili- ordinary sense are attached (benthos) ties have used seaweeds as a constituent and usually microscopic. There are, of their diet, the practice has been every- however, innumerable microscopic unat- where on the decline, as more varied tached, floating or suspended algae (the food materials have become available. plankton algae), which are very impor- The practise has been developed more tant. The most minute of these belong among the peoples of the Pacific mari- to the nannoplankton. Some important time countries than it ever was among food fish, such as the herring, feed those of the Atlantic. The practise, largely on plankton, but chiefly the ani- furthermore, seems to have been fos- mal plankton, i. e., the microscopic float- tered most among peoples with the least ing animal life. Many small but usually possibility of variety in food products, worthless marine animals feed on the viz., among insular peoples. Fish-eating plankton, some eating chiefly the nanno- nations, in particular, have turned plankton. Some shell-fish consume lim- towards seaweeds as a relish rather than ited amounts of benthal algae. Such fish as food proper. This was true in the as the cod and flat-fishes eat shell-fish Atlantic countries, such as Scotland, Ire- and even other fishes and some of the land, northern Norway and Iceland. In latter may feed partly or entirely on sea- a greater degree, it has been developed in weeds, but it would seem from Petersen's Hawaii and in Japan. The former de- and other Danish investigations in the veloped a complex usage of the fresh Kattegat that the proportion of worthless seaweed, while the latter country has ex- animal algae-eaters to those of direct celled in the variety of preparations of contributors to fish food is very large the dried and variously treated and flav- (about five to one in the Kattegat). ored seaweed products. The Danish investigators paid particu- I may, however, simply repeat again lar attention to the dust-fine vegetable my former statement to the effect that debris of the feeding grounds, which is in neither of these countries, nor in any made up of disintegrated • eelgrass, a 636 THE MID-PACIFIC

All that is any way nutritious finds its way from the sea about Japan to the city market place; fish, crustacea and the delectable squid.

Washing seaweed in Japan before drying and pressing it for storage in bulk or for sale as food in the open stalls of the city markets. THE MID-PACIFIC 637 flowering plant, not a seaweed. This "Perhaps the most striking feature debris is a most important food for many brought out by these figures is the com- marine forms, particularly the oysters, paratively trifling amount of human food clams, mussels, etc., which give a more finally produced from such a large immediate and direct return. The Dan- amount of organic material." I may add ish results indicate that of about 418,- that this is much more true (i. e., quan- 000,000 tons of eelgrass, annually pro- titatively) of the relation between human duced in the Kattegat, half only remains food and marine algae. It is probably to disintegrate, the rest being washed reasonable to suppose that less than 0.25 away. Of the 24,000,000 tons remain- per cent of marine plant-material goes ing, about 5,000,000 tons go directly to directly or indirectly towards supplying the support of useless animals (i. e., human food and that no particular spe- either directly or indirectly unrelated to cies of marine algae in the restricted human food production), about 50,000 sense, plays any important role. tons of feed, indirectly 5000 tons of In conclusion, it is proper to state that plaice, while 60,000 tons or more go as there are many biotic relations of the partial and very indirect support of about marine plants which are of extreme sci- 6000 tons of cod, which, however, also entific interest, but your attention may consume a portion of the 7000 tons of be called to the fact that marine vegeta- herring which are largely and directly tion bears no such essential reciprocal nourished by the animal nannoplankton. relation to the circumambient water and In summing up a discussion of these re- its water-breathing animals as does the sults on eelgrass, George W. Martin (Sci. land vegetation to the circumambient at- Monthly, 15 ; 464, Nov., 1922) says : mosphere and its air-breathing animals.

Hazc'aiian seaweed. 638 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 639

Trainloads of soya beans on a railway siding in Eastern Asia.

RIC77[71...„,, „...,..„ „ . ,..,,,,,,,,,,,.,„,,,.„y.., . ,,.....„„up ,, • vp„.

The Soya Bean in Manchuria By TARO ITO Of the Manchurian Railways Co. A Paper Read at the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference ..

11310iininnEmininniniUM reariwih n Inv n , II I 1 /N 5.'. s .,

As all of you know, the soya bean has centyears and this development is in constituted an important foodstuff in turn due to the effort on the part of the China for the past 5000 years.China Manchurian farmersas well as activities boasts of the foremost position of the on the part of railroad authorities. Al- present-day world in the production of though the soya bean of Manchuria has soya beans. Eighty percent cee of th world now risen to the place of a world com- production is cropped in China at the modity, yet it was not until 1908 that present time and 70 per cent of China's Manchuria soya beans were introduced to yield is produced in Manchuria. the world market. In that year the first Mahuria,nc therefore, ranks first in shipment was made to England; and ever so far as soya bean production is con- since that timee their utility has come to cerned. Her annual yield is estimated at recognized by European and Amer- approximately 3,500,000 kilolitres. ican people, and they are anann ually ex- These large figures are results brought ported either in the shape of oil and cakes about by the rapid development of re- or in the shape of beans. The soya bean 640 THE MID-PACIFIC

A street in Mukden, the center of the Manchurian soya bean area.

The general offices of the South Manchurian Railway. This company is greatly developing the soya bean industry. THE MID- PACIFIC 641 has attained the position of being the porting soya beans now in force on the most important agricultural product in South Manchuria railway (also on the Manchuria today, and it is by no means Chinese Eastern railway, in so far as exaggeration to say that business circles through traffic to the South Manchuria depend to the greatest extent upon the railway is concerned) attention must be market situation of this commodity called to the "mixed storage system" However, the Manchurian beans are which is combined with the carriage. not so important as such, as they are as Not only has improvement in handling the raw material for oil and bean-cake. soya beans been effected but improve- The greater proportion of the soya-bean ment of quality has also, through this crop is consumed in oil factories for the system, been encouraged and at the same manufacturing of oil and cake, while a time merchandising has been facilitated. lesser proportion is exported to China This system is not at all compulsory and proper, Japan and other foreign coun- those who do not desire to avail them- tries, such as England, Germany, Hol- selves of it can make shipments on the land and Egypt on the one hand, and ordinary basis of transportation. But, America on the other. in reality, the soya bean business derives The quantities of soya beans carried many advantages and much benefit from by the South Manchuria railway alone the system, especially at a time of con- amounted to 2,000,000 metric tons for gestion of traffic. Ninety per cent of the year 1923. Of this tonnage 400,000 the carload shipments utilize the system. tons were exported to Japan, 150,000 What is, then, the character of this tons to China proper, 80,000 tons to the mixed storage system and what functions South Sea Islands and Australia and does it play in the sphere of railroad 1000 tons to America, chiefly to the port transportation ? of Seattle, in the Pacific area, and 120,- Mixed Storage System Now in Opera- 000 tons to Europe and Africa. The tion on Railroads aggregate of exports amounts to 750,000 Merchants who are desirous of ship- metric tons for the last year. That is, ping their beans by rail from one place something like 37 per cent of the beans to another, some for the purpose of dis- which entered into the railroad traffic charging their contracts, others for the were shipped by steamers from Dairen, purpose of supplying their mills with the southern terminal of the railroad. beans purchased for their plants at dis- Then, what became of the remaining tant markets, can bring them in bags to 63 per cent—or 1,250,000 tons? They specific depots designated as points of were consumed in oil factories called by acceptance for carriage on the mixed the Manchurians "Yu-Fang" ; factories storage basis and there offer them as which flourish in Dairen and Yingkou, mixed storage railroad freight. The for the manufacture of oil and cakes. quantity of one consignment is fixed at The export of oil reached 140,000 metric carload shipment—that is, about 30 tons, tons for the year 1923 and that of bean- otherwise they cannot be accepted. cake 1,3C0,000 tons, the oil being export- Previous to the acceptance the beans ed mainly to Europe and America and thus delivered are examined and graded the cake to Japan for fertilizer. by railroad agents appointed specially for As will be gathered from the foregoing this purpose, according to standards se- sketch, the transportation of soya beans lected for the year. In addition to the occupies a significant position in the rail- examination and grading of contents, the road tra is in Manchurian regions. containers (all of them are gunny-bags) As peculiar to the method of trans- are similarly examined and graded in 642 THE MID-PACIFIC

accordance with the standards fixed for system is said to have another beneficial the year. In case the beans offered in point. Regardless of the real carriage this manner come up to the standard and of any particular beans which are en- the bags pass examination, they are ac- trusted to the railroads, the bearers of cepted for storage with transportation. certificates are given the right to make Depositors, who, in a sense, may be withdrawals after the lapse of a certain called consignors, are entitled to certifi- period of time. For this reason they are cates issued on demand, which may cir- able easily to negotiate the papers with culate legally as negotiable paper. After banks. an interval of a week, reckoning from The "mixed storage system," as the the day on which the certificates were railroad authorities call it, was adopted issued, the bearers of the certificates are in 1919, by the South Manchuria rail- entitled on demand to withdraw an equiv- way. Later, in 1922, an agreement was alent amount of beans of the same qual- made relating to the through traffic in ity from the specific depots to which the soya beans accepted on the mixed storage first depositor has made assignment. basis between the South Manchuria rail- But, if they desire to change the depot way and the Chinese Eastern railway. at the time of the consignment to another, In view of the economic situation of from which they had intended to draw, Manchuria, the South Manchuria rail- they are allowed with some restrictions way donates a bounty of 15 yen per con- to do so. signment, that is, per carload, and by Through this system, even when con- this means and others is endeavoring to gestion of traffic is experienced, the rail- improve the bean trade in its territory. road can operate its rolling stock smooth- Examiners. Contrary to that of other ly and efficiently, by taking into con- countries, the system adopted by the sideration the situation of delivery and South Manchurian railway is peculiar in withdrawals of beans over all its lines respect to the examiners. Thus in Can- and appropriately adjusting their trans- ada and the United States the examina- portation to meet requirements of any of tion and grading of grain are usually the depots, irrespective of the specific undertaken by officially organized boards destinations designated in the consign- or committees. However, the examina- ment papers. This benefits not only the tion and grading is done on the South railroad but also consignors and con- Manchurian railway by examiners ap- signees, because carriage will not be re- pointed by the company. Their qualifi- fused on the plea that traffic is too con- cations are in like manner determined by gested. the company, which undertakes not Through this system, improvement in merely the responsibility of carrying but quality of beans is believed to have been also of examining and grading. achieved. Examiners are vested with the Examination and Grading of Soya right to determine whether the quality of Beans and Bags. The examination of beans is equal to the standards or not, beans is ordinarily carried on in the rail- and the beans which do not come up to road yards by drawing a certain number the mark do not enjoy the benefit of the of samples from one consignment which system, with the result that merchants comprises 350 bags, each bag weighing do not care to purchase such inferior not less than about 85.2 klgs. (142 kins). beans and accordingly farmers pay keen The method now in use is practical, based attention to producing beans of superior upon the appearance of the beans to the quality. naked eye and their moisture content as Besides these merits the mixed storage estimated by chewing between the teeth. THE MID-PACIFIC 643

The authorities have under consideration A and an old one used only once is des- the introduction of a more scientific ignated as B, while an old one used twice method by which all the complaints aris- is designated as C. ing from the examination and grading The railroad can make delivery of dif- will be eliminated. ferent grades of bags so long as it de- The standards are fixed at a certain livers beans of the same quality as it had time of the year annually by experts in accepted. The difference between the agriculture at the agricultural experi- prices of superior and inferior grades mental station of the company, who col- of bags is paid or received by the com- lect beans from different parts of Man- pany as the case may be. churia and take into consideration many Method of Packing Soya Beans and conditions necessary to the standardiza- the Projected Elevator System. Soya tion. The standards now in operation beans are at present carried in Man- have three grades, A. B. C. Beans which churia in gunny-bags and, as the weather come below C are not to be accepted as in Manchuria in winter when the beans freight under the mixed storage system. appear on the markets is dry, any pre- So far for the beans. I will now give cipitation falling as snow, open stacking an outline of the examination and grad- is permissible without the slightest dam- ing of bags. Bags used as containers of age to the goods. But in view of the soya beans are gunny-bags, mostly im- saving of time in handling the goods, ported from India—needless to say, some as well as of economising the expendi- are imported from Japan. The annual ture on bags the South Manchuria rail- import reaches 20,000,000 bags on the way is now considering the construction average, comprising, of course, old ones of grain elevators in the interior as well as well as new. The bags in which beans are packed as terminals, as, for instance, in Dairen are examined and graded together with and Changchun. the beans. The standards thereof are This plan will be realized next year also three. A new one is designated as and building will be started.

Seoul, Korea, another soya bean center. 644 THE MID-PACIFIC

Life pursuing life. The birds of Palmyra live on larger fish that devour the smaller species, and they in their turn live on still smaller fish that eat minute animalculae of the ocean that subsist on the still smaller plankton or almost infinitestimal animal life food of the ocean. THE MID-PACIFIC 645

The Aquarium near Los Angeles, California.

• • VW %•14411115.4.1•1.4)114•) • tp•131 • • 414! 41,,V • The Problem of Food Succession in Marine Organisms By PROF. T. C. FRYE University of Washington A Paper Prepared for the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference •

• • • titcraMM aa

We have singularly little organized in- land products are of much greater im- formation about the succession of foods portance than sea products, and because in the life of the sea. Yet every step is land products can be much more easily of importance to man ; the practical controlled than sea products. Land is phase of most of such work can readily more accessible than the sea. be grasped by the general public, and the It seems to be fairly well settled that whole series of successions practically most original foods, carbohydrates, are determine the quantity and kind of our derived from green organisms, in a broad sea foods. The scope of the problem is sense, from plants. The reason why this so broad and it is so important to man, is fairly well established is that we know that it merits the position of a major of few cases (e. g., certain bacteria) of branch in universities situated on the the synthesis in nature of organic from seashore. It holds much the same rela- solely inorganic foods, except in green tion to marine products that agriculture organisms. It may be that more experi- holds to land products. Its importance mentation with small organisms without is less than that of agriculture because chlorophyll, with the best up-to-date tests 646 THE MID-PACIFIC

The small fish feeds on plankton, as does the mighty whale. The shark feeds on the larger fish, even devouring the whale; life pursuing life even in the ocean from the beginning to the end. THE MID-PACIFIC 647

and experimental conditions, would ex- pound microscope. Thus the macro- tend the list of non-green food-synthetic scopic grades into the microscopic phase. organisms. Thus we accept as proved The coarser microscopic work can, how- that chlorophyll-bearing plants are at ever, be done under rough field condi- one end of the problem of food suc- tions, by men who are specialists in their cession. respective fields of taxonomy. From the human standpoint, the ulti- Beginning with the seaweed end, there mate end of food succession is human is some, but little, that can be done ma- food in some form. If we conceive a croscopically, since the seaweeds are not form of marine agriculture, its great aim a considerable source of direct food to must be the feeding of more human be- macroscopic animals. By far the great ings. Thus we have the other end of the bulk of the larger sea plants decompose. succession of foods. From the biologi- The two great sources of sea carbo- cal standpoint organic materials continue hydrates are the phytoplankton and the to be food until they become CO2, H2O, shore algae. Their relative importance and other inorganic substances ; but that cannot well be determined because we is of little moment in marine food suc- do not know enough about their quantity, cession. Thus we have the two ends of the species, and the food value. I know the problem ; originating in plants, end- of no estimate of the volume or weight ing in man. of diatoms or peridineae produced annu- In a rough way the problem divides ally; if there is one it is worthless. We itself into two phases, differing in their have some local estimates of the weight requirements; the macroscopic and the of large shore algae produced annually, microscopic, the two intergrading some- but those are based upon reconnaissance what. observations. The macroscopic phase lends itself to The phytoplankton consists mostly of field work, to the rough conditions of peridineae and diatoms. From the recent expeditions, to the observation of spe- work on planktons we know something cies and a keen eye for observation. The of the way in which organic material problem of food succession through the manufactured by plants starts its suc- larger animals falls largely here. That cession through the animals. However, a starfish eats an oyster is of greater im- the facts to date are meager, and based portance to the starfish, to the oyster, upon the observation of too few forms. and to man; and it does not require any Our knowledge of what feeds upon phy- complicated apparatus, nor any knowl- toplankton is in about the same stage as edge of chemistry and physics to make was our knowledge of agriculture when a good, accurate, reliable record of the we found that cloven-hoofed animals fed fact. It can be done in the field. It upon vegetation, but had not observed requires no laboratory. It requires re- just which plants served as the chief sourceful, persistent, level-headed, adapt- source of food for which animals. Much able, healthy men used to roughing it. more observation is necessary. We know Since much animal food is swallowed that certain species prefer certain species whole, it follows that on the whole the of diatoms for food, and in some cases smaller animal is eaten by the larger. are somewhat dependent upon them for Thus it follows that in tracing the suc- food. It would be remarkable, however, cession of food from food-fish back- if the major portion of the consumption ward, the succession is from smaller and of phytoplankton were dependent upon smaller animals, soon from forms too such specific selection. Most likely they small to be recognized without the com- feed upon various forms, likely dif fer- 648 THE MID-PACIFIC

Native Hawaiian fishermen haunt the seashore, collecting fish and seaweed used as food.

The squid or octopus is found with the seaweed about the coral reefs of Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 649 ent at different times of their lives, or eases and bacterial changes more directly at different seasons. But we need much and evidently related to man's welfare. more recorded evidence. However, too Can it be that the millions of tons of few biologists are sufficiently familiar seaweeds produced annually merely rot with phyto- and zooplankton for suc- and end there? Can it be that the bac- cessful observation. Unless one were teria are eaten by minute zoo-organisms quite certain to recognize a cow and a and the seaweeds thus started upon the lion at sight, his record of a lion feeding succession of foods in the ocean? Can upon cow would be worthless. The it be that the residue after bacteria have problem therefore needs plankton spe- completed their work is dissolved in cialists. ocean water and absorbed by zooplank- These specialists could work best in ton? There is no work to show it so seaside laboratories, where the conditions far as the writer is aware. Experiment- vary more than on the open ocean. The ing with decomposition of seaweeds may recognitional phase must come first ; but prove a fruitful source of information. very likely work with pure cultures, in In any case, it seems preposterous that seawater under careful observation for the annual mass of seaweeds in colder changes in physical and chemical condi- waters does not reach the marine ani- tions, carried on for investigation of the mals in some way. Some protozoa eat range of food and its effects, will have bacteria, but in what quantity ? And to be resorted to before we can be sure what becomes of the protozoans ? It of the main facts. Single observations has been claimed that the weight of ma- are not conclusive, otherwise one might terial in a salmon starting up a long conclude that a cat lived upon catnip. stream will not produce enough energy I feel certain that pure culture work in to propel him up to the spawning zoo-and phytoplankton will be as prolific grounds'; yet he eats nothing. Is this of results as it has been in fungi. Fur- a case of absOrption of dissolved organic ther, it is going to be easier than the de- matter, an error in calculation, or an velopment of bacteriology and mycology error in observation ? It is suggestive, has been, for these fields have developed at least. the methods and technique which in gen- Again, work along this line can best eral will be useful, or at least suggestive, be done in seaside laboratories, where in pure culture work in plankton. physical and chemical conditions can Many of the shore algae are large and better be controlled. easily recognized with the naked eye, or A considerable body of knowledge quite readily so under the compound varying much in its scientific certainty microscope. Some of them are a source is published on the food of marine food of some food to shore animals. Thus animals, much less about the food of the there is some macroscopic work here also. food of marine food animals, and in- But the great mass of seaweeds decom- creasingly less the more removed the pose when the conditions are unfavor- species from the food animals. Works able. The rot is caused by bacteria. But on natural history abound in statements what bacteria? What becomes of the about foods and enemies ; but often it is bacteria? What becomes of the matter not clear upon what observations the not absorbed by the bacteria ? What be- statements are based. The body of facts comes of the by-products of the bacteria? about food succession must, however, be The bacterial flora of the ocean is poorly segregated so as to be more available. It known. We need work in that field. is submerged in the mass of literature Bacteriologists are busy with human dis- on marine animals and plants. 650 THE MID-PACIFIC '

Let us find out what is already known. they need to be named, but that is not a But how shall we proceed? It seems that matter under discussion. this end might be met by having readers Too often taxonomists aim only to be- go through much of the fisheries and come specialists in the group, so their general zoological literature, and make a work means little to others. That is an card catalog of the foods and enemies error. We need very much good re- under the heads of all species. The num- gional keys, accurate, usable, in non- ber of animals and plants is so great that scientific terms, so anyone of good gen- it would probably never be completed ; eral biological training can use them. but neither is any other phase of science. The reason why only specialists can de- The card catalog would be valuable from termine certain groups cannot be laid to the start, and the more it is extended the the species, but is squarely at the door more valuable it becomes. At least many of the taxonomists in the group them- of the facts observed and published only selves. We often hear it said that tax- to be lost under tons of print-paper can onomy is dead; not so, it is a real, live more cheaply be found than rediscov- subject, but has fallen into a bad rut. ered ; some perhaps not. But the card This is work for museums and for sea- catalog would not end there. It might shore laboratories. end its historical completeness, but new Summary: We should recognize, facts can always be added as observed, therefore, these several phases of the and its usefulness go on. question of food succession: This work can best be done by some 1. We need taxonomy, perhaps a new institution which can afford to hire a form, which aims to be useful rather number of readers to browse through than an end in itself, which makes clear literature and record facts. An institu- and aims at general usableness. tion near a good biological library would (a) We need it very much in micro- have an advantage. Such a record would scopic marine forms, but probably prove to be a source of a series (b) We need it also in larger forms of interesting papers not only to scien- of marine plants and animals. tists but to the general public as well. (c) Taxonomy without profuse il- Just what facts should be recorded is lustration is of doubtful value. unfortunately a matter of judgment (d) This is work for biological lab- without all the facts. We do not know oratories, preferably those on the sea- what facts we want most to know in 25 shore. 2. We need to bring together much years. It is so with all science, and the of the body of known facts about marine cause of it is progress, so we should not food succession. complain. (a) Possibly in card catalogues. The taxonomic phase of the forms of (b) It is a big labor and does not re- plants and animals cannot be ignored. quire research ability. We must discriminate before we can dis- (c) It is work which should be hired cuss intelligently, before we can record done by some institution which can af- intelligently. As a rule, but not always, ford it. the smaller the species the more it needs (d) The greatest asset outside funds to be studied from the taxonomic point is access to a good biological library. of view ; the larger species have natur- 3. We need microscopical work from ally received the most attention. Species the phytoplankton end of the succession. need to be well described and, by all (a) Pure cultures are needed for means, well illustrated. I doubt whether study of food ranges. THE MID -PACIFIC 651

(b) The physical and c hem i cal 5. We need to know larger fauna and changes of the sea water need to be ob- flora of the sea. served in their effects upon organisms. (a) They need to be gathered and (c) This can best be done in seaside compared. biological laboratories. (b) We need observations of their use to man directly. 4. We need work on the bacteriology of the sea. (c) We need observations of their use or harm to each other. (a) Plain taxonomy is needed. (d) We need to know their range (b) Pure culture studies should be and habits, and habitat. made and combined with experiments on (e) We need to know something of bacteria as food for marine zooplankton. the physical conditions they require. (c) This can best be done in a sea- (f) This can best be done on expe- side biological laboratory. ditions along the seashore.

is

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Sea birds that devour the small fish and Produce guano for the fertilization of vegetable crops. 652 THE MID-PACIFIC

A typical fish market in Southern Asia, where sea food is a staple diet the year around.

The Chinese river fishing junk and the modern river tug side by side near Shanghai.

THE MID-PACIFIC 653

I • twAlmumwmoim Ams. • WSWAYAI WAMI •JPV4410.

• 4... 1 The Fisheries of r4- 0 1 China ...,..f. 0 4 1 By ARTHUR DE CARLE SOWERBY, P.R.G.S., p iN F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ‘4 • ), 4,- • 4 0 A Paper Prepared for the Pan-Pacific t f Food Conservation Conference 14 l• Dr. Arthur De Carle Sowerby, co- •t editor of the China Journal of iiiii * Vtstri% • rtitKa • ANt- • • rresiVeltaitrrect di irr• Science and Arts.

It is probable that in no country in the made no great advance for many cen- world with a population as dense, and a turies, the methods of farming now in civilization as advanced as are those of vogue being, as far as can be ascertained, China, have the natural resources re- those of their ancestors for innumerable mained as undeveloped. Along one line generations. only can the Chinese claim to have taken In one direction only does China as a full advantage of what their country has whole seem to have awakened to the pos- to offer, and that is that of agriculture ; sibilities that lie in a thorough investiga- and it would almost seem that these virile tion from scientific and economic view- people have sacrificed everything, from points of her resources, namely, mining. the proper conservancy of their country's It is probable that even here it has only waterways to the preservation of the rich been the eagerness of foreigners to ob- variety of game birds and animals it con- tain mining rights and concessions, as a tains, to the interests, according to their result of the world-wide and ever-in- lights, of agriculture. They do not ap- creasing demand for minerals, that has pear to have realized that the presence roused the Chinese to a sense of the or absence of birds in a country are very value of such products, and therefore to vital matters to the farmer ; that the a realization of the necessity of intensive abundance or scarcity of timber on the research in the rich fields that lie to hand. hills and the mountains materially affect The government geological survey and a country's rainfall, as well as the quan- the Geological Museum of Peking seem tity of silt contained in its rivers; that to be almost the only institutions under by capturing wholesale the fry of the government control where genuine and various fish that occur in rivers, lakes, effective scientific research work is being canals, and along the foreshore, they carried out. seriously diminish the supply of sizeable Considering that for over half a cen- fish to be taken in subsequent seasons. tury China has been opened to the in- Even in agriculture the Chinese have fluence of western nations, whose whole 654 THE MID-PACIFIC

A typical fishing junk in the China Sea on a calm day.

Some of the native fishing nets of bamboo used in South Asian waters of the Pacific. THE MID-PACIFIC 655 trend and teaching is along the lines of cause of the greatness and power of the the economic development of the natural western nations. resources of their countries, this is de- What China needs, more than any- plorable, to say the least of it. thing else, what will help her most surely Politics are altogether outside the to a place of honor amongst the nations scope of this discussion, but we may be is a great awakening of her people to pardoned if we point out that China has the real and lasting advantages of a adopted with enthusiasm what to many widespread movement in the direction of are the least creditable developments of the economic development and conserva- western nations—big guns, battleships, tion of her natural resources, and this military aeroplanes, military wireless can only be brought about by the institu- systems, bugles, uniforms ; in short, all tion of intensive scientific research under that pertains to aggressive militarism— the direction of competent instructors while the culture of the west, its art, mu- from foreign lands. Scientific instru- sic, literature, scientific research, indus- ments should take the place of engines of trial and economic development for the war; scientists of drill instructors ; and good of the people, things that really go then may we hope to see China making towards building up the greatness of a rapid strides in the direction of true na- nation, has only been taken up half- tional greatness. What are sorely need- heartedly, and more as a concession to ed in this country are all kinds of well- the whims and idiosyncracies of foreign equipped institutions to carry out scien- enthusiasts than because the Chinese tific research—museums, biological and have felt any real need for them. chemical laboratories, fishery, forestry The reason for this is not far to seek. and agricultural experimental stations. War is so much more spectacular than Every river system should have its con- peace ; the blowing of bugles and don- servancy board of competent engineers, ning of gay uniforms so much more and adequate laws should be put in force rousing than patient, plodding work in to conserve the country's game, fish and a laboratory ; the roar of cannon and the timber supplies. crumbling of old walls under the shock What is being done in geology should of bursting shells so much more thrilling be done in every branch of natural sci- than the gentle tapping of a geologist's ence. The institutions should be built, pick on ancient rock formations ; the equipped and maintained by the govern- shouting of patriots in the streets and ment, and not, as at present, in the few government ,chambers than the quiet cases where they exist, by private enter- of the professor in classroom and lecture prise or the philanthropy of people in hall. foreign lands. We cannot blame the Chinese. They It is well known that China is the pos- have been misinformed. As a result of sessor of a great variety of splendid food racial antagonism when Europeans and fish, which are to be found not only in Chinese first came into contact, we came the seas that wash her shores but also in to them with the blare of trumpets and her rivers, streams, lakes and marshes, the rattling of rifles ; we impressed them though the available supplies for public with our military greatness. Because we consumption are in no way commensur- flattened the walls of their cities by our ate with the possibilities that the country armed might, we gave them the impres- has to offer in this direction. In the case sion that only in the strength and extent of fresh-water fisheries the poorer Chin- of her armies does a country's greatness ese cause considerable damage to stocks lie ; and they have failed to see through by their persistent netting of immature the smoke and dust of battle the real fish, so that it not infrequently happens 656 THE MID-PACIFIC

that waters that should contain large fish the species resembles considerably quantities of good-sized fish are prac- in appearance. Besides these more com- tically empty of anything but fry ; while mon members of the carp family there in the case of the marine fisheries the are a number of aberrant forms, which methods employed by Chinese fishermen are also useful as food fish, but to give are utterly inadequate to take the toll details of which would take too long here. from the sea that they might. In other Of the catfish family (Siluridae), the words, inland fisheries require conserva- most valuable as a food fish is the Chin- tion, while marine fisheries call for de- ese wels (Parasilurus asotus), which also velopment. reaches a considerable size, specimens measuring three feet in length being pro- Fresh-Water Fisheries and their Con- curable from ponds and lakes in the in- servation terior. In many places this fish forms Let us first consider the fresh-water practically the only species available in fisheries in some detail, since, to a large any quantities for local consumption. proportion of the Chinese people, cut off, Two forms of fresh-water bass are to be as they are, from access to the ocean, found, both of which are of a very high these are the more important. As al- quality as food fish. These are Siniper- ready stated, numerous species of ex- ca chautsi and S. scherzeri. Of these tremely good food fish are to be found the former is commonly known as the ,in the fresh waters of China ; notably mandarin fish, and as such frequently amongst the members of the carp family, graces the tables of Europeans living in which has its headquarters, so to speak, China, who prefer it to members of the in China and India. In articles which carp family on account of its superior have already appeared in the North flavor. A fish that is extremely common China Daily News we have dealt with in Chinese waters is the serpent-head the fresh-water fishes of China, but we (Ophiocephalus argus). It is known to may here enumerate once more the more the Chinese as He Yu, or black fish, and valuable species from an economic point is not considered of very high quality. of view. Of the members of the Cyp- Nevertheless, it is frequently served at rinidae, or carp family, the true carp, the table in European families, especially (Cyprinus car pio) , the so-called huang- in cases where the lady of the house does chuan (Elopichthys bambusa), the pe- not visit her kitchen frequently, since it culiar fish known to science as Hypo- is very suitable for frying. It is a large phthalmichthys molitrix, the Chinese ide fish, reaching a size of three feet in (Stenopharyngodon idella), the bream length, and of a weight of 20 to 30 (Parabramis Pekinensis), the various pounds, and it is particularly adapted to forms of culters, Culter alburnus, C. sluggish or stagnant waters, where it enythropterus, C. oxycephalus, C. Mon- lurks in the weeds. Unfortunately, it is golicus and Hemiculter leucisculus, and a predacious species and does consider- the giant loach (Misgurnus anguillicau- datus), are propably the most important. able damage to other and more valuable Of these the first four reach a consid- forms. erable size, especially the huang-chuan Eels are not so common in Chinese and the ide, the former of which may waters as they appear to be in those of reach a weight of upwards of 100 lbs. Europe, but they are sufficiently abun- and a length of well over five feet. It dant to form an important item in the is to be found in large rivers from Can- fish food of the country. The common ton to Mongolia, the flesh being excellent, eel (Anguilla Pekinensis) closely re- somewhat like that of a salmon, which sembles the European species and attains THE MID-PACIFIC 657 a considerable size. Other very numer- fish, however, are those in which ex- ous species of eels are those belonging to plosives or poisons are used. In Fukien the genus Monopterus. These abound province there are certain species of in marshy areas, where they live in the plants which, when put into the water, mud. Specimens of considerable size are will poison all the fish that occur in the frequently offered for sale in the mar- stream below them for a mile or more. kets, but their appearance, which re- The Chinese know this and during the minds one considerably of a serpent, summer months a wholesale destruction precludes them from finding favor of fish takes place. The wicked part of amongst Europeans. this method is that everything is killed; All these species are only a modicum no living thing escapes ; so that not only of those that occur in Chinese waters, are the fish themselves destroyed as well from which fact it may be realized how as the fry, but also the shrimps and other valuable the Chinese fresh-water fish- aquatic invertebrates upon which sur- eries might be if properly looked after. yivors might feed. Dynamiting is con- When we come to consider the way in siderably resorted to in districts where which the Chinese country folk scour the explosives can be obtained, as, for all the inland waters for their finny in- instance, along the Yalu, in south Man- habitants we cannot but marvel that churia, and other districts adjacent to there are any fish left at all. All kinds treaty ports. While in the Imperial of devices are resorted to in order to Hunting Ground, northeast of Peking, catch the fish. The streams and canals one of the only places in China where are netted persistently. For instance, trout are to be obtained, I was informed it is no uncommon sight to see a canal by the Chinese that they had cleaned out being literally swept with nets, as many all the streams of fish by this method, as half a dozen seines being stretched as many as 200 catties of fish being taken across from bank to bank, and every- from a single large pool. A visit to the thing, even down to the tiniest fishes, local fish markets in any of the treaty taken out of the water. Where netting ports will soon satisfy those who are with seine nets is impracticable, traps are interested in these matters that the f ore- used, and here again everything is cap- going statements are correct, since they tured, while in no case is any fish, how- will see there basket after basket of small ever small, returned to the water. Rivers fish which the poorer Chinese buy and are fished with lines and by means of fry after the manner of whitebait in cormorants, the latter method being par- Europe. An examination of the con- ticularly destructive since it is carried tents of these baskets will reveal the fact out, in many cases, on a wholesale scale. that though there are a number of char- A section of a river is chosen and marked acteristically small fishes present, such as off. Then anywhere from a dozen to gudgeon, bitterlings, and paradise fish, 30 small boats, each with two or three fully 50 per cent are the fry of large and cormorants, set to work to scour the valuable food fishes. It must be patent, waters. The birds catch a great many then, even to the meanest intellect, that fish in this way, but, what is worse, they were the taking of fish in inland waters drive those which they cannot catch up properly regulated, and the capture and or down stream and into nets placed to destruction of immature specimens ren- take them, so that when a halt is called dered illegal, the available supply would the section of the river being worked is in a very short time be greatly increased. probably depleted of all but the smallest Here again lies a line of investigation species. The worst methods of taking that should be taken np. Adequate 658 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 659 means for protecting fresh-water fish jects shall be, firstly, to see that such should be devised and proper laws not fish as do occur receive some manner of only passed but enforced. This cannot protection, so that they may reach a possibly be done under existing condi- reasonable size before being taken from tions, since it would entail the employ- the water and sold in the markets, and, ment, not only of a staff of scientific in- secondly, to experiment with these fish vestigators, but a very much larger staff in order to find out what may be done of fish wardens, and China's financial in the way of cultivation for economic state is not sufficiently sound just now. purposes. But it should be the goal towards which Another line of investigation and ex- those interested in this problem should periment which may be suggested as aim. probably affording useful results is that Another line of research lies open to of introducing valuable food fish from the investigator, namely, the possibilties foreign countries into streams and ponds of breeding fish. In this connection it where only poor varieties now occur. is interesting to note that certain species China is peculiarly deficient in salmon- are particularly adapted for this purpose. oids—salmon trout and the like—which One of the most important of these is in such countries as Europe and North Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. As a America form some of the most impor- matter of fact, the Chinese throughout tant food fish. Along the eastern coasts the lower Yangtsu basin and South China of the Manchurian region, and even in do actually cultivate this fish to a con- northeastern Korea, the North Pacific siderable extent. It thrives in small salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus run ponds, so that by putting in a certain up the rivers for considerable distances number of young fish of this species in to spawn, just as they do in Alaska, Brit- the spring, the pond will be found to ish Columbia, and the coasts of Wash- contain a very useful supply of sizeable ing and Oregon, but so far as I have fish by China New Year. All round been able to ascertain, no form of salmon Shanghai and in Chekiang, Fukien and occurs in any of the rivers that find out- Kwangtung provinces this is done, the let to the sea to the east of the Korean young fish being specially hatched, and peninsula. What may be called the sea- carried considerable distances for the char (Plecoglossus altivelis) comes in purpose. In Chihli and other northern from the sea and ascends some of the provinces the common carp and the ide shorter coastal streams along the north- are specially cultivated, as also is the ern Chihli coast, while in the Tung Ling wels, but as far as I know the matter area of the same province (northeast of ends there. There is no reason why Peking) a species of trout, probably many other species should not be culti- Brachymystax lenok, is to be found. In vated in the same way, but at present; the estuaries of the rivers from north there is no organization to carry this out. to south the peculiar little smelt-like The Chinese government could undoubt- fishes belonging to the genus Salangich- edly derive considerable revenues from thys, of which several species have been a thorough investigation of the possi- described, and which are known to Euro- bilities that lie in this direction, and I peans as whitebait, candle fish, or ice strongly advocate the establishment of a fish, together with the two foregoing Bureau of Inland Fisheries, as well as species, are the only members of the Sal- numerous biological research and experi- monidae so far known to occur in Chi- mental stations throughout the length nese waters. In the mountainous areas, and breadth of the land, whose main ob- especially in the south, there are innum- 060 THE MID-PACIFIC

Carp fishing is one of the chief river industries in eastern Asia.

A bit of YangkingPang Canal, Shanghai. Here fish are landed for the native market. THE MID-PACIFIC 661 erable rivers and streams which would is untouched ; that is to say the bulk of be very suitable for trout, which, if in- the catch made by Chinese fishermen is troduced from foreign countries or Man- of pelagic fish, while the great mass of churia, where several forms are procur- demersal fish escape attention, albeit they able, would, no doubt, soon afford a use- comprise some of the best food-fishes ful supply of fish food. we have. Such demersal fish as are Yet another branch of scientific re- taken are caught with hook and line, and search in connection with fish that might even so the lines used by the Chinese are be carried out by biological stations is not to be compared with the "boulters" that in connection with mosquitoes. It is as used, say, by Cornish fishermen, well known that in Central and South whose nightly catches per boat exceed by America epidemics of yellow fever have dozens to one those of the fishermen in been stamped out by introducing certain China. Amongst the most valuable of species of small fish into all standing the demersal fishes taken by the Chinese water, which fish, by devouring the lar- are the so-called gilt-heads or sea bream vae of mosquitoes, have annihilated the (Pagrus), of which a number of species germ-carrying insects. So far, in China occur in Chinese waters, but the quan- nothing has been done to ascertain which tities offered for sale in the markets species of fish might be used with ad- make but a poor showing when compared vantage in a similar manner ; yet consid- with, say, the cod, or hake, or other of ering the numerous small forms that in- the many valuable demersal fish offered habit streams and ponds in the country, in markets in Great Britain. it seems more than likely that some use- It is not because there is not so great ful species might be discovered. a variety or quantity of fish in the China Marine Fisheries and Their Develop- seas as there is in the seas that wash the ment British coasts—though it must be admit- In the matter of the marine fisheries, ted that herrings, pilchards and mackerel the case is reversed from that which per- are either absent or do not occur in the tains in regard to the fresh-water fish- enormous shoals they do in North At- eries, for here there is ample evidence to lantic or North Pacific waters—that the show that the resources of the seas' that Chinese marine fisheries do not come wash the coasts of China have by no up to those of Europe and America ; it means been exploited to their full extent, is because there has been no proper sci- and means should be devised and investi- entific investigation of the subject gations carried out in order to make the either in the matter of adequate equip- neighboring ocean yield to the millions ment for the fishermen, or in regard to of Chinese people the utmost that it can the quantities, favorite localities, seasonal in the way of marine fish food. migration and concentration of the very In the first place it must be obvious great number of species already known to to the meanest intellect that the boats occur. Nor is it to be taken for granted employed and the outfit and tackle used that there are not many new species of by the native fishermen are utterly in- valuable food fish awaiting discovery. adequate really to take toll of the sea. As an example of what may be done Compared with the nets used by the fish- for the fishing industry of a country, the ermen in European and American waters case of the herring fisheries in Norway those of the Chinese fishermen are ridic- may be cited. It was the investigation ulous. The latter know practically noth- by scientists in government employ that ing of trawling, which means that the led to the discovery in Norwegian waters most thickly inhabited region of the sea of enormous shoals of herrings in lo- 662 THE MID -PACIFIC

calities undreamt of by the fishermen, the North Sea, where large trawlers, and at a season of the year when the many of them driven by steam or oil, fishermen had always been idle. The put to sea for days and even weeks at a result was an enormous increase in the time, accompanied by steamers in which annual catch of herrings in Norway, and they may discharge their catches when a corresponding prosperity in the fishing their holds are full. community. And yet anyone might have In this connection we understand that supposed that such intrepid mariners as an attempt is being made to place on the the Norwegian fishermen would long China coasts steamers fitted with cold- ago have found out all there was to know storage plant, which will accompany the about the products of the seas round Chinese fishing fleets and purchase their their coasts. catches at sea, so as to enable the fisher- These are significant facts, which the men to take full advantage of the fishing Chinese govefnment would do well to seasons and not waste their time putting consider, for they suggest on the one back to land. Part of the fish thus pur- hand that much is to be gained by the chased and placed in cold storage will be investigation of already known species kept over against the time when no fish- of fish and fishing grounds and, on the ing can be done, thus ensuring a steady other, that vast untouched resources are supply of fish-food to the community. only awaiting discovery. The Ningpo Fishing Guild has actually As regards the methods used by the established a cold storage plant in Shang- Chinese fishermen, it may be pointed out hai. There is one danger to the public that their main drawback is their in- in this undertaking, and that is that it ef f ectiveness, owing to the smallness of may result in those concerned being able the boats, their inadequate gear, and the to corner, to a certain extent, the fish lack of cooperation amongst the fisher- supplies and by holding them force up men; for, although the Chinese have the price of fish. This is a phase that some very large and important fishing must be closely watched by those in guilds, these have not solved the problem authority, and at the same time that in- of making the best use of the human ma- vestigations are being carried out, laws chinery at their command. The method regulating the prices and distribution of of procedure is ridiculous when we come fish should be passed and enforced. Such to think of it. A small boat—so small a thing as the throwing away of large that nobody but a Chinese would dare quantities of fish in order to keep the put to sea in it—goes out with just demand well in excess of the supply and enough provisions aboard to last the two so keep up the prices of fish—a thing, or three fishermen a few hours. If the which one regrets to have to admit, hap- practise of placing stationary nets is be- pens at times in our own countries— ing carried out, the latter are visited, should be rendered illegal and punishable the catches taken on board, and back the by law. boat goes to the harbor to sell the fish Trawling in Chinese waters has been caught. If line fishing is the order of tried, but so far without success. One the day the wretched fishermen stay out of the reasons given is that the fish taken as long as wind, weather, and the meagre on the muddy bottoms of the China seas supplies will permit, and then beat it have a muddy taste and do not command back to harbor, content if they have a ready sale. This is absurd when we enough fish to keep them and their fam- come to think of it, for the fresh-water ilies till the next excursion. Compare fish of China nearly all come from this with the. methods employed in, say, muddy rivers, and many species that THE MID-PACIFIC 663 habitually keep to the bottom find as very great and important one, and it is ready a sale as others taken in clear, utterly impossible to deal with it in all fresh water. It is more probable that its phases here, but it may be said in con- the reason why trawling up to date has clusion that if the Chinese government proved a failure is the conservatism of does decide to go into the matter it is the Chinese people, and in this connec- important that the work done by other tion it is worthy of notice that Japanese governments is thoroughly investigated, steam trawlers find it worth while to fish and the fullest advantage taken of their in Chinese waters and take their catches experiences and their many mistakes back to Japan, where they are said to avoided. It is very important .that the meet with a ready sale. right kind of vessel for investigation If biological stations are waned in away from land be used, while great care connection with the fresh-water fisheries should be exercised in the selection of of China, they are a hundred times more proper sites for the erection of biological necessary for the proper investigation stations on land. and development of the marine fisheries, The initial costs of such investigations and it is to be hoped that not only will must necessarily be great, but money the Chinese government see this and act should not be spared, for, in the end, upon it, but that the wealthy fishing by judicious and not excessive taxation, guilds will see it too and give their whole- this could be recovered and subsequently hearted support, both in the way of funds considerable revenue derived, while the and in educating their members and the boon to the people in the way of in- fishermen they employ up to what may creased supply of good sea fish would be be expected of them. The subject is a inestimable.

Chinese fishing junks setting out for sea. 664 THE MID-PACIFIC

-it\.A've34 4 Vi ZEALAND

Gee_

SHOWING AOCKLAIN

Al, .1c

4,1,CVM01.. HORIT

1-2INT('11 '11

MAIO/ en ,1,i.ur, Bight

N. Z. Government Publicity Photo. New Zealand, while in the South Temperate Zone, has areas quite warm enough to attract even the sub-tropical insect pest, and it is necessary to keep a corps of scientists busy even in this wonderful agricultural country saving the food crops from the insect enemies that would devour or at least deplete them if it were not for the man of science who points out the way to keep them under control, either by methods of de- stroying these insect pests by poison or by introducing other non-injurious insects that are their natural enemies and perform the work for the farmer. THE MID-PACIFIC 665

N. Z. Government Publicity Photo. Harvesting the lucerne (alfalfa) crop in New Zealand.

• 0,1_,),IP 41,1% • Illt„94, • • I %•,/,ftS,11,14)8141)84.1•/ 99 9 Insects in Relation to the New Zealand Food Supply By DR. J. TILLYARD Entomologist and Chief of the Biological Department, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand A Paper Prepared for the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference

ilkT • "art11Y.- itstrectilb 1444, til'itteit 99 • • a Irer • • 1tiiv • tailtadYeari\triiilriAtrit'a l t • • In considering the question of the ef- (3) The possible modifications of the fect of insects on the food supply of any native and introduced Insect Faunas given country, it is clear that we have to which might be brought about by the deal primarily with three distinct but introduction, under scientific control, of inter-related problems, viz. : beneficial insects. (1) The composition of the native In- In this paper, then, we shall first of all sect Fauna and its reaction upon the set out, as clearly as possible, the compo- f ood-supply. sition of the native New Zealand Insect (2) The composition of the intro- Fauna from an economic point of view ; duced Insect Fauna and its reaction upon we shall then go on to set out in the same the food-supply. manner the composition of the introduced 666 THE MID-PACIFIC

New Zealand has one native crop that is little affected by insect pests, the wild flax, which is harvested in the swamps and shipped to Europe for its splendid fibre. THE MID -PACIFIC 667

Insect Fauna as pests of the food-supply ; that it may be regarded as part of the and, finally, we shall consider to what fauna, and classed as a distinctly benefi- extent the balance of nature was orig- cial insect. Native phasmids are all inally complete in this Dominion, to what wingless and do not harm the food-sup- extent it has been upset through the in- ply. Native long-horned grasshoppers troduced insect fauna, and to what extent (Tettigoniidae) do no damage at all, al- we are justified in assuming that the in- most all the species belonging to the two troduction of beneficial insects might re- subfamilies of wingless cave and tree- dress that balance in favor of freer wetas. With the exception of Locusta growth of the introduced food-supply. danica, native short-horned grasshoppers 1. The Native Insect Fauna in Rela- (Acridiidae) are flightless; some of tion to the Food Supply them, however, are capable of doing a certain amount of damage to pasturage, The native New Zealand insect fauna especially in upland districts. Native is peculiar in being intermediate between crickets are few and wingless, and of no the strictly continental and the strictly economic importance. insular type of fauna. That is to say, Order Hemiptera: This order, im- while it is considerably richer than the portant from an economic point of fauna of oceanic islands, it is markedly view, is exceedingly poorly represented poorer than the fauna of continental in New Zealand, and this fact is certainly areas. While, for instance, Australia is one of the most fortunate conditions rich in almost every great group of in- which has been operative in the settle- sects, both injurious and beneficial, New ment of the Dominion. Of the great Zealand is rich only in certain groups, group of Pentatomoidea, which contains while in other equally important groups it most of the plant-feeding bugs, New Zea- is exceedingly poor. Any work which land possesses only 24 species ; of these, has for its object the improvement of the only ten are Pentatomidae (two of these food-supply of the Dominion, by the sci- being beneficial, carnivorous species) entific introduction and control of bene- and fourteen are Lygaeidae. The Pyr- ficial insects, must first of all take into rhocoride and Coreidae are entirely ab- account the details of the New Zealand sent. The damage done to the food- native insect fauna, in so far as these de- supply by the native Pentatomoidea is tails refer to orders of major economic very small in the aggregate. importance. I propose, therefore, to take In the beneficial group Reduvioidea, the seven most important economic or- the same paucity of species is apparent, ders, viz., the Orthoptera, Hemiptera, as there are only two Nabids and four Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Reduviids, the latter being all. Emesinx, Diptera and Lepidoptera, and to state which are almost negligible economically. briefly how New Zealand stands as re- Of the smaller plant-feeding bugs, only gards the families of economic import- a single very rare Tingid is known, about ance in each of these groups : ten Miridx and four Anthocoridae ; none Order Orthoptera: Most of the of these appear to be of economic im- New Zealand Orthoptera are wingless, portance. and their ability to damage the food-sup- In the Homoptera, the Cicadoidea are ply is thereby greatly lessened. Native represented by 20 species of Cicadidw, cockroaches are wingless and few in four of Cercopidae, and about 50 Jassi- number; practically, they may be said doe, mostly rare species. The Membra- to do no damage to the f ood-supply. Na- cidae are entirely absent. The Fulgo- tive mantids are absent, but the intro- roidea contain only 26 species, 17 being duced Australian mantis, Orthodera min- Cixiids, six Delphacids, and one species istralis, has been so long in the country belonging to each of the families Der- 668 THE MID-PACIFIC bidae, Dictyophoridx and Achilidae. The /aspis do considerable damage to the economic importance of all these species leaves of fruit-trees and vegetables. A is very small. The Psyllidw are repre- number of the Longicorns damage wood sented by a few species, the Aphids by a in the larval stage, but chiefly f orest- single, very rare, native species recently timber ; the damage done to fruit-trees discovered on Coprosma, and the Aleu- is only spasmodic and not great. rodidae by about seven species ; none of Most of the native Coccinellidx are the native species do any damage to fruit small species belonging to the genus or crops. Coccide are abundant, no less Scymnus, undoubtedly beneficial in or- than 114 species being known; but, again, chards, but in general not abundant apart from the cottony cushion scale, enough to exercise any marked influence. Icerya purchasi, which was first de- The weevils or Rhynchophora are the scribed from Auckland but is quite possi- dominant group of Coleoptera in New bly not truly a native species, the eco- Zealand, more than a thousand species nomic damage done by the native species being known; but their influence on the is very small. food-supply of the country is very small, Order Coleoptera: In the Cole- most of the species being confined to the optera the beneficial Carabidx and Ci- native bush. cindelidae are well represented and un- Order Hymenoptera: Of all the doubtedly play a highly beneficial part great orders of insects, this is by far the in keeping down noxious insect life. most poorly represented in New Zealand. Staphylinidx are also abundant, but most As the order is for the most part highly of the species are of small size. Malaco- beneficial, this is a fact of the greatest dermata are poorly represented ; no spe- importance in the problem before us. cies of the beneficial soldier-beetles Of the injurious sawflies and their (genus Metriorrhynchus) are native to allies, not a single native species of New Zealand, but a fair number of Cleri- Tenthredinid or Siricid is known, while dae and Oedemeridae occur. Elateridx only one very rare Xiphydriid and one are abundant, and their larvae (wire- Oryssid are known to occur. Conse- worms) are responsible for a consider- quently, parasitic genera normally at- able amount of damage to garden crops. tached to these forms are absent also, Buprestidaa are scarce, only two species and thus any introduced saw fly or horn- being known. tail has a virgin field to work in. The great family Scarabaeidx is rep- Ichneumonidae are fairly abundant, resented but poorly in New Zealand, Braconidae not common. Probably a con- but most of the species belong to the siderable amount of good is done by the Melolonthinx, and their larvae, known as native species of both families in helping grass-grubs, do an immense amount to control native insects which might of damage annually to fodder-grasses otherwise become pests. and field-crops throughout New Zealand. Of the injurious Cynipoidea, only a The absence of natural insect checks, single rare Figitid is known. such as Thynnidx, Scoliidx and Itho- The great group of Chalcidoidea, prob- nidx, is • a noteworthy point ; now that ably on the whole the most beneficial of the native bird fauna has been brought all known insects, is represented by only to the verge of extinction, the grass-grub ten described species, none of them corn- flourishes over great areas with nothing mon. This enormous lacuna in the econ- to control it. omy of nature in New Zealand appears Of the Phytophagous families, Bruchi- to me to be the greatest source of un- dw are absent, Chrysomelid only poorly tapped beneficial energy existing in the represented, Longicorns abundant. The problem of food-supply. species of the Chrysomelid genus Euco- The parasitic Proctotrypoidea and THE MID-PACIFIC 669

Bethyloidea, both of which are also of filling of it wisely is a problem which great importance as beneficial insects, are calls for most careful consideration. very poorly represented by about ten Order diptera: This order is on the known species, all more or less rare. No whole inimical to man and his food- species of the family Dryinida, parasitic supply, though there are some markedly on Homoptera, is known. beneficial families also. Of the in- The great groups of Vespoidea and jurious groups, the Cecidomyiida, with Sphecoidea, for the most part highly 25 species, are poorly represented and of beneficial, are exceedingly poorly repre- practically no economic importance. The sented in New Zealand, the former by Brachycera are very poorly represented about a dozen Psammocharida, the latter in New Zealand ; the most beneficial fam- by 15 species belonging to the Larrida, ily, Asilida, contains only 15 species, Trypoxylonida, Arpactida and Carbon- while a number of the smaller families ida. Not a single species of the Thyn- are entirely absent. Of the beneficial nida or Scoliidae occurs, nor are the hy- Syrphoidea, 30 species of Syrphida and perparasitic Mutillida represented. Vesp- one rare Pipunculid are known ; several ida and Eumenidoe are entirely absent native species of Syrphus do good work also. in vegetable gardens. The native Mus- Ants (Formicida) are probably scarcer cida are only eight in number ; but these in New Zealand than in any other equally include the ubiquitous blow-flies, some large land-area in the world, exclusive of which do considerable harm to sheep, of the Frigid Zones. About twenty spe- though the problem is nothing like as cies are known, none of which appear acute in New Zealand as it is in Aus- to be of any economic value. tralia. Tachinidae are abundant, but the Bees (Apoidea) are only represented native species are of little economic im- by some twenty species of the three most portance. archaic families, Colletidae, Prosopida Order Lepidoptera: and Andrenida. New Zealand is fortunate, from an economic point In general, the problem presented by of view, in having a Lepidopterous the paucity of Hymenoptera in New Zea- fauna in which the great majority of the land may be stated to be the outstanding higher families are absent or poorly rep- problem in economic entomology ; how resented. Of the lower families, the to fill this gap wisely and with the great- Hepialida are abundant, and their larva, est beneficial effect on the food-supply known as subterranean grass-grubs is the task which economic entomologists (genus Porina) do considerable damage should put before themselves as more important than all others. to grass-lands, though not so much as the true grass-grubs or larvae of Melo- Order Neuroptera: This beneficial lonthina. Any attempt to control these group is poorly represented in New latter must take into account the possi- Zealand by one rare Berothid, a few bility of the replacement by Porina Hemerobiids (one of which, Micromus larva of the areas left free by destruction of tasmaniae, is of considerable economic importance) four Osmylids, a single rare Melolonthina ; for, in Tasmania, where the Melolonthina are often more or less Coniopterygid and one ant-lion. Ithon- effectively controlled by the larvae of ida, Psychopsida and Mantispida are Ithonid2e and Thymida, the larvae of absent, and New Zealand is the only Porina sometimes becomes a veritable large land area which possesses no plague. Thus the question of controlling Chrysopida. Here, then, is another the one pest goes hand in hand with that lacuna, of far less size than that in the of controlling the other, and the two Hymenoptera, but nevertheless of con- should, if possible, be tackled in a single siderable economic importance; and the carefully thought-out scheme. 670 THE MID-PACIFIC

to. ho P ity blic Pu t en ernm Gov Z. N. THE MID-PACIFIC 671

Cossidw and Castniidx are entirely ab- grass-grubs, subterranean grass-grubs, sent. Tineoidea, including Tortricites, cutworms, etc. are abundant, and include some of the II. The Introduced Insect Fauna in worst of the native pests in the species Relation to the Food Supply* of Tortrix or leaf-rollers. In this section we shall not confine Apart from Crambids and the great ourselves to the larger orders only but Pyraustid genus Scoparia, neither of shall consider the introduced species of which have yet assumed any great eco- economic importance to the food supply nomic importance, the Pyraloidea are in all the orders of insects. poorly represented in New Zealand. Ex- Order Orthoptera: The two wide- cept for two species of Psychid, which spread cockroaches, Blattella Ger- do only slight damage, the Psychoidea manica and Periplaneta Americana, have are entirely absent. Lasiocampide also both been introduced into New Zealand. are not found in New Zealand. The former occurs in houses, bakeries, The Noctuoid fauna includes a single etc., and also on coastal shipping ; the very common Hypsid, Nyctemera an- latter is chiefly confined to ships and nulata, which feeds on Senecio and allies, ports. four rare Arctiids, and about 120 Noc- The Australian field cricket, Gryllus tuidw, most of which belong to the sub- servillei, is common in many parts of family Melanchrinx and have typical cut- New Zealand, and is at times very de- worm larvw. Some of these are very structive to crops in the North Island. serious pests at times, doing great dam- Order Dermaptera: The com- age to cereals, grasses and root-crops, mon European earwig, Foficula auricu- and the problem of their control is not laria, is by now abundant in many parts of an easy one. New Zealand and steadily increasing in numbers. In the fruit-growing districts The Notodontoid fauna is remarkable of Central Otago it has become a major for the absence of native Notodontidae pest, eating into peaches, nectarines and and Sphingidx ; the only species of the apricots and rendering them useless for latter family known in New Zealand are sale. The earwigs are also very de- the widespread Sphinx convolvuli and structive to vegetables and flowers, and Hippotion celerio, the larvae of which in some places swarm into houses and damage the kumara (Ipomaea) crops, and are therefore of particular import- feed on flour, starch, sugar, etc. ance in relation to the food-supply of the The Cawthron Institute has already Maoris. The section Geometrites is taken up the problem of the control of abundantly represented by 238 species, this insect, by importing from England, mostly belonging to the Boarmiidx and through the generous assistance of Dr. Larentiide, but the economic damage G. A. K. Marshall, Director of the Im- done by their larva to the food-supply is perial Bureau of Entomology, London, not great, though considerable damage and Dr. A. D. Imms and Mr. H. M. is occasioned to other important indus- Alston of Rothampsted Experimental tries, such as that of native flax. Station, the two valuable Tachinid para- This section may be summarized by *F'or a very valuable summary of the the statement that about 30 per cent at history of the introduction of the vari- the most of the economic damage done ous species of insects into New Zealand, by insects to the food supply of New see Hon. G. M. Thomson's excellent Zealand is due to native species, and by work, "The Naturalization of Animals far the greatest portion of this damage and Plants in New Zealand," Camb. is due to a few outstanding groups, viz : Univ. Press, 1922, pp. 264-339. 672 THE MID-PACIFIC

sites Digonochaeta setipennis and Raco- future course of the experiments must dineura antiqua. The Digonochaeta lays be largely guided by the result. soft, whitish eggs, from which tiny grubs Order Thysanoptera: The hatch out and at once begin to pursue Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci, is a com- the earwigs ; these latter show evident mon introduced species, found not only signs of fear, and attempt to escape, but on the bulbs and leaf-axils of onions but some of them are finally cornered and also on the buds and blossoms of roses the larva loses no time in boring into and many other garden plants. The its host. The Racodineura, on the other Greenhouse Thrips, Heliothrips haemorr- hand, lays minute, hard, black, seedlike hoidalis, also attacks a large number of eggs on food which has been nibbled by plants. As far as the food supply of the earwigs ; these are swallowed by the New Zealand is concerned, these and host, and hatch out within its alimentary some other (undetermined) introduced canal. The technique of both experi- species have not yet done much damage, ments is difficult, and the change of sea- but the fact that no native Thrips occur sons from England to New Zealand adds indicates that there is a lacuna here considerably to the initial problem of which, if filled by further destructive acclimatization. In the case of Raco- species, may soon present a serious eco- dineura, after success was attained in the nomic problem, particularly as no para- matter of getting the flies to oviposit sites would be available to check them. freely on slices of potato or apple which Amongst a con- had been nibbled by the earwigs, it was Order Hemiptera: siderable number of introduced Horn- found that the latter had developed the optera, the following are the species canny habit of feeding round the eggs, which chiefly injure the food supply; leaving each tiny egg poised on a small in each case any attempt to control the pyramid, and devouring the intermediate pest by means of beneficial insects is portions only. This trouble was only dealt with under the appropriate head- finally overcome by substituting dande- ing: lion leaves for the potato and apple slices ; the earwigs proved to be so keen The Australian leaf-hoppers, Scoly- on the dandelion that they devoured the popa Australis ( fam. Ricaniidx) and whole of it, eggs and all. The next Sephena cinerea (f am. Flatidae). These trouble was that, after about three gen- two Fulgoroids, introduced some con- erations of the flies had been more or siderable time ago from Australia, are less successfully carried through, it was now exceedingly abundant in a number found that both flies and puparia had of localities in the Auckland province. Scolypopa Australis is known as the become reduced to about two-thirds of passion-vine hopper in Australia, but it their original size. This led to a re- lives on a number of plants besides the examination of the earwig host and a edible passion-vine, and, since its arrival comparison of it with the English ear- in New Zealand, it has spread to native wig material sent out from Rothamsted ; flax, tree-ferns and a large number of as a result, it was discovered that the native shrubs and trees In some dis- New Zealand earwig is considerably tricts, when collecting with a sweeping- smaller than the English form, with well net in February or March, far more of marked morphological differences, and these insects will be taken in the net it seems quite likely that it is not truly than all other species combined. Seph- F. auricularia at all. At present we are ena cinerea is far less common, but is waiting for an authoritative pronounce- quite abundant in orchards and has been ment by an expert on this point, and the proved to be a carrier of fireblight. No THE MID-PACIFIC 673 attempt has yet been made to control regarded as one of the most serious in either of these insects, though both of New Zealand. The first economic prob- them threaten to become, within a few lem undertaken by the Cawthron Insti- years, a veritable plague in the Auckland tute Biological Department was the at- province. Both are controlled in Aus- tempt to control this insect. In 1920 I tralia by abundant egg-parasites, and the discussed the matter with Dr. L. 0. introduction of such parasites would ap- Howard in Washington and arranged pear to be the best and simplest means with him to send me consignments of of checking their spread. apple twigs containing aphis parasitized with Aphelinus mali from States as far The apple leaf-hopper, Typhlocyba apart as possible. Dr. Howard gener- Australis, is a small, yellow leaf-hopper ously sent, in 1921, consignments of introduced from Australia ; it has re- parasitized twigs from the states of Con- cently increased to a somewhat alarming necticut, Arizona and Washington. extent in the Nelson province, and is now one of the most serious pests in The story of how the three strains of apple orchards. So far, the spraying Aphelinus were crossed, producing the schedule has done little to check it. Its very vigorous strain which is now being small size, and apparent rarity in its distributed all over New Zealand, is too country of origin, make the work of long to tell in detail here, but the main introducing an egg-parasite a difficult points may be mentioned. The twigs one, except by cooperation of experts in were received in February, 1921, and a Australia ; but an attempt ought most total of 18 Aphelinus, all told, were reared certainly to be made in this direction from them; of these, at least three males before the pest gets a bigger hold. and three females were observed to pair, and their progeny had been raised to The well-known woolly aphis, Schizon- well over a hundred when winter set in. eura lanigera, has been a pest of apple trees for a very long time in New Zea- Next spring (September, 1921) only land, and is found from one end of the six specimens were recovered from over- dominion to the other. In the Nelson wintered pupae. The progeny of these province it has been no uncommon sight was again raised, through four genera- to see, in February, huge festoons of tions, to over 3000 by the end of April, this aphis hanging from the trees, the 1922, and a number of consignments weight of the serried masses, sometimes were sent out to places within the Nelson an inch or two in thickness and two or province. In the following season, over three feet long, causing them to hang 33,000 were sent out to all parts of New free in the middle from the branch. Zealand, and in 1923-24 over 90,000, in- Apple picking has been for many years cluding consignments to the various an unpleasant occupation owing to the states of Australia and also to Cape Col- sticky mess with which the pickers' hats, ony. Although this parasite had previ- clothes and hands soon get covered, and ously been introduced into South Africa considerable expense has also been en- without any appreciable result, some tailed, in the case of export apples, by 2000 specimens bred out from the Caw- the necessity of seeing that each apple, thron Institute consignment were liber- when packed, is free from both aphis ated on an orchard at Elgin, Cape Colony, and secretion. Further, the depletion of and are being given a further trial. In the sap and knotting of the stems and New Zealand, the Aphelinus has been an growing branches has seriously affected unparalleled success; for the first time the health and bearing qualities of the in the history of the apple industry in trees, so that this pest has been rightly Nelson and Auckland provinces the 674 THE MID-PACIFIC

A typical turnip field in New Zealand, untouched by disease or insect enemy.

A crop of mangels, yielding one hundred tons to the acre, on a New Zealand farm. THE MID-PACIFIC 675 trees have been quite free from the blight fruit ; it has now been controlled for a during the ripening and picking seasons, long time by the Australian ladybird- the new growth on the trees has marked- beetle Novius cardinalis. Sporadic out- ly improved, picking has been carried on breaks of this pest still occur, as it has without mess and discomfort, and pack- many native and introduced shrubs and ing without the expense entailed in se- trees on which it can exist ; but in every curing fruit clear of the aphis. The case the ladybird soon appears on the work of spreading this valuable parasite scene and destroys it, so that only tem- will be continued as long as there is a porary damage is done. Pseudococcus demand for it, and it is hoped to get it adonidum on grapevines, Ps. maritimus thoroughly settled into every corner of and Ps. comstocki in pip-fruit orchards, New Zealand. The parasite has already are rapidly becoming very serious pests, been recorded as attacking other aphis, which no amount of spraying or fumi- scales and young mealy-bugs; in particu- gation appears to be able to control. The lar, it has been found abundantly in a Australian ladybird-beetle Cryptolaemus field of melons attacked by melon aphis montrouzieri attacks these mealy-bugs (Aphis gossypii) and has attacked very vigorously; but unfortunately, so far, it vigorously an undetermined black aphis has failed to become acclimatized in the on lemons in Auckland province. The Nelson and Hawke's Bay provinces, parasite withstands the full spraying owing to the severe winter frosts, which schedule without difficulty, and promises destroy it. The problem of mealy-bug to be the most valuable beneficial insect control, therefore, now resolves itself ever introduced into New . Zealand, ex- into testing out the possibilities of rear- clusive of the honey bee. ing and distributing this ladybird in large Of numerous other injurious aphids numbers, with special provision for keep- which have been introduced into New ing it warm during hibernation, or else Zealand, the species which most directly attempting to introduce and acclimatize affect the food supply are the following: some other predator or parasite which Phylloxera vastatrix, the vine-scourge, will stand the climate. which is best controlled by the use of Amongst the scale insects, the princi- resistant stock ; Aphis brassicae, the cab- pal species which affect the food supply bage aphis, which attacks cabbage, tur- are the well-known orchard pests, viz., nip, rape and swedes, and does a great Aspidiotus perniciosus, the San Jose deal of damage in the drier parts of the scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, the oyster-shell dominion ; Aphis bakeri, damaging the or mussel scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii, flower-heads of red clover ; Aphis per- the red scale of oranges and lemons, sicae-niger and Myzus persicae on Saissetia oleae and Coccus hesperidum, peaches ; and Myzus cerasi on cherries both common on citrus trees. The last- and plums. All these should be control- named species is controlled to a consider- lable by suitable Chalcid parasites. able extent by the Australian ladybird- The family Coccidw, including the beetle Rhizobius ventralis.- In general, scale insects and mealy-bugs, contains the control of these pests by spraying, many of the worst pests that have been obligatory on all orchardists by law, costs so far introduced into New Zealand. New Zealand annually a very large sum Amongst the mealy-bugs, the cottony of money, and, incidentally, prevents cushion scale (probably introduced from predators like Rhizobius, the lace-wing Australia on wattles, though first de- lificromus tasmaniae, etc., from getting scribed by Maskell from Auckland) was a secure hold. The crux of the situation for some time a serious pest of citrus is really the presence of A. perniciosus 676 THE MID-PACIFIC

and Ch. aurantii, both of these being re- bird, Hippodamia convergens, but so far garded so seriously that any let-up on they have not succeeded. the spraying schedule for the purpose of testing methods of natural control would Species injurious to the food supply: not be considered for a moment by the The species introduced into New Zealand authorities. A possible solution of the are for the most part those which have trouble might be the introduction of suit- spread with man and his food products able internal parasites of the type of more or less throughout the world, and Aphelinus, which could be propagated in may be briefly classed as follows : (a) numbers and be able to carry on their Species which injure or destroy dried beneficial work in spite of the sprays. cereals, groceries, bacon, etc—Silvanus surinamensis, Dermestes vulpinus, D. It will be seen from the above account lardarius, Anobium paniceum, Tenebrio that New Zealand has to pay a very obscurans, T. molitor, Bruchus rufiman- heavy price for the large number of in- us, Calandra granaria, C. oryzae; the jurious Homoptera which have been al- methods of control of these insects in lowed to get into the country. Probably stores, shops, wheat-stacks, etc., are it would be no exaggeration to put the world-wide problems, in which New Zea- annual loss due to these pests at well land has the advantage of the experience over half a million pounds sterling. As gained in other countries, where many the position is steadily getting worse of these pests are far worse than they instead of better a very strong case could are in the dominion. (b) Species which be made out for the expenditure of a attack fruit trees and growing crops- large annual grant by the government for Monocrepidius exsul, an Australian the purpose of testing out new methods click-beetle, whose larva damages the of control. stems of potatoes in the North Island : Order Coleopter a: Beneficial Doticus pestilens, the Jumping Anthribid species: A number of beneficial species of Australia, a pest in apple orchards ; of the family CoccMellidae or ladybirds Sitones lineatus, the striped pea-weevil, have been introduced into New Zealand, attacking peas and beans. None of these chiefly from Australia. The most suc- species has so far done much damage to cessful of these are undoubtedly Novius the food supply. cardinalis, already mentioned when dis- Order Hymenoptera: Of the cussing Icerya purchasi, and Rhizobius injurious Tenthredinoidea, only two ventralis. The Australian steel-blue species, Sirex juvencus and Eriocampoi- ladybird, Orcus chalybeus, is a valuable des limacina, have so far been intro- check on the scale insects of citrus or- duced. The first does not concern the chards in Auckland province, but is un- food supply; the second, in its larval able to stand the winters further south. stage, is the well-known pear-slug or Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a valuable leech which infests the leaves of pear, control of mealy-bug, suffers from the plum, cherry and hawthorn. Though same disadvantage. Coccinella 11-punc- easily controlled by spraying, this species tata and Leis conformis both do valuable annually takes considerable toll in gar- work at times in controlling cabbage and dens and small orchards, and must be melon aphis, but they suffer from the reckoned a fairly serious pest ; in the attacks of Braconid parasites, and thus warmer parts of New Zealand, where it their activities are often severely checked, is double-brooded, it reduced hundreds of just when they promise to become most miles of hawthorn hedges to the appear- useful. Numerous attempts have been ance of brown paper by February. The made to acclimatize the Californian lady- two native Pentatomid bugs, Cermatulus THE MID-PACIFIC 677 nasalis and Glaucias amyoti, both feed on mentioned the remarkable success which it to a considerable extent, and, in North has attended the introduction of Aphel- Auckland, the introduced Australian inus mali as a control of the woolly aphis. wasp, Polistes humilis, also attacks it. No other organized attempts to utilize The shining cuckoo eats it readily, but these valuable insects have yet been to other birds it is distasteful. Two at- made, but a small introduced parasite of tempts have already been made by the codling-moth pupa, Trichogramma pre- Cawthron Institute to introduce Ichneu- tiosa, has been recorded as occurring monid and Braconid parasites, which near Auckland. were sent out from England through the In the Proctotrypoidea, the only spe- Imperial Bureau of Entomology. In cies so far introduced is Platygaster min- both cases, unfortunately, the insects utus, introduced as a parasite of the began to emerge just as winter was set- Hessian fly by the Department of Agri- ting in and all the pear-slugs had gone culture ; how far it has been successful underground. A third consignment was does not appear to be known. therefore placed in cool storage, in an Amongst the Vespidae, an accidental attempt to hold back the parasites to the introduction which may yet have im- following spring, but only a single Ich- portant consequences is that of the Aus- neumon was obtained as a result. tralian papernest wasp, Polistes humilis, Amongst the Ichneumonoidea, the which is rapidly spreading throughout widespread Lissopimpla semipunctata North Auckland province. This wasp has been in New Zealand for many years, is aggressive only when its nest is un- and is now quite common, as is also wittingly approached or touched; it is the well-known Echthromorpha intrica- a great worker, attacking pear-slug and toria. Both species parasitize a consid- Lepidopterous caterpillars, which it mas- erable number of Lepidopterous larvae, ticates and uses as prepared food for its including those of Porina and the Melan- larvae. It should be regarded as a valu- chrinae, and are therefore distinctly bene- able ally to the orchardist, albeit a some- ficial agents as regards the food supply. what obstreperous one at times. A third accidental introduction, Bassus The only introduced ant is Prenolepis laetatorius, attacks the larvae of Syr- longicornis, which is found in houses in phids, and must be considered distinctly parts of Nelson and New Plymouth, and injurious. is a minor pest on sugar, jams, etc. Of species purposely introduced, we Amongst the bees, both the honey bee must mention Ichneumon messer, a Eu- and the various species of European ropean species obtained from California humble bee have been purposely intro- by the department of agriculture as a duced; the former is, of course, most check on the codling-moth. It was reared useful as a general fertilizing agent as and distributed in North Auckland, and well as a honey-producer, while the latter has done a considerable amount of useful (or at least the longest tongued of the work. Pleurotropus epigonus, intro- introduced species) carry out very well duced as a control of the Hessian fly, the purpose for which they were intro- was liberated in the Wairarapapa district, duced, viz., the fertilization of red clover. and appears to have done good work. Both these introductions have, of course, Undetermined species of ichneumon- been of immense value to the dominion; flies also occur which are parasitic on in the case of the humblebees this is only the diamond-back moth and other well- slightly offset by a tendency amongst known pests. the shorter-tongued forms to damage In the Chalcidoidea, we have already the flowers of broad bean and other 678 THE MID-PACIFIC

plants by making short cuts to the nec- blowfly of Australia), Lucilia caesar and taries. L. sericata (greenbottles) are ubiquitous Order Diptera: In the family pests ; the first two are a great nuisance Cecidomyiidae, two very serious pests in houses, and do a considerable amount have been accidentally introduced. The of damage by blowing meat in careless Hessian fly Cecidomyia destructor, has households; the greenbottles occasionally been present in New Zealand for many attack and blow sheep, but this problem years, but is generally kept well under is not as acute in New Zealand as it is in control by burning the stubble in wheat Australia. fields ; its danger as a factor in food The sheep nostril fly, Oestrus ovis, control now appears to be definitely and the two bot-flies, Gastrophilus intes- over. The pear leaf rolling midge, Per- tinalis and G. veterinus, occur in New risia pyri, is a very destructive pest of Zealand, the first named species being pear orchards in Auckland and Nelson common and often causing considerable provinces and is rapidly becoming worse. suffering to sheep. The European At the present time, the raising of nurs- sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus, is also ery stock and the growing of young pear common. trees up to about eight years old has Order Lepidoptera: In the been made impossible by it in the in- Tineoidea, the worst introduced pests fected districts. The flies emerge early are the diamond-back moth, Plutella ma- and lay their eggs in the very young culipennis ( f am. Plutellidae) and the leaves before they are uncurled, the re- potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella sult being that, instead of unfolding, they (fam. Gelechiidae) ; both of these do a remain curled up and gradually harden, great deal of damage, and the annual turning black and withered. As many loss inflicted by them must amount to a as 30 grubs may be found in the curled very large sum. The larvae of both portion of a single leaf. The grubs drop species are attacked by the larvae of to the ground and pupate in the crevices Syrphidae, and those of the diamond- of the soil ; brood after brood appears back moth are also eaten greedily by a throughout the summer up to March. So number of birds. The currant clear- far, no remedy has been of much avail, wing, Trochilium tipuliforme (fam. Ae- and sprays are quite useless. Owing to geriidae) is common, but does little harm. the apparent rarity of this species in its Amongst the Tortricites, the outstand- native home, Europe, the difficulty of ing pest is, of course, the codling-moth, discovering and importing a parasite will Laspeyresia pomonella ( fang. Eucosmi- be very great, but it should be undertaken dae). Owing to its concealed position, without delay. the larva is very free from parasitic at- The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis tack; a careful application of the spray- capitata, and the Queensland fruit fly, ing schedule is at present the only effect- Chactodacus tryoni, have both been ac- ive method of controlling this pest. cidentally introduced into New Zealand In the Pyraloidea, the meal moth, on several occasions ; but, most fortun- Pyralis farinalis (f am. Pyralidae) is ately, neither has yet succeeded in be- common throughout the dominion, and coming established; probably, except in does considerable damage to meal, flour, one or two districts, the winters are too corn and bran in mills and stores ; the cold for these flies. Mediteranean flour moth, Ephestia kuh- The introduced blow flies, Calliphora niella ( f am. Phycitidx) is also found in erythrocephala (European bluebottle), flour mills and in maize and various dry Anastellorhina stygia (golden-haired stuffs; the Indian meal moth, Plodia in- THE MID-PACIFIC 679 terpunctella ( f am. Phycitidae) is still practically nil in New Zealand ; but in very rare in New Zealand, and does not Australia, where the Chalcid fauna is seem to have taken a permanent hold. already enormous, there is quite a rea- The wax or bee moths, Galleria mellon- sonable probability of this happening. Lila and Meliphora grisella (f am. Gal- One cannot, of course, claim for New leriidae) are both found in bee-hives Zealand that it is so promising a terri- throughout the country. tory for biological control of insect pests In the Noctuidae, both the turnip as the Hawaiian Islands, for these pos- moth, Agrotis segetunt, and the well- sess three great advantages not found in known Heliothis obsoleta appear to be New Zealand, viz., (a) a tropical cli- established in some parts of the domin- mate, which eliminates the serious dif fi- ion, but the latter is never a serious pest. culty of the annual check experienced in To sum up, the introduced injurious acclimatization work during the cold insects of the dominion are responsible winters, and enables the beneficial insect for about 70 per cent of the damage done to continue its work pretty well through- by insects to the food supply. In orch- out the year, (b) a strictly insular type ards, the cost of control by spraying is of native fauna, having immense lacunae a heavy annual burden, which may well in it and nothing like as many injurious make all the difference between profit- native species as occur in New Zealand, able and unprofitable export business, in and (c) primary industries in which a country so far away from the home spraying is impracticable, and therefore markets as New Zealand. offering an unchecked field of work for the beneficial species. It seems quite III. Possible Modifications of the In- clear that biological control of insect sect Fauna by the Introduction of pests, if it is to be successful in New Beneficial Insects Zealand, must be carried out with the A consideration of the position as set greatest care and thoroughness over long out in the two preceding sections appears periods, and it is probable that permanent to me to offer strong grounds for the results, in many cases, will only be ob- belief that, with careful handling, the tained by the establishment of insectaria introduction of beneficial insects into in which host and parasite are kept con- New Zealand for the purpose of control- tinually going from year to year. Even ling insect pests should, on the whole, so, the possibilities ahead of this type of prove highly successful. In a country economic work are very great. like Australia, which carries an immense Cooperation between expert workers native fauna of both injurious and bene- in New Zealand and other countries is ficial species, and in which, as in most essential to the success of this work ; for continental areas, the lacunae in the most of the dominion's serious pests scheme of nature are few or small, the come from distant countries, and the ne- chances of successful work are bound to cessary beneficial species can only be ob- be seriously interfered with by the ex- tained by such help. As this conference isting fauna. A newly introduced lady- bird, for instance, might soon be attacked has met to discuss the problem of the by a host of native Chalcid parasites ; food supply of the Pacific, and as the whereas, in New Zealand, where Chalcids papers contributed to it are to be printed are so rare, the same ladybird might and circulated to the members before the make great headway. The chance of an meetings, it would seem fitting that I introduced beneficial Chalcid, such as should close this paper rather by inviting Aphelinus mali, meeting with any check suggestions than by myself outlining pro- through attacks by a hyperparasite is posed remedies. I therefore content 680 THE MID-PACIFIC myself with giving the following sum- 5. Red mite (Byrobia pratensis). mary of the principal pests which the 6. Codling moth (Laspereysia po- New Zealand orchardist and farmer has monella). to face, and invite the Entomological 7. Pear-leaf blister mite (Eriophyes Section of this conference to debate the pyri). question of the most suitable methods of 8. control in each case. If members can Native leaf-rollers (Tortrix ex- offer new suggestions, and, in particular, cessana and allied species). make some practical proposals on coop- B. Pests of Farm Lands in New Zea- erative lines, then this conference, as far land (arranged in present order of eco- as New Zealand is concerned, will not nomic importance). have been held in vain. 1. Native grass-grubs (larvae of A. Orchard Pests in New Zealand Odontria spp.). Urgent. (arranged in present order of economic 2. Subterranean grass-grubs (larvae importance) : of Porina spp.). 1. Mealy bug in pip-fruit orchards 3. Cut-worms and army-worm (lar- (Fseudococcus maritimus and Ps. com- vae of Noctuidae). stocki). Very urgent. 4. Blowflies and sheep-maggot flies 2. Apple-leaf hopper (Typhlocyba (Calliphorinae). Australis). Urgent. N. B.—In the above lists, pests which 3. Pear-leaf curling midge (Perrisia appear to be already effectively con- pyri). Urgent. trolled, e. g., San Jose scale (by spray- 4. Earwig (Forficularia auricularia). ing) and woolly aphis (by Aphelinus Urgent. mali) have been omitted.

Excellent oranges are grown in Parts of New Zealand, even as far south as Napier. THE MID-PACIFIC 1

d an ts n e Ag ion t ta Plan d., Lt tors, Fac ican r Ame he t f o lu lu o Hon

in ilding Bu e m Ho e 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & bray- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ing Co., Ltd., owns more than one hun- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and dred and fifty vehicles, ranging from Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Ford trucks and small wagons to five Men of almost every Pacific race are cubic yards dump trucks and drays, and employed by this firm, and the men of trucks capable of hauling up to twenty- each race seem fitted for some particular five tons. The company does a large part of the work, so that quick and effi- percentage of the freight hauling, bag- cient is the loading and unloading of gage, furniture and piano moving and vessels in Honolulu. storage business. Its quarries supply A monument to the pluck and energy most of the crushed rock used in the of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the construction of roads and large buildings City Mill Company, of which he is on the Island of Oahu. It also manu- treasurer and manager. This plant at factures concrete brick and pipe. The Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of offices of the company are at Bishop Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a and Halekauila streets. flourishing lumber and mill business.

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Fort and racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- Merchant streets, Honolulu. The ground tive of almost every part of the great floor is used as local passenger and ocean. freight offices of the Matson Navigation Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the Company. The adjoining offices are oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- used by the firm for their business as lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Hawaii Mill Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Haka- lau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company; as well as the Oceanic Steamship Company, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance.

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 185o; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency.

4 THE MID-PACIFIC ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in 'use. The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Fire and Marine Insurance Company, (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is Union Insurance Society of Canton, looked upon as one of the most progres- Ltd., New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd., sive American corporations in Hawaii. Switzerland Marine Insurance Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of this large and progres- for the largest sugar plantations of the sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- Hawaiian Islands and second largest in porters of the Pan-Pacific and other the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- movements which are for the good of mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, Hawaii, are as follows : Maui. They are also agents for many W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. other plantations and concerns of the Islands, among which are the Maui Baldwin, Vice-President ; J. Waterhouse, Agricultural Company, Ltd., Hawaiian Vice-President and General Manager, C. Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Com- R. Hemenway, Vice-President and pany, Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Assistant General Manager, J. P. Cooke, Kauai Railroad Company, Ltd., Baldwin Treasurer, R. E. Mist, Secretary, W. 0. Packers, Ltd., and Kauai Fruit & Land Smith, Director ; F. F. Baldwin, Direc- Company, Ltd. tor ; J. R. Galt, Director ; H. K. L. In addition to their extensive sugar Castle, Director ; E. R. Adams, Direc- plantations, they are also agents for the tor ; R. T. Rolph, Director ; S. S. Peck, following well-known and strong in- Director ; J. P. Winne, Director. surance companies : American Alliance Besides the home office in the Stan- Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- genwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander wealth Insurance Company, Home In- & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices in surance Company of New York, Newark Seattle, in the Melhorn Building and in Fire Insurance Company, Springfield the Matson Building, San Francisco. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 SOUTH AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AUSTRALIA of the state. Tourists are sent or con- ducted through the magnificent moun- From San Francisco, Vancouver and tain and pastoral scenery of South Aus- from Honolulu there are two lines of fast tralia. The government makes travel steamships to Sydney, Australia. easy by a system of coupon tickets and From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- facilities for caring for the comfort of tralia, there is a direct railway line on the tourist. Excursions are arranged to which concession fares are granted tour- the holiday resorts ; individuals or par- ists arriving from overseas, and no visi- ties are made familiar with the industrial tor to the Australian Commonwealth can resources, and the American as well as afford to neglect visiting the southern the Britisher is made welcome if he cares central state of Australia ; for South to make South Australia his home. Australia is the state of superb climate The South Australian Intelligence and and unrivalled resources. Adelaide, the Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on "Garden City of the South," is the Capi- King William Street, Adelaide, and the tal, and there is a Government Intelli- government has printed many illustrated gence and Tourist Bureau, where the books and pamphlets describing the tourist, investor, or settler is given ac- scenic and industrial resources of the curate information, guaranteed by the state. A postal card or letter to the In- government, and free to all. From Ade- telligence and Tourist Bureau in Ade- laide this Bureau conducts rail, river and laide will secure the books and infor- motor excursions to almost every part mation you may desire. HONOLULU, HAWAII

The Moana Hotel, Waikiki. The Alexander Young Hotel, Honolulu. The Seaside Hotel Waikiki, under one management. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC WONDERFUL NEW ZEALAND

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rat', a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zea- land. An ancient Maori stockade HONOLULU, HAWAII The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., the THE HAWAIIAN NEWS CO. AND oldest bank in the Hawaiian Islands, THRUM'S, LTD. conducts a general banking business, BOOKS OF HAWAII. At Honolu- paying special attention to the needs of lu's largest and most fashionable book visitors. It has correspondents in all store, in the Alexander Young Building, the principal cities of the world, and all the latest books may be secured, through them and its exceptional local especially those dealing with Hawaii. equipment can handle any business, for- This firm acts as exclusive agent for eign or domestic, entrusted to it. the Bishop Museum publications. The bank was established in 1858, Write to us for a list of our Hawai- its early operations having to do with ian publications of both popular and the encouragement of the whaling busi- scientific interest, or call and see our ness, at that time one of the leading industries of the islands. From that collection. day to this it has been a leader in the Here the ultra-fashionable stationery commercial and industrial progress of of the latest design is kept in stock, the islands. and every kind of printers' and bind- The bank has a capital, fully paid, of ers' supplies. We are general office $1,000,000, with a surplus fund and outfitters, handling the Yawman & undivided profits of $963,729.08. The Erbe line of steel files and furniture, to- posits on Dec. 31, 1924, were $18,166,- gether with Royal and Corona type- 394.00. The total assets of the bank on writers, Marchant calculators and that date were $22,269,543.56. Sundstrand Adding Machines. THE MID-PACIFIC 7

THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU

Unloading the "Alice Cooke."

Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., command the The Von Hamm-Young Co., Import- transportation of their lumber cargoes ers, Machinery Merchants, and leading partly by the use of their own schoon- automobile dealers, have their offices er, the "Alice Cooke". This vessel has and store in the Alexander Young brought a million feet at a time to Building, at the corner of King and Honolulu ; which is sorted, piled, and Bishop streets, and their magnificent air dried in two large lumber yards and automobile salesroom and garage just a timber yard. In the Lewers & Cooke, in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. Ltd., Building, 169-177 South King Here one may find almost anything. St., are located the paint, hardware, Phone No. 6141. tool, and wall paper and floor cover- ing departments, and the executive Allen & Robinson on Queen Street, offices of the corporation ; also the phone 5705, have for generations sup- Building Department, where everything plied the people of Honolulu and those from the financing to the finishing of on the other islands with the wood that homes is conducted, heads of depart- ments interviewed, and contractors and is used for building in Hawaii ; also builders meet for consultation. These their paints. Their office is on Queen offices are a center for the building Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- activities of the islands. The Army pany Building, and their lumber yards and Navy, and Sugar and Pineapple extend right back to the harbor front, factors of the Territory, make a build- where every kind of hard and soft wood ing headquarters of these offices and departments, which are always at their grown on the coast is landed by the service. schooners that ply from Puget Sound. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

THE KING OF FRUITS Canned Hawaiian pineapple is eaten same sunny Hawaiian plantations— today in pratically every part of the picked only when thoroughly ripe and world. And each year its use is be- packed immediately by the same care- coming greater, evidenced by the sta- ful sanitary methods. tistics which show a pack in 1901 Hawaiian Pineapple, canned and amounting to 2000 cases increase to served in delicious desserts, salads and the present pack of nearly 6,000,000 refreshing drinks, is now a standard cases. fruit in the American home. Its match- The Hawaiian pineapple which was less flavor is due to unusually favorable originally canned only in sliced pieces, soil and climate and to speedy packing is now put up also in a crushed form facilities. This valuable food, rich it to facilitate its use in serving and cook- vitarnines, is available in either sliced at ing. crushed form, in cans of various sizes to suit the housewife's convenience. Crushed Hawaiian pineapple is iden- For recipe book address Association tical with sliced pineapple in both qual- of Hawaiian Pineapple Canners, P. 0. ity and flavor. It is grown on the fox 3166, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

WHAT IS WHAT IN HONOLULU

Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- ing music store in Hawaii, is on King and Fort streets. No home is complete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano and a Victor talking machine. The Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort street, will provide you with these—a Mason & Hamlin, a Chick- ering, a Weber for your mansion, or a tiny upright Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you are a transient it will rent The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- you a piano. The Bergstrom Music lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach Company, phone 2321. at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai along the ocean front. Rates, from $4.00 Honolulu is so healthy that people per day to $100.00 per month and up, don't usually die there, but when they do American plan. Clifford Kimball. they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restaurant, 1408, and he arranges the after details. Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hono- If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- lulu, occupies a modern concrete build- red in your own plot on the mainland, ing, the cleanest, coolest hotel in Hono- Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- lulu—within two blocks of the center of range all details for interment in Hono- the shopping, business and amusement lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the district. In the restaurant, cleanliness, Pacific for any other, but if you must, let service and reasonable prices are the your friends talk it over with Williams. main endeavor in this department. We strive to give the maximum in food and service at a minimum cost, and that we are doing so is attested to by our con- stantly increasing patronage.

Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on Break your journey across the Pacific Kuakini street, near Nuuanu avenue, by a stopover in lovely HAWAII at no constitute one of the finest Japanese tea extra charge for steamer fare. The gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- Matson Line honors all trans-Pacific ful Japanese dinners are served, and through steamer tickets between Hono- visitors are welcomed to the gardens at lulu and San Francisco in either direc- all times. Adjoining these gardens are tion. the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Matson liners sail every Wednesday the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. from Honolulu and San Francisco. Mat- son Inclusive Tours make sightseeing in The Happy Isles a pleasure. Write for The Sweet Shop, 172 South Hotel "See All of Hawaii" and "Delightful Street, is the one reasonably priced tour- Days on Matson Ships"—picture books ist restaurant. Send us $1.50, in stamps of Matson Service. or cash, and we will mail you a box of MATSON NAVIGATION CO. that novel and delicious confection, Ha- 233 Market St., San Francisco waiian Glace Pineapple. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., Honolulu 10 THE MID-PACIFIC SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY Operating All Lines in South Manchuria and Chosen (Korea) East of Mukden It is a wonderful railway ride from Mukden and Seoul. There are six trains Japan to Peking by the South Man- daily each way on the Manchuria branch churia Railway Company trains, or vice lines to Port Arthur (including non- versa. There is a ferry service between stop express) Yingkou (Newchwang) the Japanese Railway service and that and Fushun (the colliery town), and of Korea, Manchuria and China. A several trains daily each way on the night on the ferry boat and then the Chosen branch lines. ride through Chosen or Korea to the There is a Dairen-Tsingtao-Shanghai napital, Seoul, and on through Northern Steamer Service two trips each way per Korea into and across Manchuria, visit- nine days. ing the quaint capital Mukden and into There are modern hotels at all im- China. portant centers and cheap Overland and There are dining and sleeping cars on Circular tours over the entire system, these trains and all the comforts of and from the cities of Japan to the cities modern railway travel. on railway lines in China. From Dairen, the great commercial The head office of the South Man- port, at the top of the Liao-Tung Penin- churia Railway Company is at Dairen. sula, there are three trains a day to The cable address is "Mantetsu" or Changohun via Mukden, and two trains "SMRCo," the codes used being A.B.C. a day from Changohun to Fusan, via 5th, 6th, Ed., Al., Liebers & Bentley's. OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Loading sugar cane on one of the plantations on the line of the Oahu Railway—the scenic route around the island from Honolulu. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

CAPTAIN 1. CRAWFORD, Commander of the Aorangr

M.S. "Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. Prom Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney

The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in and Auckland, New Zealand. the world, left Vancouver February 6 on In itself this is a South Sea cruise de her first south-bound trip to Sydney. luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, Either froin Australia or Canada cruise by local steamer among the Fi- there are tempting visits across the Pa- jian Islands, then take a Union Steam cific via the South Sea Islands. From Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer Australia this is the richest and most for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New comfortable route to London and the European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC

The accompanying photographs il- lustrate the splendid modern service offered by Australia's National Bank, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The Bank is the custodian of the funds of the Commonwealth of Australia and acts as Banker to four States, while, in addition to its General Banking busi- ness, nearly one million Savings Bank Depositors receive service from 64 Branches and 3,189 Post Office Agencies.

OF F intOrfi

ONE = BAN K5= T RO PICA L BRANCHES iT IMPN...tsait.Wit tliN MOW:0APADVIIIMPSIM MILISOMLIAMOSUMMI LM11-1■2Mig)

-42 BULLETIN OF THE 81. PAN—PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative • effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area. • •

CONTENTS

New Series No. 63, April, 1925

The Late Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the Pan-Pacific University 2 • Exchange Scholarships in Agricultural Education - 2

The Pan-Pacific Research Institution and Some Coming Pan- Pacific Conferences 3 2

Business Men Invited to Attend National Foreign Trade Con- vention 8 5 Index to Proceedings of the First Pan-Pacific Food Conser- vation Conference 9

• OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION • HONORARY PRESIDENTS Calvin Coolidge President of the United States S. M. Bruce Prime Minister, Australia f W. F. Massey Prime Minister, New Zealand Tsao Kun President of China W. L. Mackenzie King Prime Minister of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Tokyo His Majesty, Rama VI King of Siam

OFFICERS IN HONOLULU

• President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Governor of Hawaii • Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu lC

HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1925

tritViliI • 1 IT TINW,31 • • • rrayr-AN-oworr-A 2 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN The Late Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the Pan-Pacific University A conference of educational leaders in sanitation work, and in the use of mod- Pacific lands will be called to discuss ern agricultural machinery. It was felt the scope and plans for the Pan-Pacific that those who cared to acquire still University as outlined by the late Dr. higher technical education would find in Sun Yat Sen and Dr. Wu Ting Fang Hawaii splendid institutions of learning at a conference with a number of visit- in which to complete any educational ing United States congressmen in course. Shanghai as guests of the Pan-Pacific A charter for a Pan-Pacific Univer- Union in the summer of 1920. At the sity was granted by the Territory of request of Dr. Sun, a charter for this Hawaii, and at the meeting of the Pan- university was taken out in Hawaii with Pacific Club in Honolulu to pay tribute the idea of making Honolulu, where to the great Chinese leader who had Dr. Sun was educated, the central head just passed away, it was determined of the work, the university to be be- to call a conference of educational lead- gun along lines of an institution where ers from Pacific lands to discuss the Chinese and other men of the laboring need and possible uses of a Pan-Pacific class might attend night classes chiefly University at the Ocean Crossroads, co- on road building, railway construction, operating with the existing universities modern sanitation, town planning and in Hawaii and throughout the Pan- building, and modern agriculture, work- Pacific area. ing on the plantations during the day- The splendid buildings of the Pan- time. The vast majority of these adult students it was hoped would return to Pacific Research Institution lend them- China in time, not as politicians but selves to the housing and holding of as foremen of construction gangs to such a conference, and it is probable train the Chinese laborers in the work that the gathering will be assembled of road-building, railway construction, there. Exchange Scholarships in Agricultural Education The Department of Agriculture of this same reason it has been difficult to New South Wales has had under con- fill the traveling scholarships which are sideration the question as to whether available in the state from time to time. there should be a permanent arrange- However, arrangements are being ment made for exchange scholarships in made for an increased number of depart- agricultural education and research mental trainees to proceed to the uni- throughout the Pacific area, Australian versity, and it is therefore probable that students to go to California, Japan, Ha- a sufficient supply of suitable men will waii, etc., as the case might be, and their be available to enable a start to be made students to come here. with a system of exchange say in per- This matter has been carefully con- sidered and it appears that it would be haps two or three years' time. impracticable at the present juncture for Although the department is unable to this department to participate in a sys- take part in a system of exchange just tem of exchang such as that contem- now, the minister has intimated that he plated, in view‘f the fact that at the would be glad, in due course, to know present time a sufficient number of the result of the discussions on this im- young officers are not available. For portant subject at the conference. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Tne Pan-Pacific Research Institution and Some Coming Pan-Pacific Conferences This summer it is planned that, headed The late President Harding had hoped by David Starr Jordan, Sir Joseph H. that a friendly gathering of the hono- Carruthers, Colonel E. Lester Jones, rary heads of the Pan-Pacific Union head of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic might be brought about and had he Survey, Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, lived it was one of his ideals, warmly distinguished Japanese, and other scien- endorsed by Prime Minister Bruce of tists, as guests at the Institution in Australia, Prince Tokugawa of Japan, Honolulu, definite plans for Pan-Pacific and others. research work will be outlined. President Coolidge hopes to visit Ha- Much of the research work will be waii before his term as president expires, carried on in different Pacific countries, so the Pan-Pacific Union still hopes to but the central exchange information have a friendly acquaintance gathering bureau will be located at the Honolulu at the ocean's cross-roads of its hono- branch of the research institution be- rary heads ; a meeting, purely friendly, cause of its convenient central ocean and with no political significance, but cross-roads position. one that could not do other than draw A meeting of the heads of the Pan- the peoples of the Pacific into closer Pacific weekly luncheon clubs already friendly understanding leading toward established in Pacific cities may also be mass co-operative effort for the advance- called, but as these clubs are under the ment of the interests common to all jurisdiction of the Pan-Pacific Associa- Pacific peoples. tions of the several Pacific countries, The one great interest of the Pacific a conference of the association heads peoples and of the peoples of the world will be held first. is Food Production, Conservation and A round table conference will be held Protection. to further the program set forth at the It is likely that the leading fishery Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference for men of the Pacific will meet this sum- the charter of a vessel for a round-the- mer at the Pan-Pacific Research Institu- Pacific cruise with selected delegates tion to carry forward the plans already from each Pacific land as guests, these laid for united Pacific effort for the representing men of all lines of thought protection and propagation of the food and action in Pacific lands. fish of the Pacific ocean and its tribu- A group conference on the carrying tary waters. Dr. Barton Warren Ever- out of the plans for a Pan-Pacific Uni- mann expects to head this group con- versity along lines suggested by Dr. Sun ference. It is hoped that later Dr. L. Yat Sen and others, will be held, and 0. Howard will head the group of en- delegates invited from Pacific lands as tomologists from Pacific lands who pro- guests of the Institution to discuss the pose meeting as guests of the Institution project. to plan a united Pan-Pacific entomolog- The main building of the Pan-Pacific ical program. Research Institution was offered as a A Pacific conference on religious and summer home to President Coolidge on political subjects will also be held in his inauguration, and it was planned to Honolulu this summer; not under the have private dwellings prepared for the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union, but occupancy of the other honorary heads an outgrowth of its effort to bring about of the Pan-Pacific Union, who are presi- a conference of all of the Y. M. C. A. dents and premiers of Pacific lands. leaders in Pacific lands. The conference 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN has outgrown this plan and may organ- ference, first inspired by the Pan-Pacific ize into a permanent group of men for Union, holds its splendid gathering. the discussion of the causes of conflict Next summer the third Pan-Pacific between peoples in Pacific lands and the Science Conference will be held in Japan. means of removing these causes. In February, 1927, the Pan-Pacific Na- The Pan-Pacific Union has been in- tional Parks and Good Roads Confer- strumental in bringing about the organi- ence will be held in Honolulu ; in 1928 zation of a number of such groups of the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, men, and that is its chief mission. It with Jane Addams as chairman ; prob- got together as its guests in 1920 the ably a Pan-Pacific and Medical Con- scientists of the Pacific and they organ- ference also ; while in 1929 the big con- ized their own body for calling future ference to which the Union has been science conferences. The last was held leading for a decade—that on Pan- in Australia; the next will be in Japan Pacific Ethics, will be held. in 1926. The leading men of Honolulu have The Union brought the commercial served as directors of the Union and leaders together and the formulation of have given liberally of their funds, the a Pan-Pacific Chamber of Commerce directorate of 1924 included : Hon. Wal- for the calling of its own commercial lace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii, conferences is now in process of organi- President ; C. K. Ai, Riley H. Allen, Dr. zation. W. T. Brigham, Hon. A. D. Castro, The Union brought the press men of Geo. P. Denison, Walter Dillingham, the Pacific together and they are to James D. Dole, Hon. Sanford B. Dole, meet again for permanent organization. Alexander Hume Ford, Judge Walter F. It called a Pan-Pacific Educational Con- Frear, Dr. Tasuku Harada, Arthur A. f erence and this became a regional sec- Hauck, Lloyd R. Killam, John C. Lane, tion of the Educational Conference of Prof. S. C. Lee, Senor C. Ligot, F. J. the world. Lowrey, B. M. Matsuzawa, G. Stanley McKenzie, Dr. I. Mori, Frederick Muir, The Pan Pacific Food Conservation L. Tenney Peck, Hon. Shia Hsu Tan, Conference of last summer united a hun- R. H. Trent, Hon. J. H. Wilson, K. dred and fifty foremost thinkers and Yamamoto, J. M. Young, with Mr. workers of the Pan-Pacific area into a Frank Atherton, F. F. Baldwin and body that remains a permanent working Geo. Wilcox, former directors, on the force, already broken up into several sections that are beginning to show re- advisory board. sults along research lines of work. Con- In 1925 it is planned to cut the Ha- stant streams of these delegates to the waiian representatives to twenty and Food Conservation Conference are trick- offer the ten leading workers in other ling back to the Pan-Pacific Research Pacific lands positions on the board— Institution for further consultation and David Starr Jordan, Jane Addams of the planning out of further work. America, W. W. Yen, ex-premier of China ; Viscount E. Shibusawa of Ja- The Pan-Pacific Union enters a new pan, Sir Joseph H. Carruthers of Aus- phase of its existence and a more seri- tralia and Mark Cohen of New Zealand ous one. Its propaganda of seventeen probably going on the board this year. years has lighted the torches of many thinkers and groups of thinkers ; they Dr. Barton W. Evermann, chairman have gathered together and will con- of the Fisheries and Oceanography Sec- tinue to do so. New groups are con- tion, and Dr. David Starr Jordan, hono- stantly being organized and brought rary president of the Pan-Pacific Re- together. This summer the Pacific Con- search Institution, are calling a meeting PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

in Honolulu this summer for adopting was first completed, moving into the big definite policy plans of the institution. house in the early part of 1900, but the The following account of the work famous musicals held Sunday afternoons at the institution from a recent copy by Carrie Castle, now Mrs. William of the Honolulu Advertiser may not Westervelt, were given in the big room prove uninteresting reading : on the ground floor of the barn, now Kaahumanu, favorite wife of Kameha- turned over to the young people of all meha the Great, once lived on the races in the several Good Relations Club, grounds in Manoa Valley now occupied as their dining hall and meeting place. by the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Upstairs, Mr. T. S. Shearman, the This area of several acres is one of the astronomer, has his observation rooms most sacred and historic places in the and nightly studies the stars in prepara- Hawaiian Islands so far as Hawaiian tion for the erection of the great ten- traditions go. foot reflector lens just outside the build- Many tales are told by old Hawaiians ing. of the Puueo (owl gods) who performed The outlook from Puuhonua has al- great feats here. The native name of ways been called the millionaires' view, the spot, Puuhonua, means "Hill of Re- and it is, for there is probably no such fuge" and in the great area the Hawai- view in the islands as that from the ians, pursued by their enemies, f ell ex- lanais of the big building: Looking hausted but safe. Here too is the sacri- mauka are the mountains of Upper Ma- ficial stone, where human sacrifices were noa, Konohua Nui and Olympus, tower- offered. ing 3000 feet, and ever may be seen the The story is told that way back in the tumbling cascades and waterfalls over the late nineties when the Castle brothers evergreen precipices. In the foreground were building the magnificent edifice as is a hedge of night blooming cereus sec- a home for their mother, Mary Castle, ond only to that at Punahou, and beyond the Hawaiian workmen digging the foun- the great level taro patches of the val- dations had their picks snatched from ley. Looking makai is majestic Dia- their hands by the Puueos and at once mond Head and the shimmering water ceased work on the sacred spot. Mr. of Waikiki seen over the waving tufts of George Castle, who remembers the in- the coconut trees, some of which, it is cident, believes that the picks struck into said, Kamehameha planted with his own the old cave where the relics of Kame- hands when he landed for the first time hameha's officers are hidden away. on Oahu Island to subdue and rule it. The Pan-Pacific Club, which is per- The Mary Castle Trust has offered mitted at present to use one of the build- some five acres of this historic area ings on the grounds as a clubhouse, is to the Pan-Pacific Union to be used for appointing a committee to gather all the the purposes of a Pan-Pacific Research traditions concerning Puuhonua and Institution. A permanent board of trus- mark the historic spot. The story of tees will be selected and it is intended Puuhonua will be published in pamphlet that the institution will secure its en- form for the edification of visitors. dowments from other Pacific lands than The place has had a unique history. Hawaii. The Pan-Pacific Union will ask Built as a home for "Mother" Castle, money from Hawaii for its work of call- it was the first building in the islands ing conferences here, but the money for in which a passenger elevator was in- the work of the Research Institution it stalled and it is still in good working is believed should and will be provided order. For a while in 1899 the Castle by the countries about the Pacific, friends family lived in the great barn which in Hawaii merely giving the splendid 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN buildings and grounds and making ment from other sources than from Ha- known the uses they are to be put to waiian appropriations. The appropria- for the service of all the peoples of the tions urged by Governor Farrington for Pacific and the world in general. the Pan-Pacific Union will be expended The idea of the Pan-Pacific Research in the work of calling the several con- Institution was born in the heads of ferences now scheduled to gather in several scientists in Hawaii who wrote Hawaii during the next few years. to Alexander Hume Ford, then in Wash- The gift of the buildings and grounds ington, asking him to interview leading provides a home for a number of work- capitalists and to get the Pan-Pacific ing scientists from Pacific lands, as well Union behind the idea of a Research as providing Honolulu with a clubhouse Institution that would tackle the scien- for scientists in the main building, as tific problems of the Pacific peoples, espe- well as smaller clubhouses that the sev- cially those of food production, protec- eral racial sections of the Pan-Pacific tion and conservation. Mr. Ford did as he Club may use until they are needed for was requested and brought back some a scientific research work. assurances of co-operation and support. There are four chief divisions into The Pan-Pacific Union loaned its moral which the work of the Pan-Pacific Re- support and the opening of the Food search Institution is being divided, all of Conservation Conference last summer them related to food production, conser- was made the occasion of the announce- vation or distribution, for a well-fed ment that on Christmas day the Mary world will not care to fight, and the Castle Trust would turn over its splendid Pacific can feed the world. property for the purposes outlined in the Following out recommendations of the plans of the Pan-Pacific Research Insti- Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Confer. tution. David Starr Jordan, Barton W. ence, a department for the study of crop Evermann, L. 0. Howard and C. L. development and crop improvement in Marlatt and kindred spirits got behind Pacific lands is being organized with the idea and began at once organizing the corresponding workers throughout the committees and departments that are to Pacific area. Dr. H. L. Lyon is chair- carry on the work. The food delegates man of the committee directing this from all Pacific lands fell in line and work. Dr. Nils P. Larsen is heading resolutions were passed commending the the work on plant constituents. Dr. institution to the governments of the Barton W. Evermann is arranging the Pacific countries and pledging co-opera- group for the study of the fish and fish- tion and support. eries of the Pacific, and a department Committees appointed at the Food for the study of race and population Conservation Conference are now carry- problems is being arranged. Certain ing out plans outlined by the conference races will consume only particular foods as a part of the institution work. Sev- and whole nations seem fitted for just eral of the delegates from far off Pacific some particular work, and it is important lands will return to Hawaii this summer to know and understand these national to council and assist. idiosyncrasies in planning for the future The Pan-Pacific Union is giving every advancement of the property and the support and is urging support and aid ideals of the Pacific peoples. from Pacific lands and institutions, but The gift of the big building of the it is not asking the Territory of Hawaii Pan-Pacific Research Institution enables to make any appropriation for the work the Union to cooperate in calling a series of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. of small round table conferences, and Its work will be to secure the endow- these, it is believed, will be of frequent PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 occurrence between the big conferences. tact, planning for the work to be This summer Sir Joseph Carruthers is carried on. visiting Hawaii to confer with the Pan- Several Pan-Pacific gatherings of Pacific Union and this has precipitated round table groups of leaders in a num- a desire on the part of David Starr Jor- ber of lines of thought and action are dan, Dr. Barton W. Evermann and on the program for planning out the big others to meet him here in conference. work of the P'an-Pacific Ethical Confer- They will be invited as guests at the ence in 1929. So that while the Pan- institution and each country of the Pa- Pacific Research Institution is not finan- cific will be asked to send one of its cially supported by the Union, the two leading fishery men to confer with them organizations can splendidly help each on the plans for the permanent work in other, the one scientific, the other gen- Pacific fish study, which the institution eral, in bringing together both small and is inaugurating. large groups of men interested in the Colonel Lester E. Jones, director of solution of the great problems before the the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, peoples of the Pacific. made the following suggestion to the It seems fitting that in the Valley where Pan-Pacific Union, which may result in the Napoleon of the Pacific, the great an early round table Pan-Pacific Confer- Polynesian king, held his sway, scientists ence at the institution : should now gather in consultation over "The Coast and Geodetic Survey is the one great problem of old Hawaii, said to be the oldest scientific organiza- and of the whole world, for all time, the tion in the United States. May I then production and conservation of food. claim for it the prerogative for such The grounds and buildings of the Pan- further action as may be deemed proper Pacific Research Institution are in a way, thereafter, both by the Pan-Pacific Union at present, a great country club in the and the governments to whom reports city where those of all races in Hawaii are made, a concrete proposal ? meet each other ; scientific, medical and "The Coast and Geodetic Survey has other educational societies meet in the the honor to suggest that the Pan-Pacific rooms of the buildings in the evenings ; Union take steps looking toward a care- and social and inter-racial clubs and soci- fully-devised plan for a complete survey eties on the ground in the day time. On of the Pacific ocean, and the publication Friday evenings, the public interested in of a series of charts on uniform projec- science and on Sunday afternoons the tions and scales and with uniform sym- different racial groups take turns in put- bols, and that the question be referred ting on programs to which their friends to the governments of the twenty-two of all races are invited. Pacific nations with a recommendation The shades of Kamehameha and his that they confer concerning its feasibility council keep watch over the gatherings, and mutually satisfactory terms of inter- and at present men and women inter- national co-operation." ested in preserving the historical lore It is hoped that the Pan-Pacific Crop of Hawaii are gathering the old tradi- Improvement and Development Board tions that are handed down with Puu- may also arrange for a round table con- honua, the "Hill of Refuge." There, ference of delegates from each Pacific scientists meet in research councils, find- land, the visitors remaining for a month ing a happy refuge from the turmoil as guests of the institution, in daily con- of the great world about them. 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Business Men Invited to Attend National Foreign Trade Convention

Seattle and the Pacific Coast cities creased trade which always follows the join in inviting the business men of the establishing of personal relationships. countries bordering on the Pacific to Twelve hundred millions of people attend the Twelfth Annual Convention live on the lands bordering the Pacific- of the National Foreign Trade Coun- a new theatre of world affairs. Across cil to be held in Seattle June 24, 25 the Pacific lie three-fourths of the and 26, 1925. world's people. What a wonderful This convention will attract several opportunity for the representatives of thousand of the leading Financial, In- those peoples to meet the leaders of dustrial, Transportation, Export, Im- America's commercial interests, inaugur- port and Commercial men of the United ating an era of better understanding States and groups prominent in these and greater prosperity through closer activities from all parts of the world. cooperation ! Mr. James A. Farrell, president of the United States Steel Corporation, and Make a combined business and pleas- Chairman of the National Foreign ure trip to Seattle as a delegate to the Trade Council, is urging the business Twelfth Annual Convention of the Na- leaders of the United States to attend. tional Foreign Trade Council, for Seat- This year the scope ,and magnitude tle is in the land of cool, brilliant sum- mer days and refreshing nights. There of the convention is to be widened. will be found motoring over paved It is to be a meeting of commercial roads through a scenic wonderland, interests of world wide importance—an yachting, surf bathing, golf on ever- international convention to which will green fairways, sea, lake and mountain be invited delegates representing busi- stream fishing, summer skiing on moun- ness enterprises of every nation. The tain glaciers and every recreation a convention will be a milestone in the business man could wish for. In addi- history of international trade. tion there is the tremendous interest It is planned to outline a basis for which always attaches to new peoples, uniformity of practices governing world new scenes and new experience. commerce. Problems affecting world trade will be discussed by the most Elaborate plans have been made for prominent men of the United States. the entertainment of delegates and their The convention will afford business men families not only by Seattle but by all of America and foreign visitors an of the sister cities of the Pacific Coast. unusual opportunity to make desirable Plan now to attend the great National personal contacts, to catch the spirit Foreign Trade Council Convention in and methods of America's most success- Seattle, State of Washington, U. S. A., ful men and to reap the benefits of in- June 24, 25 and 26, 1925. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 Index to Proceedings of the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference JULY 31 to AUGUST 14, 1924 Papers, documents and addresses read at or submitted to the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference, and published in the Proceedings or in numbers of the Mid-Pacific Magazine or the Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union. The Proceedings were published in the January, February, March, and April Mid-Pacific Magazines, pages 1 to 200, January ; 300 to 500, February ; 500 to 600, March ; 600 to 700, April. Page Introduction 1 Program and Calendar of Entertainment 7 Description of official opening and list of delegates 23 Opening addresses and organization, Friday, July 31 39 Alexander Hume Ford, Director Pan-Pacific Union, opening address 40 Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii, and President of the Pan-Pacific Union, address of welcome (published in full in Mid-Pacific Magazine for November, 1924) 41 Dr. L. 0. Howard, elected permanent chairman (remarks published in full in October, 1924, Mid-Pacific Magazine) 41 Dr. Harold S. Palmer, Secretary of the Conference, reads messages from Calvin Coolidge, Honorary President of the Pan-Pacific Union, and President of the United States (published in full in the September, 1924, Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union) 43 Prince I. Tokugawa, Honorary President of the Pan-Pacific Union, and President of the Imperial Japanese Diet (message published in full in the Pan-Pacific Union Bulletin, September, 1924) 43 Hon. Tsao Kun, Honorary President of the Pan-Pacific Union, and President of China, message 43 Hon. Kakichi Uchida, Governor General of Formosa, message 43 Dr. D. Fock, Honorary Vice-President of the Pan-Pacific Union, and Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies, cabled greetings 45 Hon. Walter M. Pierce, Governor of Oregon, cabled greetings 45 His Imperial Majesty, Rama VI., Honorary President of the Pan- Pacific Union, and King of Siam, cabled greetings 47 Messages from many heads of Pacific governments and others 47 List of Honorary Vice-Presidents of the Conference and officers of seven sections 47 General Discussion at first meeting 49 General Session, Monday Morning, August 4: Message from Baron M. Saito, Governor-General of Chosen 51 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, address published in full, November Mid- Pacific Magazine, 1924 53 Dr. R. Masujima, address on "International Jurisprudence" 53 Dr. David Starr Jordan, "Conservation of Marine Life" 55 Dr. C. L. Marlatt, "Plant Quarantine" 59 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "The Rice Situation in the Orient" 61 Dr. Carl L. Alsberg, "Food Conservation" 65 General Session, Tuesday Morning, August 5, "Sugar" : Dr. E. W. Brandes, "Sugar Cane Problems" 69 Mr. M. S. Barnett, "The Sugar Industry in Fiji and Australia," appearing in March, 1925, Mid-Pacific Magazine 81 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

General Session, Tuesday Afternoon., August 5: "International Law," Dr. R. Masujima, chairman ; Judge Sanford B. Dole, Col. Frederick M. Brown, Mr. W. H. H. Piatt, Mr. Ken Harada, Mr. Halleck A. Butts, Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, Judge Charles F. Clemons 83 General Session, Thursday Morning, August 7: "Fisheries, Marine Biology and Oceanography" 89 Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, "Conservation of the Fishery Re- sources of the Pacific ;" food fish section of this paper appeared in the December, 1924, Mid-Pacific Magazine 89 Discussion, Dr. T. C. Frye 93 Dr. L. E. Griffin 95 Dr. K. Kishinouye 97 Mr. David G. Stead 99 Hon. George M. Thomson 103 Dr. Hugh M. Smith, "Siam's Fishery Resources," appearing in March, 1925, Mid-Pacific Magazine 105 General Session, Friday Morning, August 8: "Plant Quarantine, Plant Entomology and Plant Pathology" : Dr. C. L. Marlatt, "Crop Pests" • 107 Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, "The Port Inspection Phase of Plant Quarantine Work" 111 Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell, "The Need for a Better Knowledge of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases of the Pacific Regions" 115 Dr. Herbert Osborn, "Remarks on an Entomological Program for Research in the Pacific" 119 Dr. F. D. Fromme, "Important Plant Diseases of the Pacific Area".__ 125 Dr. L. 0. Howard, "Cooperation in the Study and Distribution of Insect Parasites" 131 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "Pest Plants" 133 General Session, Monday Morning, August 11, "Animal Industry" : Prof. L. A. Henke, "Animal Industry in Hawaii" 139 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "Animal Husbandry in Australia" 141 Dr. P. H. Browning, "Foot-and-Mouth Disease" 145 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "Rinderpest in the Philippines" '149 Dr. P. J. S. Cramer, "Livestock in the Dutch East Indies" 151 Hon. George M. Thomson, "Livestock in New •Zealand" 153 Dr. Wu Lien-teh, "Quarantine Problems in the Far East," published in pamphlet form 157 Dr. Georges Marie Le Louet, "The Bacteriophagus as an Agent of Vaccination Against Barbone Disease," and "Sero Infection as a Means of Vaccination Against Rinderpest in Cochin China" 157 (Published in pamphlet form by the Government of Indo- China, and by the American Veterinary Medical Journal, New York City.) General Session, Tuesday Morning, August 12: "Food Crop Production and Improvement" : Dr. E. W. Allen, "Organization of Agricultural Research and Exten- sion Work Around the Pacific" 159 Mr. J. M. Westgate, "Diversification as a Factor in the Conservation Program" 165 Prof. F. G. Krauss, Crop Protection and Improvement Section, full agenda published in Bulletin 53, of the Pan-Pacific Union, March, 1924 169 Dr. P. J. S. Cramer, "The Rice Situation Around the Pacific" 171 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

General Session, Thursday Morning, August 14: Adoption of Resolutions 177 List of Resolutions passed by the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference 179 Closing of the Conference 189 "The Story of Sugar in Hawaii" 193

Afternoon Sectional Sessions Proceedings of Section 1, Sugar Industry : Officers, program, etc. 303 Dr. E. W. Brandes, "Sugar Cane Breeding" 305 Discussion on "Methods of Cultivation of Sugar Cane" 307 "Sugar Cane Varieties" 311 "Sugar Cane Diseases" 311 "Bud Selection" 315 "Sugar Cane Entomology" 317 "Soils and Fertilizers for Sugar-Cane" 319 Mr. C. E. Pemberton, "Rodent Control in Hawaiian Canefields," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, October, 1924 325 "Sugar Factory Operations" 327 Mr. William P. Alexander, "Irrigation in Hawaii," published by the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association 329 Proceedings of Section 2, "International Law and Agreements" 331 Mr. F. C. T. Lucas, "A Pan-Pacific Bar Association," published in Pan-Pacific Bulletin, November, 1924 331 Proceedings of Section 3, "Fisheries, Marine Biology and Oceanography": Officers, program, etc. 333 Prof. Josephine E. Tilden, representing the Minnesota Pacific Ex- pedition, "A Plan for a Co-ordinated Pan-Pacific Study of the Food Relations of Marine Organisms in Their Bearing on the General Problem of Food Conservation," abstract of paper 335 Dr. T. C. Frye, "The Problem of Food Succession in Marine Organisms," published in April, 1925, Mid-Pacific Magazine 335 Dr. L. E. Griffin, "Cooperation of Marine Biological Stations in the Pacific," published in November, 1924, Pan-Pacific Bulletin 337 Hon. G. M. Thomson, "International Exchange of Aquatic Species of Economic Importance," published in December, 1924, Mid- Pacific Magazine 339 Mr. David G. Stead, "Marine Borers" 339 Admiral John McDonald, "The United States Hydrographic Office and an Outline of Its Work" 341 Papers published by the Government of Indo-China in pamphlet form for the Conference 341 "Some Remarks on Plankton of the Coast of Annam and the Gulf of Siam," by Maurice Rose ; "A Brief Sketch of the Marine Ichthyological Fauna of Indo-Chinese Regions," by Paul Chabanaud ; "The Conception of the Larva of the Anthozoa as a Scyphostrobile," by Dr. Armand Krempf ; "On an Indo-Chinese Caphyra Commensal of an Alcyonium," by Tr. Monad. Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, "Problems of Pollution," published in March, 1925, Mid-Pacific Magazine 343 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Hon. G. M. Thomson, "United Action in the Pacific for the Study of Ocean Currents in Their Bearing on the Distribution of Food Fishes," published in March, 1925, Mid-Pacific Magazine 345 Mr. David G. Stead, "Marine and Freshwater Fisheries of Australia and the Possibility of Commercial Development" (part of this paper published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, October, 1924) 345 Dr. C. Ping, "Prospects for the Development of Fisheries in China," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 349 Dr. A. de C. Sowerby, "Fisheries of China," published in Mid- Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 349 A Communication on Fisheries from Dr. Rodrigo Rodrigues, Governor of Macao 351 Mr. H. R. Montalban, "The Status and Possibilities of Philippine Fisheries," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine November, 1924_, 351 Dr. Thomas W. Ross, "Salmon and Their Enemies," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, November, 1924 353 Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, "Mammals of the Pacific" 353 Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, "Conservation of the Marine Life of the Pacific," Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1923 355 Prof. William E. Hoffman, "Snapping Turtles," abstracted 355 Hon. Koliang Yih, Fishery Resolution 355 Prof. S. F. Light, "Demon Amphioxus Products," published in Pan- Pacific Union Bulletin No. 61, November, 1924 359 Dean J. B. Johnston, "The Minnesota Pacific Expedition," pub- lished in Pan-Pacific Union Bulletin No. 62 359 Dr. W. A. Setchell, "Role of Marine Algae in the Production of Human Food," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 359 Dr. Royal N. Chapman, "Quantitative Determination of Marine Plankton," abstracted 361 Dr. K. Kishinouye, "Floating Eggs of Prawns," published in Mid- Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 361 Mr. H. R. Montalban, "An Investigation of the Comparative Loss of Weight of the Brine Cured, Pickle Cured and Kench Cured Fish" 361 Dr. C. McLean Fraser, "The Conservation of Marine Fauna," pub- lished in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, May, 1925 361 Mr. Lewis Radcliffe, U. S. A. Bureau of Fisheries, communication from 362 Mr. C. F. Green, Singapore, Bureau of Fisheries, communication from 362

Proceedings of Section 4, "Plant Quarantine, Plant Entomology and Plant Pathology : Officers, program, etc. 365 Dr. C. L. Marlatt, "Plant Quarantine Needs Within the Pacific Area," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 365 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers presented papers from New South Wales Government, "Plant Quarantine," "Plant Pathology," "Bunchy Top in Bananas," "Mutual Understandings Regarding Surveys of Animal and Plant Diseases and Parasites," published in. Mid- Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 368 Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell, "The Need for Building Up a Better Knowl- edge of the Insect Pests and Plant Diseases in the Pacific Region," abstracted 369 Dr. L. 0. Howard, "International Work with Parasites" 371 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13

Mr. 0. H. Swezey, "Sugar Cane Pests in Hawaii and Their Control by Introduction of Natural Enemies" 373 Mr. Hunter Freeman, "An Account of Recent Experiments with Insecticides Against Cane Grubs in Queensland," published in Hawaiian Planters' Record XXVIII, No. 4, 1924 379 Dr. M. Ishida, "The Application of Metarrhizium Against Alisso- notum in Formosa," and in "Phanarus beneficiens against the Eggs of the Moth Borer in Formosa," published in Hawaiian Planters' Record XXVIII, No. 4, 1924 380 Dr. F. X. Williams, "Insects Affecting Sugar Cane in Some South American Countries," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 380 Mr. R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg, "Notes on Cane Pests in Mexico," published in Hawaiian Planters' Record XXVIII, No. 4, 1924 380 Mr. 0. H. Swezey, "The Hawaiian Entomological Society" 380 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "Economic Entomology in New South Wales" 381 Dr. R. N. Chapman, "Pests Attacking Stored Foods and Means of Control," abstracted 387 Dr. R. J. Tillyard, "Insects in Relation to the New Zealand Food Supply," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 389 Hon. G. M. Thomson's discussion of Dr. Tillyard's paper 389 A. Despeissis and C. H. Knowles, "Purple Leaf Moth of Coconuts in Fiji" 391 Dr. M. Yves Henry, "Entomology and Its Relations to Agriculture in Indo-China," published in pamphlet form by the Governor- General of Indo-China 391 Dr. C. F. Baker, University of the Philippines, "Grasshopper Control" 391 Prof. S. F. Light, "The Termite Shield," abstracted 393 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "The Prickly Pear in Australia," abstracted 393 Prof. W. E. Hoffman, "The Relation of Life History Studies to Food Conservation" 394 Proceedings of Section 5, "Animal Industry" : Officers, program, etc. 397 Dr. Wu Lien-teh, "Quarantine Problems in the Far East," published in pamphlet form 401 Dr. Kintaro Oshima, "Rinderpest in Formosa," abstracted on page 424 401 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "Rinderpest in the Philippines" 401 Dr. V. N. Onissimenko, "Food Producing Animals of North Asia," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, September, 1924 405 Prof. L. A. Henke, "Possibilities of Producing Livestock and Dairy Products on a Sugar Plantation" 405 Dr. C. 0. Levine, "The Milk Supply of the Orient," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 409 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "The Rabbit Plague in New South Wales," abstracted 409 Prof. L. A. Henke, "Pineapple Bran for Livestock," abstracted 411 Dr. Francisco M. Moguel, "Livestock in Mexico" 413 Abstracts of Animal Industry papers : Australia : "Animal Industry in New South Wales" 415 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

_"Pure-Bred Dairy Cattle Business in the Pan-Pacific Area" 417 "Means of Improvement in Animal Breeding" 417 "The Place of Livestock on a Farm or Plantation" 417 "Mutual Understanding Re Surveys of Animal and Plant Diseases and Parasites" 419 "Food and Disease" 419 "Dry Land Fodders and Grasses for Livestock" 419 "Common Feeding Stuffs Used for Live Stock in New South Wales" 421 New Zealand : Mr. Joseph Lee, "Livestock in New Zealand" 421 Dr. T. Rigg, "Lucerne Growing in the Nelson District" 422 Hawaii : Prof. L. A. Henke, "Possibilities of Producing Livestock and Dairy Products on Hawaiian Sugar Plantations" 422 Prof. L. A. Henke, "Dairying in Hawaii" 423 California : Profs. G. H. Hart and W. H. Boynton, "The Importance of the Development of the Dairy Industry as a Source of Food Pro- duction for the Orient" 424 Japan : Dr. Kintaro Oshima, "Rinderpest in Formosa" 424 Siberia : Dr. V. N. Onissimenko, "Food Producing Animals of North Asia" 425 China Dr. C. 0. Levine, "The Milk Supply of the Orient" 425 Dr. Wu Lien-teh, "Quarantine Problems in the Far East" 425 Proceedings of Section 6, "Food-Crop Production and Improvement" : Officers, program, etc. 429 Dr. P. J. S. Cramer, "Some of the Food Production Problems in Java," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 429 Dr. R. L. Pendleton, "Soil Surveys" 430 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "Soil Surveys in New South Wales" and "Soil Bacteriology" 433 Prof. Arthur W. Christie, "The Development of Dehydration in California," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1924 433 Mr. B. F. Hulse, "What Dehydration Is," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 433 Mr. J. C. Ripperton, "Dehydrating Fruit in Hawaii" 433 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "Forestry in Malaysia" 434 Dr. P. J. S. Cramer, "Agricultural Experiment Stations in Java," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 438 Dr. Kintaro Oshima, "The Government Research Institute in For- mosa," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 438 Dr. Yves Henry, "Agricultural Extension and Research Work in Indo-China" 439 Senor C. Ligot and Dr. E. D. Merrill, "Agricultural Extension and Research Work in the Philippines" 441 Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, "Agricultural Research Work in Aus- tralia," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 441 Dr. E. W. Allen, "Agricultural Research Work in America" 441 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "Agricultural Extension Work in the University of California" 441 Mr. J. M. Westgate, "The U. S. Agricultural Experiment Station in Hawaii" 442 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

Prof. F. G. Krauss, "The University of Hawaii's Department of Agriculture" 442 Prof. F. G. Krauss, "The Pigeon Pea," published in. Bulletin No. 46, U. S. Agricultural Experiment Station, Hawaii 446 Dr. Yai Suvabhan Sanitwongse, "The Rice of Siam," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, September, 1924 446 Dr. Hugh F. Smith and Dr. Carl L. Alsberg, "A Commission to Establish Uniform Standards for Pacific Food Products" 446 Dr. E. D. Merrill, "The Food Problem in Malay Land," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 447 Dr. P. J. S. Cramer, "The Rice Situation in the Dutch East Indies," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 447 Dr. E. D. Merrill and Dr. Kintaro Oshima, "Beri-beri in the Orient" 449 Dr. Kintaro Oshima, "The Production and Improvement of Rice in Formosa," Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 450 Senor C.. Ligot, "Rice Production in the Philippines," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 450 Dr. P. J. Wester, "Before It Is Too Late," a study of the breadfruit, published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 457 Dr. W. W. Yen, "Remission of the Boxer Indemnity by the Powers" 459 Dr. Ross A. Gortner, "Agricultural Biochemistry and the Food Prob- lem," abstracted 459 Proceedings of Section 6a, "Forestry in Relation to Agriculture": Dr. Henry Guibier, "Forestry in Indo-China," published in pamphlet form by the Indo-China Government 461 Mr. T. C. Zschokke, "Food Production Without Forest Destruction," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, October, 1924 463 Mr. C. S. Judd, "Forestry for Water Conservation," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 463 Mr. Forsythe Sherfesee, "The Industrial and Social Importance of Forestry in China," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine for February and March, 1924 464 "Forestry in New South Wales" 464 Notes on Agriculture and Forestry received from Dr. John H. Reis- ner, Dean of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, Nanking, and David C. Mills, General Director of the National Association of the Fur Industry (U. S. A.) 464 Proceedings of Section on Meteorology : Mr. E. A. Beals, "The Possibilities of Long Range Forecasts Based Upon the Behavior of the Trade Winds," abstracted 465 Dr. Kao Lu, "Unification of Meteorological Signals," published in pamphlet form, by the Government of China 467 Dr. Coching Chu, "A New Classification of Typhoons of the Far East" 467 Dr. Pingjan Tsiang, "A Proposition on the Making of an Inquiry as to the Number of Days of Rain and of Storm in Different Sec- tions of the Pacific Ocean" 467 Proceedings of Section on Hydrography and Topography : Prof. Griffith Taylor, "Geographic Control of Australia's Resources," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, December, 1924 469 New South Wales Department of Agriculture, "Artesian Water in New South Wales" 469 •

16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

"New South Wales, Its Location, Geological Formation and Topography" 469 "Water Conservation and Irrigation in New South Wales" 471 Hon. Mark Cohen, "Hydro-Electric Power in New Zealand" 471 Mr. 0. J. Todd, "A Program for Insuring and Extending the Food Supply of China" 471 Communications from the U. S. Navy Department 473 Col. E. Lester Jones, "The Survey of the Pacific Ocean an Economic Necessity," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 473 Lt. E. R. Hand and Mr. H. E. McComb, exhibit of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 473 Mr. Albert 0. Burkland, "The Need for Topographic Maps in the Pacific" 473 Col. C. H. Birdseye, "The Relation of Topographic Maps to the Food Problem" 475 Proceedings of the Food Transportation and Distribution Section : Dr. Carl L. Alsberg, leader of discussion 477 Prof. Teizo Takahashi, "The Raising and Importation of Rice in Japan" 479 Mr. John Earl Baker, "Food Transportation in China," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, October, 1924 479 New South Wales Department of Agriculture, "Transportation of Livestock Across the Pacific," and "Handling the Wheat Crop in New South Wales" 479 Mr. Taro Ito, "The Distribution of the Soya Bean of Manchuria and Its Importance in the Manchurian Trade," published in the Mid- Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 480 Lieut. A. F. Hegenberger, "Aerial Transportation," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, May, 1925 480 Mr. Louis N. Rice, "Cold Storage in Honloulu," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, March, 1925

Mr. L. D. Foster, "Wheats and Flours in New Zealand," published in Mid-Pacific Magazine, October, 1924 Dr. T. F. Tung, "The Food Problem in China and How to Solve It," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, November, 1924 Mr. H. L. Chung, "The Meaning of Agricultural Conservation for China," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, September, 1924 Dr. D. K. Lieu, "Food Conservation in China," published in the Mid- Pacific Magazine, March, 1925 Prof. W. Cruess, "Olive Products in California," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, April, 1925 Dr. Hugh M. Smith, "Agriculture and Forestry in Siam," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, May, 1925 Dr. Arthur De C. Sowerby, "Game and Forests of China," published in the Mid-Pacific Magazine, May, 1925

(Several papers submitted to the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference for consideration or sent later remain to be published, and will appear in the Mid-Pacific Magazine during the year. Numbers containing these may be secured at 25 cents a copy, or the entire year for $3.00.) PAN-PACIFIC NEWS

The March issue of the Mid-Pacific in bulletin form and sent to all members Magazine concludes the series of four of the Pan-Pacific Associations in any numbers containing the proceedings of country paying $5,00 a year dues, to- the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Con- gether with the proceedings of the Food- ference. These four numbers, indexed Conservation Conference. in the current bulletin, may be secured Much of the activities of the Pan- singly at 50 cents a copy, mailed, or Pacific Union now center in the splendid $2.00 for the set with stiff paper cover. buildings given to it in Honolulu for the The volumes are profusely illustrated, foundation of a Pan-Pacific Research several hundred pages of half-page cuts Institution, primarily for the study of being used to illuminate the text. race and population, as well as the carry- Some of the papers prepared for the ing on of research work in food pro- conference were published in earlier duction and conservation in the Pacific numbers of the Mid-Pacific Magazine, area. The work of drawing together the which are on file. Several papers yet several Pan-Pacific Associations of China, remain to be published during the year. Japan, Australia, America, and other The Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Pacific countries is greatly facilitated and Conference breaking up as it did into conferences of the heads of these or- permanent groups of workers, and the ganizations are planned, inviting them as gift of the splendid buildings and guests in one of the main buildings of grounds for the Pan-Pacific Research the Pan-Pacific Research Institution for Institution, brings the inauguration of a a month's conference. new era in the Pan-Pacific work. Here- The Pan-Pacific Weekly Luncheon after many Pan-Pacific group sessions Clubs will also be invited to send dele- will be held between the more largely gates to a conference, and they will be attended conferences. housed in the Research Institution In the near future, at the Pan-Pacific buildings while in Honolulu. Already Research Institution, it is planned to hold the Honolulu and Tokyo weekly Pan- group sessions, perhaps but one delegate Pacific luncheon clubs exchange verbat- from each country, on International Law, im reports of the speeches made at these Oceanography, Fisheries, Race and Popu- affairs, and it is hoped that this plan lation Problems, Crop Development, For- may be extended around the Pacific. estry, Climatology and other kindred The weekly dinners of the Pan-Pacific subjects. Science Council in Honolulu are care- It is planned to have scientists from fully reported and the addresses given Pacific lands remain as permanent re- at the open meetings after the dinners search workers, and others as guests are taken down verbatim and many of for a time. them will be printed in the Mid-Pacific Dr. David Starr Jordan, Hon. Presi- Magazine or the special bulletins of the dent of the Institution, Sir Joseph H. Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Carruthers of Australia, Dr. Barton The subscription price to the Mid- Warren Evermann, Colonel E. Lester Pacific Magazine and the Bulletin of Jones, head of the U. S. Coast and the Pan-Pacific Union is $3.00 a year Geodetic Survey, it is expected, will head (foreign postage extra). Those inter- small Pan-Pacific Group Conferences at ested in the papers prepared for the the institution this summer. Proceed- Pan-Pacific Conferences should become ings of these conferences will be issued regular subscribers.

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Some of the trees, fruits and shrubs of Hawaii.