DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioecological and Population Studies of the Cottony-Cushion Scale, Icerya Purchasi Mask., and Its Natural Enemies, Rodolia Cardinalis Mul

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bioecological and Population Studies of the Cottony-Cushion Scale, Icerya Purchasi Mask., and Its Natural Enemies, Rodolia Cardinalis Mul Volume41,Nt~mber 20 • April, 1973 Bioecological and Population Studies of the Cottony-cushion Scale, Icerya purchasi Mask., and Its Natural Enemies, Rodolia cardinalis Mul. and Cryptochaetum iceryae Will., in Southern California Jose R. Quezada and Paul DeBach HILGA" "1(20) 6n~88 (1973) Competitive interactions between the two natural enemies of leery" purehllSi-Rodolia eardinalis and Cryptoehaetum ieeryae­ were studied in detail in order to throw more light on the question of the introduction of multiple natural enemies as a biological control policy. The host, a major citrus pest accidentally intro­ duced in 1868 from Australia, has been under control since 1888­ 1889, when its highly specific natural enemies (also from Aus­ tralia) were imported for that purpose. Three different climatic regions of southern California were the study sites: the desert, the coasr, and the interior. Life table studies of the scale indicated that it is maintained under control at very low population levels in the desert by vedalia and on the coast by Cryptoehaetum, with competition causing displacement in both areas. In the interior, the two enemies seasonally share their prey in different propor­ tions and are fairly even in their competitive abilities-vedalia usually taking more prey during the summer and fall, the By taking more during the winter and early spring. In the interior, three generations of the host occurred in a year, while those of vedalia and Cryptoehaetum averaged 12 and 8, respectively. Some host plants restricted vedalia development, and certain species of ants interfered with Cryptoehaetum. Competition results in micro­ habitats also varied, depending on prevailing environmental con­ ditions and the time at which an enemy finds a scale colony. The "coe istence" of vedalia and Cryptochaetum in the interior is thought to be only apparent and maintained by the dispersal of Cryptoehaetum from their coastal area of dominance. Coexistence experiments in the interior showed displacement of the By by vedalia to occur after nine generations. Competition between the two natural enemies did not increase host survival. These extensive studies provided strong support for the policy of importation of multiple natural enemies. THE AUTI-IORS: Jose R. Quezada, formerly at Departamento de Biologia, Uoiversi­ dad de EI Salvador, is Associate Research Entomologist, Division of Biological Control, Riverside. Paul DeBach is Professor of Biological Control and Entomologist, Division of Biological Control, Riverside. Jose R. Quezada andPaul DeBach Bioecological and Population Studies of the Cottony-cushion Scale, Icerya purchasi Mask., and Its Natural Enemies, Rodolia cardinalis Mul. and Cryptochaetum iceryae Will., in Volume41,Nt~mber Southern California':20 • April, 19732 INTRODUCTION CONTROL OF THE COTTONY-CUSHION (1889) emphasized the potential of BioecologicalSCALE, Icerya purchasiandMaskell,Populationby its CryptochaetumStudiesandofexpressedthe his hope natural enemy, the vedalia beetle, Ro­ for the success of the parasite. A few Cottony-cushiondolia cardinalis (Mulsant),Scale,in Califor­Iceryaother purchasiworkers haveMask.,suggested that the nia was the first outstanding and now fly may be equally effective, or even andclassicalItsexampleNaturalof biologicalEnemies,control Rodoliasuperior, to cardinalisthe vedalia beetle in the (fig. 1). Icerya purchasi, accidentally control of the cottony-cushion scale in introducedMul. andin 1868Cryptochaetumfrom Australia certainiceryaeareasWill.,of the scale's in distribution (Doutt, 1964), became so abundant in (Smith and Compere, 1916; Essig, 1958; the absence of its Southernnatural checks Californiathat Thorpe, 1930; Clausen, 1956; Bartlett in a few years it threatened the whole and Lagace, 1960). citrus industry of California. The in­ Icerya purchasi has a wide range of troduction of the predatory vedalia distribution throughout the state and beetle from Australia in 1888-1889 can be found in the mild coastal areas, brought aboutJosethe rapidR. Quezadacontrol ofandthe Paulthe interiorDeBachregions, and in the hot, dry, pest in southern California. At about desert areas. It is found not only on cit­ the same time, or perhaps even a little rus but on a large number of alternate earlier (Smith and Compere, 1916), a host plants as well, some of which pro­ parasitic fly, Cryptockaetum iceryae vide good protection to and are impor­ (Williston), was also introduced and tant in the survival of the pest. colonized in San Mateo and Los Angeles The cottony-cushion scale is usually counties. The value of the fly, however, maintained at low population levels by was over-shadowed by the outstanding either or both of its natural enemies on success of vedalia on commercial citrus all of the host plants and in all places in the south. Thus, nearly all the credit where it occurs in California. Climate, for the control of the scale has been however, directly or indirectly influ­ given to the beetle, although Riley ences the distribution and abundance 1 Submitted for publication June 6, 1972. I The senior author's studies were jointly supported by Universidad de EI Salvador and the Organization of American States (OAS), with partial support by NSF Grants GB-7444, GB­ 17829, GB-6776, GB-14489, and GB-30843X. [ 631 ] 632 Q1.lczada and DrBach : Bioecoloqicai and Population Studies: Cottonu-cushion. Scale Fig. 1. Adult and larvae of vedalia attacking Icerya purchasi. of both enemies of the scale. Crupio­ feed or reproduce on any other host in chaetum is dominant in coastal regions, California. From this point of view, the while vedalia is dominant in the desert two species can be said to be ecological areas. In the interior, both species over­ homologues as defined by DeBach and lap and share their prey in different Sundby (1963). The ecological niches proportions throughout the year. Com­ of both natural enemies are not identi­ petitive advantage between the two is cal in the strictest sense. Vedalia preys rather evenly balanced in this region, on all stages of the scale, while Crypto­ and in spite of a variable seasonal dom­ chaetum parasitizes the host from the inance of either species over the other, second stage onward. However, as these both are common throughout the year. authors suggest: "If one essential com­ Occasional upsets of the scale's popula­ ponent of the niches of two species is tion balance may occur in all districts identical (such as identical food), then on individual plants or in small areas. the two species are ecological homo­ These can be ascribed to the adverse logues to this extent." They are con­ effect of various factors on natural ene­ sidered true ecological homologues for mies, such as ants and insecticides. all practical purposes in this study. Both vedalia and Oryptochaetum Our examination of the competitive have been found to be highly specific in interactions between Rodolia cardinalis relation to the host scale and will not and Oryptochaetum has thrown some HILGARDIA • Vol. 41, No. 20 • April, 1973 633 light on a controversial basic ecological vedalia beetle and the parasitic fly, as question. Turnbull and Chant (1961) well as their relative and absolute effi­ have questioned the value of multiple ciency in population regulation of the introductions of natural enemies and scale. suggested that two or more biotic agents Three different climatic regions of attacking a single host species may in­ southern California were selected for terfere with each other to the advantage the studies: the desert (Palm Springs), of host survival. According to this hy­ the interior (Riverside), and the coast pothesis' Icerya purchasi populations in (Rancho Santa Fe). It was necessary to California, for example, may be en­ find out if the general average densities hanced rather than suppressed as a re­ attained by the scale in the three differ­ sult of competition between its two ent regions were different, and if the natural enemies. control exerted by its natural enemies The studies reported here were under­ was hindered in any way as a result of taken to explore this hypothesis and the their competition, in order to evaluate mechanisms of competition between the the assumptions of Turnbull and Chant. MATERIALS AND METHODS All laboratory tests were conducted temperature of 80 ± 2° and 65 ± 5 per under insectary conditions where the cent relative humidity. By allowing the temperature was maintained at 80 ± 2° crawlers to settle at different times, dif­ F, and the relative humidity at 55 ± 5 ferent scale stage.s were available as per cent, unless otherwise stated. Un­ needed. Plants infested were princi­ disturbed citrus orchards-that is, or­ pally Citrus spp., Pittosporum tobira, chards that had not been sprayed for Cocculus laurifolius, Acer oblongum, several years-were secured in each of Spartium junceum, Cassia artemisoides, the three regions of southern California and Nandina domestica. Of all these to make field observations under natural hosts, P. tobira proved to be the ideal conditions. For the interior, the Bio­ one for rearing purposes, supporting logical Control Grove at the University colonies of scales for longer times than of California, Riverside, was used. An other plants without deterioration. undisturbed Valencia orange orchard Rodolia cardinalis. The vedalia beetle was secured in Rancho Santa Fe near was reared by placing one or two pairs the coast. In the desert (Palm Springs) , in a 2 x 2 x 2 ft sleeve cage whose bot­ only a small, untreated, backyard or­ tom fit a pot containing a citrus or Pit­ tosporum tobira plant infested with chard could be obtained. scales. The beetles were also reared, Rearing methods when closer observations were needed, in one-pint carton containers covered Icerya purchasi. In order to have a with a petri dish bottom. Scale-infested good supply of seale colonies available leaves from the same plants were reg­ for different aspects of the work, a rou­ ularly provided for the beetles and their tine rearing method was used. Repro­ growing larvae. ducing scales were obtained in the field Cryptochaetum iceryae. The fly para­ and their crawlers allowed to settle on site, as pointed out by Thorpe (1930), different host plants as was convenient.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of CITRUS SCALE PESTS in JAPAN M. Takagi Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
    __________________________________________ Biological control of citrus scale pests in Japan 351 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CITRUS SCALE PESTS IN JAPAN M. Takagi Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan INTRODUCTION There were no serious citrus pests in Japan before 1867 because there was little international trade in Japan when it was a closed country during the Edo period. After Japan opened up as a country, many adventive agricultural pests were accidentally introduced. Many serious citrus scale pests were intro- duced into Japan around 1900. Classical biological control was very effective against those adventive pests, which are still well controlled by introduced natural enemies. However, the history of these biological control projects varies significantly among these pests. The first attempt to introduce foreign natural enemies into Japan to control a citrus pest was the importation of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), against the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. This attempt was very quickly carried out and was successful, as in many other countries. The second successful project was the biological control of the red wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, by the encrytid, Anicetus beneficus Ishii et Yasumatu. In this case, the effective natural enemy invaded Japan without any intentional introduction from foreign countries. The last successful citrus scale biological control project in Japan was of arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), by the aphelinids, Aphytis yanonensis DeBach et Rosen and Coccobius fulvus (Compere et Annecke). In this case, it was nearly 80 years between the pest’s invasion and the successful introduction of the effective natural enemies. Here I review the history of the accidental introduction of these citrus scale pests and the efforts and successes of the classical biological control of these adventive citrus scale pests in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Redescription of Anovia Circumclusa
    Zootaxa 2112: 25–40 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Redescription of Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini), with first description of the egg, larva, and pupa, and notes on adult intraspecific elytral pattern variation JUANITA A. FORRESTER¹, NATALIA J. VANDENBERG², & JOSEPH V. MCHUGH³ ¹Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2603. E-mail: [email protected] ²Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL), Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20013-7012. E-mail: [email protected] ³Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2603. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Anovia circumclusa (Gorham), a neotropical lady beetle, recently was recorded in North America for the first time. Previously, only the adult form of this beneficial predator had been described. This paper provides a redescription of the adult and the first descriptions of the egg, larva, and pupa. Diagnostic characters for the genus and species are given, and intraspecific color variation in Anovia adults is discussed. Key words: ladybird, lady beetle, coccinellid, larva, morphology, taxonomy, scale predator, color variation Introduction Members of the charismatic beetle family Coccinellidae are well known for their appealing coloration. In agricultural circles, though, they are equally famous for their efficacy as biological control agents. One of the earliest examples of successful biological control involved a lady beetle from the tribe Noviini: Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Koebele 1892; Olliff 1895).
    [Show full text]
  • COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS and ESTABLISHMENTS in HAWAII: 1885 to 2015
    AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE COCCINELLID (COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN HAWAII: 1885 to 2015 JOHN R. LEEPER PO Box 13086 Las Cruces, NM USA, 88013 [email protected] [1] Abstract. Blackburn & Sharp (1885: 146 & 147) described the first coccinellids found in Hawaii. The first documented introduction and successful establishment was of Rodolia cardinalis from Australia in 1890 (Swezey, 1923b: 300). This paper documents 167 coccinellid species as having been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands with forty-six (46) species considered established based on unpublished Hawaii State Department of Agriculture records and literature published in Hawaii. The paper also provides nomenclatural and taxonomic changes that have occurred in the Hawaiian records through time. INTRODUCTION The Coccinellidae comprise a large family in the Coleoptera with about 490 genera and 4200 species (Sasaji, 1971). The majority of coccinellid species introduced into Hawaii are predacious on insects and/or mites. Exceptions to this are two mycophagous coccinellids, Calvia decimguttata (Linnaeus) and Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say). Of these, only P. vigintimaculata (Say) appears to be established, see discussion associated with that species’ listing. The members of the phytophagous subfamily Epilachninae are pests themselves and, to date, are not known to be established in Hawaii. None of the Coccinellidae in Hawaii are thought to be either endemic or indigenous. All have been either accidentally or purposely introduced. Three species, Scymnus discendens (= Diomus debilis LeConte), Scymnus ocellatus (=Scymnobius galapagoensis (Waterhouse)) and Scymnus vividus (= Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant) were described by Sharp (Blackburn & Sharp, 1885: 146 & 147) from specimens collected in the islands. There are, however, no records of introduction for these species prior to Sharp’s descriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (E-Journal) Revista Corpoica – Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (2008) 9(2), 55-61 RevIEW ARTICLE Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Takumasa Kondo1, Penny J. Gullan2, Douglas J. Williams3 Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) Coccidología. El estudio de insectos ABSTRACT escama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: A brief introduction to the science of coccidology, and a synopsis of the history, Coccoidea) advances and challenges in this field of study are discussed. The changes in coccidology since the publication of the Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus 250 years ago are RESUMEN Se presenta una breve introducción a la briefly reviewed. The economic importance, the phylogenetic relationships and the ciencia de la coccidología y se discute una application of DNA barcoding to scale insect identification are also considered in the sinopsis de la historia, avances y desafíos de discussion section. este campo de estudio. Se hace una breve revisión de los cambios de la coccidología Keywords: Scale, insects, coccidae, DNA, history. desde la publicación de Systema Naturae por Carolus Linnaeus hace 250 años. También se discuten la importancia económica, las INTRODUCTION Sternorrhyncha (Gullan & Martin, 2003). relaciones filogenéticas y la aplicación de These insects are usually less than 5 mm códigos de barras del ADN en la identificación occidology is the branch of in length. Their taxonomy is based mainly de insectos escama. C entomology that deals with the study of on the microscopic cuticular features of hemipterous insects of the superfamily Palabras clave: insectos, escama, coccidae, the adult female.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963
    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 689-729 December 30, 1964 HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAII 1778-1963 By C. E. Pemberton HONORARY ASSOCIATE IN ENTOMOLOGY BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM PRINCIPAL ENTOMOLOGIST (RETIRED) EXPERIMENT STATION, HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION CONTENTS Page Introduction 690 Early References to Hawaiian Insects 691 Other Sources of Information on Hawaiian Entomology 692 Important Immigrant Insect Pests and Biological Control 695 Culex quinquefasciatus Say 696 Pheidole megacephala (Fabr.) 696 Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) 696 Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) 697 Spodoptera exempta (Walker) 697 Icerya purchasi Mask. 699 Adore tus sinicus Burm. 699 Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) 700 Hedylepta blackburni (Butler) 700 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 701 Aedes aegypti (Linn.) 701 Siphanta acuta (Walker) 701 Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ckll.) 702 Pulvinaria psidii Mask. 702 Dacus cucurbitae Coq. 703 Longuiungis sacchari (Zehnt.) 704 Oxya chinensis (Thun.) 704 Nipaecoccus nipae (Mask.) 705 Syagrius fulvitarsus Pasc. 705 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) 706 Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk. 706 Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) 708 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 710 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 710 690 Pacific Insects Vol. 6, no. 4 Tarophagus proserpina (Kirk.) 712 Anacamptodes fragilaria (Grossbeck) 713 Polydesma umbricola Boisduval 714 Dacus dorsalis Hendel 715 Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (Guenee) 716 Nezara viridula var. smaragdula (Fab.) 717 Biological Control of Noxious Plants 718 Lantana camara var. aculeata 119 Pamakani,
    [Show full text]
  • Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview
    December, 2001 Neotropical Entomology 30(4) 501 FORUM Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview JACQUES H.C. DELABIE 1Lab. Mirmecologia, UPA Convênio CEPLAC/UESC, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, CEPLAC, C. postal 7, 45600-000, Itabuna, BA and Depto. Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Univ. Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45660-000, Ilhéus, BA, [email protected] Neotropical Entomology 30(4): 501-516 (2001) Trofobiose Entre Formicidae e Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha e Auchenorrhyncha): Uma Visão Geral RESUMO – Fêz-se uma revisão sobre a relação conhecida como trofobiose e que ocorre de forma convergente entre formigas e diferentes grupos de Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha e Auchenorrhyncha (até então conhecidos como ‘Homoptera’). As principais características dos ‘Homoptera’ e dos Formicidae que favorecem as interações trofobióticas, tais como a excreção de honeydew por insetos sugadores, atendimento por formigas e necessidades fisiológicas dos dois grupos de insetos, são discutidas. Aspectos da sua evolução convergente são apresenta- dos. O sistema mais arcaico não é exatamente trofobiótico, as forrageadoras coletam o honeydew despejado ao acaso na folhagem por indivíduos ou grupos de ‘Homoptera’ não associados. As relações trofobióticas mais comuns são facultativas, no entanto, esta forma de mutualismo é extremamente diversificada e é responsável por numerosas adaptações fisiológicas, morfológicas ou comportamentais entre os ‘Homoptera’, em particular Sternorrhyncha. As trofobioses mais diferenciadas são verdadeiras simbioses onde as adaptações mais extremas são observadas do lado dos ‘Homoptera’. Ao mesmo tempo, as formigas mostram adaptações comportamentais que resultam de um longo período de coevolução. Considerando-se os inse- tos sugadores como principais pragas dos cultivos em nível mundial, as implicações das rela- ções trofobióticas são discutidas no contexto das comunidades de insetos em geral, focalizan- do os problemas que geram em Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), em particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Leeper JR. 1975. a Review of the Hawaiian
    1/AWAH NATK>NAL PARK LIBRARY Technical Report No. 53 A REVIE.W OF THE HAWAIIAN COCCINELLIDAE S(4.gql.a OS John R.. Leeper I Cot Department of Entomology c. #;l_ University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS IRP u.. s. International Biological Program February 1975 ABSTRACT This 1s the first taxonomic study of the Hawaiian Coccinellidae. There are forty species, subspecies or varieties in the State. Island distribution, a key, nomenclatural changes, introduction data, hosts and world wide distribution are given. - l - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . i INTRODUCTION . l SYSTEMATICS 5 ACKNOWLEr::GEMENTS 49 LITERATURE CITED 50 Appendix I . 52 Appendix II . 54 LIST OF TABLES Table Page l Distributional list of Hawaiian Coccinellidae . 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page l Elytral epipleura horizontal or slightly inclined below . 6 2 Elytral epipleura strongly inclined below . 7 3 Elytral epipleura with distinct deep impressions for reception of legs two and three . 10 4 Coxal arch incomplete 15 5 Coxal arch complete . 15 - ii - -1- INTRODUCTION The Coccinellidae comprise a large family in the Coleoptera with about 490 genera and 4200 species (Sasaji, 1971). The majority of these species are predacious on insect and mite pests and are therefore of economic and scientific importance. Several species are phytophagous and are pests themselves. To date, none of these occur in Hawaii. The Coccinellidae are all thought to have been introduced into the Ha­ waiian Islands. Three species, Scymnus discendens (= Diomus debilis LeConte), Scymnus ocellatus and Scymnus vividus (= Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant) were described by Sharp (Blackburn and Sharp, 1885) from specimens collected in Hawaii.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Range Studies of Rodolia Cardinalis (Mulsant), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Icerya Purchasi Maskell in the Galaapagos Islands
    Biological Control 29 (2004) 315–325 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Feeding range studies of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), a candidate biological control agent of Icerya purchasi Maskell in the Galaapagos islands Charlotte E. Causton,* Maria Piedad Lincango, and Thomas G.A. Poulsom Department of Terrestrial Invertebrates, Charles Darwin Research Station, A.P. 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador Received 21 February 2002; accepted 27 July 2003 Abstract The immediate threat of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae), to the conservation of endangered flora in the Galaapagos islands prompted conservation groups to assess the risks associated with the introduction of its natural enemy, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Although R. cardinalis has been widely used for controlling this exotic pest, little information was found to confirm its presumed narrow feeding range. Consequently, studies were deemed necessary to determine whether the introduction of R. cardinalis would harm the islandÕs native invertebrate fauna, in particular rare or threatened species. Using no-choice trials, we tested neonate and third instar larvae of R. cardinalis against 16 and 11 potential prey species, respectively. Adults with prior feeding experience on I. purchasi were tested against eight non-target species and na€ııve adults (those that had not fed on I. purchasi) were tested against six. These trials included up to 35% of the Homoptera species of conservation value presumed to have the highest risk of being preyed upon by R. cardinalis. To maximize the range of species exposed to R. cardinalis, feeding trials were also carried out with some introduced species representative of groups containing potential non-target species that were not located for testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Mammal Mail
    Small Mammal Mail Newsletter celebrating the most useful yet most neglected Mammals for CCINSA & RISCINSA -- Chiroptera, Rodentia, Insectivora, & Scandentia Conservation and Information Networks of South Asia Volume 4 Number 1 ISSN 2230-7087 February 2012 Contents Members Small Mammal Field Techniques Training, Thrissur, Kerala, B.A. Daniel and P.O. Nameer, Pp. 2- 5 CCINSA Members since Jun 2011 Ms. Sajida Noureen, Student, PMAS Arid The Nilgiri striped squirrel (Funambulus Agri. Univ., Rawalpinid, Pakistan sublineatus), and the Dusky striped squirrel Dr. Kalesh Sadasivan, PRO [email protected] (Funambulus obscurus), two additions to the endemic mammal fauna of India and Sri Lanka, Travancore Natural History Society, Rajith Dissanayake, Pp. 6-7 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Mr. Sushil Kumar Barolia, Research [email protected] Scholar, M.L.S University, Udaipur, New site records of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa Rajasthan. [email protected] indica and the Madras Tree Shrew Anathana ellioti (Mammalia, Rodentia and Scandentia) from the Mrs. Shagufta Nighat, Lecturer & PhD Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Scholar, PMAS Arid Agri. Univ. Mr. Md. Nurul Islam, Student, Pradesh, Aditya Srinivasulu and C. Srinivasulu, Pp. Rawalpindi, Pakistan Chittagong Vet. & Animal Sci. Univ., 8-9 [email protected] Chittagong, Bangladesh Analysis of tree - Grizzled Squirrel interactions and [email protected], guidelines for the maintenance of Endangered Mr. Naeem Akhtar, Student Ratufa macroura, in the Srivilliputhur Grizzled PMAS Arid Agri. Univ., Rawalpindi, RISCINSA Members since Feb2011 Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Juliet Vanitharani and Kavitha Bharathi B, Pp. 10-14 Pakistan. [email protected] Mr. K.L.N. Murthy, Prog. Officer, Centre Abstract: A New Distribution Record of the Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley
    Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley. June 1, 1871. Letter from Charles Darwin to Riley thanking him for report and instructions on noxious insects. Downs, Beckerham, Kent (England). (handwritten copy of original). Box 1 Folder 2 Koble to Riley. June 30, 1874. Letter from John C. Koble giving physical description of chinch bugs and explaining how the bugs are destroying corn crops in western Kentucky. John C. Koble of L. S. Trimble and Co., Bankers. Box 1 Folder 3 Saunders to Riley. Nov. 12, 1874. William Saunders receipt to C. V. Riley for a copy of descriptions of two insects that baffle the vegetable carnivora. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Box 1 Folder 4 Young to Riley. Dec. 13, 1874. William Young describes the flat-headed borer and its effects on orchards during summer and winter seasons. From Palmyra Gate Co., Nebraska. Box 1 Folder 5 Saunders to Riley. Dec. 22, 1874. William Saunders receipt of notes of investigation on the insects associated with Sarracenia. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Box 1 Folder 6 Bonhaw to Riley. Jan. 19, 1875. L. N. Bonhaw requesting a copy of his Missouri report, for him to establish a manual or handbook on entomology, and to find out about an insect that deposits eggs. Subject: tomato worm, hawk moth. 1 http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Box 1 Folder 7 Holliday to Riley.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit)From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search This Article Is About the Fruit
    Orange (fruit)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the fruit. For the colour, see Orange (colour). For other uses, see Orange (disambiguation). "Orange trees" redirects here. For the painting by Gustave Caillebotte, see Les orangers. This article needs attention from an expert in botany. The specific problem is: Some information seems imprecise and some sources may be outdated. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Botany (or its Portal) may be able to help recrui t an expert. (November 2012) Orange Orange blossoms and oranges on tree Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. × sinensis Binomial name Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck[1] The orange (specifically, the sweet orange) is the fruit of the citrus species C itrus × ?sinensis in the family Rutaceae.[2] The fruit of the Citrus sinensis is c alled sweet orange to distinguish it from that of the Citrus aurantium, the bitt er orange. The orange is a hybrid, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and m andarin (Citrus reticulata), cultivated since ancient times.[3] Probably originating in Southeast Asia,[4] oranges were already cultivated in Ch ina as far back as 2500 BC. Arabo-phone peoples popularized sour citrus and oran ges in Europe;[5] Spaniards introduced the sweet orange to the American continen t in the mid-1500s. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their swe et fruit,
    [Show full text]
  • Snout Scale, a Potential Pest of Citrus in Florida
    FDACS-P-01929 PEST ALERT Pest Alert created September 2020. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry Fiorinia proboscidaria Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), snout scale, a potential pest of Citrus in Florida Muhammad Z. Ahmed, Ph.D., Ian C. Stocks, Ph.D.; Bureau of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology [email protected] or 1-888-397-1517 INTRODUCTION The first continental record of Fiorinia proboscidaria Green, snout scale, was collected on December 17, 2013, by JoAnn Hoffman (UF) from Hillsborough County and identified by Dr. Ian Stocks (Stocks 2015). There are at least 24 records after its first detection in Florida from five counties including Hillsborough, Flagler, Pinellas, Putnam and Santa Rosa. The most recent record was from Flagler County (E2020-2353), identified by Dr. Zee Ahmed as a new county record. The genus Fiorinia contains several major pest species. Snout scale is considered to be an important pest of Citrus (Stocks 2015). A recent sample and three follow-up samples from the last year on Citrus were heavily infested. All snout scale samples were collected from residential areas. This updated Pest Alert is aimed at preventing its introduction to and establishment in commercial Citrus growing areas in Florida. DIAGNOSTICS In old infestations, multiple stages of snout scale were found commingled on the lower surface of the leaves (Fig. 1a), causing chlorotic yellow patches (Fig. 1d). The presence of multiple stages suggests multiple generations each year. In early infestations, yellow-colored first instars (crawlers) (Fig. 1b, c) and second-instar males with white wax (Fig. 1b, e, f) were commonly observed on the lower surface of leaves.
    [Show full text]