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Fruit)From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search This Article Is About the Fruit Orange (fruit)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the fruit. For the colour, see Orange (colour). For other uses, see Orange (disambiguation). "Orange trees" redirects here. For the painting by Gustave Caillebotte, see Les orangers. This article needs attention from an expert in botany. The specific problem is: Some information seems imprecise and some sources may be outdated. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Botany (or its Portal) may be able to help recrui t an expert. (November 2012) Orange Orange blossoms and oranges on tree Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. × sinensis Binomial name Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck[1] The orange (specifically, the sweet orange) is the fruit of the citrus species C itrus × ?sinensis in the family Rutaceae.[2] The fruit of the Citrus sinensis is c alled sweet orange to distinguish it from that of the Citrus aurantium, the bitt er orange. The orange is a hybrid, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and m andarin (Citrus reticulata), cultivated since ancient times.[3] Probably originating in Southeast Asia,[4] oranges were already cultivated in Ch ina as far back as 2500 BC. Arabo-phone peoples popularized sour citrus and oran ges in Europe;[5] Spaniards introduced the sweet orange to the American continen t in the mid-1500s. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their swe et fruit, which can be eaten fresh or processed to obtain juice, and for the fra grant peel.[4] They have been the most cultivated tree fruit in the world since 1987,[6] and sweet oranges account for approximately 70% of the citrus productio n.[7] In 2010, 68.3 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, particularly in Brazil and in the US states of California[8] and Florida.[9] Contents [hide] 1 Botanical information and terminology 1.1 Etymology 2 Varieties 2.1 Common oranges 2.1.1 Valencia 2.1.2 Hart's Tardiff Valencia 2.1.3 Hamlin 2.1.4 Other varieties of common oranges 2.2 Navel oranges 2.2.1 Cara cara navels 2.2.2 Other varieties of navels 2.3 Blood oranges 2.3.1 Other varieties of blood oranges 2.4 Acidless oranges 3 Attributes 3.1 Nutritional value 3.2 Acidity 3.3 Grading 4 History 5 Cultivation 5.1 Climate 5.2 Propagation 5.2.1 Principal rootstocks 5.2.2 Other rootstock varieties in the United States 5.3 Harvest 5.4 Degreening 5.5 Storage 5.6 Pests and diseases 5.6.1 Cottony cushion scale 5.6.2 Citrus greening disease 5.6.3 Greasy spot 6 Production 7 Juice and other products 7.1 Products made from oranges 8 Etymology 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Botanical information and terminology Orange fruit and cross sectionAll citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile. This means that there is only one supe rspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and various other ty pes and hybrids.[10] As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produ ced numerous hybrids, bud unions, and cultivars, their taxonomy is fairly contro versial, confusing or inconsistent.[3][7] The fruit of any citrus tree is consid ered a hesperidium (a kind of modified berry) because it has numerous seeds, is fleshy and soft, derives from a single ovary and is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall.[11][12] Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. Orange appli es primarily to the sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 metres (30 to 3 3 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 metres (49 ft).[13] Its ova l leaves, alternately arranged, are 4 to 10 centimetres (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins.[14] Although the sweet orange presents different sizes and shapes varying from spherical to oblong, it generally has ten segments (carp els) inside, and contains up to six seeds (or pips)[15] and a porous white tissu e called pith or, more properly, mesocarp or albedo[16] lines its rind. When unri pe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range fr om bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, unde r warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric. The Citrus sinensis is subdivided into fou r classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oran ges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.[17][18][19] Other citrus species also known as oranges are: the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), also known as Seville orange, sour orange especially when used as rootstock for a sweet orange tree , bigarade orange and m armalade orange; the bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia Risso). It is grown mainly in Italy for its peel, which is used to flavour Earl Grey tea; the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sometimes included in the genus (cl assified as Citrus trifoliata). It often serves as a rootstock for sweet orange trees, especially as a hybrid with other Citrus cultivars. The trifoliate orange is a thorny shrub or small tree grown mostly as an ornamental plant or to set u p hedges. It bears a downy fruit similar to a small citrus, used to make marmala de. It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as "Chinese bitt er orange" or "hardy orange" because it can withstand subfreezing temperatures;[ 20] and Satsumasthe mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata). It has an enormous number of cu ltivars, most notably the satsuma (Citrus unshiu), the tangerine (Citrus tangeri na) and the clementine (Citrus clementina). In some cultivars, the mandarin is v ery similar to the sweet orange, making it difficult to distinguish between the two. The mandarin, however, is generally smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acid.[21] Orange trees generally are grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different na mes: budwood (when referring to the process of grafting) and scion (when mention ing the variety of orange).[22] EtymologyThe origin of the term orange is presumably the Sanskrit word for "oran ge tree" (?????, nara?ga),[23] whose form has changed over time, after passing t hrough numerous intermediate languages. The fruit is known as "Chinese apple" in several modern languages. Some examples are Dutch sinaasappel[24] (literally, " China's apple") and appelsien, or Low German Apfelsine. In English, however, Chi nese apple usually refers to the pomegranate.[25] VarietiesCommon orangesCommon oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majority of this crop is used mostly for juice extraction.[17][19] ValenciaMain article: Valencia orange The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season. This is why an anthropomorphic orange was chos en as the mascot for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, held in Spain. The mascot was name d Naranjito ("little orange") and wore the colours of the Spanish national footb all team kit. Hart's Tardiff ValenciaThomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this varie ty from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. A round 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.[26] HamlinThis cultivar was discovered by A. G. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in 18 79. The fruit is small, smooth, not highly coloured, seedless, and juicy, with a pale yellow coloured juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock . The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit , which is harvested from October to December. It thrives in humid subtropical c limates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too sma ll for commercial use.[13] Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on so ur orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content. On sand, they are gr afted on rough lemon rootstock.[6] The Hamlin orange is one of the most popular juice oranges in Florida and replaces the Parson Brown variety as the principal early-season juice orange. This cultivar is now[needs update] the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world.[13] Other varieties of common oranges Indian hybrid OrangeBelladonna: grown in Italy Berna: grown mainly in Spain Biondo Commune ("ordinary blond"): widely grown in the Mediterranean basin, espe cially in North Africa, Egypt, Greece (where it is called "koines"), Italy (wher e it is also known as "Liscio"), and Spain; it also is called "Beledi" and "Nost rale";[17] in Italy, this variety ripens in December, earlier than the competing Tarocco variety[27] Biondo Riccio: grown in Italy Cadanera: a seedless orange of excellent flavour grown in Algeria, Morocco, and Spain; it begins to ripen in November and is known by a wide variety of trade na mes, such as Cadena Fina, Cadena sin Jueso, Precoce de Valence ("early from Vale ncia"), Precoce des Canaries, and Valence san Pepins ("seedless Valencia");[17] it was first grown in Spain in 1870[28] Calabrese or Calabrese Ovale: grown in Italy Carvalhal: grown in Portugal Castellana: grown in Spain Clanor: grown in South Africa Dom João:
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