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Admirable Trees of Through Two World Wars and Witnessed the Nation’S Greatest Dramas Versailles

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Admirable Trees of Through Two World Wars and Witnessed the Nation’S Greatest Dramas Versailles Admirable trees estate of versailles estate With Patronage of maison rémy martin The history of France from tree to tree Established in 1724 and granted Royal Approval in 1738 by Louis XV, Trees have so many stories to tell, hidden away in their shadows. At Maison Rémy Martin shares with the Palace of Versailles an absolute Versailles, these stories combine into a veritable epic, considering respect of time, a spirit of openness and innovation, a willingness to that some of its trees have, from the tips of their leafy crowns, seen pass on its exceptional knowledge and respect for the environment the kings of France come and go, observed the Revolution, lived – all of which are values that connect it to the Admirable Trees of through two World Wars and witnessed the nation’s greatest dramas Versailles. and most joyous celebrations. Strolling from tree to tree is like walking through part of the history of France, encompassing the influence of Louis XIV, the experi- ments of Louis XV, the passion for hunting of Louis XVI, as well as the great maritime expeditions and the antics of Marie-Antoinette. It also calls to mind the unending renewal of these fragile giants, which can be toppled by a strong gust and need many years to grow back again. Pedunculate oak, Trianon forecourts; planted during the reign of Louis XIV, in 1668, this oak is the doyen of the trees on the Estate of Versailles 1 2 From the French-style gardens in front of the Palace to the English garden at Trianon, the Estate of Versailles is dotted with extraordi- nary trees. Originally featuring mainly limes and chestnut trees from the local area, the arboreal heritage of Versailles has been enriched by rare species from faraway lands, such as cedars of Lebanon, Virginia tulip and juniper trees, Japanese pagoda trees… Although some historical trees did not survive the storm of 1999, several of the most remarkable specimens did manage to escape and can still be admired today. 1. Giant sequoia, Jussieu’s Orangery Parterre, Estate of Trianon 2. Virginia juniper, English garden, 1 Estate of Trianon 2 3 From 1661, Louis XIV The three distinct sections bringS trees at the park to Versailles from of Versailles The Park of Versailles is a all over France typical example of a formal garden, laid out along strict lines on either side of He loved them and wanted to have lots of them in the a central axis and designed gardens, which he commissioned André Le Nôtre as an extension of the (1613-1700) to design from 1661. But the marshy buildings. It comprises three ground was not that suitable. Consequently, a number of distinct sections: the open full-size adult trees were dug up from the forests of spaces, featuring parterres Normandy and replanted at Versailles. of boxwood and flowers, designed to be contemplated 2 The enormous means of transport arranged to move from the windows of them were really quite striking. Claude Desgots recalled the Palace; the groves – thousand thorny plants, ornamental elms, maples and how the King “stripped the countryside for 20 miles architectural bridges between others in racks, and five hundred bunches of boxwood”. around of chestnut trees and limes”. The Duke of Saint- the parterres and the tall The Palace gardeners coped with all this intense activ ity Simon also wrote of these “ready-made forests in trees surrounding them. Like bunches”, containing “great trees from Compiègne, and and came up with increasingly ingenious solutions, for open-air rooms hidden example in transporting the trees by designing special much further afield, arriving non-stop and more than 21 within wooded areas, they three-quarters of which would die and have to be instantly vehicles, and in terms of the size of the plants, by making are designed for fun; double-height ladders. replaced”. The shipments of trees came from Artois, the forest, crossed by wide, Flanders and Dauphiné. The Prince of Nassau’s gardener straight walkways designed As for Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie (1624-1688), he was brought on board, as he knew how to “transplant for fox-hunting. turned the Versailles vegetable garden into a veritable the biggest trees without any harm befalling them”. open-air laboratory from 1678. He was the first to high- 1. Isometric view of the light the role of sap in the cropping and fruiting of fruit Nurseries were set up, which helped boost homegrown Palace, lower gardens and tree production over time. An early site was established the town of Saint-Cloud trees, and drew attention to their root system and the (detail), circa 1675, precautions to be taken when transplanting them. at Saint-Antoine gate, where, from 1693, vast areas of by Étienne Allegrain land were set aside to supply all of the royal estates (1644-1736); oil on canvas with trees and shrubs. Officials in provinces throughout 2. Engraving taken from Instructions for fruit France sent seeds and young plants. In the 1730s, and vegetable gardens, more than 60 ha of the Estate were given over to their with a treatise on orange cultivation. According to a contract in 1755, these trees, followed by some reflections on agriculture, Versailles nurseries were able to supply, annually, “thirty by Mr de La Quintinie, thousand trees of all species and sizes, ten thousand director of the King’s fruit and vegetable gardens fruit trees, three hundred thousand hornbeams, one (detail), Volume I, Part 3, hundred thousand oaks or chestnut trees, five hundred Claude Barbin, ed., 1690 4 5 Louis XV’s passion EPIC VOYAGE the magnolia, it was widely used in English-style gardens, which had become the fashion. Sometimes to the annoyance for botany of the captain, whose Orders placed between 1753 and 1772 shed a little and rare species voyage, he felt, was constantly more light on the trees that made up the Palace being interrupted by gardens at the time. The groves in particular contained stopovers and his vessel limes, sycamores, “white-woods”, ash and chestnut laden down with crates, trees. The interior palisades were planted with yew, pots and wicker baskets, the chestnut trees and boxwood. Those around them From 1750, he tasked gardener-florist Claude Richard cuttings were treated with contained hornbeams and elms, in addition to limes (1705-1784) with developing an experimental garden the greatest of reverence. So and sycamores. The Royal Way was bordered with elms close to Grand Trianon. Greenhouses were erected for that they could get the and the Grand Canal with “white-woods”, while spruces cultivating hitherto obscure species, such as coffee light they needed to survive, could be found in certain specific areas of the gardens, beans, cherries and peaches. Initially a fruit and vegeta- where possible they were such as by the railings of the Latona fountain. Finally, ble garden, it took on a more botanical character with the installed on the upper deck, the parterres were decorated with clipped yew and arrival, in 1759, of Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777), and protected from spray, gusts dwarf boxwood. of wind and birds. Naturally, then became the main experimental ground of the time. The woods in the Park, meanwhile, were composed mainly they had to be watered of oaks and chestnut trees. At the time of Louis XIV’s The mid-18th century was a period of major scientific regularly. And then there death, they were known to cover 4,963 acres (2,534 ha) expeditions overseas. Hadn’t the Lumières (Enlighteners) were the whims of the of the Estate’s entire area, but note had already been demanded to know more about far-off lands? With the naturalist, the great scholar 21 taken of their parlous condition, due to advanced age, King’s support, naturalists joined forces with astrono- who was so full of himself. the big freeze of 1709 and general wear and tear. The mers, physicians and artists, and set sail on vessels Despite the patience of the situation really started to become worrying in the 1760s. chartered from the navy. Most notably, Antoine Richard sailors, only 5% of the (1735-1807), Claude’s son and a student of Jussieu, was plants survived the voyage. dispatched by Louis XV on a mission to the Balearic Islands, Spain and Portugal. Seeds and dried plants, On arrival in port, the ones in the form of herbariums and cuttings, were loaded that did make it were on to the boats extremely carefully. Discussions with not planted into the ground foreign botanists, such as the Swede Carl von Linné straight away. They (1707-1778), and interested seafarers, such as Admiral wouldn’t have been able de la Galissonnière contributed to the expansion of the to cope with the new Trianon collection. By the time of the King’s death, it environment, so they were comprised 4,000 different varieties of plant, making it cultivated. At Trianon, the most famous collection in Europe. they were placed in warm greenhouses, which, in Here, the utilitarian as well as decorative attributes of 1762, accommodated fig, these new plants were discovered. The white birch coffee and pineapple plants… proved to be effective in the treatment of skin disorders, 1. Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777), French while the prevalent white pine helped meet the urgent botanist, by Ambroise Tardieu demand for wood in the ship-building industry. As for (1788-1841); engraving 6 7 In 1774, Louis XVI together with Hubert Robert, the case in the landscaped gardens, exotic species who arranged it around a were carefully installed. pond, on the edges of which, replants the entire The Royal Estates accounts for 1776 recorded that from 1783, the cottages of the 280,000 oaks were planted.
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