DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

WORKING GROUP “INTEGRATED CONTROL IN CITRUS FRUIT CROPS” F. Garcia-Marí Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) 40º Mediterranean California China 20º Florida 20º Brazil Australia 40º Argentina Southafrica Icerya purchasi Rodolia cardinalis ÖThe Citrus Working Group of the IOBC/WPRS started in the 70’s as group on biological control of Scales and Whiteflies in citrus. ÖIn 1983 it became group of Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops, ÖMeetings in 1985 in Acireale (Italy), 1986 in Cagliari (Italy), 1988 in Tel Aviv (Israel), 1992 in Acireale (Italy), 1994 in Antibes (France) and 1996 in Firenze (Italy). ÖCeased its activities and by 2001 it was about to be closed. Planococcus citri Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ÖIn 2002 Mohamed Besri (liaison officer) and F. Garcia-Marí (organizer), were appointed by the Executive Committee with the objective of revitalizing the group: ÖFirst meeting held in Valencia (Spain) in October, 2002, ÖGuidelines for Integrated Production in Citrus completed (meeting in Rome (Italy) in July, 2002), ÖSecond meeting in Lisbon (Portugal) in September 2005. Meetings communications locality date participants oral poster published Valencia October 2002 64 26 15 28 Lisbon September 2005 90 27 38 - Meeting of Valencia (2002) Main pests •Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (biological control with natives or introduced NE) •Medfly Ceratitis capitata (altenatives to chemical control, attractants) •Citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii (control strategies) Main topics •Census of Pests or Natural Enemies •Biological control •Population dynamics, sampling methods Research highlights Citrus is especially susceptible to invasions of new pests •14 new citrus pests arrived to peninsular Spain in the last 40 years. •Expansion of Citrus Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella 1993-95. •Recent cases: thrips Pezothrips kellyanus in Sicily, two Eutetranychus mite species in Andalucia (Southern Spain) and the brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida in Portugal. •Most invaders arrive without effective natural enemies: programs for importation and establishment of exotic beneficials. • Concerns about environmental impact of introducing beneficials: regulatory norms for importations. •Quarantine measures to stop new invaders. Toxoptera citricida Pezothrips kellyanus Phyllocnistis citrella Eutetranychus Mass-release of beneficials poorly developed in citrus crops in the Mediterranean area •The coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is perhaps the most common •Parasitoids of the citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii (especially Aphytis melinus) should be encouraged to manage rationally this pest, perhaps the most harmful in the crop due to the high number of wide-spectrum pesticides applied to control it. •Mass-release of A. aurantii parasitoids is successfully applied in California and Australia. •Other cases: Metaphycus, phytoseiids. Aonidiella aurantii Aphytis melinus •The citrus agroecosystem is especially favourable for diversified arthropod population. •Harbours many native beneficials which maintain under biological control many potential pests (the woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus, the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, the citrus red mite Panonychus citri). •Conserving naturally-occurring biological control: Use of selective chemical, cover crops, soil management. Amitus spiniferus Cales noacki Objectives for the future Increase number of countries (northern ad southern Mediterranean, Middle East). More participation of Plant Pathology and weed control. Encourage collaboration between researchers (complementary or common research projects): - Quarantine or survey measures for new pests, - Introduction of exotic beneficials, - Strategies for managing Citrus red scale, - Rearing and mass-release of beneficials, - Extension of IPM programs. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
Recommended publications
  • Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests

    Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests

    Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003 Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Aonidiella citrina IDENTITY Name: Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) Synonyms: Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus (Coquillett) Taxonomic position: Insecta: Hemiptera: Homoptera: Diaspididae Common names: Yellow scale (English) Cochenille jaune (French) Escama amarilla de los cítricos (Spanish) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: The original description by Coquillett is inadequate and simply refers to 'the yellow scale' on orange (Nel, 1933). A. citrina is morphologically very similar to the Californian red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and was considered to be a variety until Nel (1933) raised it to specific level based on a comparative study of their ecology, biology and morphology. Bayer computer code: AONDCI EU Annex designation: II/A1 HOSTS A. citrina is polyphagous attacking plant species belonging to more than 50 genera in 32 families. The main hosts of economic importance are Citrus spp., especially oranges (C. sinensis), but the insect is also recorded incidentally on a wide range of ornamentals and some fruit crops including Acacia, bananas (Musa paradisiaca), Camellia including tea (C. sinensis), Clematis, Cucurbitaceae, Eucalyptus, Euonymus, guavas (Psidium guajava), Hedera helix, Jasminum, Ficus, Ligustrum, Magnolia, mangoes (Mangifera indica), Myrica, olives (Olea europea), peaches (Prunus persica), poplars (Populus), Rosa, Schefflera actinophylla, Strelitzia reginae, Viburnum and Yucca. The main potential hosts in the EPPO region are Citrus spp. growing in the southern part of the region, around the Mediterranean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION A. citrina originated in Asia and has spread to various tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The precise distribution of A.
  • BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of CITRUS SCALE PESTS in JAPAN M. Takagi Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of CITRUS SCALE PESTS in JAPAN M. Takagi Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    __________________________________________ Biological control of citrus scale pests in Japan 351 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CITRUS SCALE PESTS IN JAPAN M. Takagi Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan INTRODUCTION There were no serious citrus pests in Japan before 1867 because there was little international trade in Japan when it was a closed country during the Edo period. After Japan opened up as a country, many adventive agricultural pests were accidentally introduced. Many serious citrus scale pests were intro- duced into Japan around 1900. Classical biological control was very effective against those adventive pests, which are still well controlled by introduced natural enemies. However, the history of these biological control projects varies significantly among these pests. The first attempt to introduce foreign natural enemies into Japan to control a citrus pest was the importation of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), against the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. This attempt was very quickly carried out and was successful, as in many other countries. The second successful project was the biological control of the red wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, by the encrytid, Anicetus beneficus Ishii et Yasumatu. In this case, the effective natural enemy invaded Japan without any intentional introduction from foreign countries. The last successful citrus scale biological control project in Japan was of arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), by the aphelinids, Aphytis yanonensis DeBach et Rosen and Coccobius fulvus (Compere et Annecke). In this case, it was nearly 80 years between the pest’s invasion and the successful introduction of the effective natural enemies. Here I review the history of the accidental introduction of these citrus scale pests and the efforts and successes of the classical biological control of these adventive citrus scale pests in Japan.
  • Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)

    Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (E-Journal) Revista Corpoica – Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (2008) 9(2), 55-61 RevIEW ARTICLE Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Takumasa Kondo1, Penny J. Gullan2, Douglas J. Williams3 Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) Coccidología. El estudio de insectos ABSTRACT escama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: A brief introduction to the science of coccidology, and a synopsis of the history, Coccoidea) advances and challenges in this field of study are discussed. The changes in coccidology since the publication of the Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus 250 years ago are RESUMEN Se presenta una breve introducción a la briefly reviewed. The economic importance, the phylogenetic relationships and the ciencia de la coccidología y se discute una application of DNA barcoding to scale insect identification are also considered in the sinopsis de la historia, avances y desafíos de discussion section. este campo de estudio. Se hace una breve revisión de los cambios de la coccidología Keywords: Scale, insects, coccidae, DNA, history. desde la publicación de Systema Naturae por Carolus Linnaeus hace 250 años. También se discuten la importancia económica, las INTRODUCTION Sternorrhyncha (Gullan & Martin, 2003). relaciones filogenéticas y la aplicación de These insects are usually less than 5 mm códigos de barras del ADN en la identificación occidology is the branch of in length. Their taxonomy is based mainly de insectos escama. C entomology that deals with the study of on the microscopic cuticular features of hemipterous insects of the superfamily Palabras clave: insectos, escama, coccidae, the adult female.
  • Biological Responses and Control of California Red Scale Aonidiella Aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

    Biological Responses and Control of California Red Scale Aonidiella Aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

    Biological responses and control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Khalid Omairy Mohammed Submitted to Murdoch University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth, Western Australia March 2020 Declaration The work described in this thesis was undertaken while I was an enrolled student for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University, Western Australia. I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. To the best of my knowledge, all work performed by others, published or unpublished, has been duly acknowledged. Khalid O. Mohammed Date: March 10, 2020 I Acknowledgements بِ ْس ِمِِاللَّ ِـه َِّالر ْح َم ٰـ ِن َِّالر ِح ِيمِ ُ َويَ ْسأَلُ َونَك َِع ِن ُِّالروحِِِۖقُ ِل ُِّالر ُوح ِِم ْنِأَ ْم ِر َِر ِب َيِو َماِأ ِوتيتُ ْم ِِم َن ِْال ِع ْل ِمِإِ ََّّل َِق ِل ايًلِ﴿٨٥﴾ The research for this thesis was undertaken in the School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors Professor Yonglin Ren and Dr Manjree Agarwal “Postharvest Biosecurity and Food Safety Laboratory Murdoch” for their support with enthusiasm, constructive editing, and patience throughout the years of this wonderful project. I deeply appreciate their encouragement, assistance and for being so willing to take me on as a student. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me in completing this thesis.
  • Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963

    Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963

    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 689-729 December 30, 1964 HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAII 1778-1963 By C. E. Pemberton HONORARY ASSOCIATE IN ENTOMOLOGY BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM PRINCIPAL ENTOMOLOGIST (RETIRED) EXPERIMENT STATION, HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION CONTENTS Page Introduction 690 Early References to Hawaiian Insects 691 Other Sources of Information on Hawaiian Entomology 692 Important Immigrant Insect Pests and Biological Control 695 Culex quinquefasciatus Say 696 Pheidole megacephala (Fabr.) 696 Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) 696 Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) 697 Spodoptera exempta (Walker) 697 Icerya purchasi Mask. 699 Adore tus sinicus Burm. 699 Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) 700 Hedylepta blackburni (Butler) 700 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 701 Aedes aegypti (Linn.) 701 Siphanta acuta (Walker) 701 Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ckll.) 702 Pulvinaria psidii Mask. 702 Dacus cucurbitae Coq. 703 Longuiungis sacchari (Zehnt.) 704 Oxya chinensis (Thun.) 704 Nipaecoccus nipae (Mask.) 705 Syagrius fulvitarsus Pasc. 705 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) 706 Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk. 706 Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) 708 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 710 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 710 690 Pacific Insects Vol. 6, no. 4 Tarophagus proserpina (Kirk.) 712 Anacamptodes fragilaria (Grossbeck) 713 Polydesma umbricola Boisduval 714 Dacus dorsalis Hendel 715 Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (Guenee) 716 Nezara viridula var. smaragdula (Fab.) 717 Biological Control of Noxious Plants 718 Lantana camara var. aculeata 119 Pamakani,
  • Ants, Pests and Natural Enemies in Mediterranean Citrus

    Ants, Pests and Natural Enemies in Mediterranean Citrus

    ANTS, PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES IN MEDITERRANEAN CITRUS Ecological interactions and practical implications for biological control DOCTORAL THESIS Presented by: Altea Calabuig Gomar Directed by: Ferran Garcia Marí and Apostolos Pekas València, May 2015 UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Agronòmica i del Medi Natural UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Agronòmica i del Medi Natural Departament d’Ecosistemes Agroforestals Ants, pests and natural enemies in Mediterranean citrus: ecological interactions and practical implications for biological control DOCTORAL THESIS Presented by: Altea Calabuig Gomar Directed by: Ferran Garcia Marí Apostolos Pekas València, 2015 A Dídac “Mucha gente pequeña en lugares pequeños, haciendo cosas pequeñas pueden cambiar el mundo” Eduardo Galeano Aknowledgments Després de 4 anys de feina em vénen al cap un munt de persones sense les quals, directament o indirectament, no hagués pogut acabar aquesta tesi i a les quals m’agradaria mostrar el meu agraïment. En primer lloc, vull agrair a Ferran Garcia Marí que em donara l’oportunitat de realitzar aquesta tesi amb ell. He gaudit del seu gran coneixement i de la seua ampla experiència en el camp de l’entomologia. Ha estat tot un privilegi. Gràcies per tota l’atenció i ensenyament que m’has donat. També li dec un agraïment especial a Apostolos Pekas per haver codirigit aquesta tesi i per haver-me permès d’aprofundir en la investigació que ell va encetar. Per haver confiat en mi des d’un principi sense gairebé conèixer-me. Tolis ha estat tot un exemple de rigor i professionalitat. Les discussions científiques i no científiques amb ell sempre han estat ben enriquidores.
  • Feeding Range Studies of Rodolia Cardinalis (Mulsant), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Icerya Purchasi Maskell in the Galaapagos� Islands

    Feeding Range Studies of Rodolia Cardinalis (Mulsant), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Icerya Purchasi Maskell in the Galaapagos Islands

    Biological Control 29 (2004) 315–325 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Feeding range studies of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), a candidate biological control agent of Icerya purchasi Maskell in the Galaapagos islands Charlotte E. Causton,* Maria Piedad Lincango, and Thomas G.A. Poulsom Department of Terrestrial Invertebrates, Charles Darwin Research Station, A.P. 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador Received 21 February 2002; accepted 27 July 2003 Abstract The immediate threat of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae), to the conservation of endangered flora in the Galaapagos islands prompted conservation groups to assess the risks associated with the introduction of its natural enemy, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Although R. cardinalis has been widely used for controlling this exotic pest, little information was found to confirm its presumed narrow feeding range. Consequently, studies were deemed necessary to determine whether the introduction of R. cardinalis would harm the islandÕs native invertebrate fauna, in particular rare or threatened species. Using no-choice trials, we tested neonate and third instar larvae of R. cardinalis against 16 and 11 potential prey species, respectively. Adults with prior feeding experience on I. purchasi were tested against eight non-target species and na€ııve adults (those that had not fed on I. purchasi) were tested against six. These trials included up to 35% of the Homoptera species of conservation value presumed to have the highest risk of being preyed upon by R. cardinalis. To maximize the range of species exposed to R. cardinalis, feeding trials were also carried out with some introduced species representative of groups containing potential non-target species that were not located for testing.
  • Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley

    Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley

    Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley. June 1, 1871. Letter from Charles Darwin to Riley thanking him for report and instructions on noxious insects. Downs, Beckerham, Kent (England). (handwritten copy of original). Box 1 Folder 2 Koble to Riley. June 30, 1874. Letter from John C. Koble giving physical description of chinch bugs and explaining how the bugs are destroying corn crops in western Kentucky. John C. Koble of L. S. Trimble and Co., Bankers. Box 1 Folder 3 Saunders to Riley. Nov. 12, 1874. William Saunders receipt to C. V. Riley for a copy of descriptions of two insects that baffle the vegetable carnivora. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Box 1 Folder 4 Young to Riley. Dec. 13, 1874. William Young describes the flat-headed borer and its effects on orchards during summer and winter seasons. From Palmyra Gate Co., Nebraska. Box 1 Folder 5 Saunders to Riley. Dec. 22, 1874. William Saunders receipt of notes of investigation on the insects associated with Sarracenia. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Box 1 Folder 6 Bonhaw to Riley. Jan. 19, 1875. L. N. Bonhaw requesting a copy of his Missouri report, for him to establish a manual or handbook on entomology, and to find out about an insect that deposits eggs. Subject: tomato worm, hawk moth. 1 http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Box 1 Folder 7 Holliday to Riley.
  • Snout Scale, a Potential Pest of Citrus in Florida

    Snout Scale, a Potential Pest of Citrus in Florida

    FDACS-P-01929 PEST ALERT Pest Alert created September 2020. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry Fiorinia proboscidaria Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), snout scale, a potential pest of Citrus in Florida Muhammad Z. Ahmed, Ph.D., Ian C. Stocks, Ph.D.; Bureau of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology [email protected] or 1-888-397-1517 INTRODUCTION The first continental record of Fiorinia proboscidaria Green, snout scale, was collected on December 17, 2013, by JoAnn Hoffman (UF) from Hillsborough County and identified by Dr. Ian Stocks (Stocks 2015). There are at least 24 records after its first detection in Florida from five counties including Hillsborough, Flagler, Pinellas, Putnam and Santa Rosa. The most recent record was from Flagler County (E2020-2353), identified by Dr. Zee Ahmed as a new county record. The genus Fiorinia contains several major pest species. Snout scale is considered to be an important pest of Citrus (Stocks 2015). A recent sample and three follow-up samples from the last year on Citrus were heavily infested. All snout scale samples were collected from residential areas. This updated Pest Alert is aimed at preventing its introduction to and establishment in commercial Citrus growing areas in Florida. DIAGNOSTICS In old infestations, multiple stages of snout scale were found commingled on the lower surface of the leaves (Fig. 1a), causing chlorotic yellow patches (Fig. 1d). The presence of multiple stages suggests multiple generations each year. In early infestations, yellow-colored first instars (crawlers) (Fig. 1b, c) and second-instar males with white wax (Fig. 1b, e, f) were commonly observed on the lower surface of leaves.
  • The Abundance and Mechanical Control of Icerya Purchasi (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on Mangifera Indica in Dhaka, Bangladesh

    The Abundance and Mechanical Control of Icerya Purchasi (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on Mangifera Indica in Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 89-96, 2019 ISSN: 0304-9027 (print) 2408-8455 (online) THE ABUNDANCE AND MECHANICAL CONTROL OF ICERYA PURCHASI (MASKELL) (HEMIPTERA: MONOPHLEBIDAE) ON MANGIFERA INDICA IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH Samiha Nowrin, Murshida Begum*, Mousumi Khatun and Moksed Ali Howlader Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Abstract: The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, one of the devastating pests of citrus and ornamentals distributed all over the world. A study was conducted on the biology, abundance and mechanical control of this pest on mango plants from at two locations of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Simple linear regression lines were produced on the lengths and widths of different nymphal instars and adult of this pest. It was proved that body lengths and widths were highly correlated with the successive changing of the nymphal instars from 1st, 2nd and 3rd to adults. The maximum abundance of the I. purchasi on mango leaves was 310 ± 21 in March, 2016. The results of the mechanical control method by hand crushing showed that it was highly effective to control this insect. Abundances of this insect before and after treatment were significantly different (p < 0.05). Abundances of insects in different sampling times were showed different by Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Key words: Icerya purchasi, Mangifera indica, abundance, mechanical control INTRODUCTION The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, distributed widely throughout the world and attacks a variety of host plants which has great economic importance (Hale 1970). This is cosmopolitan, abundant in the tropical and subtropical regions in the world. Being euryphagous, their feeding was dependent on a large variety of plants viz., Citrus spp.
  • First Record of the Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya Purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – Short Communication

    First Record of the Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya Purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – Short Communication

    Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 52, 2016, No. 3: 217–219 doi: 10.17221/23/2016-PPS First Record of the Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – Short Communication Ján KOLLÁR 1, Ladislav BAKAY 1 and Michal PÁSTOR 2 1Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia; 2Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic Abstract Kollár J., Bakay L., Pástor M. (2016): First record of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – short communication. Plant Protect. Sci., 52: 217–219. Damage by the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) was found on Rosmarinus officinalis at the locality Suchohrad in Slovakia. Icerya purchasi is a cosmopolitan plant pest of warmer climates. In Central Europe it is a pest of glasshouses. It is the first observation of the cottony cushion scale (at least short-term) occurrence in the outdoor conditions in Slovakia. Keywords: Icerya purchasi; Coccoidea; insect pest; Monophlebidae The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell, from where it can escape outdoors and survive in 1878 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) favourable conditions even in colder climates. is a cosmopolitan plant pest native to Australia and The cottony cushion scale can be distinguished possibly New Zealand, known on over 200 differ- easily from other scale insects. The mature females ent plant species (Caltagirone & Doutt 1989; (actually parthenogenetic) have bright orange-red, Causton 2001). It has been introduced into other yellow, or brown bodies (Ebeling 1959). The body is parts of the world through global trade.
  • Reports on Scale Insects J

    Reports on Scale Insects J

    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ENTOMOLOGY, FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE LIBRARY lepartmwtt of Agrtrttltur* Ohum 5"£f 5". 7 5" look I j MARCH. 1916 BULLETIN 372 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Beverly T. Galloway. Director Department of Entomology REPORTS ON SCALE INSECTS By John henry comstock Professor of F.ntomology, Emeritus, in Cornell University, and formerly Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ITHACA. NEW YORK CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Experimenting Staff BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY, B.Agr.Sc, LL.D., Director. HENRY H. WING, M.S. in Agr., Animal Husbandry. T. LYTTLETON LYON, Ph.D., Soil Technology. JOHN L. STONE, B.Agr., Farm Practice. JAMES E. RICE, B.S.A., Poultry Husbandry. GEORGE W. CAVANAUGH, B.S., Agricultural Chemistry. HERBERT H. WHETZEL, M.A., Plant Pathology. ELMER O. FIPPIN, B.S.A., Soil Technology. G. F. WARREN, Ph.D., Farm Management. WILLIAM A. STOCKING, Jr., M.S.A., Dairy Industry. WILFORD M. WILSON, M.D., Meteorology. RALPH S. HOSMER, B.A.S., M.F., Forestry. JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Entomology and Limnology. ROLLINS A. EMERSON, D.Sc, Plant Breeding. HARRY H. LOVE, Ph.D., Plant Breeding. ARTHUR W. GILBERT, Ph.D., Plant Breeding. DONALD REDDICK, Ph.D., Plant Pathology. EDWARD G. MONTGOMERY, M.A., Farm Crops. WILLIAM A. RILEY, Ph.D., Entomology. MERRITT W. HARPER, M.S., Animal Husbandry.