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Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops”

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Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops” WORKING GROUP “INTEGRATED CONTROL IN CITRUS FRUIT CROPS” F. Garcia-Marí Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) 40º Mediterranean California China 20º Florida 20º Brazil Australia 40º Argentina Southafrica Icerya purchasi Rodolia cardinalis ÖThe Citrus Working Group of the IOBC/WPRS started in the 70’s as group on biological control of Scales and Whiteflies in citrus. ÖIn 1983 it became group of Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops, ÖMeetings in 1985 in Acireale (Italy), 1986 in Cagliari (Italy), 1988 in Tel Aviv (Israel), 1992 in Acireale (Italy), 1994 in Antibes (France) and 1996 in Firenze (Italy). ÖCeased its activities and by 2001 it was about to be closed. Planococcus citri Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ÖIn 2002 Mohamed Besri (liaison officer) and F. Garcia-Marí (organizer), were appointed by the Executive Committee with the objective of revitalizing the group: ÖFirst meeting held in Valencia (Spain) in October, 2002, ÖGuidelines for Integrated Production in Citrus completed (meeting in Rome (Italy) in July, 2002), ÖSecond meeting in Lisbon (Portugal) in September 2005. Meetings communications locality date participants oral poster published Valencia October 2002 64 26 15 28 Lisbon September 2005 90 27 38 - Meeting of Valencia (2002) Main pests •Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (biological control with natives or introduced NE) •Medfly Ceratitis capitata (altenatives to chemical control, attractants) •Citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii (control strategies) Main topics •Census of Pests or Natural Enemies •Biological control •Population dynamics, sampling methods Research highlights Citrus is especially susceptible to invasions of new pests •14 new citrus pests arrived to peninsular Spain in the last 40 years. •Expansion of Citrus Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella 1993-95. •Recent cases: thrips Pezothrips kellyanus in Sicily, two Eutetranychus mite species in Andalucia (Southern Spain) and the brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida in Portugal. •Most invaders arrive without effective natural enemies: programs for importation and establishment of exotic beneficials. • Concerns about environmental impact of introducing beneficials: regulatory norms for importations. •Quarantine measures to stop new invaders. Toxoptera citricida Pezothrips kellyanus Phyllocnistis citrella Eutetranychus Mass-release of beneficials poorly developed in citrus crops in the Mediterranean area •The coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is perhaps the most common •Parasitoids of the citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii (especially Aphytis melinus) should be encouraged to manage rationally this pest, perhaps the most harmful in the crop due to the high number of wide-spectrum pesticides applied to control it. •Mass-release of A. aurantii parasitoids is successfully applied in California and Australia. •Other cases: Metaphycus, phytoseiids. Aonidiella aurantii Aphytis melinus •The citrus agroecosystem is especially favourable for diversified arthropod population. •Harbours many native beneficials which maintain under biological control many potential pests (the woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus, the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, the citrus red mite Panonychus citri). •Conserving naturally-occurring biological control: Use of selective chemical, cover crops, soil management. Amitus spiniferus Cales noacki Objectives for the future Increase number of countries (northern ad southern Mediterranean, Middle East). More participation of Plant Pathology and weed control. Encourage collaboration between researchers (complementary or common research projects): - Quarantine or survey measures for new pests, - Introduction of exotic beneficials, - Strategies for managing Citrus red scale, - Rearing and mass-release of beneficials, - Extension of IPM programs. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
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