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(xl *1I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS: ITS POTENTIAL IN WEST AFRICA Proceeding of an International Conference held in Dakar, S~n6gal, February 9-13, 1981 USAID REGIONAL FOOD CROP PROTECTION PROJECT 625-0928 PHASE II B.P. 49 Dakar, S~nigal 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgements v Preface C. Castleton (USDA/USAID) vi PART 1: INTRODUCTION " An outline of Biological Methods to Control Crop and Farm Produce Pests" G. Pierrard (FAO) 1. PART II. INTERNATIONAL SCOPE OF BIOCONTROL " A brief review of Biological Control in the United States Department of Agriculture" John J. Drea, Jr. (USDA) 20. "Biological Control at C.E.R.D.A.T." J. Breni~re (GERDAT) 27. "GTZ Plant and Post-Harvest Protection Projects, Worldwide" Carlos Kelin-Koch and Ludwig Luchtrach (GTZ) 42. "The International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) A.L. MBIELE (OAU) 46. "CAB's Biological Control Service to World Ariculture" Fred D. BENNETT (CIBC) 56 "Biological Control of Insect Pests of Sorghum rnd Pearl Millet in West Africa" R.T. Gahukar (ICRISAT) 69. "Crrent Biological Control Research at IITA, with special Emphasis on the Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Fer) Hans R. Herren (IITA) 92. "The Role of Biological Control in the organization and Implementation of the CILSS Integrated Pest Management Project" Jean Tetefort (FAO) 99. PART III. TOPICS OF INTEREST TO SAHELIAN AGRICULTURE "Stem-borers of Cereals in Sahelian West Africa: Relative Importance and Control" K.F.NUANZE (ICRISAT) 115. "Slowing Preimago development of Ephestia Kuehntelle Zell.(Lepi Pyralidae)" J. VOEGELE et al. (GERDAT) 124. "The use of Insect Pathogens in Integrated Pest Management" Jerry FOWLER (USDA/USAID) 136. L (1 -2- PART III (CON'T) "Aerial Application of Bacillus thuringiensis" Mohamed E.M. Habib (bNICAMP) 158 "Biological Control of Weeds-Potentials for West Africa" B. David PERKINS (USDA/USAID) 166 "The value of Nosema locustae in Control of Grasshoppers" J.E. HENRY (USDA) 176 "Some Taxonomic Constraints about the use of Apanteles sp (Hym:Braconidae)" B. SIGWALT (ORSTOM) 190 PART IV SAHELIAN BIOCONTROL PROJECTS "Biological Control of Date Palm Scale in Mauritania" M. de Montaigne and A.M. Fall (FAC) 191 "Summary Report on Biological Control of the White Date Palm Scale (Parlatoria blanchardi) in NIGER" Mounkaila MAIGUIZO 205 "Strategies in the Control of the Principal Pests of Cape Verde" Carlos Brito 216 "The possibilities of Biological Control against Plant Parasitic Nematodes in West Africa" Georges Reversat (ORSTOM) 218 PART V KEY NOTE ADDRESS "Stepping stones to success" John J. Drea, Jr. 222 PART VI CLOSING ADDRESS "What are you going to do next week? J. Franklin (USDA/USAID) 239 List of Participants 243 Index 249 /// ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hearty thanks are extended to Dr. John J. Drea, Jr, of the USDA Science and Education Administration National Program staff for his invaluable collaboration from the initial planning stage right up through delivery of the keynote address. We're especially appreciate of each of the researchers who shared their knowledge through presentations and discussions, and the administrators of the following international organizations who permitted such varied participation: USDA, FAO, IITA, ICRISAT, OAU Phytosanitary council, GTZ, GERDAT, ORSTOM, FAC, and Universidade Estadual de Campinas (BRAZIL). Thanks are due UNESCO (Regional Bureau for Educational Development in Africa) for the Conference room, and the translation facil~ties so adeptly used by M. DIAGNE and Marie Aida DIOP. Amadou Lamine BA organized the scientific exhibit. Malick SY coordinated logistics. Thanks are offered to everyone who assisted with written translations, especially Patricia DIA. Special thanks to Salwa BOURGI for typing numerous drafts of all documents in both languages. The photograph of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis used in the cover design was of RENTOKIL Laboratories Ltd origin, issued by FAO. C.W. Castleton. PREFACE The USAID Regional Food Crop Protection Project's Annual Training Conference was expanded in 1981 to include participation of Agricultural researchers in a deliberate attempt to increase the interchange of ideas between research scientists and decision-makers within Ministries of Agriculture, or Rural Development regarding nonchemical means of pest management. Sixty four participants from ten countries attended, including the Directors of Crop 2rotection Services from most Sahelian countries. The text is unfortunately limited to the formal scientific presentations. Conference activities such as the Exhibit hall, panel discussions on cost/benefit analysis, and probing question and answer sessions aren't readily captured in print. Hopefully, publication of the text will help to rekindle the discussion necessary to better utilize research results in the formulation of pest management policy, and to ensure that research is conducted to answer the questions faced by decision-makers. In the delay between Conference and publication, I've noticed an increased effort in biocontrol field trials in several Sahelian countries. Nothing would please me more than to have the present text become outdated due to a marked iacrease in biological control research and its adaptation into practical control strategies for the key psts of Sahelian food crops. C.W. Castleton Conference Coordinator AN OUTLINE OF BIOLOGICAL METHODS TO CONTROL CROP AND FARM PRODUCE PESTS by Dr. G. Pierrard, F.A.O. Biological control. What exactly does this term mean? In the broadest sense, it includes all methods which reduce pest damage without the use of chemical pesticides, or which directly reduce pest populations. Within this context, biological control encompasses resistant crop varieties, pest habitat modification, and the use of pheromones and growth inhibitors. In the strictest sense of the word, biological control involves the use of natural enemies and the technique of sterile male release. This discussion will revolve around this restricted sense of the word. The concept of biological control is not new. The first report on the use of natural enemies was written two centuries ago, dealing with the practices of date palm farmers in Arabia who introduced predatory ants to control termites. As scientists we must recognize the value of such writings, for this practice surely dates back to ancient times. Entomologists' interest in biocontrol is itself not new either. In 1884, at the University of Odessa in Russia, a special laboratory was created to produce spores of the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae to control Anisoplia austriana in cereal crops. In California in 1889, a remarkably successful project was carried out in controlling the plum scale Icerya purchasi through the introduction of the coccinella Rodolia cardinalis. This scale did not become a problem again until after DDT was used to treat plums. In Thuringe, Germany circa 1911, the first trials were conducted to control a produce pest, Ephestia kuehniella, using Bacillus thuringeinsis. Finally, at the turn of the century, the Department * CILSS Project "Integrated Pest Management Research and Development against Principal Crop Pests in Sahelian Countries" 2 of Entomology at Massachussetts State College offered a course entitled "Insect enemies". Research in the use of natural enemies developed rapidly between the two World Wars, but this method of control was eventually overshadowed by synthetic pesticides. Once again, man became the sorcerer's apprentice using on a large scale a procedure that he had not yet mastered. Noone has mentioned the influence of the pesticide industry in explaining the widespread use of synthetic pesticides. However, it must be noted that this industry played its role to the fullest, while scientists did not sufficiently play theirs. They have, in fact, only belatedly worried about the harmful effects of intensive use. To illustrate these harmful aspects, I will cite an American recipe given by P. de Bach, an eminent specialist in biological control: "Take 2 kg. of DDT 50% wettable powder and mix it with 400 liters of water. Using a 10 liter hand sprayer, apply 1-2 liters on each plum tree. Repeat the operation each month until the tree is defoliated or dies from the effects of attacks by the scnle Aonidiella aurantii. Only 6-12 applications are necessary". The rapid multiplication of this scale is due to the destruction of its natural enemies. A lesson can be learned from this example, other than that of knowing conditions prior to using chemical pesticides: these pesticides can benefit biological control studies by allowing artificially large pest populations to develop. These populations can in turn be useful in testing the effects of biological agents. Another negative effect of chemical pesticides (which doesn't in the least take away from the positive effects they've had) is the development of pesticide resistant pest species. In 1965, in the area of pest control, there were 182 recorded cases of pesticide resistance. In 1978 there were 392, even though the number of available 3 pesticides had been increased. It is because of the resistance of the defoliating caterpillar Protoparce sexta that cotton farming has been abandoned in certain areas of the southwestern United States. Insecticides can no longer control this lepidoptera. The failure of chemical control has stimulated research and development of other means to control pests. However, these have proven more difficult than the use of phytopharmaceutical products. The complexity of mastering these
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  • Effects of Land Use on Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Abundance and Diversity in the Tropical Coastal Regions of Guyana and Australia

    Effects of Land Use on Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Abundance and Diversity in the Tropical Coastal Regions of Guyana and Australia

    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Sambhu, Hemchandranauth (2018) Effects of land use on butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) abundance and diversity in the tropical coastal regions of Guyana and Australia. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5bd8e93df512e Copyright © 2018 Hemchandranauth Sambhu The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY IN THE TROPICAL COASTAL REGIONS OF GUYANA AND AUSTRALIA _____________________________________________ By: Hemchandranauth Sambhu B.Sc. (Biology), University of Guyana, Guyana M.Sc. (Res: Plant and Environmental Sciences), University of Warwick, United Kingdom A thesis Prepared for the College of Science and Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy James Cook University February, 2018 DEDICATION ________________________________________________________ I dedicate this thesis to my wife, Alliea, and to our little girl who is yet to make her first appearance in this world. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ________________________________________________________ I would like to thank the Australian Government through their Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for graciously offering me a scholarship (Australia Aid Award – AusAid) to study in Australia. From the time of my departure from my home country in 2014, Alex Salvador, Katherine Elliott and other members of the AusAid team have always ensured that the highest quality of care was extended to me as a foreign student in a distant land.