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HALE, Lester Darrel, 1936- the BIOLOGY and POPULATION DYNAMICS of ICERYA PURCHASI MASKELL (HOMOPTERA: MARGARODIDAE)

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HALE, Lester Darrel, 1936- the BIOLOGY and POPULATION DYNAMICS of ICERYA PURCHASI MASKELL (HOMOPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-4308 HALE, Lester Darrel, 1936- THE BIOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ICERYA PURCHASI MASKELL (HOMOPTERA: MARGARODIDAE). University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1969 Biology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE BIOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ICERYA PURCHASI MASKELL (HOMOPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILIMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ll'EXlREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOIOOY JUNE 1969 Lester Darrel Hale Dissertation Committee Toshiyuki Nishida, Chairman Henry A. Bess Frank H. Haramoto \'lallace C. Itttchell Peter P. Rotar ABSTRACT The biology of leem purchasi Maskell was studied on .!!.esmodium plants. The average durations of the different stages were: egg stage. 15.4 dqs; crawler stage, approximately 4 to 5 days (based on the studies conducted on the settling rates); second instar, 9.9 days; third instar, 12•.3 days; preovipositional stage, 8.2 days; and the mature female ovipositiuna.l stage, .39.1 days. The development period from egg to mature female "laS about 60 days, and the cumulative longevity from egg to death was about 99 clays.. The average fecundity per mature female ",as 678.6 eggs. I. purchasi infests some 51 host plants in Ha.'\'raii of '\'1hi.ch 26 '\iare reported during this study. Beha:vioral studies of cra\'1lers showed tha.t the settling rates of 4 and 5 da.y old crawlers '\-fere significantly higher than those of other ages. Distribution of I. purchasi in the field ShOl'led that 59 per cent of the scales settled on the leaves and 4J,. per cent settled on the stems. The first instar imm.a.tures predominant~ settled on the leaves near the top of the plant. The second instar occurred in about equal numbers on the stems and leaves, and the third instar and adult scales settled predominantly on stems near the base of the plant. studies on the life history of Rodolia cardinalis (~Iulsant), a predator of 1. purchasi, shol'red that the average duration of the stages were: egg to adult, 25 days; egg stage, 4.5 days; larval stage (includ­ ing the pre-pupal stage), 15.9 days and the pupal stage, 4.6 days. iv Field studies in Desmodium f'ields on the seasonal abundance of' I. purchasi shOl1ed a period of' high seasonal abundance f'rom Ju.4r to November, 1967, peaking in August and September, and a low population during December, 1967 to June, 1968. Studies on the suppressive abilities of' the predator, g. cardinalis, and the parasite, Cryptochaetum iceme (l'Iilliston), on f'ield populations of' I. purchasi were evaluated. No parasitization of' the first instar of' I. purchasi "laS f'ound. The per cent parasitization of' the susceptible stages in Desmodium f'ields "laS: second instar, 3.3 - 5.2 per cent; third instar, 10 - 18.5 per cent; and mature f'emales, 14.8 - 25.2 per cent. There was a lag betl'reen the peak of' predator and prey populations "'rhich occurred during October and November. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT. • • • • • •••• • •• • • ••• • • • iii LIST OF TABLES. •• ••• .. .. ••• •• • • • • ••• • • vii LIST OF Il,LUSTRATIONS • ••••••••• .. .. .. • • .. •• • • viii INTRODUCTION. •••••• • • • • • • o • • • • • • o •• 1 History in Hawaii ••• • • • •• • • • •• •• • • .. • • • 1 Economic importance •• • •• •• • •• • 00. • • • .. 2 Scope of Present study. •• ••• · .. •• • .. • • • • 2 GENERAL METHODS ••• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • .. • o 3 Biological Studies. • • • • •• •• .. .. · .. •• .. • .. • 3 Field Studies ••• • • • •• • • • • • • .. .. • • • • 6 Humidity Studies. • • •• ••• • .. •• • • · .. • • • • • • 9 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION •• • • • • • • • • .. • • •• • • • • • • 13 l'lorld ••• •• • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Hal-m.ii. ••••••• • • • • • • • • • .. • • • •• • • •• 13 GENERAL BIOLOGY OF lCERYA PURCHASI. • • • • • • • • • • 17 Description of stages • .. •••• •• • •• • 0 • • • • • • 19 Duration of Life Stages ••••• • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • 21 Hatching Frequency•••• ••• • • • • · .. • • • • • • •• 23 Fecundity •••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Gro'\'lth Rate ••••••••• .. • • •• • • • 0 • • • .. • • • • 25 Host Plants .. •••••••••• • •• • .. .. •• • • • • •• 31 BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS. ••••• • • • • • •• •••• • • •• 37 Settling Rates of I. purchasi Cralders. •• • • •• • • • • • • 37 Dispersal . ••• •••• • • • • • 42­ Orientation •••••••••••••• • ••• • • • • • • • • 44 Settling Behavior in the Field. •••• •• ••••• .. • .. .. 46 Distribucion on Desmodimn ••••• 0 • • • • • ••• • • • • • 49 Distributional Pattern in the Field • .. • • • ••• • • ••• 52 NATURAL ENEMIES •••• .. • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • .. • 53 Rodolia cardinalis. •• • • • • •• o • • • • • • • • • • o o 53 Cpyptochaetum iceEYae • • • • • • • · .. • • • • • .. o • .. • • 57 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) PAGE POPULATION DYNAMICS ••••••••••••••••••••• •• 61 Seasonal Abundance. •••••••••••••••••••• •• 61 Age-Specific Population Trends. •••••••••••••• •• 63 Age Structure •••••• 0•••••••0•••••••• •• 63 Seasonal Reproductive Activity. •••••••••••••• •• 67 Predator and Prey Populations ••••••••••••••• •• 69 Parasite and Host Populations ••••••••••••••• •• 74 Mortality of I. purchasi. • .. ••••••••••••••• •• 79 Effects of Humidity on Mortality of Crawlers of I. purchasi o. 82 DISCUSSION. • •• •• • • • ••• • •• • • • • • • ••• • •• • 85 SUMMARY •• .0. •••.0•••••••••••.•.•••.• 90 LITERATURE CITED. •• • •• • •••• • ••• • • • • • • • • •• 93 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I THE DURATION OF THE VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF lCERYA PURCHASI REARED ON DESMODIUM. •"•••••• • •• 22 II HOST PLANT SPECIES OF lCERYA PURCHASI IN HAWAIIo •• ••• 32 III HOST PLANTS OF lCERYA PURCHASI IN HAWAII CITED BY COMMON NAME ONLY ••••••••••••••••• • •• • 35 IV NUlw1BER OF CRAWLERS OF lCERYA PURCHASI SETTLING ON DESMODIUM CUTTINGS AT VARIOUS DAYS AFTER HATCHING. •• •• 41 V MEAN BODY LENGTH AND HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH OF DIFFERENT INSTARS OF RODOLIA CARDINALIS. •••"•••••••• •• 55 VI DURATION OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF RODOLlA CARDINALlS •• 59 VII MEAN Nmfi3ER OF DAYS 1"'OR 50 PER CENT N:DRTALITY OF lCERYA PURCHASI CRAWLERS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS RELATIVE HUlfiDITIES • 84 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1 THE TYPE OF CAGE USED TO STUDY THE LIFE HISTORY OF lCERYA PURCHASI. •••• • • •••••••••••••• 4 2 WEEKLY TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY DATA RECORDED DURING THE LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF lCERYA PURCHASI OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY FROM JULy 25 TO SEPTEMBER 29,· 1967 .•••..••••••••.••••.•••.•• 5 3 MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA FOR WAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 (WEATHER DATA OBTAINED FR01-! THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, \'lAlliANALO FARM, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII). •••••••••••••• 8 4 HUMIDITY CHAMBER AND RECORDING APPARATUS: A) HOLDlr-.TG TUBES, B) HUMIDITY CHA..'ffiER, C) MODIFIED WELL CHAMBER WITH RECORDING PROBE IN PLACE, AND D) "HONETI'1ELLn HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE METER ••••••••••• 0 • 10 5 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF lCERYA PURCHASI ••• . .. 14 6 THE DISTRIBUTION RANGE OF IQERYA FYRCHASI IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE EQUATOR •••••••••••• •.• •••••• 0 15 7 CUMULATIVE AND DATI..Y PER CENT OF EGGS HATCHED OF lCERYA PURCHASI IN THE LABORATORY AT 25° C••••••••••• 24 8 WEEKLY NUMBER OF IDGS LAID PER ~YA PURCHASI FmALE•• 26 9 GROWTH CURVE AND THE RELATIVE SIZE OF THE VARIOUS STAGES OF lCERY! PURCHASI •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • 27 10 THE MEAN BODY LENGTH (TOP) AND 'WIDTH (BOTTOM) OF THE STAGES OF lCERYA PURCHASI. •••••••••• 0 • • • • 29 II RELATIONSHIP BE'lWEEN BODY WIDTH AND LENGTH OF THE VARIOUS STAGES OF !Q§RYA PURCHASl. ••••••••••• 30 12 A UNIT USED TO STUDY THE SETTLING RATES OF lCERYA PURCHASl CRAl'JLERS ON DESMODIUM ••• .. ••••••••• 38 13 SETTLING RATES FOR DIFFERENT AGED GROUPS OF lCERYA PURCHASI CRAWLERS FRQl-l 1 THROUGH 9 DAYS OLD. •••• 0 • 40 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) FIGURE PAGE 14 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES OF lCERYA PURCHASI ON THE TOP, lITDDLE, AND BOTTOM PORTIONS OF DESMODIUM IN RELATIONSHIP TO LEAVES AND STEMS IN FIELD NO. 1 AND NO. 2 AT WAnlANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 47 15 DISTRIBUTION OF lCERYA PURCHASI ON THE TOP, MIDDLE, AND BOTTOM PORTION OF DESMODImI IN RELATIONSHIP TO LEAVES AND STEIoiS IN FIELDS NO.1 AND NO.2 AT WAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 •••"••""••••"•••••"•• 50 16 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL STAGES OF lCERYA LURCHASI ON THE TOP, MIDDLE, AND BOTTOM PORTIONS OF DESMODIUM IN FIELDS NO.1 AND NO.2 AT WAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 •"•••••""••••""•••••• 51 17 MEAN BODY LENGTH (TOP) AND HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH (BOTTOM) OF THE LARVAL INSTARS OF RODOLIA CARDINALIS. •••••" 56 18 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH AND BODY LENGTH OF THE LARVAL INSTARS OF RODOLIA CARDINALIS ••• 58 19 SEASONAL POPULATION TRENDS OF lCERYA PURCHASI ON DESMODIUM IN FIELDS NO.1 AND NO.2 AT WAnlANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68. ••••••••••••"•• ••• 62 20 AGE-SPECIFIC POPULATION TRENDS OF SESSILE lCERYA PURCIfASI ON DESf.lODItJl.1 IN FIELD NO. 1 AT l'lAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68. ••••••••••••••• . .. 64 21 AGE-SPECIFIC POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS 01" SESSILE lCERYA PURCHASI ON DESMODIUM IN FIELD NO. 2 AT \'lAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 ••••••••• • • 0 • 65 22 OOMPOSlTE AGE STRUCTURE OF SESSILE lCERYA PURCHASI ON DESl-IODIUM SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STAGES IN Fm.D NO. 1 AND IN FIELD NO. 2 AT WArnANAW, OAHU DURING 1967-68 •••••••••••••••••• • •• 66 23 SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF THE MEAN COHBINED NUMBERS OF EnGS AND CRAWLERS PER ADULT lCERYA PURCHASI ON DESMODIUM IN FIELD NO.1 AND IN FIELD NO. 2 AT WAIMANALO, OAHU DURING 1967-68 " •••••• "•••••
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