Annexes 2017

10. Annexes

373 Nomination 374 Index

Annex A The Cultural Landscape Register 377 Annex B History of Reception 381 Annex C Letter of International Experts 393 Annex D Expertise Thomas Gunzelmann 398 Annex E Management Plan Extra Volume 10. Annexes

375 Nomination 376 Annex A

The Cultural Landscape Register

The cultural landscape register which was prepared in the period between 2008 and 2012 has examined the entire area of the site currently nominated for being inscribed as World Heritage outside the fully developed and built-up settlement areas of the cities of Naumburg and Freyburg and sub-divided it into four par- tial areas:

10. Annexes Goseck/Schönburg (29.5 km²) Bad Kösen/Flemmingen (41.9 km²) Wethau/the outskirts of Naumburg (13.8 km²) the region around Freyburg (81.6 km²)

Within these areas examined, a total of 3 029 cultural landscape elements within the main groups of:

forest areas agricultural areas winegrowing areas settlement structures material production sites as well as traffic/infrastructure have been examined, with their conditions being reviewed for evidence of their continued existence since the Middle Ages. Even though also individual building structures (e.g. village churches), small architectural objects, smaller settlement areas or deserted sites have been subject of the survey, the landscape elements of the land use represent by far the lion’s share of the areas examined. Their state of conservation is determined, due to the particularities of this category, above all by their proven traditional continuity of usage and by the position as well as the geometry of their boundaries in the landscape: Even if the inven-

377 Nomination such elements: High areas andlittle tilledslopingground helpedideally preserve relics from the castles, (earth-)walls and built-up areas lastingly. Permanently forest-covered of suchelements. w the south-west aswell astheregion around theCity ofFreyburg inthenorth when looking at the protected area. The area around Bad Kösen/Flemmingen in A T achieved: superimposingbothassessment levels, thefollowingWhen results have been sessment, againrated in3grades: The perceptibility oftheelements hasalsobeentaken into account for theas- sults: The assessment ofthecultural landscape register hasbrought the following re- deciduous forest hasremained thesame. day,changed several timesuntil thisvery theactualmodeofusagemixed oftrees, due totheirnaturaltory life, andthecomposition ofthespecieshave tant old roads of the era oftheHigh universalunder theaspectofextraordinary value oftheentire area for the A otal elemen part fr part fr est ofthenominated protected property have thehighest concentrations ments immediately following theLate B:Category Elements universal supportingthisextraordinary value (e.g. ele- Category grade 1:nopotential astoperceptibility grade 2:interesting undertouristicaspects,perceptibility canbecreated grade 3:interesting undertouristicaspects,well visible andperceptible nuine, intact substance cannotbepresented. grade 1:sites oftheelements exist,but are reshaped insuchaway that ge- grade 2:genuine, intact substance exists,but iscurrently notvisible grade 3:genuine, intact substance existsandcanbepresented elements from theLate elements from theHigh elements from theEarly Elements examined(total)3,029ofwhich: M om theirchronological classi iddle om theabsolute number ofelements, theirdistribution isofinterest A : Elements universal aspartofanextraordinary value: 910(30.0%) ts recorded: 3029 A ges. Thismakes it possible nowadays to notice ahighdensity of M iddle I t isthosetw M A iddle ges andrated asfollows: M M M iddle iddle iddle A ges ran; their routes in o sub-areas through which themostimpor A A A ges (1250 ges (1050 ges (600 fi cation, theseelements have beenassessed 378 M iddle

–

1500

1050

1250 A ges) 219(7.2%) ): ): ):

fl uenc ed the location of 720 258 118 -

ridge & furrow landscapes (e.g. Alte Göhle) deserted settlements (e.g. Lasan in the Maternenholz district) old pathways (e.g. south of Dobichau, Schenkenholz, Alte Göhle) boundary ditches (e.g. Neue Göhle, Katzenberg near Kukulau) fortifications (e.g. Haldecke near Freyburg, castle in a grove near Eila) vineyards (e.g. in the Mordtal forest near Schulpforta) quarries (e.g. on the “Rödel”)

The assessment of current aerial images gained from laser scanning has made an important contribution to the exploration of such elements and to supporting the analysis of cultural landscapes in recent years. In addition to the traditional terrestrial observation, such aerial images made minor nuances of about 30 cm on the ground within forests and in the open space visible. However, all traces of Middle Age elements in areas with arable land have been almost erased in the recent past as a result of soil cultivation measures over many centuries and es- pecially as a result of the practice of deep ploughing during the recent decades. 10. Annexes

379 Nomination Cover oftheexhibitioncatalogue oftheSaxony-AnhaltLandExhibition2011 380 Annex B

History of Reception

The reception of Naumburg Cathedral and its High Medieval Cultural Landscape along the Saale and Unstrut from the beginning of the modern era to the present

“Together with its immediate surrounding area, the old bishop’s town of Naum- 10. Annexes burg forms an island of art of the greatest possible attraction (…) where one can vividly comprehend at a glance, not only reflectively but also tangibly, the meeting and interaction of the great cultural powers, of princedom, the episcopate and monasticism.” Heinrich Bergner 1909

With Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel and the French President Nicolas Sar- kozy as patrons, the State Exhibition of Saxony-Anhalt entitled “The Naumburg Master – Sculptor and Architect in the Europe of Cathedrals” was held in Naum- burg from 29 June – 2 November 2011. In four months, this exhibition attracted just under 200,000 visitors from numerous European and non-European countries to Naumburg and the Saale-Unstrut region. With its exhibition venues in the cathedral precincts (St Mary’s Church, monastery buildings, cathedral, cathedral gardens, St Aegidi Chapel, cathedral graveyard), in the town of Naumburg (palace on market, Hohe Lilie Town Museum) and at the associated venues at Pforta Monastery, Neuenburg Castle, Rudelsburg Castle and Saaleck Castle, the exhibition linked central monuments in the region under discussion. The topic “The Cultural Landscape by the Saale and Unstrut in the HighM iddle Ages” presented in the monastery buildings and the exhibition section “Conti- nued Reflections. Pictures and Stories about the Naumburg Master from Five Centuries” shown in the palace represent, together with the two-volume cata- logue, the collection of essays and other works published on the same occasion, the latest part of the extremely significant and diverse reception of the history of the cultural landscape by the Saale and Unstrut in the High Middle Ages.

381 Nomination Peter Lepsius (1775 burg Cathedral HighSchool alsohasatradition goingbacktotheHigh with theirequally notable archives andtheirowntownchronicles. The Naum- tory oftheHigh tory teachers at thisschool have repeatedly contributed tothesurvival ofthehis- motivated closure compulsory between 1950and1991.Numerous pupilsand tury. A ticular caseof“coupling” totheworld oftheHigh sche (1844 from the High of thetownsNaumburg andFreyburg astheownersofmonuments dating form ofafoundation underpublic law. But there must alsobemention here ter oftheZeitz collegiate foundation, theNaumburg chaptertoday existsinthe junction with thecathedral chapterofthe be preserved and supplemented in wood by a localmaster cabinet maker. burg thedral, thecathedral canonsdisplayed theirrespect for thework oftheNaum- of whether todemolish thepartly damagedwest rood screen ofNaumburg Ca ofthearttreasuresservation oftheHigh chapter actedinanextraordinarily responsible mannerinrelation tothepre- by secular administrators and their successors. spite the Reformation after1564andtheassociated replacement ofthebishop back totheendoftenthas“Region’s century ties donated tothechapterand,above all,its cathedral chapterarchives going dral chapterformed in1028,which hasbeenable topreserve mostoftheproper monuments oftheregion. M the Saale-Unstrut region are above alltheestablishments founded intheHigh right uptothepresent day, oftheerain thelinksstillexistingtohistory cultural landscapecreated intheHigh T Continuity andconditions through the course of time. While manythrough the sagas courserelating of time. While to the founder tradition that refers tonumerous regional monuments and hasremained alive present day. is ofthegreatest signi Gottlieb Fichte (1762 let there be mention only of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724 European educational history. region but alsosubsequently important mark madeits ownvery inGermanand years previously, andtook upthescholarly tradition ofthemonasteriesin of Saxony ces’ school – nowtheLandesschule Pforta –wasfounded in1543byDuke a modi ogether wi ges –totheschool at Naumburg Cathedral iddle M I t hasexistedc fi aster anddecidedthat thetwo damagednorthernPassionreliefs should A ed form –andplay amajorrole inpreserving thecultural landscapeand ges which have beenable tomaintain theirlegalexistence –even ifin a

– t Pforta Cistercian

1900 th thearchitectural testimoniestotheeraandelements ofthe T ogether wi M M ). iddle

– I iddle n viewofits intellectual standard, theLandesschule Pforta

1853) orhistor – ontinually ever since, with theexception ofthepolitically

1814), Leopo fi A cance farbeyond theboundariesofregion uptothe ges and as the representatives of continuity of interest, th thesesurviving establishments, there isanotherpar A ges inthisregion, suchasDistrict O f primary importance here istheNaumburgf primary cathe- O M ut of the numerous famous pupilsofthisschool, onaster ld von Ranke (1795 y teacherBrunoKaiser(1872 382 M y, afterthelatter hadbeenclosedthree iddle M M iddle ersebur fi A rst mentioned inthe11thcen- ges andexercising anin A A s early as 1734, the cathedral ges. Faced with thedecision M

– g bishopricandthechap-

iddle 1886) andFriedrichN M emor A A ges, namely asaga dministrator Carl y”, thisbeingde-

–

– 1953). Theprin

1806), fl Johann I M M n con- fi uenc iddle ori ietz gure tz e - - - - - complex can be attributed to modern efforts to interpret their unusual physio- gnomies and need not be considered further here, the genesis of the sagas enci- rcling the Ludowingian dynasty, in particular, can be traced back to the Middle Ages. Three groups of tales can be differentiated here.I n the first group connec- ted with the historic personages of Count Ludwig the Jumper (deceased in 1123), Count Palatine Friedrich the Younger (murdered in 1085) and Countess Adelheid of Stade, the focus is on the history of the construction of Neuenburg Castle und the foundation of Zscheiplitz Monastery. The core of this tale probably already circulated in the early 12th century and was perhaps processed and put in a literary form at the court of Hermann I in about 1200. Related in the rich medieval chronicles which were written primarily in the Ludowingian family monastery of Reinhardsbrunn and in Erfurt, the now considerably embellished story of the murder of the Count Palatine became an established part of Thuringian history. The story was general knowledge in the LateM iddle Ages and Early Mo- dern Age and was also “pictured” for princely clients – as shown, for example, by the “Chronicle of the Saxons and Thuringians” written by Georg Spalatin and richly illustrated by Lukas Cranach the Older and his workshop in about 1520. As a result of numerous subsequent prints and literary versions, the saga [Peni- tence Cross] has remained alive to the present day. Much more recent local vari- ations also include Goseck and the foundation of Schönburg Castle in the story. The second group of tales is concerned with the action of Landgrave Ludwig II of Thuringia (1140 – 1172) at Neuenburg Castle and the nearby piece of land called the “Edelacker” (noble field). It reflects the significance of the extensive develop- 10. Annexes ment of the castle complex and the efforts of the landgrave to assert his territo- rial dominance. The third group of tales is based on a great variety of medieval sources relating to the life and work of Landgrave Ludwig IV (1217 – 1227) and his wife Elisabeth of Hungary (1207 – 1231, canonised in 1235). In the region, it is particularly Neuenburg Castle with its double chapel, together with the west choir and St Elisabeth Chapel in Naumburg Cathedral, which play a role, as early testimonies to the veneration of Saint Elisabeth. As shown by the decoration of the chapel in 2007 with glass windows designed by the Leipzig painter Neo Rauch, the reception of this group of tales is continued in contemporary art.

Scholars and artists from the Renaissance to the Late Romantic era and the beginnings of tourist development

Of particular significance for awakening scholarly interest in the Saale-Unstrut region is the publication issued in Latin by Gregor Groitzsch Libellus continens Salae fluvii descriptionem in 1584, in which he describes his perceptions resulting from a trip taken downstream on the Saale from Orlamünde to Calbe before 1581. For the places by the river in the region under consideration – Saaleck, Rudelsburg, Kösen, Pforta Monastery, Naumburg (Cathedral, St George’s Monas- tery), Schönburg, Eulau, Goseck – this constituted the first description recording special features, history, ownership and architectural monuments, such as churches, castles, bridges or mills. The then largely preserved Rudelsburg Castle is emphasised as a particularly outstanding fortification. The founder statues in

383 Nomination tues of visited theNaumburg west choirandwere enthusiastic. very Thereupon, thesta Johann GottfriedSchadow(1764 cally signi Schönburg Castle,hesucceeded indramatically presenting theregion’s histori the Kösen bridgewith Schulpforta andNaumburg inthebackground (1741)and be emphasised inviewoftheirhighquality. With hispictures of,for example, drawings by the Saxon court painter Johann the Saale-Unstrut region. From themultitude ofportrayals, theoilpaintings and wed by otherartistswho portrayed numerous motifsinthecultural landscapein vens (1610), WilhelmDilich(1627)andCaspar and Freyburg are tobefound, with pendrawings andetchingsbyPieterSte- century, the signi blications, knowledge ofthemonuments andhistoricpersonageswasable tobe sent for printing. Through theinclusion of richillustrations insome ofthepu oftheregion werehistory hann Christian Grubner (1698 such asJohann Zader(1612 Schöttgen (1687 court historiographers, suchas Petrus plaque inscriptions.This work canbealignedwith numerous treatises bySaxon Naumburg Cathedral are described,providing theoldest documentation oftheir almanac ofthechronicles ofthepoet drawings andetchingsoftheSaaleUnstrut Valley published in1786. (1757–1813) alsocontributed totheincreasing popularity oftheregion with his year 1803–the the splendid SaaletoNaumburg. 13 the prose sketch entitled “Walk toGosegk”. with its exceptional monuments dating from theHigh Picturesque Banks of the Saale” by the Dresden Professor Karl Heinrich Wilhelm of thiscultural landscapesaw its Frankfurt/ of theSaaleValley, andfor Goseckinparticular, between Kösen andWeissenfels. He recorded hisenthusiasm for thelandscape ciated with FriedrichSchlegel,oftenwalked androde through theSaaleValley Novalis from 1798onwards andbelongedtothegroup ofJena Romantics asso- illustrated by pictorial sources. Friedrich von Hardenberg, who called himself M castle stoodonit.” as those of Saxony. ryside visited Naumburg Cathedral where he would have loved to taken somethings ünnich, c M However, thespecialperception ofthelandscapebySaaleandUnstrut arch 1793:“From here, we travelled (…)viaWeissenfels Castleonthebanksof fi cantly enhanced amongeducated readers. I saw here. by theSaaleismostbeautiful The inthe countryside whole M I have seeninpictures. There isahigh rock outside Naumburg; an old argrave Hermann and fi M I ontaining lithographs hiscontemporary andetchings. cant buildingsintheirnatural surroundings. Carl BenjaminSchwarz never believed that there were such beautiful natural landscapes ain, Heinrich von Kleist alsowrote enthusiastically tohisaunt on fi rst andlargely exactpictures ofthetownsilhouettesNaumburg

fi –

rst colour portrayals ofthefounders. The“romantic” discovery 1751) orscho O n 17 A

fi – pril 1813,J

rst inspected,placed intheirhistoricalcontext and 1685), J lars working for theNaumburg cathedral chapter,

–

1768),

– M A fi

1850 argravine Reglindis adornedthecover ofthe un nal breakthrough in1848with thebook “The ohann tie, ohann Wolfgang von Goethe(1749 384 by whom major sources of the medieval ) andthepainter FranzCatel (1778–1856) A ugust v A I lbinus (1543 canbarely describeto you thecount M A artin Schamelius (1668 lexander Thiele (1685 O M n atripfrom Frankfurt/ on Kotzebue (1761 erian (1650 A s of the 1st quarter of the 17th s ofthe1stquarter17th O

ctober 1791 in letters and ctober 1791inlettersand –

1598), M iddle ), subsequently follo - Johann Christian A ges isnotonly

–

– 1819) f

1752)

1742) orJ O I n 1802, n 1802, should should

– der to der to or the or the

1832) o- - - - -

“by purchase, exchange or plundering”. He did not penetrate into the interior of the west choir but admired the Passion reliefs on the west rood screen. He saw them as “extremely remarkable. I cannot remember any similar”. Two years later, the German-Italian Johann Dominik Fiorillo (1748 – 1821), Professor at Göttingen University and founder of academic art history at German universities, enthused about the “divine meekness” of Margravine Reglindis and the “most beautiful Madonna face” of Margravine Uta, whom he took, however, to be the work of Si- cilians. Friedrich Nietzsche, who spent his young years in Naumburg, was not impressed by the founders. The 13-year old was inspired, on the other hand, by outings to Schönburg Castle and to Goseck, as shown by his poem “Zur Schön- burg marschierten wir lustig” (We marched merrily to Schönburg Castle) and a Goseck travel report dating from 1858. Not until later, at the end of the 1870s, did the philosopher fall under the spell of the Naumburg sculptures. According to the most recent research of Tilmann Buddensieg, he was the first person who “lent the founder statues, in a few powerful lines, a new form of expressive capacity in a world history perspective.” In the “Wanderer and His Shadow “ (Aphorism 222), Nietzsche concluded from the unique physiognomy and gestures of the Naum- burg founder figures that: “TheM iddle Ages are the time of the greatest passi- ons. Neither antiquity nor our era has this expansion of the soul; its dimensions have never been greater […]”. The medieval castles – like Schönburg and Goseck – and the monasteries inspired reflections on the past, and their magnificent integration into the landscape merged with the ideal concept of Arcadia. The Prus- sian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV also enthused in 1853 about Neuenburg as the 10. Annexes

“mountain castle standing sky-high” above steeply sloping vineyards. The castles on the Saale, in particular, became a constitutive element in the sentiment of the time. With songs like that composed at Rudelsburg Castle “An der Saale hel- lem Strande“ (“On the bright beach of the Saale”) (Franz Kugler, 1826) or the student song “Dort Saaleck, hier die Rudelsburg” (“Here Saaleck, there Rudelsburg Castle”) (Hermann Allmers, 1846), the castles of Rudelsburg and Saaleck gained national fame – equal to that of some castles in the Rheingau region – based on the very imposing position of the Saale holing. In the course of castle romanti- cism and the “Wanderbewegung” (hiking movement), they became ever more popular tourist destinations, leading to the creation of tourist infrastructure at the monuments. There is evidence of what was probably thefi rst visitors’ tavern at Rudelsburg in 1824. Its landlord, Gottlieb Wagner, nicknamed Samiel, became famous beyond the borders of the region. In 1840, Schönburg Castle was called a “beauty spot” in view of its picturesque location but no tourist restaurant opened here until 1884. Kroppen valley with its numerous mills was also named as an excursion destination for Naumburg residents in 1848. Daniel Starke, the owner of a Naumburg brewery, erected a building with the Concordia tavern over a rock cavern by the Schellsitz ferry across the Saale “in a very pleasant position” in 1844. In 1883, the visitors’ tavern “Neue Welt” (with a rock cavern) was built at the entrance to the Kroppen valley. These two hostelries, which both still exist today, were linked by a promenade. Growing tourism is also illustrated by numerous drawings, paintings and etchings showing visitors to the High Middle Age monuments and travellers in the cultural landscape by the Saale and Unstrut.

385 Nomination the Study ofNational trict ason that the founding of the importance oftheformer medievalGermanEmpire. focus oftheyearning for anational state, basedonthesupposedgreatness and I Socialists From national symbolto appropriation bytheNational also experienc land. ture, andtheywere greatly in sor Franz Pfeiffer (1815 were organised between 1852 and 1868 at the instigation of theViennese Profes- umbrella association ofstudent fraternities inGermany, in 1848, founded by more than 500 members of student corps andtheoldest were chosenat themeeting-places oftheKösen “Senioren-Convents-Verband” was noaccident that Rudelsburg CastleandtheHotel “ from Jena, HalleandLeipzigoftenmetat Rudelsburg Soit Castleat Whitsun. at Saaleck Castlein1819. pointed as“CustodianofHistoric mann weide, who was at onetimeamemberofthecourt ofmuses ofLandgrave Her restoring to the “original church underwent avarietyofrestoration andpreservation work. Theideaof les of Saaleck, Rudelsburg and Schönburg and the Pforte Cistercian monastery the monuments intheregion. From themid-19th onwards, century thecast the monarch FriedrichWilhelm Gottfried Werner andKarl four years was able to be implemented by County necessary. However, it wasnotuntil 1874that in-depthtotalrestoration lasting (1842 Castle enburg mes implemented wasthat ofthedouble underhissupervision chapel at Neu and differentiation between old andnew. ted extensive preservation oforiginalbuildingfabric,caution inreconstruction included travelling to and inspecting architectural monuments. Quast advoca xony since 1815. monuments in theregion, which hadbelongedtothePrussianprovince ofSa of monuments andthus tothedevelopment ofinstitutionalised care ofhistoric of thepopulation madeadecisive contribution toconcern for thepreservation A teacher at the Pforta School. They focussed on a personage from the High had alr n thecontext oftheGermannational movement, themedievalmonuments ges, namely the minnesinger and epigrammatic poet Walther von der Vogel The enthusiasm for the I n hiscapacity asChief A M dministrator Carl Peter Lepsius, namely the“Thuringian-Saxon Society for I eady con ofThuringia at Neuenburg Castle. eetings ed anincrease inpolitical signi of experts in German studies, called the “Kösener Vogelweiden”, fi I n 1843,thearchitect Ferdinand von Quast(1807 rmed that extensive renovation ofNaumburg Cathedral was

–

1853/55). A

– ntiquity andPreservation of

1868), O T M M fficer ofBuildings,Karl FriedrichSchinkel (1781 M owar emminger. iddle iddle fl fi the author of the uenc rst German Historical Society by Naumburg Dis- ds theendofWars ofLiberation, students I V (1840 M A A ges” the appearance of monuments which ed byKarl ges andtheirglori on 386 uments inPrussia” andhisassignments I

nspired bythe interest shown inartby – O

1861), otherar ne ofthe early restoration program- fi A cance, since theywere madethe ugust K fi I nspector of Buildings Johann rst German history of litera rst German history I ts I t waspr fi M M oberstein (1797 cation bylarge sections chitects alsoaddressed u on tiger Ritter” inKösen A uments”, took place ustria andSwi obably for thisre-

–

1877) wasap

–

1870 M

–

iddle 1841) tzer ), a ------had changed in the course of historical developments meant, firstly, systematic “purification”, i.e. removal of most of the Baroque decoration. Secondly, neo-Ro- manesque or neo-Gothic decoration was added, with sometimes more and sometimes less sensitivity or – as in the two choirs in Naumburg Cathedral – the original glass painting work was supplemented in large areas by newly designed glass windows. The academic studies of the cultural landscape in the Saale-Unstrut region also experienced a huge upswing in this era. Commendable editions of source texts were produced, such as the Pforta Monastery books of documents published by Pforta teacher Paul Böhme or the first volume of the Naumburg Bisho- pric edited by Felix Rosenfeld. Together with the books of documents origina- ting from the margraves of Meissen and landgraves of Thuringia, edited by Otto Posse, and the “Regesta Diplomatica necnon epistolaria Historiae Thuringiae“ compiled by Otto Dobenecker, major sources of information for the history of the Middle Ages in the Saale-Unstrut region were able to be furnished for academic research. While the cornerstone for critical historical research into the founder figures by the Naumburg Master had already been laid with the essay by Carl Peter Lep- sius “On the History and the Founders of Naumburg Cathedral” published in 1822, the growing discipline of art history was able to build in this context, above all, on the book “The Pictorial Works of Naumburg Cathedral” published byA u- gust Schmarsow in 1892. Since then, there has been a constant increase in the number of studies concerned with the problem of the Naumburg Master and his 10. Annexes works and they quickly attracted worldwide attention in view of the unique nature of the ensemble. The connection recognised at an early date between the Naumburg sculptures and the development of French cathedral Gothic was contested by opinions which attributed the origins of the masterpieces to German art alone. Heated debates were additionally fired by gestures of national appropriation. In 1902, Emperor Wilhelm II (1859 – 1941) arranged for the production of complete plaster casts of both the founder figures and the west rood screen from Naumburg Cathedral and gave them as symbols of medieval German culture to the Bush-Reisinger Museum, which today belongs to Harvard University, while other casts went as gifts to Russia. The new medium of photography was of the greatest importance for the rapidly growing popularity of the figures. It was due, in particular, to Walter Hege’s photographs featuring clever angle positioning and lime-lighting in the book “Naumburg Cathedral and Its Pictorial Works”, which he published jointly with Wilhelm Pinder in 1925, that the founder figure of Uta became so enormously popular. The pictures of thisfi gure were reminis- cent of portrayals of contemporary UFA stars and triggered a huge wave of enthusiasm. Not only did Uta’s picture appear in numerous homes and on a wide range of accessories but her name was also given to an enormous number of newly born baby girls at this time (and until today). Uta became a German icon. The decision of the American Walt Disney (1901 – 1966) to use Uta as the model for the portrayal of his “wicked queen” in the “Snow White” cartoon film (1937) should be assessed with a certain critical detachment.

387 Nomination tional Political Education Centre (N SS andS ther Rathenau who are buried here, and became after 1933 a parade ground for ted until 1944/45. ded at Neuenburg Castle a training centre for senior BD selves aspreserving andcompleting centuries-old continuity. Thus they foun- large sections ofthepopulation saw inapositive light, and portrayed them- the “Degenerate Schultze-Naumburgand “bad”, alsobecameoneoftheintellectual fathers of had openedthere. Through hisprinciple of photographic comparison of “good” famous before the1stWorld War asaresult oftheSaaleckWorkshops which he Himmler, tohissplendid homeinSaaleck,which country hadalready become ted tovisits bythegrandeesofReich, suchas Naumburg’s manifest connection with National Socialismwasnotonly limi this idea,it wasonly asmallsteptohissubsequent racistopinions.Schultze- the characteroflandscapeonregional characterofits residents. From matschutz” ( a vital theoretical superstructure for theconcept represented bythe“Bund Hei ral Works”, which waspublished from 1901to1917,exercised ahuge in of cultural landscapeasasubjectofprotection. Hisbook seriesentitled “Cultu A landscape. The conservative architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg, who camefrom standpoint developed into thebasisfor today’s UNESC into English-languageresearch. Continuing scienti while hewas,ontheotherhand,expertwho alsointroduced thisopinion an actualandvisually perceptible shaping oftheearth’s surface created byman, stands, ontheonehand,for thecreation oftheconcept ofcultural landscapeas environment andmanwhich shapesit. Thesettlement geographer Schlüter nifestation forms ofanhistoriccultural landscape andtheinteraction between strut region, ageneralsensitisation ofthought relating totheessence andma century, through theirprofound study ofthecultural landscapeoftheSaale-Un - Schultze-Naumburg (1869 for Kern andFischer,thetwo murderers oftheGermanForeign racter. Belowthetwo castlesofSaaleckandRudelsburg, amemorialwasbuilt was built for solstice celebrations andotherevents ofaNational Socialistcha of individual High leaders oftheNationalist Socialist movement cleverly exploited thetraditions the A terrible devastation ofourlandinall his books asevidence ofhisopinion.He hadtheintention of“counteracting the harmony with thesurrounding landscapeandhereferred tothemrepeatedly in gion created before 1800were seenbyhimasbeing exemplary inviewoftheir The settlements, villages and individual monuments in the Saale-Unstrut re- ltenburg/ ssociation for Protection oftheHomeland –ofwhich Schultze-Naumburg was A fi ccording to Thomas Gunzelmann, it was rst president from 1904.However, heemphasised allegeddependence of A groups. Thetradition-rich Landesschule Pforte wasturnedinto a Na A lmrich nearNaumburg, must berecognised astheearly protagonist A ssociation for Protection oftheHomeland) –from 1913German A O rt” propaganda exhibition in1937.For theirownpurposes,the n Haineberg Hillopposite Neuenburg Castle, ahuge complex M iddle

– A

1949) w ge monuments intheSaale-Unstrut region, which A ho promoted at thebeginningof20th P O fi 388 elds ofvisible culture”. This constituted L A ). O tto Schlüter (1872 fi A c discussionofSchlüter’s dolf Hitler and Heinrich M O concept ofcultural leaders which exis-

–

M 1959) inister Wal and Paul fl uenc e. ------Only with difficulty but ultimately successfully was Naumburg Cathedral able to fend off National Socialist efforts to appropriate it. Nevertheless, the -vi sitors’ books, which are extremely informative for a study of the history of the time, contain many entries by personages bearing witness to the Berlin-Rome- Tokyo axis or playing a role in national culture politics. But Samuel Beckett, the author and subsequent Nobel Prize laureate from Ireland, also visited Naum- burg Cathedral in 1937, according to his diary, and was enchanted by it. As the Second World War progressed, the legend which had meanwhile evolved around the founder figure Uta was increasingly exploited in the interest of the regime. The portrayal of Uta in 1944 as the patroness of the SS and Wehrmacht soldiers supposedly fighting for European culture is just one example of the enormous abuse of this unique sculpture by the National Socialists.

The Saale-Unstrut region in the recent past

In comparison with other areas, the Saale–Unstrut region survived the last World War with little damage. Neither Freyburg nor Naumburg nor any of the outstanding monuments dating from the High Middle Ages in the surrounding area were seriously damaged by bombing or fighting during the last days of the war. The division of Germany resulting from the war brought the founderfi gure 10. Annexes

Uta a new level of meaning for a short while. Initially, each of the German states tried to emphasise its legitimacy as opposed to the other. Consequently Uta of Naumburg was used by both states on stamps or posters as a symbol of unity but governed by different ideologies. As part of the GDR, the cultural landscape of the Saale-Unstrut region shaped in the High Middle Ages experienced all the development phases through to reunification in 1990. The landscape and the cultural monuments did not remain untouched by the radical changes in ownership and social structures resulting from land reform, collectivisation of agriculture and thus extensive alteration of historically established field and meadow boundaries, repression of private initiative, suppression of free enterprise, permanent scarcities and a predominating historical concept which was not able to find many positive aspects in the era of “feudalism”. Politically undesira- ble sections of the population moved away; there was a significant change from private to collective property with the negative consequences of the associated distribution of responsibility for buildings; cultural life had largely been cut off from international developments since 1961. However, as well as this negative picture, there were also numerous positive aspects, such as the replanting in the 1960s of many large vineyard areas by the Saale and Unstrut, which had been laying fallow since the onslaught of the vine louse or had been used for other purposes. On the academic side too, major developments were triggered by the exhaustive archaeological excavations at Naumburg Cathedral, the publishing of three epigraphic works on Naumburg Cathedral, the town and the county of Naumburg and the work of Ernst Schubert and other researchers which also en-

389 Nomination Uta ofNaumburg [...].” in 2004:“ the focus oftourist interest andagain hassuchprominent advocates asthe visitors from many different countries. For years, Naumburg Cathedral hasbeen Germany, inEurope andbeyond. Thisisshownbysteadily growing numbers of ment of tourismandgradual recognition ofthisregion againinformer West instigated bytheState ofSaxony- shorttime. very historical buildingsbytheSaaleandUnstrut were able toberepaired within a state government, thefederal government andtheEuropean Union, themajor of Saaleck,Rudelsburg andSchönburg. Thankstosubstantial subsidiesfrom the grounds; thetownofNaumburgand monastery becametheownerofcastles Schulpforta Foundation share the costs church of preservation of the monastery of GoseckCastleandNeuenburg Castle;thestate itself andthere-established a state foundation endowed bytheState ofSaxony- changes for theSaale-Unstrut region. The “Landesstiftung DomeundSchlösser”, deral State ofSaxony- the way for political changein1989. through theirpersistence andcourage, madeadecisive contribution topaving tion for church thedilapidated monastery andfor Neuenburg Castleand who, mitted menandwomen, suchasthoseinZscheiplitz orFreyburg, who took ac vertheless, despite political repressions and national isolation, there were com- and any persons entering the grounds were threatened with prosecution. Ne- burg Castletoowasclosed to thepublic because ofseriousconstruction faults Schulpforte church monastery seemeddestinedtogorackandruin.Neuen- pigeon droppings and lack of interest on the part of the responsible parties, the ous at somesites at thebeginningof1980s. pacity intheyears after1945,signsofdilapidation were already becoming obvi buildings, which didoutstanding work inviewoftheirlimited resources andca the efforts ofthestate agencies for thepreservation ofmonuments andhistoric this doesnotapply tomostoftheotherhistoricsites intheregion. Despite all of FranzJosef Strauss in1983–,wasensured bygovernment support.However, an item ofpolitical prestige during theeraofGDR –asshownbythevisit ric preservation ofNaumburg Cathedral, which wasalsoatouristattraction and too, particularly through the presentations by Willibald Sauerländer. The histo- region andtheNaumburg founder gart in1977brought backanawareness ofthesigni joyed international recognition. successful Staufer The very exhibition inStutt enhanced theattractiveness oftheregion. Supportisalsogiven bythegrowing restructuring oftheexhibition intheBad Kösen Romanesque House, have all vault,ral treasury theNaumburg cathedral inGoseck andthe garden, thecrypt as thenewpermanent exhibition at Neuenburg Castle,theNaumburg cathed districts and the development of try areas hitherto not opento tourists, such lian a The uniting ofmostthe items to form the “Romanesque Route”, aproject The fall of communism andthe newly forming political structures inthe Fe- uthor andProfessor ofSemioticsUmberto Eco, who saidinaninterview I f I could choosetomeetafemale A I nhalt aftertheuni nnumerable structuralmeasures undertaken incoun- A nhalt in1993,contributed torapidestablish - fi gures toawiderpublic inWest Germany 390 fi fi cation ofGermany brought major gure from arthistory, it would be A s aresult ofpenetrating damp, fi A cance oftheSaale-Unstrut nhalt, becametheowner I ta ------commitment of local residents and by active associations. From an academic viewpoint, the years since 1990 have been particularly fruitful for all the monuments in the region, as a result of the chairs re-established at the universities in Jena, Halle and Leipzig, the Historical Commissions that have also been re- established and the state agencies for preservation of historic monuments and archaeology. A highlight among the academic projects was undoubtedly the in- terdisciplinary research project on the Naumburg west choir, funded by the VW Foundation. It united eleven doctoral students from different universities and produced major new findings on history, art history, and preservation of historic monuments, polychromy and architectural research. The State Exhibition on the Naumburg Master mentioned above has already been able to present some of the principal findings to the general public. However, the primary merit of this exhibition was to display the European context of the High Middle Ages and identify the special significance of the Saale-Unstrut region. 10. Annexes

391 Nomination 10. Annexes

Nomination 392 Annex C

Letter of International Experts 10. Annexes

393 The outstanding significance of the Naumburg Cathedral and the cultural landscape on the rivers Saale and Unstrut

Naumburg Cathedral and the cultural landscape along the rivers Saale and Un- strut are an outstanding and representative example of a significant stage in human history, particularly of the High Middle Ages (1000 – 1300). This region represents a primordial example for a crucial development of European history at that time. Nowhere else in the world such a high density of monuments and cultural landscape elements from the High Middle Ages has been preserved in such a small space in such a level of authenticity in its original spatial setting. The spirit of the High Middle Ages is perceptible here to an extent hardly found elsewhere. The area along the rivers Saale and Unstrut developed into a melting pot of populations of different origins, Frankish, Thuringian, Saxon, Flemish, and Sla- vonic. This leads to a long lasting shaping of the landscape with ecclesiastical and secular powers seeking the rights of possession and representation. The characteristics of this high medieval colonization process are still perfectly rec- ognizable: the foundation of churches, monasteries, castles and fortifications, the creation of cities, markets and villages along a widely ramified transport infrastructure, the repartition of woods, fields and meadows and technological fa- cilities including hydraulic systems, mills and wine terraces. The cultural landscape acquires special weight by the extraordinary quality of numerous individual monuments with unique characteristics in addition to a unique density. Three of the characteristics will be named here: Naumburg Cathedral is the heart of the entire cultural landscape, as a unique testimony to medieval art and liturgy. The harmonic connection between architecture, sculpture and stained glass windows in the west choir of the cathedral counts among the most impressive creations of human creativity in the Middle Ages at large. A similar high quality is found in the Cistercian monastery of Schulpforte which has preserved its entire cloister settlement, and unique church furnish- ings. Of the highest significance for the chivalric and courtly cultures of this time is Neuenburg Castle established by the landgraves of Thuringia. It counts among the greatest Romanesque Castle complexes worldwide and preserves one of the most impressive spiritual testimonies to the life of Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia with its exceptional two-storey chapel. Therefore, and based on a detailed scientific analysis we emphatically support the high medieval cultural landscape of the rivers Saale and Unstrut to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. 10. Annexes

395 Nomination 10. Annexes

Nomination 396 Annex D

Expertise 10. Annexes

397 Nomination non-material terms. tionships between manandhisenvironment are expressed inbothmaterial and interfaces between nature andculture, inwhich thenetwork ofhistoricalrela appreciation andprotection ofcultural landscapes.Theseare understoodtobe list of World Heritage sites, to say that here: “Cultural landscape’s coming home”. context ofentering thecultural landscapeontherivers SaaleandUnstrut onthe “football’sheld intheircountry coming home”,sotoowould it bejustified,inthe spirit astheEnglishfanssangin1996,onoccasion oftheEuropean Cupbeing M 1 “take off”. The Highor Central often seenasaningra 2 gion which hascome downtoustoday. eration shouldbetoappraisethesignificance ofthecultural landscapeinthis re- discussed furtherinthesecond partofthiscontribution, while thefirst consid and undertheinfluence ofthelandscapeonSaaleand be Unstrut. Thiswill more thanahundred years ago,inthespiritual andintellectual interplay with m

aking comparisons with football, inparticularwhen it comes topoliticians, is The Landscape oftheCentral MiddleAges I nich 1993. for Germany J 2006, in:LandscapeResearch 31/4(2006),S. 333–353,here pp. 334f. t wasin1992tha acques LeGoff: The High ech tild Rössler: World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: 2 1.1 Cultural landscapeofthe Rise The reason for thiswasthegrowth inpopulation, which, as well an on theRiversSaaleandUnstrut A lfred Haverkamp: of theCentral Middle Ages t UNESC 1 The foundations for this concept, however, were firstlaid M tiating andpopulistapproach. Nevertheless, inthesame iddle M iddle Thomas Gunzelmann O A A A ges inEurope wasthetimeofadramatic rise,a ufbruch undGestal created thefirstinternational instrument for the ges. Frankfurtam 398

M tung -Deutschland 1056 ain 1992(Fischer-Weltgeschichte 11),p. 17, A UNESC O FlagshipProgramme 1992–

–

1273. 2nded.

M u

- - - improved system of organizing and working in agriculture, also certainly owes much to the optimum climate which prevailed in the central mediaeval period. The effect of this rise on the landscape was felt in particular in urban development, internal colonisation, and territorialisation, mutually inter-related processes differentiating both physical space and society. In terms of spatial structure, this rise took place throughout the whole of the European heartlands in two directions; expansion outwards and compaction inwards. From the historical and cultural landscape perspective, the region of the application represents the natural link between two great basin landscapes, being the shortest route, formed and fashioned by the River Saale. The western, the Thuringian Basin, is regarded from the point of view of settlement as being old settlement land, while the eastern, the Leipzig Lowland Basin, is a colonisation region. In the Middle Ages, the west-east link through this area was the most important in Central Europe, and meeting it, in the region of the application, was another significant line of communication from the eastern part of South- ern Germany. In the early mediaeval period, this area was the zone of contact between Slavic and German settlement, in which the strongest power factor, the Frankish-German Empire, had exerted its influence ever since the days when Charlemagne began to push eastwards. To describe this process, which continued in the Central Middle Ages, as eastern settlement or even eastern colonisation, is Germanocentric, and is therefore an overly short designation. It was part 3 of a European-wide transformation process , which led from the centres to the outlying areas, but which also took effect on the inner peripheries.A ssociated 10. Annexes with this process was a population migration, and a wide-ranging and fundamental change in patterns of settlement and of structures of dominion. The in- struments used to put this into effect, such as the establishment of towns and cities, the arrangement of planned villages and hamlets, the building of castles, and the founding of monasteries, are almost the same all throughout Europe. It is hardly an exaggeration to take the view that: Never again has Europe seen such cul- 4 tural and institutional uniformity as at that time. The area around the confluence of the Saale and Unstrut now lies precisely in the transition zone from inner compaction to outer expansion. It is here that all the processes referred to were put into effect, a true focal point. Naturally, this did not come about in a matter of a few years, but in a cultural landscape deployment process spread over three centuries. This “deployment”, in other words the quest for the best location for the respective agent involved in each case, is dem- onstrated in action to striking effect in the relocating of the seat of the bishopric from Zeitz (the bishopric having been established there in 968) to Naumburg in 1028, or the conversion of Goseck Castle into a Benedictine monastery in about

3 Eike Gringmuth-Dallmer: Die hochmittelalterliche Ostsiedlung in vergleichender Sicht, in: Sied- lungsforschung 24 (2006), p. 99–122, here p. 100.

4 anngret Simms: Core and Periphery in Medieval Europe: the Irish experience in a Wider Context, in: Smyth, William J. and Kevin Wehlan (Eds.): Common Ground: Essays on the Historical Geogra- phy of Ireland presented to T. Jones Huges. Cork 1988, p. 22–39.

399 Nomination interim andare nowsubjecttoreassessment. lish the identity of the region, even if they have undergone transformation in the cultural landscapeontheSaaleandUnstrut are stilltheelements which estab- a very highdegree ofauthenticitya very byway ofthebuildingsandlandscapeele- so influential intheshapingofthingsto come. again proved theinspiration for castingback specifically tothat epoch which was this, the pattern of the cultural landscape that had its base in the Central tures exerting effect onthat landscapehave also come into theirown.Despite all ability toexpress itself. cultural landscape,orindeeddominating it, must therefore potent possess avery toric stratum which even today isstillcapable of shapingtheoverall imageofthe strata, which are layered upon one another and merge into one another. elements ofdifferent intrinsic values anddensities, andfrom different temporal they continue todevelop, more dynamically orlessso.They are madeupofmany landscape, asinthisarea. sity and quality in terms of their testimony in physical structures and cultural region in which they can be attested in such a confined space, and in such den- These processes are characteristicof Central Europe, but there ishardly any other this isconcentrated intheperiodbetween thelate 10thandlate 13thcenturies. the definitive and installation of the strongest victory of these regional forces. powers with thesimultaneous withdrawal ofthemight ofthemonarch, until instrument ofdominionanddevelopment, totheriseofregionally competing typical transition from kingly power, byway ofchurch institutions asaregional here, confined in anda very concentrated space. Next on the time-line comes the exploitation, andthepermeation ofdominionandpower are allclearly evident involved. The whole rangeofinstruments ofmediaevallanddevelopment, land settlement, as well as the political and ecclesiastical organisational structures forces were at work which sought toestablish andcontrol thedevelopment of ing thespatial organisation oftheCentral ple andlandasthereward. minion holders, who thereby alsoincurred acultural landscapecontest with peo- petition which prevailed throughout theentire periodbetween the regional do- to Pforta in1137. founded1050, ortherapidmove oftheCistercian monastery at Schmölln in1132 5 A has ofcourse developed furthersince theCentral

ges remained stable, becamemore refined, andinlater periodsover andover The structures ofthe Central T I eck, Kyffhäuser. Halle (Saale)1994 (Contributions tothe Regional and Provincial Culture of Saxony- Landesheimatbund Sachsen- A bricht: Burgen, Berge, Wälder, Dome–oder:in„deutscher used as an instrument for national and indeed nationalist ends, is set forth by Justus H. Ul The facttha t isacharacteristicf o nhalt 32), pp. 9–34. this extent, then, we are presented here with a model region for represent t these relationships frequently hadtheirdarker sides, and the I t islik eature ofalmostallcultural landscapesintheworld that ewise possible tosubsumeunderthisconcept thecom- I n theregion oftheapplication, thecultural landscape A nhalt (Eds.):Deutsche ErinnerungslandschaftenRudelsburg, Saal M iddle 400 A M ges cantoday stillbe appraisedwith iddle 5 Themediaevalelements ofthe M A M itte”, in:Heimatbund Thüringen and ges, aregion inwhich allthe iddle A ges, andnewstruc M iddle A ges were M A iddle iddle his- A ll ll - - - - ments which bear witness to them, due to the fact that, with regard to the terri- torial power of the house of Wettin, which held sway here since the late Middle Ages, this region remained peripheral. Prior to this, for 300 years it had played a hugely dynamic role, hotly contested and crucial for the key players, and, as a result, the landscape of the Central Middle Ages on the Saale and Unstrut has retained its force of expression in a truly unique manner. These processes can be readily compared in the context of other Ottonian bishopric foundations, such as Bamberg, founded in 1007 by Heinrich II, although there the physical structures which serve as witnesses are located substantially further away from one another, and have been more significantly overlaid by other forms due to the development of this foundation flourishing for a longer period. Cultural landscapes, with their deep temporal stratification and the multi- plicity and versatility of their spatial structures, are always extremely complex systems. They cannot be appraised in their entirety.A ccordingly, one attempts to reduce the complexity by investigating the traces which particular functions of human effect have left behind in the region, such as settlement, agriculture, transport, or the exercise of dominion or practice of religion. This is a conven- tional methodical approach to the appraisal of historical cultural landscapes, but, because of the substantial effort involved, the tendency hitherto has been to em- ploy the technique in small areas only. The applicants carried out an exhaustive inventory project of this nature in the years from 2008 to 2012 over a total area 2 of some 167 km , the largest cohesive region nationwide which had hitherto ever been investigated with this depth of penetration. 10. Annexes

The function of the application region as a thoroughfare and bridge, which caused it to be referred to in the older literature as the “Saale gateway”, led to the creation of transport routes which, viewed collectively, are of very great historical importance, and which can still be appreciated today by virtue of the many cultural landscape relics associated with them. Both as small areas and when related to the application region as a whole, they and the relics they contain char- acterize the regional centres and their shifts: A cultural landscape is also always an expression of historical power relationships. The fact that the most important centres in the area, seen over the long term, did not by any means come into being in a power vacuum, is already evident from their names: Naumburg, which first made its appearance on the stage of history as Numburgo in 1028, means nothing other than “Neuenburg”, the “new castle or borough”. The complex of same name, founded in 1090, is indeed to be regarded as a castle in the meaning of a fortress, while the “-burg” element in Naumburg still had the meaning of an early urban settlement or borough. So in what cultural landscape elements and structures do the processes of spatial organisation of the Central Middle Ages express themselves? It is not only the density – 720 still habitable elements from the period of the Central Middle Ages can even now be identified – or the high historical and art historical significance attached to the number of them. It seems above all to be the almost complete and exemplary manifestation of those elements, which mediaeval man could apply to the structuring of the region in terms of buildings and landscape, given the political, economic, and social circumstances which prevailed. They

401 Nomination through, andwhich thereby already reveals thetypicalmodelinvolved, bishop andtheinflux ofmerchants tothisarea from (Klein-)Jena. tral European town model. O ements ofthesettlements themselves derive from theCentral tonian-Salic andtheHohenstaufen period. examples ofthetwo townfoundation phases oftheCentral ments intheapplication region, Naumburg andFreyburg, canbetaken asfine structures, which inmostcasesare excellently preserved. Thetwo urbansettle- contrast, it isalmostalways theground plan andtherefore the basicspatial completeness, andthedegree ofpreservation. universalgain anextraordinary value inthiscontext, byway oftheirdensity, 10 7 6 9 8 in the Central rarely bedone,astheresult oflocational decisions taken inthedays of dominion centre, hemmed in by a “wreath of churches” by way of St Georg and St centre, hemmedinbya“wreath of churches” byway of St Georg of thetown. dermen, andtheold urbansuburbsisstillclearly recorded tothisday inthelayout in ground plan. Thetrinity ofthecathedral close,thetownof council andal settlement, from which citizens thetownofordinary grew, clearly separated This “spiritual” townwasundoubtedly accompanied from theoutset byamarket wall arrangements andsharp-edgedcorners atendencyhasbeenidentifiable13th century inthis context towards straight tic planning concepts starttobecome clearinthetown’s ground plan. Since the strategic safeguarding oftheirrespective territories. Here for thefirsttimeholis- were deliberately designedfor economic development, but alsowith aneye tothe sponds inground plan tothetypeknownasfoundation town.Thesetowns

ttonian bishop’stown,which hasbeenappraisedasthefirstindependent Cen- m Freyburg, inwhose namethemotto“townairbringsfreedom” shimmers Naumburg represents, even ifasalate example, thetypeofnewly-founded This beginswith thesettlements. cavilla”, “Vilafranca”. the oldest foundation towninGermany, Freiburg i.Br.,shares its namewith Freyburg. 100 timesinEurope, relating asaruletofoundation isprobably townswith regular outlines. What deutsche Wunder”, oder:Wiemittelalterlich istNaumburg anderSaalewirklich?, in:Escherich, a structuralaspecttothetemporal. distinguishes between mother towns (up to 1150) and foundation towns (1150 can bederived, Heinz Stoob:Kartographische lalter. Darmstadt 1982,assignsthischronologically, but from which atypological differentiation This, f I diaeval town,thereason why thename“Free Borough” or“Free The “ in Thüringen 2007,pp. 214–240,here p. 220. M Last, ev Deutschland. Berlin 1964. Erich H in tal eckseper: KleineK ark, Christian M y, andSpain,thecorresponding namesare “Villefranche”,“Francheville”, “Villafranca”, “Fran- itteleuropa, bes.zwischen 1450und1800,in:HistorischeRaumforschung 1(1956),pp. 21–76, Free”, symbolic ofall town-heldprivileges, isamajordeterminant intheconcept oftheme- or example, ishowCord en ifcritical, asfartheportion ofthe erzog: Dieottonische Stadt. Die 8 Thestructure ofthetowncanbeinterpreted clearly here, ascanonly M M iddle isch andRainer unstgeschichte, p. 75. A ges: Further evidence is the relocation of the seat of the 7 This mandatorily includes the cathedral district asthe M eckseper: KleineK M üller (Eds.):En O 402 A M nly intherarest casesdoindividual el nfänge dermittelalterlichen Stadtbaukunst in nfänge öglichk 6 M unstgeschichte derdeutschen Stadt im tstehung undWandel mittelalterlicher Städte iddle 10 .Freyburg, laidout in1190, repre- eiten zurDarstellung derStadtentstehung A ges isconcerned, Klaus Jestaedt: “Das T own ” isencountered more than M iddle M

– iddle

1250 A ges, the ), which adds A I 9 n France, M ges. By ges. By corre- ori M itte- O tz. tz. t - - - sents a very early example of this model in its grid layout, the rectangular market place, and the almost square town outline. If the valleys and highlands of the application region are to be counted as land of old settlement, and the settlements themselves came into being in essence before the Central Middle Ages, they nevertheless still feature excellently preserved village structures which were first truly formed during this period. They do not yet exhibit the clear, uniform, and almost sterile image of the rural settlements of the adjacent territory to the east, the German East Settlement. Rather, they are an expression of the early German-Slav contact zone. And even if, in many of the settlements, there is a planned approach, and the intervention of the dominion power can be clearly identified in the layout, they are in fact more indicative of the process of relocation and expansion such as is typical of the whole region in the period of the rise of the Central Middle Ages. An impressive example of this is the village of Flemmingen. Its name already indicates that in the period after 1130 Bishop Udo had planned and arranged for people from the area of Flanders or the Netherlands to be settled here, referred to in the sources as “Hollanders”, but who did not arrive in a wilderness bereft of settlements. They had to make arrangements with the inhabitants of an already existing settlement, which can still be interpreted today in the ground plan of the village. It consists of a horseshoe-shaped arrangement of farms roughly in the centre, with tangentially to this a regular array of other farms in the manner of a ribbon village. In this can be recognized the older Slav core settlement and the more recent Hollander colony. The two parts of the village were brought to- 10. Annexes gether in the organisation of the open farmland, which was divided up into regular longitudinal strips in the evolving system of the three-field economy. The ribbon village form is also encountered in Rossbach, the second Hollander settlement in the direct vicinity of Naumburg. Circular patterns in different variants are the most striking shape of villages in this contact zone of Slav-German settlement. The circular arrangement of the farmsteads, which can assume all possible forms from a semicircle to a longitudi- nally-extended horseshoe shape, may hark back to Slavic traditions, but was then 11 regularised in a process steered by a local dominion power. Either predeces- sor settlements were rearranged, or two or more villages were merged into one farming community, such as can still be appreciated admirably today in the example of Gross-Wilsdorf (with Kleinwilsdorf). Other villages with well-retained round structures, in part just outside the application region, are Punschrau, Ebersroda, Müncheroda, or Niedermöllern. Regular village shapes, historic longitudinal strip farming in the three-section (“Zelgen”) system, and the controlled integration of old established, immigrant,

11 Thediscussion is not definitively concluded as to whether this already occurred in the Carolingian-Ot- tonic period, as proposed by Hans-Jürgen Nitz: Grenzzonen als Innovationsräume der Siedlungspla- nung – dargestellt am Beispiel der fränkisch-deutschen Nordostgrenze im 8. bis 11. Jahrhundert (1991), in: Beck, Günther (ed.): Historische Kolonisation und Plansiedlung in Deutschland (Selected Works, Vol- ume I), Berlin 1994 (Short geographical texts 8), pp. 137–170, here p. 163, or whether this involves regu- larisations in the Central Middle Ages in the course of the introduction of the three-field economy.

403 Nomination back inlarge parttothespatial organisation oftheCentral in thewhole ofGermany. ular are among the most significant vineyards in terms of the cultural landscape use today for producing wine.TheSchweigenberge hillsnearFreyburg inpartic the mid-12th asthe“Köppelberg”, century tothewest ofthemonastery, isstillin the application region, which belongedtotheCistercians ofPforte, referred toin contributed their share as well. The vineyard which can be proven as the oldest in the clearintrusion ofthecultivated fieldsystemsofEbersroda andSchleberoda woodland area ofthe “Neue Göhle”, for example, stillshowsinaerialphotographs monasteries ofGoseck,Pforte Central but the cultivation areas themselves have beenthesite ofvinegrowing since the present incarnations theydate backtotheearly New tures which have come down to the present day in the whole of Germany. sites are to be found which are among the best historical vine cultivation struc the valleyslopes,that older parcel andplot landpatterns have survived. remain, andit isonly intheperipheral areas, andinparticularthevicinity of changes in1989,thelarge block farms which hadbeencreated inthisway still 19th century, andthendue tothecollectivisation intheformer GDR. tures have disappeared, initially inthecourse ofthePrussianseparation ofthe ion which were bothactive andeffective. Sadly, thehistoricfarmlandstruc ment oftheland,which could only becarriedout bypowers exerting domin- and acquired population groups, bearwitness tothecarefully planned develop- 13 12 again beseen. too, theconcepts oftheuselandmediaevaldominionpowers can 14 usable river, is a prime example of the skilled utilisation of water. Cistercians’ point of view, in a fertile valley, away from settlements but closeto a at Pforta,power bymills.Themonastery in what wasanideallocation from the ian revolution”, suchastheriseoftowns,includes theexploitation ofwater the first Life of St Bernard there isa description tral whereby woodland edgeswere created which have remained stable tothisday. spirit. ate a mill at and the Clairvaux, Cistercians of Pforte acted in the same sense and

I I A (Ed.): WirtschaftundKulturlandschaft. Collected Contributions 977 burg. Berlin 2010(StudienzurGeschichte, Kunst undKultur derZisterzienser30), pp. 69–89. Brandenburg and Prussian History 12),pp. 173 Brandenburg and PrussianHistory Winfried Vereins Bamberg 132(1996),pp. 19–50,here p. 34. H Last r t isspecificall n the final analysis, the woodland-field distribution ofthe region alsoharks M partofthecultural landscapetransformation oftheperiodCen- olger Kunde: DasBamberger EigenklosterReinsdorf anderUnstrut, in:Bericht desHistorischen iddle A millwith aditch isreferred toasearly as1138,shortly afterthemonas- M eferred inRoland toinsummary Fröhlich: DieZisterzienserundihre Weinberge inBranden- iddle Schich: Klosteranlage und Wasserversorgung bei den Zisterziensern, in: Eburh, Ralf A ges isalso the harnessingofwater togenerate energy. This “agrar A A s elsewhere, thecare ofthevineswasaparticularconcern ofthe ges. y inthoselocations that today vineyards andformer vineyard A nd in the history ofviniculture intheapplicationnd inthehistory region, 12 , St Georg andZscheiplitz, but thesecularpowers , St Georg 404

–

190, her 14 e p. 175. of thecutting of a canalto oper A ge andthe19thcentury,

–

1999, Ber M iddle lin 2007 (Library of lin 2007(Library A s early as in A A ges. The ges. The fter the I n their n their 13 - - - - - , tery itself was founded, referred to as the “Kleine Saale”, under Abbot Adilold in about 1180. For its time it was a huge undertaking in terms of water engineering, 15 and still remains today. The rise of the CentralM iddle Ages is closely associated with the implemen- tation of the use of stone in the construction of the buildings of the holders of power. This too is still expressed in the appearance of the landscape today, not only by the buildings themselves, which were built with the two well-suited materials of shell limestone and variegated or mottled sandstone, but also by the historic locations from which the materials were taken, the quarries. In some cases, the rock walls which were exposed in this way have become objects of art in their own right, as at the Blütengrund at the confluence of the Saale and Un- strut, albeit in the post-mediaeval period. The enormous demand for stone is still expressed today in the open-cast quarries, such as on the shell limestone high ground to the west of Kleinjena, or at various points near Schönburg and in the Kroppental valley, in the sandstone region. It is in this stone that one of the most impressive relics of rural transport from the Middle Ages is to be found. A sunken road dug into the sandstone beneath the Schönburg marks the new course of the Via Regia from Naumburg to Leip- zig, which came into being after the relocation of the bishopric. The different branches of this “High Way” can be identified in the landscape on the slopes by dense sunken roadway groupings, mostly covered by woodland, and on the high ground by remains partly preserved in the form of field tracks. The most striking features in this cultural landscape to this day are the signs 10. Annexes left of dominion. Castles (Saaleck, Rudelsburg, Neuenburg, Schönburg), monasteries (Pforte, Zscheiplitz, Goseck), and churches (Cathedral, Naumburg town churches, St Marien Freyburg) are the features which, as close-set markers of the land, were recognized early on a being plainly the key features of this region. Their density can to a large extent be credited to the circumstances dic- tated by nature. On the one hand, there was the function of a bridge between two basin landscapes, which since earliest times had caused the transport routes to be grouped closely together; on the other, there is the situation involving the mouths of the Saale and Unstrut. The areas surrounding the mouths of great rivers, in regions of high political and cultural continuity, have given rise to focal points and power centres in the cultural landscape context, with a high degree of stability over time, such as Lyon (Rhône-Saône), Mainz (Rhine-Main) and Koblenz (Rhine-Mosel), but the confluence of smaller rivers too has in most cases brought about the establishment of regional centres, of which the ultimate location often had to be negotiated first, as in our case between Kleinjena and Naumburg in the period around the turn of the millennium. And, finally, the valleys, the terraces rising above the valleys, and the mountains with their consistently steep slopes, were ideal locations for the buildings of the wielders of power of the time.

15 Holger Kunde: Das Zisterzienserkloster Pforte. Die Urkundenfälschungen und die frühe Ge- schichte bis 1236. Cologne [inter alia] 2003 (Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Sachsen-An- halts 4), pp. 192 ff.

405 Nomination sible: led tosituations ofvalue, worthy ofpreservation, would scarcely have beenpos- people and their environment inthecourse ofhistory, which incertain caseshas concern today with thecultural landscapeasaresult oftheinteraction between gion inspired two men to ideasand considerations, without which our specific stand asamodelfor theriseofCentral the Central in termsofstructures andinthelandscapeitself, which isspecifically that of man hasaccepted what nature hasoffered, andhaslefthisimpression, both cultural landscapeelements describedinaclosely circumscribed area, inwhich Seen as a whole, however, it is the largely still undisturbed interaction of all the 16 one oftheturningpointsgeographical history. and “cultural landscape”:He iscredited withcreation ofthe termcultural landscapewhichis tial early protagonist ofthecultural landscapeasamatter worthy ofprotection. Naumburg, painter, architect, andpublicist, istoberespected asthequintessen- sentation ofthesurface oftheearth,created byhuman beings.Paul Schultze- of thecultural landscapeasamaterially andvisually appreciable holistic repre- to him. in 1968;conversely, standard international works stillfrequently make reference as anacademicdiscipline, at thelatest with theparadigmchangeingeography tainted bythe“Third Reich”, fadedinto oblivion inGermany intermsofhistory Halle (Saale)),wasindeedofGermannationalist inclinations, but remained un- with its racistmania;theother,Schlüter (born1872inWitten/Ruhr; died1959in a leadingprotagonist ofNational Socialistcultural policy, wasequally ingrained A work, are by no means without controversy. A formation ofthesurface ofthe earthhadalready found its way into thetechnical however, because theterm“cultural landscape” inthesenseofhuman trans- t theturnof20thc lmrich (intheapplication region) in1869;diedJena 1949),inthemid-1920’s, as

The English-language Wikipedia is fairly clear in its articles on “ I erence to Geoffrey J. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape; lastcalledup on05.02.2013;botharticlesalsomake ref- See h deas. N O tto Schlüter andPaul Schultze-Naumburg. Bothmen,intheirlives and I n thiscontext, hestandsasasymbol oftheestablishment oftheconcept ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 1.2 Birthplace oftheConcept Birthplace ofthe1.2 ew York 1981, p. 177. M iddle A M ges, andsoprolifically that theapplication region cantruly “Cultural Landscape” artin and Preston E.James: entury, thecultural landscapeoftheSaale-Unstrut re- O tto_Schl%C3%BCter; lastcalled up on05.02.2013,andhttp:// 406 16 Thingsare not quite sostraightforward, M A ll Possible Worlds: iddle O ne, Schultze-Naumburg (born in A ges inCentral Europe. A History ofGeographical History O tto Schlüter”

17 literature at the latest by 1885 . Nevertheless, Otto Schlüter was the man who in- troduced the concept of the cultural landscape into German geography, as a para- digm which was serviceable for decades, and, indirectly through the medium of Carl Ortwin Sauer in the 1920’s, also into the English-speaking sphere. Schlüter had already prepared his dissertation on the development of settle- 18 ment in the lower Unstrut valley as early as 1896. A few years later he refined his methodology and widened his area of investigation to what was then north-east Thuringia, thereby including the whole of the investigation region.I n the process he developed a typology of the urban and rural settlements of the area in respect of their dependence on transport and population, whose principles are still valid today, and which have played a determinant part in promoting the development 19 of historic-genetic settlement geography in Germany. In 1906 he then formu- lated, in a programmatic arrangement, what geography was actually supposed to be concerned with. It was the “visible cultural landscape”, whose characterisa- tion, contrary to the spirit of the age as exemplified by Friedrich Ratzel, had less to do with the basic elements of the natural space per se, but rather to consider 20 man as a human being, and the factors rooted in the history of the human race. In his view, the cultural landscape comes into being based on all the effects which every age and every culture have exerted on the landscape, as a function of their abilities. It is the geographical expression of a culture. In his understanding, the geographical expression is everything visible in the landscape. What is investigated is the material, the tangible. The non-visible spiritual and intellectual things are to be cut out of the circle of objects of research, but what are important are the actions, reasons for move- 21 10. Annexes ment, and purposes which tend to gain importance as factors in a holistic creation. Schlüter’s “object research”, the “morphology of the cultural landscape”, dom- inated German cultural geography until the 1960’s, but rapidly lost ground in the course of the theoretical and methodological sea-change taking place in the discipline. This interpretation of the cultural landscape nevertheless diffused into numerous application-oriented neighbouring disciplines, such as landscape 22 upkeep, art history, or the care of monuments and thus, possibly unconsciously or without reflection, became the basis of the UNESCO concept of the cultural landscape. Schlüter’s role as the founder of a school of cultural landscape re-

17 Probably used for the first time in this sense and meaning in Josef Wimmer: Historical Landscape Studies. Innsbruck 1885, p. 70.

18 otto Schlüter: Siedlungskunde des Thales der Unstrut von der Sachsenburger Pforte bis zur Mün dung. Halle (Saale) 1896.

19 otto Schlüter: Die Siedelungen im nordöstlichen Thüringen. Berlin 1903.

20 otto Schlüter: Die Ziele der Geographie des Menschen. Munich 1906, in this connection

21 otto Schlüter: Die analytische Geographie der Kulturlandschaft. Erläutert am Beispiel der Brücken, in: Journal of the Berlin Geographical Society, Special issue to celebrate the centenary of the Soci- ety, 1928. pp. 388 – 411, here pp. 391 – 392.

22 See Thomas Gunzelmann: Die Erhaltung der historischen Kulturlandschaft: Angewandte His- torische Geographie des ländlichen Raumes mit Beispielen aus Franken. Bamberg 1987 (Bamberg Economic Geography Studies 4), pp. 36 – 40.

407 Nomination did before cultivation bythehandofman,foreverythingwhichweseeaboutus,fromforest to that the changing of the surface of the earth by the cultural works of humankind. He maintained vation analysis appeared to him to be the best-suited for drawing attention of 1928hethenpresented thisat thebeginningofseries,because thisobser 26 25 first chairmanfrom 1904. ciation for Protection oftheHomeland)”, ofwhich Schultze-Naumburg wasthe concept ofthe“Homeland Protection the collective title of “The Shaping of the Landscape by ries ofbooks “Culture Works”, whose firsteditions spanned1901to1917. 20th century. Thegreatest influence waswielded atleastinGermany byhisse- as theleadingexponent ofthereform movement at theturnof19thto racist views. acter ofits inhabitants. sised thedependent nature ofthecharacterlandscapeonfolkish char fered from these heespousedtheviewof all sectorsofvisibleculture. current teachingbooks on thesubject. lish-speaking andinternational geography, are acknowledged today inmany search ultze-Naumburg, intheForeword tothethird edition oftheCultural Works, 1927;seePaul 27 24 23

o I The second mainprotagonist to becited here, Paul Schultze-Naumburg, dif- of hispolemical treatise Paul Schultze-Naumburg: DieEntstellung unseres Landes,Halle(Saale), 1905. tural landscape”asusedby this tomeanallinteractions ofmanwith hisenvironment, closetotheterm“cul andsocamevery 3rd ed., chitecture historyandisusuallyemployed asanexampleofNational Socialistthinking (E-mail of13.02.2013). English about him, says: research. LaraDay (University ofEdinburgh), who iscurrently preparing thefirstmajor work in His though thisisnotyet soclearly expressed inthe“Culture Works”. al. (Eds.): Naumburg’s Heimatstil. This isdeterminedunderthegeneraltermLandscapeasN man mayexplainwhysomanygeographers havenotgiven OttoSchlüterthecredit hedeservesforthisidea. buke their colleagues for attributing thetermCultural LandscapetoCarl Sauer onCulture andLandscape:Readings andCommentaries. even re Baton Rouge- 2009,p. 46, Human Geography. Chichester2011,pp. 77 and83.William JohnGeography 2008,p. 288; sible Worlds: of tual History and Sw Sch Schultze-Naumburg, Kulturarbeiten. DieGestaltung derLandschaftdurch den Schlüter (1872 forschung unddieLandeskunde,in:Roubitschek, Walter andGünther Schönfelder (Eds.): Dietrich Deneck 01 pp. 41 2011, n theseries,there appeared in1915/16,asnumbers 7 not onepieceofthesurface oftheearthinGermany[should]lookanylongerwayit nly a few of the possible references: Ramesh Dutta Dikshit: Geographical Thought: 23 international effect is minor, being largely restricted to the neighbouring countries of , aswell ashisrole asadisseminator ofthisconcept inthefieldofEng eden. Hiswork hasalsohitherto received little recognition very inthefieldofinternational M T unich 1928,p. O radition, nationalism, andthecreation ofimage.Berkeley 1992,pp. 1

I – tto Schlüter on one crucial and ultimately fatal point. He empha n thefirstinstance, however, Schultze-Naumburg istobe regarded

64 A

– History ofGeographical History I

1959) –SeinWir deas. N e: O tto Schlüters Bedeutung fürdieSiedlungsgeographie, dieKulturlandschafts - ew Delhi2004,pp. 79 7. Hiscomprehensive termof“culture” isalready clearhere: He understood A He appearsonlyperipherally inEnglish language considerations of20thcenturyart/ar 25 27 nationalist conflict oftradition andmodernity, in:Gutschow, KaiK.et From thisconcept it wasonly ashortsteptohislater O This formed amajortheoretical superstructure tothe tto Schlüter. A . ken fürdieGeographie unddieLeopoldina. Halle(Saale)/Stuttgart A working againstthehorrendous devastationofourlandin gnew andJames S. Duncan: The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to I deas. 2005,p. I n the“Cultural Works” heheld totheprogrammatic title A 24 408

– ssociation” (from 1913the“German

82; Geoffr 175; Nicholas Clifford etal.: Key Concepts in ey J. M ationalism KaiK.Gutschow: Schultze- M . DenevanandKent artin andPreston E.James: M

– an”.

9, thr O I . Sa n the third edition ee volumes under M uer: Failure to read Ger enschen, V

– M

44, her athewson: Carl A e p. 8, al e p. 8, ols. Contex A A A ll Pos- ustria 26 I sso- O –

III tto I to n n ------, , field, from the meadow to the mill, is the work of man, or of nature tamed and altered by the hand of man. Unlike the geographer Schlüter, with whom, despite their physical proximity, he appears not to have been in correspondence, and who sought to analyse this process of change and systematically penetrate it, Schultze-Naum- burg aimed to achieve an assessment of the results of this cultivation in the aesthetic respect, but from a moral viewpoint too. His concern was the harmony of the work of man with nature and its beauty, from which he derived a pretext for preservation. The highest level of harmony was achieved in his view from the middle of the 18th century, when the entire country had been transformed into a smiling garden. This putatively ideal state of the cultural landscape was in his view sustained until the middle of the 19th century, when industrialisation 28 began to threaten this harmony with unreasonable interventions. His ideal- ised image of both landscape and architecture was formed by the age of Goethe, and in this phase of a Neobiedermeier movement around 1910 he was by no means 29 alone in this view. Schultze-Naumburg may be perceived as having discovered the cultural landscape as an object for protection. This was not yet in the sense in which UNESCO and the applicants understand the term today, as a cultural heritage, but as an aesthetic and pedagogic quality. He himself fell short of this fundamental intellectual step, due to his attributing the creation of the different cultural landscapes to the character of different peoples or even “races”. He therefore contributed in no small way to the perverting of the notions of protection of the homeland, originally intended to conserve culture, towards becom- 30 ing a xenophobic ideology. 10. Annexes

I t is therefore something of a tightrope walk, given the outcome described, to seek to distil something lasting from the works of Schultze-Naumburg. Even his early landscape images of the Saale landscape can to some extent already be interpreted as a dangerous dream of the harmonious whole and as a painted image 31 of a homeland protection ideology. Even without the ideological background of the constantly threatening “degeneration”, his method of comparison of “beautiful equals good” and “ugly equals bad” in architecture no longer holds true today. Nevertheless, it may be maintained that he was the first to recognize and prop- agate the value of the culturally shaped landscape and the need to protect it, as

28 Schultze-Naumburg, Kulturarbeiten. Die Gestaltung der Landschaft durch den Menschen, p.12f.

29 Norbert Borrmann: Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1869 – 1949: Maler, Publizist, Architekt. Vom Kultur- reformer der Jahrhundertwende zum Kulturpolitiker im Dritten Reich – ein Lebens- und Zeitdo- kument. Essen 1989, p. 12.

30 as in Willibald Sauerländer: Vom Heimatschutz zur Rassenhygiene. Über Paul Schultze-Naum- burg, in: Schmölders, Claudia (Ed.) Gesichter der Weimarer Republik. Eine physiognomische Kul- turgeschichte, Vol. 32, 2000, pp. 32 – 50, here p. 33.

31 ibid., p. 36 ff., disagrees with Borrmann: Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1869 – 1949: Maler, Publizist, Ar- chitekt. Vom Kulturreformer der Jahrhundertwende zum Kulturpolitiker im Dritten Reich - ein Lebens- und Zeitdokument, in respect of whether one can separate the early life reformer from the later culture fighter.A nother dissenting view: Roman Hillmann: Die erste Nachkriegsmoderne: Ästhetik und Wahrnehmung der westdeutschen Architektur 1945 – 63. Petersberg 2011, p. 33, who does not consider the view as being obligatory of his development from the homeland protection movement to the National Socialist Homeland ideology.

409 Nomination shows hisclosebondwith theregion. name, with which hesought toelevate himselffrom themassof“Schultzes”, development ofhisanalysis ofthecultural landscape.Theaddition tohissur 33 32 have beenfurtherdeployed without racistideology. well as the value of its conscious further development, an idea which could also 38 37 36 ul Schultze-Naumburg: Saaleck:Bilder von meinem Hause undGarteninderThüringer 35 historically andin respect of the transport geography of this region. to its functionasaborder andbarrier,at thesametimetoits significance significance ofthis place, although, inthespirit oftheage,hedrew attention cause of the view of Saaleck and Rudelsburg castles. erately chosethesite oftheuppergarden pavilion ofhishouse,built in1902,be- Naumburg. change which clearly cametofruition slowly, andnotuntil longafterSchultze- cultural appraisal,andtherefore onewhich canbesubsequently scrutinised, a an aesthetic-pedagogical assessment ofthecultural landscapetoahistorical- c oughly monumental oil paintings, the“ images thatatleastafew examplesmustbeconsidered here. yards near Freyburg, which examples. although it must alsobesaidthat healsoincorporated anumber ofnegative work “TheShapingoftheLandscapeby later place of residence. (1899), and “Rainbow” (1900), portray Saaleck and Rudelsburg, andtherefore his an architect andpublicist in1901,hedidnotchoose countered inGermany. herently completelyready landscape,characterized byabeautywhichisnotalltoooftenen- of Naumburg). From the outset, he sought to add a qualitative element to an he hadpreviously directed artschools, asaplace ofdomicile,but Saaleck(town 34 oncept holding its own until the present day, however, was the change from

Undoubtedly, thehomelandlandscapearound Naumburg contributed tothe Diethar haltung derhistorischenKulturlandschaft, pp. 50 1975, at thebeginningof 1980’s,according totheearlier formulations by Gunzelmann:DieEr The “ landscape, inwhichbothcometogetheraharmoniousbalance. concernedhimwasnotpurely nature, andnotarchitecture alone,butthehistoricallydevelopedculturalments. What describes it aspioneeringworkwhen hecombinedtheprotectionofnature andtheprotectionofancientmonu- retiker, in:Jahrbuch des issue ofsafeguarding monuments, inthewake oftheEuropean Year ofProtecting Landschaft, Berlin-Westend 1927,p. 10. pp. 137ff, Sch Pa pp. 122 Paul Schultze-Naumburg, in: Guerra, Steff bid., p. 12;Borrmann:Paul Schultze-Naumburg, p. 110ff.and120. bid., p. 12f. ultze-Naumburg, Kulturarbeiten. Die Gestaltung derLandschaft durch den en DeRudder: Landschaft alskulturelle Konstruktion. Burgenromantik undDeutschtum bei discovery” ofthe“historic”culturaldiscovery” landscapefirsttook place in Europe aftertheriseof

– d Kerbs: Vestigia terrent. Paul Schultze-Naumburg: Vom Lebensreformer zumRassetheo-

133, her I I 33 n themain,however, hefindspositive examples, suchasthevine- lsrtos 195 llustrations e p. 128,saw thislandscapeashisstrongestinfluence 35 He wasalsoaware ofthehistoricalandcultural landscape A

– rchivs derDeutschen Jugendbewegung 18(1999),pp.219 A

197. substantial percentage of the example images inthe with theirfantastic littlehousesproducesuchcharacteristic M ax Welch (Ed.): Kulturlandschaft Thüringen. Weimar 2010, 410 34 M When hefirstsetupindependently as When an” derive from theapplication region, T

– riptychon” (1895),“SaaleLandscape”

60. 37 Three of his early and thor 32 38 .

M The Neuenburg too,the A unich orBer decisive factor inthis

–

M 232, her 36 lin, where on He delib- M uments in enschen, e p. 225, in- - - - Schönburg, and Saaleck Castle are presented as examples of the setting of tone 39 and of integration into the landscape. They later serve to provide him, by way of the symbolic strength of these castles, with an ideal image of the Thuringian landscape and therefore of the German landscape as a whole. This shows that the landscape is always also the image of the landscape kept in the head, and is therefore not only the material structure of the earth’s surface, but also a spir- 40 itual and intellectual construct, which can be operationalized. In this context, the operationalisation of the cultural landscape of the Central Middle Ages around Naumburg does not first begin with Schultze-Naumburg. As with other comparable locations in Germany, it comes into its own with the romantic movement, and at this time finds its most effective impression on the 41 public with Franz Kugler’s text of 1826, later to become a folk song, On the bright banks of the Saale stand the castles proud and bold (original title: Rudelsburg). It fell to Schultze-Naumburg to present this as a cultural landscape leitmotif, and at the same time to deform it with nationalism. Despite these specifically German entanglements of love of the homeland and race mania in the first half of the 20th century, which were also manifested in the application region, it is also appropriate to note that it was here, at the beginning of the 20th century, that the decisive steps were taken towards today’s understanding of the cultural landscape. Both the content concept as well as the appraisal of the cultural landscape as a value to be safeguarded were founded and established here. 10. Annexes

Dr. Thomas Gunzelmann

Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Denkmalerfassung und Denkmalforschung Referat Siedlungs- und Kulturlandschaftsdokumentation

39 ibid., pp. 52 – 55, 96, 99, Illustrations 81, 84, 86, 88, 163, 166.

40 Rudder: Landschaft als kulturelle Konstruktion. Burgenromantik und Deutschtum bei Paul Schultze-Naumburg, p. 123.

41 Franz Kugler, art historian (1808 – 1858), as one of the earliest State monument preservation of- ficers in Germany, worked at the Prussian Ministry of Culture from 1843. He emerged long before Dehio as a forward thinker in the matter of “conserve rather than restore”; see Franz Kugler: Zur Erhaltung und Kunde der Denkmäler, in: Deutsches Kunstblatt 1 (1850), pp. 93 – 94, and Eberhard Grunsky: Konservieren als Prinzip denkmalpflegerischen Handelns. Ferdinand von Quast und einige Grundsätze der frühen Denkmalpflege in Preußen, in: Denkmalpflege in Westfalen-Lippe (2007), pp. 53 – 58, here p. 57. He was not blind to the national view, since in the time of the flow- ering of the appraisal of the Gothic as a “German form of structural art” he pointed to its origin in Northern France; see Günther Binding: Was ist Gotik? Eine Analyse der gotischen Kirchen in Frankreich, England und Deutschland 1140 – 1350. Darmstadt 2000, p. 24. He was also probably not uninfluenced by the Saale landscape.

411 Nomination Thomas Gunzelmann: William A Roman Hillmann:DieersteNachkriegsmoderne: Ästhetikund Wahrnehmung R Ramesh Dutta Dikshit: Geographical Thought: Klaus Jestaedt: „Dasdeutsche Wunder“ oder:Wiemittelalterlich istNaumburg Kai K.Gutschow: Schultze-Naumburg’s Heimatstil. Jacques LeGoff:Das Hochmittelalter. Frankfurtam Eber Eckart Ehlers: John Erich H Eike Gringmuth-Dallmer: Diehochmittelalterliche Dietrich Denecke: Nicholas Clifford u.a.: Key Concepts inGeography 2008. Norbert Borrmann:Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1869 Günther Binding: Was istGotik?Eine lfred Haverkamp: oland Fröhlich: DieZisterzienserundihre Weinberge inBrandenburg. Berlin 2010 (=StudienzurGeschichte, Kunst undKultur derZisterzienser30). M Franken. Bamberg 1987. Ferdinand von Quastundeinige Grundsätze derfrühenDenkmalpflegein Preußen, in:Denkmalpflegein Westfalen-Lippe (2007), S. 53 Kulturlandschaftsforschung unddieLandeskunde,in:Roubitschek, Walter N Dritten Reich – ein Lebens-undZeitdokument. Essen1989. gleichender Sicht, in:Siedlungsforschung 24(2006),S. 99 geschichte 11). der westdeutschen dition andmodernity, in:Gutschow, KaiK.u.a.(Hrsg.): wandte HistorischeGeographie desländlichenRaumes mit Beispielenaus chitekt. Vom Kulturreformer derJahrhundertwende zumKulturpolitiker im und Günther Schönfelder (Hrsg.): für dieGeographie unddieLeopoldina 2011,S. 41 ism, andthecreation ofimage.Berkeley 1992,S. 1 in: Schönfelder, Walter Roubitschek undGünther (Hrsg.): ich, EnglandundDeutschland 1140 Geograp scape: Readings andCommentaries. Baton Rouge 2009. (Saale)/Stuttgart 2011,S. 19 (1872 baukunst inDeutschland. Berlin 1964. hard Grunsky:Konservieren alsPrinzipdenkmalpflegerischenHandelns. A ew Dehli2004. ünchen 1993. . A erzog: DieottonischeStadt. Die

gnew undJames S. Duncan:TheWiley-Blackwell Companion to Human M –

1959) –SeinWir . DenevanundKent hy. Chichester2011. O tto Schlüters Plädoyer füreine„Geographie des O A tto Schlüters Bedeutung fürdieSiedlungsgeographie, die ufbruch undGestal Die Erhaltung derhistorischen Kulturlandschaft: A rchitektur 1945 ken fürdieGeographie unddieLeopoldina. Halle Bibliography

–

39. M athewson: Carl Sauer onCulture and Land A 412 O nalyse dergotischenKirchen inFrankre-

– tto Schlüter (1872

– tung –Deutschland 1056

1350. Darmstad

63. P A nfänge dermittelalterlichen Stadt nfänge etersberg 2011. A Contextual of History

– A

–

M nationalist conflict oftra – 1949:

64.

44. ain 1992(=Fischer-Welt t 2000.

O –

stsiedlung inver 1959) M T

– radition, national aler, Publizist,

122.

– – SeinWirken

58. O

– tto Schlüter

1273. 2. M enschen A I A deas. nge- ufl.. A r ”, ------an der Saale wirklich?, in: Escherich, Mark, Christian Misch und Rainer Mül- ler (Hrsg.): Entstehung und Wandel mittelalterlicher Städte in Thüringen 2007, S. 214 – 240. Diethart Kerbs: Vestigia terrent. Paul Schultze-Naumburg: Vom Lebensreformer zum Rassetheoretiker, in: Jahrbuch des Archivs der Deutschen Jugendbewe- gung 18 (1999), S. 219 – 232. Franz Kugler: Zur Erhaltung und Kunde der Denkmäler, in: Deutsches Kunstb- latt 1 (1850), S. 93 – 94. Holger Kunde: Das Bamberger Eigenkloster Reinsdorf an der Unstrut, in: Ber- icht des Historischen Vereins Bamberg 132 (1996), S. 19 – 50. Holger Kunde: Das Zisterzienserkloster Pforte. Die Urkundenfälschungen und die frühe Geschichte bis 1236. Köln [u. a.] 2003 (= Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts 4). Geoffrey J.M artin und Preston E. James: All Possible Worlds: A History of Geo- graphical Ideas. New York 1981. Geoffrey J.M artin und T. S. Martin: All possible worlds: a history of geographical ideas 2005. Cord Meckseper: Kleine Kunstgeschichte der deutschen Stadt im Mittelalter. Darmstadt 1982. Hans-Jürgen Nitz: Grenzzonen als Innovationsräume der Siedlungsplanung – wdargestellt am Beispiel der fränkisch-deutschen Nordostgrenze im 8. bis 11. Jahrhundert (1991), in: Beck, Günther (Hrsg.): Historische Kolonisation und Plansiedlung in Deutschland (Ausgewählte Arbeiten Band I). Berlin 1994 (= 10. Annexes

Kleine geographische Schriften 8), S. 137 – 170. Steffen de Rudder: Landschaft als kulturelle Konstruktion. Burgenromantik und Deutschtum bei Paul Schultze-Naumburg, in: Guerra, Max Welch (Hrsg.): Kulturlandschaft Thüringen. Weimar 2010, S. 122 – 133. Mechtild Rössler: World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A UNESCO Flagship Pro- gramme 1992 – 2006, in: Landscape Research 31/4 (2006), S. 333 – 353. Willibald Sauerländer: Vom Heimatschutz zur Rassenhygiene. Über Paul Schultze-Naumburg, in: Schmölders, Claudia (Hrsg.): Gesichter der Weima- rer Republik. Eine physiognomische Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 32 2000, S. 32 – 50. Winfried Schich: Klosteranlage und Wasserversorgung bei den Zisterziensern, in: Gebuhr, Ralf (Hrsg.): Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge 977 - 1999, Bd. 12 2007 (=Bibliothek der Brandenburgischen und Preußischen Geschichte 12), S. 173 – 190. Otto Schlüter: Die Siedelungen im nordöstlichen Thüringen. Berlin 1903. Otto Schlüter: Die Ziele der Geographie des Menschen. München 1906. Otto Schlüter: Die analytische Geographie der Kulturlandschaft. Erläutert am Beispiel der Brücken., Zeitschr. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin, Sonderband z. Hundertjahrfeier der Gesellschaft 1928, S. 388 – 411. Otto Schlüter: Siedlungskunde des Thales der Unstrut von der Sachsenburger Pforte bis zur Mündung. Halle/Saale 1896. Paul Schultze-Naumburg: Die Entstellung unseres Landes. Halle (Saale) 1905. Paul Schultze-Naumburg: Kulturarbeiten. Die Gestaltung der Landschaft durch den Menschen, Bde. I-III. 3. Aufl..M ünchen 1928.

413 Nomination A H Paul Schultze-Naumburg: Saaleck:Bilder von meinemHause undGarteninder Josef Wimmer:Historische Landschaftskunde. J ustus H.Ulbricht: Burgen, Berge, Wälder, Dome-oder:in„deutscher nngret Simms:Core in andPeriphery einz Stoob:Kartographische Thüringer Landschaft.Berlin-Westend 1927. 2, . 9 S. 32), Huges. Cork 1988,S. 22 Deutsche ErinnerungslandschaftenRudelsburg, Saaleck,Kyffhäuser. Halle a WiderContext, in: Smyth, William J. und Kevin Wehlan (Hrsg.): Common forschung 1(1956),S. 21 in: Heimatbund Thüringen undLandesheimatbund Sachsen- hung in Ground: Essays on the Historical Geography of (Saale) 1994(=Beiträge zurRegional- undLandeskultur Sachsen-

–

34. M itteleuropa, bes. zwischen 1450 und 1800, in: Historische Raum-

–

39.

76. M öglichk 414 M eiten zurDarstellung derStadtentste- edieval E I nnsbruck 1885. urope: the I reland presented to I rish experience in A nhalt (Hrsg.): A T M nhalts . J ones itte”, 10. Annexes

415 Nomination 416 List of abbreviations in the picture captions

ALK: Automatisierte Liegenschaftskarte CVMA: C orpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi Deutschland, Potsdam, Berlin- Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences) DstA Naumburg: Domstiftsarchiv Naumburg (Naumburg Cathedral Chapter Archives) FWE: Förderverein Welterbe an Saale und Unstrut e.V LBC: Landesbibliothek Coburg (Coburg State Library) LDA: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt SBB: Staa tsbibliothek Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage) SMB: Staa tliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin State Museums – Prussian Cultural Heritage) SUT: Saale-Unstrut-Tourismus e.V. VDS: V ereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz

Publication Data 10. Annexes

Publisher: Förderverein Welterbe an Saale und Unstrut e.V. Schönburger Straße 41 06618 Naumburg Germany

Editorial staff: Karl Büchsenschütz, Claudia Kunde, Holger Kunde, Kerstin Manz, Felix Meister, Roland Thrän, Ulrike Wendland Pictorial editor: manuel Gehlhoff, Holger Kunde, Kerstin Manz, Felix Meister, Reinhard Schmitt, Ralf Schwarz, Guido Siebert, Roland Thrän, Ulrike Wendland Design: ungestalt GbR Leipzig Typesetting/ picture processing: Carsten Schenker, E. Reinhold Verlag Altenburg Coverphoto: Juraj Lipták Proof reader: matthias Teiting, Roland Ludwig Translation: Kerstin Manz, Felix Meister, Übersetzungsdienst Becker GmbH, Leipzig

417