INTERNATIONAL Revlfew of POULTRY SCIENCE

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'>Z'?^p?y TOME VIII. ir 1935. //(jiy ^if •,. No. 1/2

INTERNATIONAL REVlfew OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

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$5.00 annually in advance. The personal membership of the W.P.S.A. per amounts to $5.00 For affiliated societies ,, „ $25.00 year

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Special attention is called for BREEDERS' ADVERTISEMENTS which are now fixed on $1000 per full page, during 1 year. TOME VIII. 1955. No. 1/2.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

EDITOR: DR. B.J. CTEHENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland)

Published by: Frifz PfenningstorfF, Berlin W 57

FOREWORD to the First Number of the Eîgth Volume.

I herewith have the honour to offer you Vol. 8, No. 1/2 of the Inter- national Review. In the seven Volumes published since 1928 summaries have been given of numerous publications dealing with poultry. In spite of the crisis there is no decrease in the number of publications regarding poultry, but I am sorry to say, owing to lack of finances, I have not recently been able to review and publish articles as quickly as I should like to, after their appearance. Mean while large quantities of material have been published in the years referred to, of which the following table will give you an idea: nggs ana Breeding Nutrition Diseases Table Poultry General Total Vol. I 1928 31 40 123 67 261 Vol. II 1929 49 77 164 80 370 Vol. ill 1930 74 89 235 45 136 579 Vol. IV 1931 89 122 317 56 119 703 VoLV 1932 26 54 364 39 58 541 Vol. VI 1933 130 157 363 65 182 895 Vol. VII 1934 149 161 114 68 147 639 548 700 1680 271 789 3988 As you will see from the list published in each number, the Review Is already being exchanged for about 100 periodicals dealing with poultry. From other sources about 50 scientific periodicals are placed at my disposal. I am therefore not afraid to state that the Review gives fairly faithful reflection of all world literature on the subject of poultry. I am in regular receipt of publications both from Scientific Insti- tutions and Laying Trials but the work would be still more complete if readers would give greater support, in the form of sending literature they publish themselves or of which they hear. The International Review fills the periods between the World's Con- gresses, and during these periods tries to keep up and to strengthen the contact between scientific investigators. The cost of publishing the Review is heavy and it is therefore of great importance that every reader should do his utmost to win new members for the World's Poultry Science Association. The World's Congress to be held in Berlin in August 1936 is rapidly approaching. A large staff of experts in Germany are working very hard on the preparations and I hope to be able to keep readers posted regarding the progress made. I hope that, with the aid of all those interested, we shall be able in the coming Volume to improve oiu: work and so come nearer to the object of the Review, namely: "The centralization of scientific data and the distribution thereof over the whole world."

2* THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION and the PREPARATION FOR THE VP^WORLD^S POULTRY CONGRESS AT BERLIN, 3P* July to 9*^ August, 1936.

After various conferences with the German Congress Comîttee, of which the president of the World's Poultry Science Association, ProL A. Ghigi, is vice-president and the undersigned a member, it was decided, after consulting the president, to call a meeting of the European Members of Council in Berlin on the occasion of the ''Grüne Woche" (Green Week) in that city* The following circular was then sent to the members of Council. Meetings of the Council of the World's Poultry Science Association, Berlin* Sunday, 27ih January 10 a. m. A. Start from Hotel Kaiserhof to the Exhibition-grounds where the World's Poultry Exhibition will be held (Messeamt Kaiserdamm) ; B. Visit to the Agriculture Exhibition **Grüne Woche*' (Green Week); C. Lunch in the Restaurant of the Radio-Tower; D. 15 p. m. Meeting of Council, Hotel Kaiserhof, Wilhelmplatz. Agenda: 1. Report over 1934 by the President ; 2. Report over 1934 by the Editor of the '*International Review"; 3. Discussion about the Internafîonal-Congress and Exhibition to be held July 31th—Aug. 10th in Berlin ; 4. Report of the Committee for the Révisai of the Constitution ; 5. Discussion about the International Committee for the Regulation of Laying Trials; 6. Discussion about the edition of an international list of technical terms for poultry breeders; 7. Report on the cooporation with the Office International des Epizootics at Paris. Monday, 28th January 9,30 a.ni. A» Visit fo the Building where the Congress will be held (Preußenhaus, formerly House of Parliament); B. Sight Seeing in Berlin; C 15 p.-m. Meeting of Council, together with the Executive Committee of the Congress at the Ministry of Agriculture, Wilhelmstraße 72, Berlin ; D. At 20 p. m. Dinner in Restaurant Kroll offered by the German Con- gress'Committee. The Minister of Agriculture Exc, Walther Darré will preside at table. As these meetings will be of great importance I hope many members of Council will be present. We took these dates as one of the largest and most famous agriculture shows of the Continent will be held during that time, the so called "Grüne Woche" (Green Week). Every year this exhibition attracts nearly 300,000 visitors from several countries to Berlin. During this show the international horse-riding competitions (Reit- und Fahrtumier) will be held, where the best teams from many countries meet each other. The Congress-Committee offers to all members of Council a free entrance-ticket during the days of the show. On Monday morning there will be a meeting of the Executive- Congress-Committee together with Professor Ghigi and Dr. te Hennepe, who were elected as members of this committee. For the meeting in the afternoon 15 p. m. at the Ministry of Agri- culture the Executive-Committee of the Congress asked me to invite all Members of Council of the W. P. S. A. All members of Council can stay at the Hotel Kaiserhof. This hotel is situated in the centre of Berlin quite near the Ministries and the Congress Building. The prices of the rooms are 11 Mark with bath, 8 Mark without bath. Travelling from foreign countries into Germany now is cheap while foreigners can buy so called "Travelling-Marks", "Reise-Marken" at a price of about one shilling English. We shall now have the opportunity to discuss various questions with the Executive Congress-Committee, to see the Exhibition-grounds and the beautiful Congress-rooms in the Prussian House of Parliament (Preußenhaus). Enclosed you will find in separate cover a prospectus of the "Grüne Woche". I hope to be able to forward you within few days a draft of the preliminary Program of the Congress, so that we can discuss this in our meeting in Berlin. I shall be pleased to know as soon as possible, if you will attend these meetings, so that I can book rooms for you at the hotel and shall also be pleased to give you all further information about travelling to Berlin which you may desire. Faithfully Yours, B. J. C. te Hennepe.

Official invitations for the Congress are sent off by the German Government by means of their ambassadors in your countries by the 10th of December. Please write to me by return of post, if your government received the invitation. Sunday, 27. January. A* B. The exhibition was visited under the guidance of the following members of the Con- gress Committee: DnBose, DnKûthe, DnKupsch, Dr. Schulz, Mn PfenningstorfL During this visit Prof. Ghigi and Dr. te Hennepe were asked to broadcast a talk for the German radio dealing with the coming world's congress and exhibition. C. The lunch at the restaurant in the radio tower, which is situated at a height of 50 metres in the centre of the exhibition grounds was very pleasant. From the hall one obtains a splendid view of the exhibition grounds and of Berlin and its surroundings. The lunch was offered jointly by the City of Berlin and the Management of the Exhibition both represented by Dr.Wischek, Director of the Exhibition Grounds. Dr.Wischek welcomed the Members of Council to the town where the 6th World's Congress is to be held and Prof. Ghigi answered on behalf of the World's Poultry Science Association. D. Meeting of the Members of Council, Present: Prof. Ghigi, Chairman; Sir Edward Brown, England ; Mr. Percy Francis, England; Prof. Lesbouyries, France; Mr. Kock, Denmark; Mr. Mosimann, Switzerland; Dr. Kaufmann, Poland; Dr. Cortis, Italy; Mr. Vetter, Germany ; Dr. Filler, Germany; Dr. te Hennepe, Holland. Invited as representatives of the German Congress Committee: Dr. Kûthe of the State Food Ministry, Dr. Lûthge, Dr. Kupsch and Dr. Schulz. Interpreter: Dr. Schmidt of the German Foreign Office. The following Members of Council gave notice of absence: Dr. Hühner, Austria; Prof, de Blieck, Holland; Prof. Castello, Spain; Miss Hennerty, Irish Free State; Mr. Traberg, Denmark ; Prof. Krall, Dr. Krizenechy, Czecho- Slovakia; Mr. Caucurfe, France; Mr* Kleb, Switzerland; Prof. Pirocchi, Prof. Gîacomîni, Italy; Dr. Weinmiller, Germany ; Mr. Chrispeels, Mr. de Rycke, Belgium. Point 1. Professor Ghigi opened the meeting and read the annual report for 1934. (See enclosure I, page 15.) Sir Edward Brown thanked the Professor for his opening words and was of the opinion that in spite of the crisis the progress of Science during the last two years was satisfactory. Point 2. Dr, te Hennepe. I prepared the enclosed list and sent it to all members so that we should have a provisional oversight. (See enclosure II, page 19.) Sir Edward Brown refers to the membership and states that members have been lost in England. Cannot give any other explanation than that membership was artificially increased in view of the Congress in Rome and the opportunity thus offered of visiting Italy. He hoped that when more becomes known of the Congress in Berlin membership will again increase. Will do all in his power to help this increase. Must admit that during the crisis people have become poorer. Hoped for further improvement as regards science. Only had 88 members in the last year and it was difficult to control overseas members. The crisis was especially acute in America and decreases in incomes caused loss of members. Dr. te Hennepe. The following letter was received from Prof. Beller, Anakara, Turkey: " To ihe Members of the World's Poultry Science Association "gathered together during the "Grüne Woche" in Berlin. ** Owing to a oommission, which will keep me away from my " fatherland until the summer of this year, I am sorry to say that it is ** impossible for me to greet you, honoured colleagues of the Committee **of the World's Poultry Science Association, during your sojourn in ** the Reichs capitaL I am convinced however that the German Govem- " ment will do all that is possible to make your stay in Berlin as ** pleasant as possible. Not less certain am I that the German poultry ** breeders, in their strong national unity, will be a strong support for ** your fight for international solidarity. ** I, who had the honour of bringing to you in Rome the invi- ** tation of the German Government for the year 1936, hope that your " work will have far reaching results for the World's Poultry Congress " and World's Poultry Exhibition in Berlin. Dr. te Hennepe. We asked over members of Council whether the invitations had already been received by their Governments, Dn Hühner wrote to say that this was not the case as regards Austria, In some countries difficulties exist in connection with subscription for membership i.e, Bulgaria, If there is no money no work can be done, I received the following invitation from Prof, Voitellier, Vice-President of the World's Poultry Science Association : "Paris, 18fh January 1935. ** Sir and Dear Colleague, " You are invited to assist at a reunion of the French Section **of the "World's Poultry Science Association" which will be held in " the rooms of the Commissariat General de TExposition d*Äviculture " de la Société Centrale (Parc des Expositions, Porte de Versailles) " on Friday 15th February 1935. "Agenda: " Publication of the Review in French. " Trusting you will be present, I beg to remain, Sir and Colleague, " Yours faithfully. Prof. ch. Voitellier, Vice-President W. P. S. A. Point 3. Dr. Kupsch hands to the members a typed draft of the preliminary Programme of the Congress* Sit Edward Brown, Approaches the German Committee in connection with the choice of reports» It is often the case that people are dissatisfied with what is offered. Therefore reports should offer something new and not repeat what is already known. Reports should not be given for the purpose of seeing one's name in print but for the purpose of making known something new. Not too many reports should be given. Prof. Ghigi hoped that the German Committee would be able to comply with this request. He was afraid however that it would not be possible, A National Committee cannot very well pick and choose the things to refuse or discuss. It is difficult to make a choice. The figure for section reports has been put at 100, In Rome, for instance, the figure for America was fixed at 20 but 35 weresent in. Dr. Kupsch. Dr, te Hennepe asked me about the composition of the preliminary reports in various languages. The translations will be made as quickly as possible and any printing errors or irregularities in the t^y± should be reported to me, so that these can be avoided in the fair copy. It is our desire to furnish, in as far as possible, reports which offer something new and to limit them to a number which must not be exceeded. It is perhaps easier to apportion the 100 reports today than it will be on Tuesday, as those present today have had more experience* Sir Edward Brown. Made a proposal in connection with the choice of reports and general reports* Each country could be given the time until June or July to submit the titles of the reports. The German Committee would have the right, and it would be possible for them to consult with each country if subjects are duplicated* The German Committee will in this way be able to avoid unwanted general reports* Mr* Vetter. We should now like to form the basis on which the 100 reports are to be apportioned* The countries present will in the first place limit themselves to the choice of reports* It will be almost as difficult as in Italy* If the countries present will limit themselves in this way and consider the choice of subjects proposed, then the other countries can be informed that such and such countries have limited themselves in this manner and countries not present can be requested to limit themselves in the same way* Prof. Lesbovyries. Up to the present it has hardly been possible to avoid inconvenience* Small committees should be formed to indicate the general reports and the reporters in advance* Ten questions indicating material on which the general report should be made might also be fixed in advance so that interesting discussions could take place* It could not then happen, as was the case last time, that un- interesting reports are given* It would be a good thing to take fewer printed reports than according to the last system* Prof. Ghigi stated that the questions being handled at present are not very acute* The chief difficulties lie not so much with the general reports as with the section reports* Both are needed* As regards the general reports it would be best if a committee were chosen who in turn would choose experts to report on the most recent scientific progress* This should not be very difficult* The difficulties are experienced with the short section reports* In these cases the committee should have full power to refuse this or that report* A year should be given for preparing a general report and about four months for section reports. Further nothing should be accepted unless the reporter has paid hîs subscription. In Rome several reports came from some countries but no subscriptions from members. This practice of payment in advance would lead to the elimination of a certain number of reports. Sit Edward BtotPti. Yes, but if a person had really something of really scientific value to report and the non- payment of the subscription might lead to a scientific hiatus, then the question of payment in advance should not be taken too seriously. Prof. Ghigi. Then the National Committee could pay. Sir Edward Brown. Difficulties arise through people who have nothing new to say but who think that their names ought to be published in the Congress Report. Mr. Mosimann. The National Committee ought to exclude in advance matter not suitable for reports and general reports. Sir Edward Brown. They ought to, but they do not. In my opinion everything should go through the National Committees. Mr. Vetter proposed that the same basis should be taken for apportioning the reports as was taken in Rome. It should be left to us to make the choice of reports. Mr. Mosimann*s proposal was accepted. Mr. Francis. It is not expected that we discuss the details of the organization of the Congress to-day. I thought that this was not to take place until to-morrow. As however matters are already so far the German Committee should appoint a correspondent in each country through whom all correspondence should be carried on. It would not be good if each country were bound to that number and that choice of general reports. The number of general reports placed at disposal might not be sufficient, with the result that valuable matter might be lost. On the other hand there might be countries which could not furnish the number allotted. What has been said on this point should not yet be taken as definite. The German Committee should decide later. A further reason for not being dictatic is that it might be difficult to get well known scientists to agree, when the German Committee reject a subject which has been chosen by the National Committee. This could lead to the

10 greatest difficulties* In the present circumstances there are very many subjects relating to organization» There are certain questions which, while possessing scientific qualities, can only be handled in a scientific-political manner» If one studies poultry science, political questions and discussions cannot be avoided» I draw attention to these matters so that special attention and care might be exercised in connection with them» All were in agreement that there should be no discussion of political matters» A clause ought to be inserted in the Regulations of the Congress which forbids every member to bring up questions of a financial-political nature having any reference to customs policy and such like» This proposal was accepted unanimously» Prof. GhigL Regarding the first question» There are two opposite proposals» 1» That the National Committee fixes the choice of reports and general reports on the same basis as in Rome» 2» The German Committee should be charged with the choice of reports» The proposal by Mr» Francis might be considered additional» Mr. Francis said he had not intended it as a proposal to be formally decided» It was more an idea than a proposal» Prof. Ghigi. Something on this point should be included in the Congress Regulations» Mr. Vetter. My recent proposal has, to a certain extent, been misunderstood» The basis taken in Rome need not be strictly adhered to but might serve as a guide for the apportioning» The possibility might arise that, when the subjects for reports are published, there will be 3 or 4 countries wanting to make the same general report and this must be a voided» When the reports are announced the Presidents of the then National Committees will be inter- polated» The National Committee are best able to judge the reporters» Naturally one must be allowed to insist on payment from evereyone who wishes to make a report» Those unable to pay might be assisted by the State» Prof. Ghigi. The discussion can be closed» There is no disagreement on this point» It will however be included in the records» 11 Dr. te Hennepe. There is a great difference between General Reports and Section Reports, The General Reports should not be allotted according to countries but according to authorities. The German Committee ought to have the right to send out the invitations for the general Reports, This proposal was accepted. Point 5. Prof. Ghigi. It has already been stated in my annual Report that a Committee has been appointed. We must wait and see what kind of report that Committee gives. This matter cannot be discussed till then. Point 6, Dr. von Burgsdorff and Miss Dr. Chodziesner, Bologna have commenced the International Dictionary of Scientific Terms, In the first place a card system will be set up which will contain the various scientific terms. After- wards a four language dictionary, German, English, Italian and French will be printed. Should any other nation desire an edition in their own language the card system will be at the disposal of an expert from that country. Point 7. Dr. te Hennepe. About 50 countries are represented in the **Office International des Epizootics**, I have had the following correspondence with the president. Prof, Berger: Messrs. The Office International des Epizooties 9, Avenue Emile Äcollas. Paris Vile. France. Dear Sirs, As will no doubt be known fo you, the 5th International Poultry Congress was held in Rome in the period from the 6-15 September 1935 last. At these congresses great importance is always given to the Section3 of Hygiene and Diseases, and very important reports have been published at Rome in connection with the fore-mentioned two points. As flrsi general conclusion of this Congress the following was adopted : " The Congress wishes io draw the aífenfíon of the different Govem- "menfs and the Organisations of Poultry keeper s all over the world " to the very serious losses which the poultry industry is suffering in " all couniries owing to ihe infectious diseases. Owing to this fací, " ihe international trade of poultry-material is experiencing serious ''hindrance, as the danger to import and spreading of these diseases "is always actual. " The congress, therefore, requests all existing organisations of "poultry-keepers to give this question greater consideration than has " been the case up till now." In connection with this conclusion, the Council of the World Poultry Science Association wishes to bring this conclusion to the knowledge of the respective Governments and of the Organisations of poultry-

12 keepers, whilst in the last meeting of the Council of this Association, held in Paris on the 16th February 1934, it was decided, that: " The World's Pouliry Science Association shall apply to the Office " International des Epizootics, to supply the W. P. S. A. with the '^ various data which this Bureau has available, concerning the mea- ''sures taken against Poultry Diseases in the different countries. As '' far as necessary, the W. P. S. A. shall amplify these data and submit " the complete collection of data to the World's Poultry Congress, to "beheld at Berlin in 1956." In accordance with this decision, I have the honour to request you to be kind enough to assist me to the best of your ability in the task set me, to collect the respective data. It appears to me, that our two organisations can do very useful work, if working hand in hand, and so benefit and educate the poultry-keepers in the different countries of the world. If desired, I am quite willing to elucidate the one or other question personally at one of your next meetings at any time and place to be agreed upon beforehand. Thanking you in anticipation for giving this letter your undivided attention, I remain, y^^^^ faithfully. Dr. te Hennepe. In the Bulletin of L'Office international des Epizooties, Tome VIII, No.l, Mai-June 1934, we find the following phrases about this question: p. 458. The Director, Dr. Leclainche stated that he has received a letter from Dr. te Hennepe regarding cooperation in the study of poultry diseases. Prof. Berger answered that the office is already engaged with this and that this subject is receiving special attention. Moreover, the President Berger proposes to keep in contact with Dr. te Hennepe. p. 494, Here is reported my letter of the 19th April 1934 addressed to the office and further says the president: **I have answered Dr. te Hennepe that the Office des Epizootics has been studying poultry diseases for years and that an important report will de discussed at today's meeting. The fight against these diseases will certainly be more successful if an organization as the W. P. S. Ä. will give its support. As regards the measures fo be taken our office will inform the participant countries of its conclusions. In this respect the office will be only too pleased to assist Dr. te Hennepe and the Association he represents. p. 334. Resolutions adopted during the sitting of the Committee of the "Office International des Epizooties". Paris, 2 June, 1934. IV. Infec- tious Poultry Diseases. Accepting the conclusions of the report of Dr. Cernaianu, the "Office International des Epizooties", sees the necessity of the practical study of infectious poultry diseases and of their prophylaxy. The office will seek contact with national or international asso" ciations interested in aviculture. In view of this it appears desirable to me that the Con- gress Committee should invite the President of this Asso- ciation, ProL Berger, to furnish a general report on this» This proposal was accepted.

13 Point 4, Sir Edward Brown. A commîffee has been appointed which will study this matten Of this I am the leader, I have asked the members to give their opinion on anything that must be changed* The members have stated that I can make the revisional report. With the exception of a few minor points the committee are agreed. After a review of these small points the general Report will be printed and sent to all ordinary members of the Association, Voting by letter will follow, I hope that in anticipation of these small changes the voting can take place. Prof. Gfiigi thanks Sir Edward for this work and thanks him in general for his care and valuable advice. He is the founder of the Association and is best known to the agricultural authorities in various countries. Sir Edward Brown, thanks and says: '*When I look back on my long life, in which so much has been achieved, my impression has always been, that I have been ably supported in my work by women and men in all countries. What one cannot accomplish alone can at least be done in reunion, I wish to express my sincere thanks to those assembled here for the help they have always been willing to give me. Frontiers have never existed for me nor for my work and I shall never learn to recognize them, I wish to thank Prof, Ghigi, Director of the oldest Italian University in Bologna and I am glad that such a man is President of the Association," Dr. te Hennepe. It is stated in the Congress Regulations that the members of the Association will be allowed a 10 «/o reduction, I thank the German Committee for the pleasant way in which they cooperated in order to make this meeting possible, Mr. Vetter. I must not forget to express our thanks for the trouble you took to attend these meetings. To my thanks I must add the wish that you have felt as much at home in Berlin and in Germany as we have always felt in other countries, I also hope that you will take home with you the conviction that one can live as pleasantly in Germany as in other countries and that you are just as well respected. The Congress will be so arranged that it will leave nothing to be desired. We assure you that we shall organize the exhibition in such a way that it will fulfil your aim i, e, that 14 if will be possible fo show our visitors from abroad what we are capable of and fhaf we can also learn from other countries. Finally I assure you that the reception of our visitors from abroad in 1936 will be just as pleasant and we shall see to it that they spend an instructive and varied stay in Germany and that they will take away with them the memory of a beautiful and pleasant visit* Prof. Ghigi. Thanks the German Committee for fheir hospitallity and the many beautiful and interesting im- pressions given to the members from abroad. The wonder- ful organisation, which we have admired is a guarantee, that the hospitality and organisation will be the same in 1936, Thanks Sir Edward Brown and ends with warm thanks for the Secretary, Dr. te Hennepe, the pillar of the Association.

ANNUAL REPORT of the President of the "World's Poultry Science Association'' for the year 1934. When I accepted the honour of my nomination as Pre- sident of the World's Poultry Science Association I promised to help our Association as best I could to develop and to amplify itself. Thus in 1934 I was specially intent on achieving this aim, at the very beginning of my presidency there was the meeting of European Members of Council at Paris, February 16th, 1934, the details of which have been reported in Tome VI, No. 3/4 p. 20 of the "International Re- view''. This meeting charged me specially with the following tasks: 1. Nomination of the Committee Jordaan for propaganda for the "International Review". 2. Nomination of a Committee for the international regulation of the egg-laying competitions. 3. Invitations to the various Governments who have taken part at the World's Poultry Congresses to become Patrons of the Association. 4. Edition of an International list of terms of poultry science. 15 í. The members of the Committee Jordaan have been invited to participate by means of the following letter: Bologna, 15th July 1934. Dear Sir, At the meeting of the European Members of Council held in Paris on February 16th last, a proposal was submitted by Mr. Jordaan (South Africa) that a Committee be formed whose object would be to make known the work of the Association in the various countries. In this way it was hoped that the membership would be greatly increased, and that there would be a closer cooperation between those who are engaged in education, research organisation and Poultry Husbandry generally. Such addition to the number of members would strengthen the Association influentially and financially, and enable it to continue the publication of the *'International Review of Poultry Science", which is the life-blood of the Association. Up to the present the Review has only been published in English, owing to the fact that the number of members in countries where latin languages are spoken have been totally inadequate to warrant an edition in French. This object, therefore, should be to add to the number of French speaking members so that an edition in that language could be issued. It could not fail to lead to a still further increase. You were nominated a member of the Committee named above, and I was instructed to invite you to serve upon it. I trust to receive from you a favourable reply.** This invitation has been accepted by Miss Kidd, Eng- land and Mn Elford, Canada, though I do not know if any of the members invited by me have written to Mr* Jordaan directly» 2. As members of the Committee for the international regulation of egg-laying competitions have been appointed: ProLGhigi; Dr.teHennepe; MnE*Bruun-Finland; MnFX- Elford-Canada; Mr. RA.Francis-England; Mr. Graff, Mr. F.K. Chrispeels-Belgium; International Institute of Agricul- ture, Rome with Mr.Taussig as representative; Dr.M. A. Jull- United States; Mr. W. A. Kock-Denmark; Prof. Dr. A. Pirocchi-Italy; Dr. J. G. Tukker-HoUand; Prof. Chas. Voi- tellier-France; Mr. K. Vetter, Dr. J. Filler, Dr. O. Bartsch, Dr. L. Weinmiller-Germany; Mr. A. Livshutz-Palestine; Mr. E. Mosimann-Switzerland; Dr. L. Kaufmann-Poland; Dr. J. Krizenechy-Czecho-Slovakia. The invitation has been forwarded with the following letter: Bologna, 20th November 1934. Dear Sir, In approving Mr. Taussig*s report, the fifth World*s Poultry Congress has accepted a deliberation, recommending to the Council of the W. P. S. A. the appointment of a special Committee for the work of preparing international regulations for egg-laying competitions.

16 I have the honour fo name you member of this Committee and I hope that you will kindly accept this charge. I await your favourable answer/* This învîtafion has already been accepted by nearly all the members appointed» 3. The invitation to the various Governments who have taken part at the World's Poultry Congresses to become Patrons of the Association has been made with the following letter: VYour T7bxcellency, 11 Bologna,^ 19th November 1934 In the course of 12 years the World's Poultry Association, together with various Governments, has organized 5 International Congresses of Avicultural Exhibitions, each of which (The Hague 1921, Barcelona 1924; Ottawa 1927; London 1930, Rome 1933) has been a complete success, thanks to the cooperation of the Association with the Governments, who had to organise these Congresses, Now it is the desire of this Association to give its own constitution a higher moral and material stability, strength-- ening the relations with all those Governments, who have allmays shown to give its own constitution a higher moral and material stability, strengthening the relations with all those Governments, who have always shown the highest consideration for the Association, as intimately as possible. It seems to be rather easy to approach this aim, as there are several officers devoted to the administration of poultry affairs of their own country, who at the same time are members of Council of the World's Poultry Science Association; these might, without difficulty, lay before the ministery, presided by Your Excellency, all the conditions in favour of your ministery becoming a member of the Association. At all events your ministery might become High Patron of the Association, contributing annually not less than £ 20 sterling, receiving in compensation a suitable number of volumes of the "International Review of Poultry Science", which are to be distributed to all those institutions and persons designated by Your Excellency, Instead of contributing £ 20 Sterling annually you might prefer to give a single contribution of not less than £ 200 Sterling. I hope that Your Excellency will kindly respond to the request of our Association, thus showing proof of your good will." 4. The edition of the International terminology has been begun by Dr* v* Burgsdorff, Garath, Germany and by Dr. Chodziesner, Bologna, Italy. Further I have written the following letter to all the Members of Council, asking their support in my efforts on behalf of our Association: To the Members of Council: Bologna, 15th July 1934. At the meeting of Council held in Paris. February 16th, 1934 (see International Review, Vol. VI, 3/4, page 21) I availed myself of the opportunity to tender my thanks to the members present for the trust they had placed in me by electing me to the Presidency for the period 1934-1936. I desire to express by this letter my thanks to those who were unable to attend that meeting. The times are very hard for all of us. My impression, however, is

17 2 that Poultry-Keeping is still one of the branches of Agriculture which suffers less than others. The progress of Poultry Science gives me the assurance that Poultry Husbandry will meet the economic crisis without serious hurt, and that the economical position will help in maintaining peace between the various countries. We who have cooperated for years for the promotion of the Poultry Industry can continue to exert a power- ful influence in the countries which we represent to promote peace between the nations of the world. I express the earnest desire that all Members of Council will accord me their active support in working for the greater prosperity of the World's Poultry Science Association, which was founded by Sir Edward Brown, and which has done so much for the advancement of the Poultry Industry. It will be my earnest endeavour to continue on the lines which he laid down, and which have been followed by his successors, Mr, F. C. Elford and Mr. W. A. Kock. My hope is to prove myself worthy of your trust." This letter has been left without any reply* In Italy, my attempts to augment the number of Mem- bers of the World's Poultry Science Association have been successful and 22 new members were enlisted in 1934 I hope for a similar augmentation in 1935 and I look forward to similar success in all the other countries» Then also the French edition of the ''International Review'* will become possible, for which I have tried to make propaganda with a letter, addressed to our Members of Council in Belgium, Egypt, France, Poland, Spain and Uruguay: Bologna, 22nd December 1934. Dear Sir: The Members of the World's Poultry Science Association in all countries where latin languages are spoken and in those countries, which understand French quite easily, have long ago and again at the Congress in Rome expressed their desire for an edition in French of the "Inter- national Review**. The publication of such an edition will be possible, when the number of French speaking members warrants the cost involved. In Italy I was able to augment the number of members by 22 in 1934 and I look forward to a similar increase in 1935. It is my opinion that the same result might be obtained in all the other countries too and I have entire confidence in your initiative to attain this aim. Then the French edition of the **International Review** will be very near its veri- fication. With kindest regards and very best wishes for a happy New Year. The Secretary, Dn te Hennepe, has entered into négo- ciations with the "Office International des Epizootics*' in Paris for the cooperation in fighting poultry diseases* This office has agreed most willingly to these propositions and has promised its assistance* Thus we see that our Association is amplifying its base of action and augmenting its relations with other associations of international importance*

18 Finally I wish fo add that the auspices for the success of the World*s Poultry Congress in 1936 af Berlin are as good as fhey could be« Dr« te Hennepe has already had several meetings with the German officiers of the Ministery of Agriculture and of the Administration of Poultry Exhibi- tions, The German Committee has commenced its work, the various Governments were invited on December 10th 1934 The German Ministery of Agriculture has been generous enough to promise an annual contribution of FL 1000 for the years 1934, 1935, 1936 as financial assistance for the publication of the "International Review'\ Hoping that things will show the same fortunate development in 1935 so that we shall not have the least reason to doubt a most splendid success for the Vlth World's Poultry C^"^^^^^- The President. AUessandro Ghigi,

ANNUAL REPORT of Dr. te Hennepe* See List p. 20. Heavy Losses: Denmark 10, Gr* Britain and Dominions 72 (AustraUa 9, England 11, Irish Free State 20, R Ireland 2, Scotland 8, S.Africa 17, Wales 4, India 3). America and other countries: Canada 4, U.S.A. 22. Gains in: Bulgaria 3, France 5, Italy 23. During 1934 we published: Int. Review, Vol. VI, No. 3/4, belonging to 1933 in the month of May, printed in England. Vol. VII, No. 1/2, belonging to 1934, was printed in Weimar in December, 1934 with financial assistance from Germany, who promised for each of the years 1934, 1935, 1936: Fis. 1000.— a year. We had an exceptionally busy year. I wrote more than 1000 letters, had several meetings in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France. For my two functions, Secretary for Con- tinental Europa and Editor of the Intern. Review I must put in about 6 hours work every day for the International Asso- ciation. The only way to keep our Association together is to have

19 ^* Provisional Oversight of the members» Membership-fees received by:

Dr. te Hennepe Sir Edward Brown Dr. Heuser 1932 1933 1934 1932 1933 1934 1932 1933 1934

Algeria 1 1 1 Australia .... 11 11 2 Argentine Austria. . . 5 5 5 Egypt 2 2 3 Bermuda Belgium . . 18 20 20 England .... 62 59 48 Canada 25 25 21 Bulgaria • • 2 3 6 Irish Free State . 36 24 4 Chili . Czedio SI. . 4 5 4 New Zealand . . 3 3 3 Cuba Denmark . . 23 23 13 N. Ireland . . . 5 3 1 Curacao 1 1 3 6 7 Japan . Finland . . 2 Palestine .... eso France . . . 17 20 25 Scotland .... 21 17 9 Mexico . Germany . . 31 34 35 S. Africa .... 27 26 9 N. Foundland Greece . . . 2 2 — Wales 7 5 1 Philippine . Holland . . 24 26 26 India 5 4 1 South Rodesia 8 7 30 1 Italy. . . . 182 160 88 Turkey . . . Lettvia . . . 1 1 1 U.S.A. . . 76 55 Marocco . . — — 1 Uruguay 1 2 2 Neth. East Ind. 1 115 115 ~19 Norway , . 2 2 1 Poland . 5 4 3 Spain . . . 6 12 10 Sweden . . 5 3 4 Switzerland . 5 5 6 163 176 193 meetings with our members, keep contact by letters and the publishing of scientific literature in the International Review. In my opinion Members of Council in some countries could make more propaganda for the World's Poultry Science Association in their immediate vicinity. The following were proposed for nomination as Mem- bers of Council: Mr. E. Mosimann, Riehen-Basel, Switzer- land and Dr. P. Hadjidimikoff, Sofia, Bulgaria. They were elected unanimously. Mr. Mosimann sent the following letter: "The Commiffee of the Swiss Poultry Breeders Association learn with " sincere pleasure of the intention to have our Association represented ** by me. The Swiss Poultry Breeding Association is grateful for the " honour, which I herewith accept. We fully expect that a closer " cooperation will be to our mutual benefit/' Mr. Jordaan, Vice-President, Pretoria, South Africa sent the following letter, which bears witness of warm interest in the World*s Poultry Science Association: " I received your postcard. I am sorry to learn that so many of ** our members in South Africa have resigned but I shall do every- " thing in my power to improve matters in the future. For this purpose " I should be pleased if you would send me as soon as possible lOO " forms of application for membership." The following letter was received from Prof. Castello, Arenys de Mar, Spain. " Through the intermediary of Dr. te Hennepe I received the invitation " for the meeting of the World's Poultry Science Association to be held " in Berlin on the 27th and 28th of this month. " I also received the programme for these days and was informed " of the preparations for the reception of the visitors to your capital " which have been carried out by the National Committee for the " World's Poultry Congress at Berlin. " Judging from the manner in which Dr. te Hennepe describes " matters I should say that everything has been well prepared and " the Congress will be a great success. ** Unfortunately however I cannot take part in the meetings on ** the 27th and 28th. I have already commenced in Spain, both with " the Government and the Poultry Breeding Industry, to prepare a " good Spanish participation for the Congress and Exhibition at Berlin. ** I know that on the 10th December the German Government " sent, through diplomatic sources, an invitation to the Spanish Govern- " ment. I have been in communication both with the Spanish Foreign " Office and the Ministry of Agriculture with a view to getting Spain " to answer as quickly as possible and accept the invitation. ** I should be obliged if you would send me a full report of the " Congress and the mutual conclusions reached by the German " National Committee and the World's Poultry Science Association. " I should be pleased to enter into regular and trusted connec- ** tion with the German Committee in order to feed the competitive ** zeal of the Spanish Congressists and at the same time to obtain 21 ' matter regarding your work for publication in my monthly periodical ' ** Mundo Ävicola", " I hope to enter into regular correspondence with you. ** Belive me when I say that I shall cooperate in your work ' from Spain.

REPORT on the Insfallafîon of the Executive Congress Committee.

The Installation of the Executive Committee for the Congress and the Exhibition took place in one of the rooms of the Reichs- and Prussian Ministry for Food Supplies and Agriculture, on Monday, January 28th, at 11 a. m.

The deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Bose, opened this meeting in the name of Minister Darré and stated that Mr. C. Vetter, Director of the III Head Department of the Ministry for Food Supplies and President of the State Association of German Poultry Breeders, had been appointed to deputise for the Minister as President of the Congress. Mr. Vetter has also been appointed Director of the Congress. The chairman then welcomed Professor A. Ghigi and Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, members of the Council of the World's Poultry Science Association and thanked them for consenting to become members of the Executive Committee. After Dr. Bose had spoken about the general organization of the Congress and the Exhibition, the word was given to Mr. Vetter who said that he counted on help from all and that quick and expert work will have to be done in order to prepare the Congress properly» The press and propaganda department, especially, would have to work in close contact so that the poultry breeders abroad who, intend to take part in the Congress, could be fully and early informed. Each country must be given the opportunity: 1. to indicate the standpoint of poultry breeding in their own country and 2. to learn what they can from other countries. The stay in Germany must be made as pleasant as possible ior visitors from abroad as people do not come solely to learn but also to take away pleasant memories. We wish to show the visitors from abroad, whom we will be pleased to receive, that Germany is a state in which people work hard and where everything possible is done to open frontiers and clear away difficulties and to co-operate in bringing the peoples together and in bringing peace to the nations of the world.

22 REPORT on the First Meeting of the Executive Committee for the VI ^^ World's Poultry Congress in Berlin together with the Members of Council of the W. P. S. A. held in one of the Rooms of the Reîdis- and Prussian Ministry of Food Supplies and Agriculture at 3 p. m. 28th January.

The deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Moritz, opened the meeting in the name of the Minister Darré and after welcoming those present, pointed out that this first meeting was the one at which the Executive Committee began its work. The following Members of Council of the W. P. S. Ä. were present: Prof. Ghigi, Sir Edward Brown, Mr. Percy Francis, Prof. Lesbouyries, Mr. Kock, Mr. Mosimann, Dr. Kaufmann, Dr. Cortis, Mr. Vetter, Dr. Filler, Dr. te Hennepe. Dr. Moritz informed the meeting that the various countries had been invited through diplomatic channels and a number of them had already accepted. Professor Ghigi spoke on behalf of the W. P. S. A. and stated that the Members of Council present had already received the impression that those responsible in Germany were doing their utmost to assure that the Congress would be a great success. This success is desired by everyone and will do much towards strengthening the friendly relations between the various countries. Dr. Moritz informed the meeting that the Leader and Reichs Chancellor, Adolf Hitler, had requested the Minister of Food Supplies and Agriculture to preside the Congress. Minister Darré has accepted this invitation and has been assured of the co-operation of the gentlemen of his Ministry. The Director of the Congress, Mr. C. Vetter, then made known what had been discussed in connection with the Congress at the meeting of the Members of Council of the W. P. S. A. on Sunday afternoon (see page 4). Three resolutions taken at the Congress in Rome will be put into execution namely: 1"^^. An International Dictionary of Poultry Science Terms will be published in four languages. 2°. The Committee appointed by the Committee of the W. P. S. A. will tender a Report dealing with the Organization of Laying Trials in various countries and the means of obtaining uniformity in these. 3°. The President of the "Office International des Epizooties" will be invited to draw up General Report concerning the Measures taken by various Countries in connection with the International Traffic of Poultry from a veterinary point of view. Twelve general Reports and 100 Section Reports will be accepted. Authorities in various countries will be invited to make the general reports and the National Committees in the various countries will b^ consulted regarding the Section Reports.

23 SPEECH by his Excellency Walter Darré, Reidis- and Prussian-Minister for Food Supplies and Agriculture.

On Monday evening January 28ih a banquet was given af Restau- ran í Kroll in honour of the Members of Council of the W. P. S. Ä. to which the members of the German Congress Committee were also invited. The banquet was a very pleasant affair and afterwards the Minister and his staff had quite a long conversation with the Members of Council. The Minister presided at table and made the following speech: " On the occasion of the World Poultry Congress in Rome during " 1933 I caused an invitation to be given to the Council of the " W. P. S. A. from the Reichs Government, asking them to hold the ** next World's Congress in Berlin. *' We are pleased to know that the Council of the W» P. S. A. " have accepted the invitation. " I have the honour to welcome you here today as the organisers " of this Congress. My welcome is especially extended to the visitors '* from abroad. *' Besides the discussion of scientific and technical problems., " the 1936 Congress will give participants the opportunity of making " a review of the progress and position of poultry breeding in Germany, '* Furthermore it will be our aim to bring our visitors from abroad "in contact with German farmers from all parts of the Reich. It is ** therefore our intention to offer our visitors from abroad the chance ** not only to see our Reichs Capital but also to make the acquaintance " of our farmers. " In this way our visitors will be able to form their own opinions "regarding the work which National Socialistic Germany has carried " out in connection with Agriculture. " You have probably already received a preliminary impression "of our striving and our work from your visit to the "Green Week;** " on the Kaiserdamm. Our desire to bring you in contact with the " German farmers and their work will be all the more valuable because " I am convinced thai a mutual understanding between the farmers "of the various nations is possible and because I believe that such " an understanding between the farmers will be an important factor " in maintaining peace in the world. " In my opinion therefore the Congress should not only serve " the purpose oi bringing about personal contact and mutual under- " standing between foreign and German farmers^ but it should also " serve to a great extent the purpose of creating and furthering " friendly relations between the various nations, about 40 of which " will send their representatives. Professor Ghigi thanked the Minister on behalf of the W, P. S. A. for his friendly words and expressed his pleasure that the next World's Poultry Congress was to be held in Germany, as people in other countries are expecting especially good results just because the Congress is being organized in Germany,

24 On Tuesday, January 29fh, a meeting of the Congress Commiffee and the Exhibition Committee took place at the Ministry of Agriculture in Berlin. At this meeting the preliminary programmes were drawn up and these will be published shortly.

MEETING HELD IN PARIS, 15 «''February 1935.

This meeting was called by the Members of Council in France for the purpose of discussing the possibility of an edition in French of the International Review. It was held in the office of the Pare des Expositions in Paris. Present: Professor Voitellîer, Chairman; Mr. Caucurte, Professor Les- bouyries, Mr. Huault, Mr. Heubes, Mr. Best, Mr. Fouquet, Dr. Lissot, Dr. te Hennepe. I drew up the following estimate for a complete edition of the Review : Cost of printing per edition: about Frs. 7,500.— Translation Work: „ „ 2,000.— Extra clerical assistance: „ „ 1,200.— Frs. 10,700.— For two editions annually this would amount to Frs. 21,400.— Lengthy discussions took place in connection with the following points: 1. An edition in French will undoubtedly lead to an important increase of membership in those countries where the latin languages are spoken. 2. The increase will not take place however until after two or three numbers have appeared in French. 3. The World's Poultry Science Association does not possess the means to finance an edition in French. Finally the following resolutions were made : 1. A proposal will be made to the Council of the W^orld's Poultry Science Association to limit the edition in French to a popular discussion and review of the most important summaries contained in the edition in English. 2. The French Committee will undertake the translation and composition of the text for a remuneration of Frs. 20.— per member. The expense in connection with printing to be borne by the W. P. S. A. The edition in French will appear every three months and contain 24 to 48 pages exclusive of advertisements. 3. The Council is requested to make a trial publication of two numbers each of 1000 copies.

BREEDING

Cross Breeding Cockerels (Black Rhineländers and Leghorn and Black and Speckled RhineländerJ were compared with pure bred Leghorn Cockerels. Deutsche Landwirf- schaff liehe Geflügelzeifung, 1934, Nr* 30. The question of utility cross breds has been appraised in wide circles, and especially by beginners, as a matter of great importance in poultry breeding. The Institute for Veterinary Research of the Prussian Experiment and Research Institute for Breeding has published a report giving the results of an experiment where in a review is given of the fattening qualities of cross bred birds- The results of this research work proved that pure Leghorns are superior to Leghorn-Rhineland cross-breds and also to Rhinelander crossbreds, with regard to mortality, increase of weight and cost of feeding. On the basis of the results achieved by him and of those which have been published previously, and in spite of contrary opinions expressed by practising poultry breeders, the writer rejects the idea that the Leghorn has been surpassed in its con- stitutionally established power of resistance either by other breeds, which are not so extensively kept on big farms for fattening, or by cross-bred Leghorns. The qualification of the Fi crossbred as regards laying capacity is quite a different question. The experiment was based on quite other grounds but in view of what has already been published and on the basis of what the writer has experienced with other Fi cross breds, it can now be said that the Fi cross breds do not in every case lay better than the older breeds but that very often the laying capacity of the cross breds holds a medium place between the older breeds. Zhe egg-laying Capacity of Fowls, A.M.Gericke, Farming in S. Africa, 1934, Vol. 9, p. 316 (Grooffonfein Sch. Agrie). (Ref. Nufrifion Absfr., Vol.4, No.3.) Experiments are being carried out to determine whether egg production during one season can be taken as an accurate forecast of future production. The summer-autumn production is found to be most reliable for this purpose. Selecting hens for egg production. J.P.Quinn, U.S. Depf. Agr., Farmers^ Bui. 1727,1934. The basis for selecting profitable hens, the relative emphasis to place on the various features used in this selection, the methods of developing high-laying strains through selection, and management practices to be observed are discussed. Use of the standard in poultry breeding. W.C.Thompson, New Jersey Sfas. Hinfs fo Poulfrymen, 21,1934. The value of the established standards for the various breeds and varieties of fowls and their economic importance are discussed.

27 Breeding a low producing strain of Single Comb White Leghorns. G,0»Hall, Poultry Science, 13, 1934, No-2, In this paper from the New York Cornell Experîmenf Station the author explains how, by a simple system of selecting and mating which avoids close inbreeding, a strain of birds can be produced in which the production, mortality, age at first egg, fertility, and hatchability will not change materially over a period of 15 yr. Ä comparison of the production records of a low-line and a high-line strain of birds gave a direct measure of the influence of heredity upon production.

Experiments and Studies in Connection with Winter Laying Capacity. E. Sfeiner, Deutsche Zûchterwelt, Leitmeritz, 1934. (ReL Zfichtungskunde, 1935, p. 79,) During the months of November and December 1933 and January and February 1934, 5 flocks of six hens of five different breeds were tested by me for their winter laying capacity at the Zootechnical Institute of the Veterinary University at Brunn, It was proved that those hens which came from higher regions (580 M. above sea level) to Brunn (which is itself 220 M. above sea level) were the best layers. The best winter layer was a Rhode Island Red with 85 eggs. Second was a White Leghorn with 84 eggs. Both birds came from a poultry farm situated at the above named height (580 M. above sea level). During the control of the winter laying capacity a study was made of the number of visits paid by the hens to the trap nests. It was observed that be nest egg had no influence on the frequency of the visits to the nests. The birds seemed to prefer the dark nests. There were eight trap nests in the Heracíitean poultry house in which the birds were kept. The visits to these during November 1933 were as follows: Trap Nest: No. 12345678 Visits: 50 36 16 16 14 17 16 36 No. 1 nest was the darkest. Nests Nos. 2 and 8 were equally dark as they stood in the corner. Nests Nos. 3 to 7 were equally lighted as they were opposite the window. The number of eggs laid was also controlled. 70 0/0 were laid during the morning hours and 30 o/o in the afternoon. "Che effect of confinement brooding on growth and egg production. G. D* Buckner, J. H. Martin, and W. M. Insko, Jr., Kentucky Sta. BuL 346,1934, pp. 16, figs. 7. In this study three lots of 120 White Leghorn chicks each were brooded and raised according to three different methods. Lot 1 was raised in a colony brooder house with access to bluegrass range and direct sunlight, lot 2 was kept in a battery brooder for the first 3 weeks and then transferred to the colony house, and lot 3 was kept in a battery brooder for 22 weeks. All lots received the same ration. The three methods of management showed no great differences in rates of growth obtained. The average weight of the cockerels was greater and the average weight of the pullets less at 24 weeks of age than weights previously obtained for corresponding sexes and ages of the same breed. Both pullets and cockerels in lots 1 and 2 were more vigorous, active, and healthier than the corresponding sexes in lot 3, and more and larger eggs were laid during the winter period and during the pullet year. The cockerels in lot 3 developed larger combs and smaller

28 festes than those in lots 1 and 2, and the mortality during the first laying year was greater in lot 3 than in the other lots. There was no significant difference in the fertility or hatchability of the eggs laid in the three lots* Zhe influence of some factors on the hatchability of the hens egg. D. C Warren, Kansas Sta- Tech. BuL 37, 1934. The information in this bulletin is based on a large volume of data accumulated over a period of years dealing with the factors affecting the hatchability of the egg. Most of the factors were largely environmental, either internal or external, although a few were inherent, A tendency was found for hatching quality to decrease as the age of the female producing the egg increased. There was no evidence that the age of the male influenced the hatchability of the egg he fertilized. The hatchability of eggs was not impaired by heavy ^^^ production^ The eggs of pullets that paused previously to the hatching season had a higher hatchability than those laying continuously throughout the hatching season. Close inbreeding had an adverse effect upon hatching quality, while outcrossing improved it. Hatchability percentages varied inversely with the size of the egg. Holding eggs for more than six days seemed to be detrimental under the conditions of this experiment. There were indications that low temperatures under certain conditions before placing eggs in incubators had an adverse effect on hatching quality. Breeding Experiments. M. S. Pease, The Veterinary Journal, VoL89,1933, p.450. Greenwood proved that breeding results with young birds were better than with old ones. White proved that cocks have 66 chromosomes and hens 65. Biber describes a half-featherless Rhode Island hen. Experiments proved that birds degenerated quickly when inbred. Genetic Selection for High Hatchability. F^A^Hays, Mass. State College, New England Poultryman, Febr. 15,1935. High hatchability depends upon a gene H but females must be pure for this gene in order fo give a hatching record of 85 percent or more of fertile eggs. In making up mating pens it is important that as many females as possible be selected that have a hatching record of 85 percent or more. Medium hatching hens give from 55 to 84 percent hatchability and are generally impure (Hh) for high hatchability. Low hatching hens give less than 55 percent hatchability and are certain to carry not more than one dose (Hh) of the high hatchability gene. The male has considerable effect on the hatching record of his mates. The value of the male in transmitting high hatchability can be partially determined by mating him to hens with a previous record of 85 percent or more. If such tested high hatching hens mated to a male fall in their hatching record to from 55 to 84 percent it is evidence that the male lacks the high hatchability gene. On the other hand both HH male and Hh males will give the same hatching records with these tested hens. Some materials for studying pathological phenomena in the embryonic development of chicks during the artificial Incubation. Zhe Problems of Incubation. Prof. Penîonzhkevîtch. The Peoples Commissariat of Agri-

29 culture, AlUIkraînîan scîenfîfîc Research Insfîfufe on Poultry, Issue I, Charkov, 1934 Summary : 1. Some definite deviations as to the increasing or decreasing of the principal factors of incubation i. e. temperature and moisture,— provoke the abnormalities in the embryo development that are reflected also in genealogical researches, and the proceeding of the embryonic growth and pathological phenomena when leaving the shell home. The disregardence of one of these two factors (temperature and moisture) in their norm leads to the maximum of deviations in pathological symptoms which are so characteristic for the embryo, and in the some time so much peculiar to every separate case of deviation from the norm of these factors. 3. The following definite properties are characteristic, if under the proper investigation of the pathological phenomena during the hatch, and further process of incubation under the various range of temperature and moisture: a) The increased temperature results 1. in earlier hatches (chick begin to pick on the 19fh day of incubation), 2. in the increased o/o of blood rings and a mass unregular picking of the sharp end of the egg (38 o/o of picked eggs) a high o/o of **cripplings** and "dead in shell'* among the hatched chicks; then specific for the high temperature "dry picking". b) The high moisture contents provokes certain slowHness in the hatch (picking in the 21st day) and characteristic picking "with a secretion of a fluid consistency*'. c) The low moisture results in the mass specific phenomena of dead chicks in shells, after their piercing the shells with a secretion of a hard formation from the eggwhite and a thick glutinous mass that quickly dries in the air. d) The results of an incubation at a low temperature (in our test the average 37.2° C. Clearly confirmed the phenomena quoted in the literature—the prolongation of the period of incubation and the death of embryo, especially in the last days of incubatioa. Furthermore we have established from the teratological abnormalities the phenomena of aneccephaly on the embryoes and after the hatch the egg white was not full used during the embryonic development, and some hatched chicks had left some clots of unabsorbed yolk. 4. The hematological researches showed some characteristic results : a) the least amount of haemoglobin and airotrocites during the 9-19th day of incubation had the embryoes that developed at the reduced temperature. b) The largest amount of haemoglobin and red blood corpuscles had the embryoes developed under the influence of the highly increased temperature. The difference was not so striking on the 13th to the 18-19fh of incubation. On the 9th day in this group the amount of haemoglobin is lower (33.5) that of embryos developed at a high moisture contents (36.5 o/o) and the optimum temperature, but higher than the two other groups (No. 2-21.5; No. 4-30.0). On the 11th day the amounts of haemoglobin in the group at a higher temperature and that with the optimum are equal (37.0). c) The blood of embryoes developed under optimal conditions of incubation represented an average group as to the quantity of haemoglobin as those which took place under the influence of either higher or lower temperature.

30 5. The study of the active reaction of the egg white (PH) and yolk during the incubation of hen eggs dependently upon the breaches of normal conditions of temperature and moisture shows an absense of any particular characteristic changes in the egg weight or in the yolk but in the some time some unconsiderable changes are observed, for instance : a) high temperature renders more active proceeding of biochemical processes in the egg white during the embryonic development, while a low temperature delays them (that is to be seen on the 7th day of incubation and later on. The curve of the eggwhite (PH) under a high moisture compa- rativly to the normal one sees the 9th day of incubation proving a delayed proceeding of biochemical processes. As to the influence of deviations of temperature and moisture upon the PH of the yolk it is interesting that the high and low temperature up to the 3rd day of incubation in the some extent influence over the activity of the process of biochemical processes in it but from the 9th day of incubation the high temperature is more favourable to the PH growth than the low one. 6. The investigation on the catalaza in the hen and duck eggs under the optimum conditions of incubation give us the right to make such conclusion: a) with the development of the chick embryo the amount of catalaza in the blood and liver increases, reaching its maximum on the 20th day of incubation and decreases after the hatch of the chick. b) The liver and "tress" with the development of embryo react in a quite opposite way relatively to the presence of catalaza. In the tress the amount of catalaza increases up to the day of hatching and then falls strickly in the liver the amount of catalaza decreases all the time. c) The regularity in the destribution of catalaza amongst the organs during the incubation of chicks and ducklings is not the same. d) During the period of incubation and after the hatch on the some state of development the deviations of the amount of the ferment in blood of chicks and ducklings are not the same too. e) We have not established any depnedence between the hemoglobin and catalaza of the different embryoes. 7. Experimentally based one can state that a detail study of all the pathological phenomena taking place during the period of incubation and hatch, depends upon the violating factors of the techniques of incubation and has to lead us to a new branch of incubation diaposone. And will play a gigantic role in the fight against the losses in the industrial social hatcheries. The new data we obtained as to the pathological phenomena resulting in the violation of the incubation technique can be useful now to definite the unproper conditions in technique under which the industrial incubating is being done. 8. The influence of some technical factors for incubation upon the quantitative composition of hemoglobin in the blood of the embryo and the possibility of making use of the changes to determine the wrong condition and control over the technique of incubation significally facilitate the fight against the losses in incubation. In order to get certain limits of deviations of the amount of hémo- globine from its norm in dependence on the violation of the incubating technique—it is necessary to study the possible individual deviation within the limits of the optimum technique of incubation. But still it is possible to say that hematological investigation will play the rôle of the objective

31 method în the diagnostics to determine the effect of the wrong conditions of the incubation technique, which has to shorten considerably the control over the proceeding the experimentally incubation. Zhe Weight and Form of the Duck Eggs, their washing and storing in Connection with the Hatchability and the post-embryonic Development of Ducklings. Prof. Penîonzhkevîfch. The Peoples Commissariat of Agri- culture, All-Ukrainian scientific Research Institute on Poultry, Issue I, Charkov, 1934 Summary: /. De fin if ion of fhe optimal weight in the duck eggs for incubation. 1. Taking as a criterion for the availability of eggs of different weight for incubating the indexes of incubation and growth of ducklings one can easily state that the best effect for incubating is given by the eggs laid by ducks of Pekin breed and their crossings with local flocks, with a weight ranging 61-70 gr., and statisfactory results are obtained from the eggs whose weight ranged 71-80 gr. 2. The egg groups with a weight range of 50-60 gr. and higher than 81 gr. gave the unsatisfactory hatches comparatively with the groups No. 2nd and 3rd. These hatchings showed a relatively low increment while hatched from the eggs of the 1st group showed much better absolute and relative weight. 3. Basing on these data one may consider that the optimum weight of hatching duck eggs can vary dependently upon the average egg weight deviations that are peculiar to one or other breed or to the group of ducks. This optimum weight will however always correspond to the average weight and to maximal, in quantity, group of eggs showing some definite deviations as to increase or to decrease, from the average weight. //. Duck eggs availability for incubation according to their form-. 1. From the abovementioned data it can be stated that the groups of eggs with a ratio of diameters 1.31-1.45 laid by the given breed of ducks (Pekin breed and their crossings with the local) showed the best result as to the incubation and growth and increment of ducklings during the first month of breeding (this being the time of our testing them). This diameter-ratio corresponds to the average calculated for the given group of ducks (D : d = 1.38) with deviating to -f or — 6.18. 2. The worst results of incubation (hatching 18.6 o/o of growth, and weight on the 30th day of age of duckling 212.5 gr. while increment of the youngsters during the 30 days, from one duckling = 340.9 o/o) — were shown by the group of eggs, whose form was near to round (D : d = 1.22 — 13.0); results being worse than of tested groups No. 2, 3, 4 but better than of the 1st group (No. 1) were in the group No. 5 of eggs with the clearly oblong form. Groups No. 1 a. No. 5 are ultimate in their dias-ratío to the group No. 2, 3, 4, and as to the amount of hatchable eggs they are the lowest for the given breed of ducks. 3. The above determinate incubative optimum ratio of diameters of the duck eggs, for the given breed, varies a little in dependence of the range of the average ratio of diameters (which is proper also for different other breeds) in this variation range, with some deviations to or from. Shortly said, the optimum form of the duck eggs is corresponding to the group having the largest amount of eggs of definite form hatched from various groups of the duck eggs.

32 Members of Council of the W.P.S.A. and Members of the Congress executive Committee at the „Green Week" Exposition in Berlin 28. Jan. 1935.

1 Dr. Filler, Germany; 2 Prof. Lesbouyries, France; 3 Mr. Pfenningstorff, Germany; é Mr. Francis, England; 5 Dr. te Hennepe, Holland; V € Dr. Ltithge, Germany; 7 Dr. Cortls, Italy; 8 Mr. Mosimann, Switzerland; 9 Dr. Schultz, Germany; 10 Dr. Kaufmann, Poland; 11 Prof. Ghigi, Italy; 12 Dr. Schultz, Germany; 13 Sir Edward Brown, England; 14 Dr. Bose, Germany; 15 Mr. Kock, Denmark; 16 Dr. Kupsoh, Germany, 17 Mr. Kflthe. Qermanv. ///, Different methods of cleaning up the eggsheÜ before incubation. 1. Eggs have fo be cleaned before the incubation. To do if we need fo secure certain hygienic conditions in the places and houses where ducks are laying eggs. The setting of clean eggs in the incubators results in a good hatch. 2. To incubate the eggs with a dirty shell is not advisable. If such eggs for some reason are at hand, it is better to wash the dirt away, and thus to increase the hatch. The first test on dirty eggs showed the hatch of 32o/o, carelessly washed = 58.7o/o; second test on unwashed eggs: 18.6 0/0 of hatching, well washed = 33.9 o/o. After washed they have to be dried, then to be put into the sections of incubator. The otherwise, i. e. underdried, eggs beingput into the metallic net soon get rusty. 3. Using the 10 o/o Nail solution for getting the eggs clean, the following was the result: if 10 o/o of solution the amount of hatch was 38.1 o/o, if using clean water = 58.7 o/o. 4. The better security of rinsing the duck eggs comparatively with the hen eggs is to be explained by the fact that the cuticle of the duck egg possess the even, smooth surface with no light or dark spots clearly shown in colour while impregnacy of the cuticles, as it takes place in the hen eggs. Owing to this peculiarity of the morphological structure of the duck eggs, they are not so easily affected by water rinsing as the hen eggs^ IV. Conditions of storing of the hatched duck eggs. 1. The longer is the period of storing of the duck eggs the more it is affective to the fertile egg-cell in a bad way as far as the presetting time for incubation is concerned; it decreases the hatchings in percent, while increasing in the same time the number of so called "conditionally fertilized " duck eggs as much as the dead embryoes during the first term of the embryonic development in the incubation. 2. When using the average temperature inside the building 18.8° C, and the moisture 64.6 o/o, the maximum possible time for storing duck eggs to incubation is 5-10 days to obtain the definite effect. After 10 days of storing hatches are considerably lower (15 days of storing horizontally placed and turned over gradually—the hatch was 35.1 o/o ; with no turning = 37.5 o/o, if vertically stored = 38.9 o/o u 29.7 o/o. After 20 days of storing ranged: Oo/o; 3,2o/o; 25.6%; 15.4%. 25 days storing showed no o/o of hatching at all. 3. The average temperature in the store-houses for the duck-eggs 18.8° C. seems to be too high, and the experiment on the definition of the optimum temperature is to be prolonged. 4. While storing horizontally and vertically, with and without turning eggs over,—the best results shown were: the vertical position when turning over. If no turning was made in both groups (vertical and horizontal storing) there was no difference in results. 5. When stored vertically the advantage of turning over reveals better if started on the 5fh day of storing. While in horizontal storing no clear difference in result from turning was reached. 6. There is no difference or change in the actual reaction of the eggwhite or yolk (PH) during the 25 days of storing of duck eggs, no special characteristic data, which could be determined dependently upon the time of storing. Moreover, it is impossible to make use of the actual reaction of the eggwhite and yolk af of a secondary criterion for the determination of the necessary storing-term for the duckeggs in a large range.

33 3 Incubating of Waterfowl-Eggs. Bikhovefz* The Problems of Incubation, The Peoples Commîssarîaf of Agriculture, All-Ukrainian scientific Research Institute on Poultry, Issue I, Charkov, 1934 Summary : 1. Goose and duck eggs are highly reactive against the principal factors of incubation, as the temperature, moisture and ventilation. 2. All the eggs before incubating should be carefully graded and set in different sections of an incubator according to the following qualities 1. Egg age. 2. Size. 3. Colour. Such a grading gives us the possibility to obtain some uniformity in the hatches under the same conditions. 3. The technique of incubation needs to be deepened in its further researches, then to find out for each group of eggs the possible available deviations from the general optimum range of conditions for incubating, just according to the above mentioned qualities, especially concerning the colour of the eggshell. Practically shown that ducklings are hatched much more successfully if from the eggs of a white shell than from these of coloured surface. 4. One can easily consider the optimum condition for incubation as a complex of the main factors only, as the: temperature, moisture and ventilation, taking however into consideration the secondary properties and factors, as these three; temperature, moisture and ventilation of the house. The literature consults of various authors individually concerning only conditions of temperature for instance, lead us to a very bad result of incubation, being quite separate from the whole range of other conditions. 5. Incubative period temperature has to be gradually increasing, while moisture—gradually decreasing. 6. The optimum temperature for incubation duck and goose eggs in the "Pioner** incubator is limited as 38-39° C. At the very beginning of incubation the temperature has to be rather lower than optimal, then gradually higher up to the end of period, when again lowered in connection with the natural extensive development of heat in the egg. If too high during the hatch period the temperature shows the bad result, such as, the death of embryo or the crippled fowls. During the first 8 days of incubating temperature range is the best if 37 to 38.5° C. From 8th to 14th of incubating 38.5° C. From 14th up to the end 39° C. 37.5° C. temperature in the period of the intensive development of embryo is bad. Too high temperature at the very beginning of incubation evolves the creation of bloody rings and cripplings. 7. The relative moisture in the air inside the incubator still is in its infancy as stated in literary works, underrated, and as the precept with no basis the gradual increase of moisture contents up to the end of incubation is being accepted. This has no critical value. 8. Air moisture in the incubators for the period of incubation has to be high at the beginning, while gradually diminished to the and of period. Optimal air moisture contents for the duck and goose eggs has to be limited 70-55 0/0 C. The best moisture contents before the 8th day of incubation being 70o/o, from 8th to 14 incubation being 65o/o, from 14th to 20 incubation being 60 0/0, from 20th up to the end 55o/o.

34 9. If is not necessary to increase the air moisture inside the incubators while hatching, even more it has to be fought against. The low temperature at the very start of incubating spoils the inter- change of water in the egg evolving too high evaporation and therefore the decrease in weight, while the reduced moisture contents in the second half of incubation is not harmful to the embryo development Too high temperature in the second part of incubation shows to be a bad practice, as many embryos lose their lives in the period of 23-25fh day of incubation. 10. The characteristic indications on the high moisture contents in the second half of incubation are revealed in the ducklings and gooslings, while examining the dead ones. After the high temperature the egg dois not show any sign of evaporating and retains the moisture inside. Some great number of ducklings and gooslings do not absorb the yolk wholly, because the latter owing to a large amount of water becomes of a liquid consistency and enlarges in its size. Meanwhile normally developing the yolk does not contain so much water in the beginning of incubation. 11. The loss in weight of eggs in the incubators should not take place in the first half of incubation, but on account of the second part of period. 12. In the first half of incubation the embryo grows and does not show the high amount of gas-exchange products. But to the end of incubative period this amount increases, thaet is why there is an actual need in the proper ventilation of the incubators. Together with the gas exchange products the embryo by the time of hatching develops its natural heat that must be drawn out from the incubator, being quite useless; the otherwise the number of the dead increases. 13. Airchanging inside the egg and inside the incubator itself is not an unimportant factor. The temperature as high as 20° C. seems to be harmless in the first half of incubation, but being however harmful in the second part. Just the same has to be said about the moisture contents, L e. the high moisture o/o can be harmless in the first half of incubation but able to do much harm in the second part. At the end of incubation the ventilation of the incubator has to be increased subsequently. 14. For the regular work of the machines in the incubatorium the stability of temperature must be kept in the limits 18-22° C, and the stability of moisture contents 55o/o-65o/o; the ventilation has to be kept continually. Under the conditions the optimal work of incubating can easily be reached in details as soon as every incubator is properly supplied with the necessary regulators to do their work. Calcium and phosphorus in the development of the turkey embryo. W^ M. Insko, Jr., and M. Lyons, Jour. Nutrition, 6,1933, No. 6, p. 507. The Kentucky Experiment Station made a study of the embryonic growth of turkeys as measured by wet weight, dry weight, and ash content ; by the percentage of moisture ; by the growth cycles ; and by the calcium and phosphorus content of the embryo. Bronze turkey eggs were removed from the incubator at 24-hr. intervals and stored in a refrigerator until analyzed. Until the twelfth day of incubation the daily increase in wet weight, dry weight, and ash content was very small. After this period the time increments of growth increased noticeably. There was a relatively slow

35 J* increase in calcium and phosphorus content until the seventeenth day, and the calcium-phosphorus ratio was less than 1 until the nineteenth day, after which it exceeded 1. There were three distinct phases or cycles in the growth of the turkey embryo, with definite periods of retardation between the ninth and tenth and between the nineteenth and twentieth days. These periods of retardation were also noticeable in the calcium and phosphorus content. Certain correlations are suggested between these periods of retardation and the change in the type of food metabolized. It was found that the calcium content of the embryo may be used as a measure of growth if the yolk material drawn into the body cavity is removed before analysis. Mortality in progeny in relation to egg production of dams. M. AJull, Poultry Science, 13,1934, p^67* An analysis was made by the U.S.D.Ä. Bureau of Animal Industry of the mortality of the progeny of Rhode Island Red dams selected on the basis of fheir record of 200 or more eggs and of White Leghorn dams selected on fheir record of 225 or more eggs laid during their first laying year. There was no relationship between egg production of dams and the mortality of growing chicks during the first 4 weeks. A relatively greater number of laying pullets produced by the hens above the mean egg production of all birds in each pen died during their first laying year than did those produced by the hens below the mean egg production. In the case of White Leghorns the difference was significant. The pullets of both breeds that died during the first laying year began laying later in life than pullets that survived. Pullets of both breeds that died after the first 50 days of laying produced significantly fewer eggs during that period than pullets that survived. The rate of laying did not influence the duration of life. On the other hand., the factor causing mortality tended to increase the age at which laying began, to reduce production, and to cause death within 1 yr. of the date of first ç.^^. Zhe Mortality Problem, l. Embryo Mortality. M- A* JuU, Harper Adams Ufîlîfy Poultry Journal, 1934, VoL19, p*437, as. Egg and Poultry Mag,, 1934, July. A popular revieuw is given of work dealing with the effect of environment and breeding. Six malpositions are described, the incidence of some of which may be reduced by more frequent turning of the eggs, especially during the first week of incubation. Mention is made of the effect of the diet, type of protein supplement, vitamins B and D, and of the breeding of the hens. Low and high hatchability are in part inherited characters. Effects of Inbreeding on Fecundity in Rhode Island Reds. F. A. Hays, Agrîc. Exp. Station, Amherst, Mass. Bulletin No. 312, Oct. 1934. Summary: 1. Three inbred lines were established using the following standard in the selection of female breeders: Sexual maturity—215 days or less. Broo din ess—none during the Weight at first egg—5 pounds or over. pullet year. Winter pause—not over 4 days. Persistency—315 days or more. Winter clutch size—2.6 or over. Hatchability—85 percent or more.

36 Egg weight—a minimum average of 52 grams fo January 1. Range mortality—not above 10 percent in family. Check females were selected each year from the general flock according to these standards and were mated to the inbred males. Female offspring from the most desirable famiHes were retained and trapnested for a full year. One of the inbred lines failed to give any satisfactory breeding females in the third generation and was discontinued. The other two inbred lines were intercrossed in 1932 and 1933 and also bred as such. 2. Inbreeding increased range mortality, retarded sexual maturity, increased the percentage of birds with winter pause, reduced intensity, had no effect on broodiness, decreased persistency, reduced hatchability, increased winter egg weight, consistently reduced annual egg production without reducing its variability, and increased laying-house mortality. 3. Crossing inbred lines decreased range mortality in the first cross only, hastened sexual maturity, reduced the proportion of birds with pause, greatly increased intensity over that of the inbreds, improved persistency, increased hatchability, improved egg size, raised the annual egg production level above that of the inbreds but did not affect variability in egg production, and reduced the laying house mortality rate over that of the inbreds. 4. In no respect were the inbreds or inbreds crossed found to be superior to the general flock. Apparently nothing is to be gained from the standpoint of fecundity by inbreeding. Zime Interval from first Egg to standard Egg Weight in Rhode Island Red Pullets. F, A* Hays, Agrîc* Exp. Station, Amherst, Mass. Bull No* 313, Oct 1934 Summary: Ä study of the records of Rhode Island Red pullets hatched over a five-year period, where every egg was weighed from the trapnest, leads to the following deductions with respect to characters affecting the time interval between first pullet egg and standard egg weight or the failure to attain standard egg weight during the first laying yean 1. Early hatching greatly increased the time to standard egg weight. 2. Extreme early maturity within a genetically early-maturing population tended to greatly increase the time interval to standard egg weight. 3. Small body weight at first Q^^^ also increased the time interval but to a lesser extent than hatching date or age at sexual maturity. 4. Very high winter intensity was associated in some degree with a longer period to standard egg size. 5. Pause duration had little or no effect on the time interval. 6. Intense broodiness prolonged the period to standard e^^ weight. 7. High persistency very greatly reduced the time to standard egg weight. 8. High winter egg production slightly increased the time interval, but high annual production had no effect. 9. Annual egg weight was intimately negatively association with the time interval to standard egg weight. 10. The multiple correlation coefficient shows that about 58 percent of the variation in time to standard egg weight was due to variation in the following seven variables ; hatching date, age at first egg, weight at first egg, winter clutch size, winter pause, broodiness and persistency. 11. Probably about 42 percent of the variation in the time interval to standard egg weight was due to unknown hereditary factors.

37 12. The birds failing to reach standard egg weight were handicapped by lack of body weight, extremely high intensity, intense broodiness, and lack of persistency. 13. In breeding practice to increase egg size, it seems advisable to select breeding females exclusively from those which attain standard weight egg in less than 75 days afer the first pullet egg. Artificial Incubation. Die Durchführung der künstlichen Brut, Dn L* WeînmîUer, Deutsche Landwirf schaff liehe Geflügelzeifung, 1934, p. 331. Incubation at high temperatures, from 39° to 39.5° C. is not advisable. The embryos develope very well at 37°-38° C. and the danger of too high temperatures is small. The temperature in the centre of the egg should be 37.5° C. In old fashioned machines it is necessary to know the exact differences in the temperatures of the top and the bottom of the eggs. This is sometimes 3° C. The critical days are the 11th and 12th as it is at this period that the embryos themselves begin to produce warmth. As regards moisture the humidity of the air is of no importance during the first two weeks. The same results are obtained with 20 o/o moisture as with 80 o/o. Much moisture is required by the embryos during the third week. With 60 o/o to 70 o/o there are less dead in the shell than with lower percentages. The best way of regulating the moisture is to spray the eggs twice a day with warm water. With incubators whereby the eggs are taken out to turn ventilation is not necessary. Too much ventilation in the incubator often causes the eggs to dry up. Very extensive experiments have been made in connection with the turning of the eggs, ranging from 12 times to twice a day. It was proved that repeated turning each day in the first week, fewer times in the second week and only once a day in the third week have the best results. Practices of artificial Incubation. L What are the biological Problems of artificial Incubation? A. L- Romanoff, Canadian Poulfry Review, Jan. 1935. Conclusion : The modern trend of our life requires greater speed, larger volume, more assurance, and higher quality in the production of chicks. This would tend to increase the consumption by lowering the price and by giving full satisfaction to customers. And as I see it, and perhaps you would agree with me, there is only one assured method by which we can raise the present practices of artificial incubation, that is, by the methods of scientific research in the direction of those four biological problems which I have outlined in my present lecture* //. What are the Measures of a good Hatch? Poulf ry Record, Jan. 1935. Conclusion : In conclusion I would like to say that the method of measure of the quality of a hatch on the basis of further health, growth, and survival of brooded birds is the most logical and sound method, the aim of which is a continued progress in poultry breed improvement. And I hope that the combined efforts of poultry geneticists,

38 nutritionists, and experimental embryologists may bring this method closer to realization and practical use among poultrymen. In this way perhaps it would be possible to prevent the production of undesirable chicks and to eliminate occasionally unfair sale of chicks which came from the genetically undesirable eggs, or from hens improperly fed, or from an incubator which does not conform with the biological requirements for the normal development of the egg. ///. How to select hatchable Eggs? Poultry Record, Febnl935. Conclusion : In conclusion I would like to say that the selection of eggs for hatching should be one of the fundamental practices towards the general economic improvement of breeds, and towards elevating the standard qualities of marketable products—eggs and meat, because, as far as the quality of a hatch, and the further economic value of birds and their products are concerned, froih our practice of the selection of hatchable eggs, it has been shown that we will probably get what we set.

Hints that increase Incubation Efficiency. D* C* Denny, Exp» Station Summerland, BX-, Canadian Poultry Review, March, 1932^ Attention to detail during the actual process of incubation, whether this be natural or artificial, is not enough to ensure maximum results,. From the time when the pullets have concluded their first season*s laying, and have become yearling hens, their eventual use as breeders must be borne in mind. A great deal of the bird's vitality has been given to egg production, and in order to rebuild its health, it must be forced into a period of rest and recuperation. This is best accomplished by removing the laying mash from the pens of all contemplated breeders around November 1, thereby bringing on a moult, with consequent rest from laying. About the middle of January, or four or five weeks before eggs are required for incubation, laying mash is again supplied to the birds, thus bringing on good production when it is needed. In those districts where alfalfa is grown, the hay will be found to provide an excellent means by which incubation results may be bettered. At the Experimental Station, Summerland, B.C., the breeding pens are littered with alfalfa hay for at least three months before hatching eggs are wanted, and during that time the birds are fed mangels as a supplementary green feed. This excellent combination gave 15.8 percent better fertility than straw litter. It might be remarked that cod liver oil comprising 2 percent of the mash, was used in both cases. One of the reasons why artificial incubation does not always show such good results as when a hen is used as a hatching medium, is because proper care is not given to the handling of the eggs prior to incubating. An egg commences to incubate at a temperature approximating 68 degs. Fahrenheit, If hatching eggs are kept in a kitchen or living room, where the temperature, more often than not, exceeds this mark during the day, and is far below it during the night, it cannot be expected that good results may be achieved when such conditions prevail throughout the period when enough eggs are being collected to set an incubator. Incubation results are to a great extent what the poultry man makes them.

39 Zhe relation between abnormal orientation of the 4^day embryo and position of tfie chick at hatching. ]. R Cavers and F* B* Huff, Joun Agn Res* [U* S*], 48, 1934, No. 6, pp. 517-531, figs. 3. At the Minnesofa Experiment Station a study was made of the abnormal orientations of young chick embryos and their possible effects on the subsequent position of the chicks within the egg. A total of 4,721 embryos was accurately determined by candling without breaking the shell at 84 to 90 hr, of incubation. It was found that 75 percent of the embryos lay within 45° right or left of a line at right angles to the long axis of the egg and with their heads to the left when the small end of the egg was directed away from the observer. With embryos originally normally oriented the mortality rate was significantly lower than that for the remaining embryos. Early abnormal orientation apparently had no marked adverse effect on viability of the embryo until the last 4 days of incubation. The malposition in which the body was upside down with head in the small end of the egg was five times as frequent among embryos which had been oriented toward the small end of the egg on the fourth day as among those then normally oriented. When eggs with embryos originally oriented within 37.5° of the small end of the egg were incubated in a tilted position with the large end up, the malposition head-in-small-end was reduced to 1.9 percent as compared with 9 percent for similar eggs incubated in a horizontal position. Tilting did not materially reduce the frequency of malpositions among embryos having other initial orientations. Four of the malpositions observed appeared to be independent of the original orientation. The authors suggest that normal orientation of the embryo has been evolved and established due to the greater survival value given to the embryo. Some Factors that effect Hatchability of Eggs. E.M.Funk, Agrie. Exp. Sfafion of Missouri, Bull. 341, New England Poulfryman, Febr. 15, 1935. 1. High summer temperatures are detrimental to hatching results, due to depressed mating habits of the birds, poor ventilation in the machines, and high holding temperatures for the eggs. 2. Extremely low temperatures caused poor hatches from eggs laid the second and third week after a cold spell. 3. High egg production was in no way correlated with low hatchability. 4. Pullet's eggs hatched better than hen*s eggs. 5. Large egg size and low hatchability were associated. 6. Cross breeding improved hatchability. 7. Shell texture was not related to hatching results. 8. Eggs laid in the afternoon hatched better than eggs laid in the morning. 9. Turning eggs held from one to seven days before setting did not influence hatching results. 10. Hatchability decreased with age of the egg when held 14 days, or longer. Eggs failed to hatch after being held 28 days. 11. Eggs 14 days old required a longer time for incubation than eggs only a few days old. 12. Chilling eggs in a temperature of 32 to 38 degrees for 48 hours

40 did not affect hatching results. It required 7 days holding in the above temperatures to reach zero hatchability, though after 96 hours hatchability decreased. 13. The first 90 percent of the chicks hatched had 8.7 percent mortality during the first 8 weeks. The last 10 percent of the hatch averaged 24 percent mortality for the same period. Some observations on humidity and weight loss in the incubation of turkey eggs. F» E- Mussehl and C* W* Acker- son, Nebraska Sf a* Res, BuL 74,1934 In this investigation it was found that turkey eggs incubated under chicken hens lost from 11 to 15 percent of their original weight during the first 24 days of incubation. The loss was relatively more for small eggs than for large eggs incubated under the same conditions. Ä range of weight loss of from 7 to 24 percent of the original weight was observed during the first 24 days of incubation of eggs of approximately the same size and incubated in the same environment. The differences may have been due to variations in shell texture, but care had been emphasized in selecting apparently normal eggs with good texture. There was no significant correlation between weight losses during incubation and growth rate of poults during the first 8 weeks of life. The rate of air movement and humidity had more apparent influence on hatchability during the last 4 days than during the first 24 days of incubation. Cabinet incubators required somewhat different conditions during the last 4 days of incubation for turkey eggs than for chicken eggs. Some morphological Properties of Hen Eggs. Washing, storing and transportation, in Connection with the Hatchability and post embryonic Growth of chicks. ProL Penîonzhkevîfch, The Problems of Incubation, The Peoples Commisariaf of Agriculture, AlHIkrainian scientific Research Institute on Poultry, Issue I, Char- kov, 1934 Summary: /. 7he egg weight in connection with its hatchability and the postembryonic growth of chicks. 1. The best results from incubation have been obtained when the groups of eggs of an average weight of the general variation range had been laid by the white Leghorns and those of crossings (the white Leg- horns with local flocks)—and as to quantity showed its maximum for the group of fowls given. These eggs weight ranged 50 to 60 gr., that being confirmed also by the egglaying competition data in Melitopol, 1929-30, where the average eggweight had been determined 57.3 gr. for the Leghorns, while this of crossings 56.3 gr. 2. When above 60 gr. or less than 50 gr. of weight (46-43) eggs showed the low hatch comparatively to the average group (of 50-60 gr.). 3. Underweighed eggs (42-45 gr.) were of a considerably lower hatch. 4. The absolute weight of chicks during the two experimental decades and 25 days of examining (percent) to this of baby-chicks aged 24 hours and hatched from the eggs weighing 50-60 gr. shows the range of weight much beyond of this of the group of chickens hatched from underweighing eggs. 5. Chickens hatched from the eggs weighing more than 60 gr. have been of the same advantage (in this experience) approx. to 65 gr. com- 41 parafîvely to the weight groups of underweighed eggs (50 gr.) and as fo the growth they show this of higher degree than the samples of 50-60 gr. of weight, 6. Hence the minimum weight of the incubative egg for the white Leghorns and their crossings with the local flocks has to be considered 50 gr. When above 60 gr. of weight eggs may be used for incubation in the case only being with no defects as to their morphological and interior structure. If under 50 gr., eggs are not recommended for incubating because of the weight group 41-45 gr. being of low mark and the chickens hatched show the slow growing up. The group of eggs 46-48 of weight showed almost alike as to the index of incubating, however the growth of chicks is not sufficient and when aged 45 days they were comparatively of lower weight and growth than chicks hatched from the 41-49 gr. weighing eggs. 7. The limits mentioned are however indexed when the white Leg- horns and their crossings are concerned. Äs to the other broods one can easily suppose with sound reasoning that the optimum weight has to be ranged in dépendance upon the place that the average egg weight takes in the variation range of each stock with certain deviations in view. //. Egg diameters ratio as a criterion to the proper choice of eggs for incubating. 1. The best results as to the growth and increment during the 35 days of the postembryonic period were obtained from chickens hatched of eggs whose diameter ratio were the nearest to the average calculated for chosen group of eggs. The hatching result of this group being satisfactory (62.6 o/o), but still lower than this of the group of eggs more rounded in form. 2. All the other groups have shown a low rate of growth and low absolute weight in the course of 35 days of the postembryonic observation. Meanwhile the slowest was the group of chicks hatched from the oblong eggs (D : d = 1.41-1.66). The first group of the round eggs showed considerably less difference. Its hatches being high enough (72.5 o/o), while these of third and fourth are apparently low as : 49.2 o/o a. 47.6 o/o. 3. Therefore the most resultful is to make use of eggs whose diameter ratio is 1.31-1.55, or being available to use the ratio 1.19-1.30, as far as Leghorns and their crossings are concerned. As to the third group the incubating of eggs may be afforded dependently upon the form conditions expediency, as much as some slowliness in growth,—comparatively with the second group of eggs,—and backwardness in hatching are practically shown. Now the fourth group of the oblong eggs (D : d =^ 1.41 and more) has better to be avoided for incubation. ///. Mechanical cleaning up methods appreciation from the incubative points of view. 1. To incubate we have to select the cleanest eggs, with no dirt on their shell, securing certain hygienic conditions as to the places where our hens are laying eggs. Clean eggs being the factor of loss decreasing. 2. There are some tried methods of how to clean up the egg-shell from dirt, etc., i.e.: watering, washing with: 1. clean water; 2. 10 o/o of Nace Solution, damp duster using. The best being the method of cleansing, while this of dusting shows the worst. It can easily be explained why washing with the 10 o/o Nace Solution (comparatively with cleansing) shows worse : dusty ingredients of Nace precipitating on the outer eggsurface înfluense the cuticle porosity from its being normal. It is noticed by our Nace dose experience ; and as to some other dose of Nace solution more likely the other results can be reached. Practically

42 saying, no entire elimination of cuticles has been observed in all the above mentioned experiments either of washing or dusting. When the outer shell surface partly injured, the inner still left all right. 3. In some cases, if practically needed, proper rinsing may safely be admitted, with no rag rubbing use that is not recommendable at all. 4. All the mechanical methods of cleaning up the eggshell lead to destroy its cuticle normal structure. The rate of mechanical destroying and the method itself are followed by the rate of the integrity of cuticles. The accomplishment of the outer cuticle membrane results in the air circulating being abnormal, and the complete rubbing off can bring the whole unsatisfactíon in the results of incubation, as to lead even the actual penetration of microorganisms into the heart of egg. 5. In spite of getting about 50 o/o of dirty-shelled eggs, owing to the unproper washing, when the shell was dirt-covered on about one half of the surface, which have taken the second place after the control group eggs (80.5 o/o) still we avoid fo use them for incubating, considering the fact that the dirt may easily avail the microorganismus getting into the egg and thus injuring the embryo. This compels to be studied attentively in details. IV. The storage. 1. The longer is the period of storing up the eggs selected for incubation before their being put into the incubator, the more it affects upon the fertilized egg cell and on the percentage of hatched chicks as a reducing factor, while increasing the number of unfertilized eggs which shortly reveal. But this hatching (we call them "conditionally unfertilized*')—develops upon the account of the loss and deterioration of the fertilized cells, that can be explained by the overstoring the eggs. 2. The average holding temperature in our test was 18.8° C. We consider that the longest period maximally availed for pre-ÍncubatÍon is advisable as 10 days, but if possible it is recommended to be decreased as for as minimum afforded,—for the effect of the results of incubating highly depends upon the period of storing. In our test hatchings were reached even after 20 days of storing, but the hatchings were too low and not from the all tested groups (only three were successful : the first showed 20.0 0/0, the 2nd-7.4o/o, and the 3rd-27.3%). After 25-30 days of storing no hatching was reached at all. After 15 days of storing the hatching was low (in our test) with maximum 47.7 o/o and minimum 30.8 o/o as to the fertilized eggs. 3. The average temperature for storing as 18,8° C. seems to be very high, and we consider the test to be continued in order to find out the optimum temperature for storing the eggs. 4. Testing both horizontal and vertical egg-position in storage, the' former showed better results. 5. No positive result is reached when turning and up setting the eggs stored ; if before 10 days. After 10 days storing the process of upsetting is desirable anyhow. 6. Drying out the eggs while storing depends upon the rate of air saturation with the moisture. The high moisture contents is the increasing factor for the drying out, while the, low contents is the increasing one. When average moisture being 64.6 o/o the drying off per 30 days is 4.4-5.6o/o; if 87 0/0 the drying reaches 2.53-2.77o/o. 7. The reaction of the white and the yolk during the holding period of 30 days has no characteristical changes dependable upon the time of storing that would have shown the possibility to utilize this reaction as a secondary criterion to determing the age of egg storing.

45 8. Our first testing showed the growth of PH in the eggwhite up to the 17th day (the first day being in average 8:953, the eleventh = 9,695, the fourteenth = 9.253) while between 11th and 31st day some little deviations either to increase or to decrease were suggested. We noticed no characteristic changing of the yolk PH while storing. V. Shorf analizing of the results of oggs incubation which have been brought from the eggstoresj and of these with the broken chatazaes. The unsatisfactory hatches of eggs brought from the eggstores may be explained as the unsatisfactory storage conditions, so called overstoring (too high temperature in the store houses; too long period of storing ; lack of the hygienic conditions, resulting in the egg infection etc.) ; then unproper transporting of eggs,—are the causes of the deterioration of fertilized eggs, before their being put into the incubator, or while incubating them. 2. When comparing the satisfactory results of incubation of the store eggs in some separate portions, the quantity of the periodic hatchings, and unhatchings of the separate portions, it can be explained by better conditions of storing, shorter period of holding and better conditions of transportation. 3. Eggs with broken or weakened chalazaes do not fit for incubation. This defect is a result of mechanical injury (for inst. while transported) of the egg, and causes the fertile cell either a damage or a complete destruction; sometimes it brings abnormalities to the embryo-development of the chick, henceforth the increase in the number of cripples, monsterous or weak chicks, as much as leads to the percentage of normal chicks being decreased. Experiments with double-yotked Eggs, Bvutversuche mit Doppeldottereietn, W* Lucas, Geflügel-Börse, 9 SepL 1932. The interior construction of double-yolked eggs can vary greatly according to the position of the yolks and the aîrchamber. From some eggs two chickens are hatched and from other only one. The best results were obtained from eggs in which the airchamber was situated in the middle of the egg lengthways and at equal distances from the yolks. Variations in the Potassium Content in Hen Eggs during Incubation. Mutations du Potassium pendant Vln- cubation de l'Oeuf de Poule, K. Leulîer and F. Paulanf, Comptes rendues de la Société de Biologie, V0LII8, 1935, p-254 The average content of potassium in eggs is 70 mgr. The white contains 0.167 0/0 and the yolk 0.090 0/0. During incubation the potassium content in the embryo increases parallel to the increase in the weight of the embryo. This will be seen from the following table: Number of incubation days Weight of embryo Potassium in mgr. 7 days 0.427 0.65 10 „ 1.51 2.14 12 „ 4.44 8.41 14 „ 8.00 14.82 16 „ 14.06 25.78 18 „ 19.30 42.00 20 „ 26.09 49.43 21 „ 33.60 63.30

44 Influence of Alcohol upon the Development of the Embryo. Action de I'Alcohol ethyligue sut le Développement de l'Embryon de Poulet. E* Patry and A* Ferrîer, Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, V0LII6, 1934, p. 928. Ä 5 0/0 solution of alcohol în water caused an increase in the rythme of the heart. A 10 0/0 solution killed the embryo very quickly. These solutions have teratogenic action as is the case with fishes. Chromosomes in the Chicken. Die Chromosomen beim Haushuhn-Kücken. M. J, D. White- (Rei Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL42, 1934, p-682). As a resuit of various experiments a diploîd number of 66 i 2 was ascertained and a haploid number of 33 i !♦ This confirms previous experiments, Z>he Relation between abnormal Orientation of the 4''day Embryo and Position of the Chick at Hatching. J. R. Cavers and F. B, Hutt, Agricultural Research, VoL48, 1934, p.517. From the literature at their disposal the writers discovered six different kinds of anomalous positions of fully developed chicks in the egg and gave descriptions of these various possibilities. The majority of these anomalies prevent hatching and are therefore fatal. In oases where they did not cause the death of the embryos, the writers investigated the correlation between these anomalies and the position of the embryos at the time of hatching—4721 fructified eggs were examined with a 500 Watt lamp and the results were recorded on sensitized paper. Of the eggs in the 3-4 hatching day 75o/o showed a normal position of the embryos and there was less loss at hatching than in the eggs showing an abnormal position of the embryos. The result from the eggs which showed an abnormal position of the embryo on the 4th day, and which were placed in an obliquely perpendicular position with the blunt end upwards, was only 1.9 o/o hatchable chickens with the head in the wrong position, i. e. with the head at the pointed end of the egg. With the eggs in an horizontal position 9 o/o of the chickens showed wrong position of the head. Growth and sexual Maturity in Brahma and Leghorn Fowl. R F. Waters, Iowa State CoL Joun Sci„ 8, 1934, No. 3, pp. 367-384, figs. 15. Futher study of the data reported in Rhode Island Experiment Station Bulletin 228, dealing with a cross between Single-Comb White Leghorns aiid Light Brahmas, indicated the operation of a dominant sex- linked gene for early maturity, but this was not very clear-cut and was not confirmed in matings of early- and late-maturing individuals, respectively, from the flocks of Leghorns and Brahmas. The relationships of sexual maturity to mature weight and body weight were also not clear-cut. The growth curves of the pure breeds and the F1 s and F 2 s between them emphasized the complexity of the relationship between sexual maturity and growth.

45 Segregating baby chicks at hatching time. \1. S. Depf♦ Agn, Bun Anîm. Indus,, Anîm, Husb- Div., A, H, Mîmeogr« No, 2, 1934 Instructions for sexing baby chicks are presented.

Some Production Costs with Growing Chicks. University of Missouri Agrie. Exp, Station, BulL313, Columbia, Mo. The average feed consumption per 100 chicks for the first four weeks was 84 pounds, ranging from 79 for the general purpose breeds to 91 for the Leghorns. The daily fuel consumption per hover was : coal, 17 pounds, oil, 23 gallons, electricity, 3 to 4 KWH.

Growth of White Leghorn chicks. G. D. Buekner, W. M. Insko, Jr., and J. H. Martin, Poultry Seienee, 13,1934, p.110. The Kentucky Experiment Station investigated three methods of raising incubator-hatched chicks in order to determine the most satisfactory method of calculating the rate of growth. Three different methods of calculating growth data were examined. The first method consisted of calculating the average weight of all the pullets and cockerels alive on each weigh day during the test. In the second method the average weight was calculated for all the pullets and cockerels alive on each weigh day, excluding from the averages the preceding weighings of those that died or were removed for analyses. The third method consisted of calculating the average biweekly weights of only those pullets and cockerels that survived the experiment. The differences between the means for any two lots calculated by any of the three methods were slight.

Hatching, brooding, rearing, and feeding chicks. M. C. Her- ner, Manitoba Dept. Agr. and Immigr., Ext. Bui. 101, 1934, pp.27, figs. 12. An attempt has been made to relate facts as revealed by science as to methods and practices of incubation, brooding, and general care and management of chicks which, if followed, would be practical, economical, and successful.

Retarded Feathering in the Fowl. D. C. Warren, Journal of Heridity, Vol.24,1933, p.431. His attention having been drawn to the subject by a book by the well known Russian experimenter Serebrowsky the writer, in 1926, studied some Leghorn chicks which had peculiar plumage, especially those with undeveloped wing and tail feathers. From breeding experiments which he made the writer was able to ascertain that there was here no question of the known factor, which causes retarded feathering, but that it was a case of a retardation in the development of a part of the plumage, caused by a recessive independent mendeling factor. Only growing birds can be used for observation. Zhe influence of Ultra-Violet Rays on the Growth and Health of Chickens. Influenza dei Raggi ultravioletti 46 suirÄccresimento e sulla Salate del PulcinL ProL A^ Pîrocchî, Sfazîone sperîmenf ale dî zoof ecnîa, Milano, La Clínica Veterinaria, VoL57, 1934, p,989. Treatment with ultra-violet rays from a Hanau lamp proved to have a favourable influence on the growth and health of chickens.

Growth of chickens as a function of feed consumption. H. W. Tifus, M. A. JuU, and W. A^ Hendricks, Jour^ Agr. Research, VoL48, 1934, p. 817. In order to study the relationship between the weight of feed consumed by a growing animal and the resulting gain in live weight, the U-S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry fed 7 pens of males and 7 pens of females of Rhode Island Red x Barred Plymouth Rock breeding at^ different levels of feed intake, including ad libitum and 6 lower levels, for a 52-week period. The weight of feed consumed and the average live weight of the chicks were obtained at the end of each week. A mathematical analysis of the data indicated that the equation of the curve of diminishing increment, W = A—BRF, in which W is the live weight after the consumption of any quantity of feed, F; A is the maximum live weight attainable on a given level of feed intake ; B ihe maximum gain possible under the same conditions ; and R, the SpiUman ratio, is the inverse ratio of the gains in live weight resulting from any two successive units of feed consumed, accurately described the relationship between live weight and cumulative feed consumption. The relationship between the Spillman ratio and the level of feed intake was accurately expressible by the equation In—^—= k(x-b), a — y in which y equals the Spillman ratio, x equals the relative level of feed intake, and a, k, and b are constants. The relationship between the maximum gain possible and the level of feed intake could be fairly accurately expressed by the equation y=:a —be-kx, in which y equals the total gain possible, x equals the relative level of feed intake, and a, b, and k are constants. On the higher absolute levels of feed intake the males studied were more efficient in feed utilization for growth, while on very low absolute levels the opposite was true. As a result of this study it is recommended that in comparative feeding tests all groups be fed at a level of feed intake equal to 70 percent of an approximation of the idealized ad libitum feed consumption.

Zhe normal development of the leg bones of chickens with respect to their ash content. H. M. Harshaw, J. C* Frifz, and RW. Tifus, Jour. Agr. Res., aS., 48, 1934, No. 11, p. 997. The U.S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry designed this study to determine the normal development of the leg bones of chicks of different breeds raised under favorable conditions on a grass range. Groups of 350 birds each of the Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn breeds were fed the same basal ration and were kept under similar conditions. On

47 the day of hatching and at l-week intervals thereafter up to the twentieth week determinations were made of the ash in the moisture- and fat-free femtir, tibia, and metatarsus with and without the cartilages of representative birds from each group. The calcium and inorganic phosphorus of the blood serum and of the ash of the tibias were also obtained. The calcium content of the blood showed no significant change with increasing age, except for a marked increase in pullets just before they started to lay. The inorganic phosphorus showed a decrease after the fourteenth week. X-rays indicated an earlier calcification of the epiphyses of the bones of females than of males and of White Leghorns than of Rhode Island Reds. The calcium and phosphorus contents of the ash of the tibias showed no significant difference, nor were the sex differences significant. The calcium-phosphorus ratio was low on the day after hatching, but increased to about 2:1 in all cases. The diaphysis of the long bones of both sexes tended to have a constant ash content from the fifth to the twentieth week. The ash content of the diaphysis with its cartilages tended to be higher for females than for males and higher for Leghorns than for Rhode Island Reds. It was concluded that the tibia is the most satisfactory bone to use in studying the ash content of the bones of chickens. In preparing the bone for ashing it is recommended that the epiphyseal cartilages and the periosteum be removed. Rearing Chicks. Seuchenfreie Kückenaufzucht. R» Krause, Deutsche Landwirfschafflîche Geflûgelzeîfung, VoL37,

The disadvantage of the hover is that there is a continual air current owing to the fact that the warm air rises and is replaced by cold air. Ä new type of foster mother is described* Hoiv many Pullets From 1,000 Chicks? D^M.Babbîff, New England Poulfryman, Febn 15, 1935* How many pullets may you expect to house for every 1,000 baby chicks you buy? If you are an average poultryman, the answer is about 375. This is shown in an accurate record of 643 farms which have reported each year for seven years. On these farms the average number of chicks put out was 1,446; the mortality was 14.1 percent and the new number of good pullets housed was 37 percent. This year's figures show a slight gain over the seven-year average; 838 farms reported 1,312 chicks put out, mortality 12.2 percent and good pullets housed, 38.3 percent. feed consumption and growth of White Leghorn chicks in batteries. C,S. Plaff, New Jersey Sfas* Cîra316, 1934, pp.4 Tables are presented showing the age, amount of feed consumed per bird for the age in weeks, the total feed consumption, and estimated cost of feed per bird of White Leghorn chicks of both sexes in batteries. The data were collected at the station poultry farm over a period of several years.

48 Disinfecting Battery Cages, H» Bunyea, U. S^ Poultry and Egg Magazine, (Ref, National Poultry Journal, Nov. 2nd, 1934) Two substances seem specially fo commend themselves as possible conformable to the requirements for a good poultryplant disinfectant. These are sodium-orthophenylphenate and sodium hydrate, the latter in the form of commercial lye. Sodium orthophenylphenate in a 0.25 percent solution is effective in destroying the virus of infectious laryngotracheitis at a temperature of 60 °F* or over. In a 1.0 percent solution it is recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry for disinfection against the germs of tuberculosis and other common poultry diseases« The data obtained also show that at temperatures as low as 40 ° F, the virus of infectious laryngotracheitis is destroyed by commercial lye in 2.0 percent solution.

Relation between Development and Production, Wechsel- beziehung zwischen Jugendentwicklung und Lege-- leistung. Jubilee Report of the Poultry Experiment Station at Erding» After extensive research in connection with early growth Macht came to the conclusion that, taking early growth as a basis, one can much easier and with more certainty make a choice than if one takes full grown birds. Up to the 15th or 18th week the birds which later show good capacities are far in advance of the poorer birds but during the latter part of this time the poorer birds grow quicker and gradually catch up. It would appear therefore that the period between the 15th and 18th week is the best time to make a choice. Birds, which at this time distinguish themselves by long, broad and deep rumps, long breast bone, long pace and lower thigh and well formed head, give promise of good capacities. The distance of the breast bones from the pubic bone and the space between the two pubic bones cannot be taken into account as signs of good qualities, until the 34th week, as the size of these does not increase until they are ripe for laying.

Poultry Breeding and Egg Production in Canada during ^934' ^on Kanadas Geflügelzucht und Eierproduktion 1934' Eier-Börse, 7 Febr*, 1935* According to the latest census taken in June 1934, poultry in Canada numbered 59,708700 head, which is an increase on 1933 of 474,300 head. Of this total 55,429500 are hens and chickens and 781,700 ducks. Prices for table poultry increased on the whole as compared with 1933, and poultry breeding has become an important part of the agricultural industry in Canada. Study of Broodiness in Domestic Hens. Studie über die Verhältnisse der Brutlust bei Haushühnern. J.Hartel, Studie o pomerech kvokavosti u kuru domaciho, Diss. Brunn, 1934 (Rei Züchtungskunde 1934, p.390)* The writer concludes: There are hens which are able fo end broodiness quite suddenly. A sitting hen has the character of a fighting animal

49 4 which flees only when in the very greatest danger. When judging the clucking as a sign of broodiness, attention must be paid to the intensity and repetition of the sound. Changes in the comb and the colour of the plumage cannot be taken as signs of broodiness. They are the exterior signs of a certain condition of the body of the hen. This condition is connected with the metabolism, the exercise, the falling of the temperature and formation of brood spots. Neither experiments with Prolan, Hypophysis-extracts and Oesterin or blood transfusions had any effect on broodiness. Hens which do not lay do not become broody. Hens which are not given the opportunity to stay long in the nest after laying show far less inclination to broodiness than hens which are allowed to stay longer in the nest. The writer recommends the following as remedies against broodiness: prevention of warmth on the underside of the body, rich feeding and plenty of exercise for the birds.

Ä colour mutation in the Rhode Island Red fowl. J.RQuinn, Journal Genet, 29, 1934, No^l, pp. 75-83. The hereditary behavior of a redsplashed white color appearing in Rhode Island Red fowls of the U.S.D.Ä. Bureau of Animal Industry is described in crosses of such birds with Rhode Island Reds, White Wyan- dottes. Barred Plymouth Rocks, Jersey Black Giants, White Plymouth Rocks, and White Silkies. The results of these matings demonstrated that the mutant character redsplashed white was recessive to the various colors and differed from the two types of recessive whites represented by the whites of Plymouth Rocks and Silkies. The white-splashed character was considered due to a factor P, causing an absence of the complete extension of pigment. However, the red-splashed birds carried the dominant factor C for chro- mogen and O for oxidase. Ä case of gynandtomotphic plumage in a pheasant re- examined in the light of Lillie's hypothesis of hormone threshold. J. S. Huxley and C. J. Bond, Jour. Genef., 29, 1934, No.l, pp. 51-59, pis. 2. The bilateral differences in the two sides of a gynandromorphic pheasant, described by Bond, are considered to be due to chromosome differences in the cells in the two sides of the body, with consequent differences in the response to the ovarian hormone. Another pheasant with an abnormal color pattern, shot 30 yars ago in the same district, is briefly described in a postscript. This is taken to suggest the existence of an albino strain for many years in the same district. Studies on the creeper fowl.—VI, Skeletal growth of creeper chickens, with special reference to growth of the long bones. W.Landauer, Storrs Sfa. BuL193, 1934, pp.79, figs. 19. Continuing this series, data are recorded on growth and body weigth and length and diameter at the proximal and distal epiphysis and diaphysis of the long bones of creeper and normal fowls at daily intervals from the seventh to twenty-seventh day of incubation, weekly intervals up to 4 weeks, and at 6, 8, 13, and 26 weeks of age, separation also being by

50 sex in the last two groups. In practically all cases there were 10 birds in each group. The results showed that body weight of creeper and normal embryos was approximately the same, but from the fourth week of postnatal life creeper chicks had a definitely lower body weight than normals. The long bones of creepers were shorter than those of normal chicks, and this difference was found to exist even in 7-day-old embryos. However, the spurts of growth were similar in the two types. The breadth of the diaphysis of the long bones of creeper embryos was at first narrower and later wider than that of normal embryos. Variations were observed in this relationship between different bones during growth. Studies of the phalangeal bones of the toes during postnatal development showed that the phalanges of the first, second, and third toe of creepers were somewhat shorter than normals during most of the growth period, but no definite differences were shown in the length of the phalanges of the fourth toe. As a result of these conditions all creeper indices of long bone length were quite different from those observed in the normals except in the tarsometatarsotibial index. An increased variability of creeper females as compared with males was evidently due to the relatively greater degree of shortening of the male bones and the longer growth period of creeper females as compared with normal females. The variability of bone length, as shown by the coefficients of variation, was higher in creepers than in normals during incubation as well as after hatching, the explanation being that new sources of variability created by the creeper mutation operated during the embryonic and postnatal growth period. It was also found that the more distally a bone was located in the carcass the later it was laid down during development and the greater was the percentage of reduction in length in creepers. The changes in growth rhythm and growth intensity shown by creeper bones were found to be secondary to the general growth retardation of the creeper gene. It is concluded that the typical features of creeper bones (chondrodystrophy) are the result of an inhibition of differentiation by retardation of growth. Detailed data on the growth rate are presented in a series of tables in the appendix and shown graphically in the text

Che Duckling Industry in Norfolk. K. Teather, Rep. 18th Ann. Poultry Conference, Harper Adams Agrie. Coll., 1934. An account is given of the management, rearing and feeding of ducks in the Norfolk and Suffolk area.

Practical Duck-keeping. J. J. Mc Lachlan, Queensland Agrie. J.1934, Vol.42, p.230 (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., Vol.4, No. 3). Notes are given on housing, breeding, management, incubation, rearing and feeding of the three foremost breeds in Queensland.

51 ^* Breeding and Reaving of üutkeys. Putenzucht und Aufzucht. R» Römer, Landwirtschaftliche Fachpresse Tschecho- slowakei, V0LI2, 1934, p.136* The breeding of turkeys is offen looked upon as being involved. Turkeys need large and if possible unlifemed space. Full grown birds should be used for breeding and should be hardened. Then strong chickens can be expected, the rearing and feeding of which are practically similar to those of hen chicks. Plenty of animal and green food should be given.

Laying Batteries. H^CFew, Rep* 18th Ann» Poultry Con- ference, Harper Adams Agrie* ColL, 1934 The management of laying batteries is discussed and the advantages of this system are pointed out.

52 NUTRITION

VITAMINS VITAMIN A Recent contributions to out knowledge of the chemistry of vitamin Ä. M. T, Bogerf, Jour. Chem. Ed., 11,1934, No. 4, pp.203-207 (Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol.71, 1934, p. 584). The steps leading up fo the recent synthesis of perhydro vitamin A by Karrer and his coworkers are reviewed concisely, as well as other attempts made to reach this same goal. The significance of ionene as a degradation product of vitamin Ä is discussed, and the synthesis of the former is outlined. The possibility of many vitamin Ä isomers is pointed out and the fascinating opportunities of startlingly important discoveries in this field of investigation. Ä list of 16 references to the literature is appended. An attempt to isolate vitamin A, H. N* Holmes, H* Cassîdy, E-Harfzler, and R Manly, Science, 79, 1934, No*2046, pp.255, 256, In this preliminary note the authors announce the isolation from the nonsaponifiable portion of halibut-liver oil of a concentrate said t^ be considerably more active as a source of vitamin Ä than any hitherto reported. Preparations of the concentrate have had cod-liver oil values ranging from 13,000 to approximately 14,000, with a number ranking above 10,500, the highest value previously reported. Inasmuch as the richest product is still in the form of a viscous oil, no claim is made as to its purity. Ä brief description is given of the method followed in the concentration. Avitaminoses A and B in Fowl. Observaciones relacionadas con las avitaminosis A y B en las Aves. (Roup de la Nutrîcîôn.) Dn A. Sfeîner and C. Lopez, Revista de Higiene y Sanidad Pecuarias, Vol. 24,1934, p. 647. Rescriptíon with photos of cases of Avitaminosis in Fowl. New U. S. pharmacopoeial Standards for Cod Liver Oil. RFXook, Analyst, 1934, VoL 59, p. 545. (Nutrition Abstr., VoL4, No. 3.) Reference cod liver oil of known vitamin Ä and vitamin D potency is available as a standard for estimating vitamins A and D' in cod liver oil, in concentrates and in other products, whether medicines or food. The minimum standard for cod liver oil adopted by the II.S.P. is to be not

53 less than 600 International units of vitamin A, and not less than 85 Inter- national units of vitamin D, per gram. Factors for converting some of the many unofficial units into U.S.P. (International) units are given, though it is recognised that these values may be only very approximate. New pharmacopoeial standards for cod liver oil. £• F. Cook, Amen Joun Pharm^, 106, 1934, No.5, pp^iyS-lSO^ This announcement of the new pharmacopoeial standards for vitamins Ä and D and vitamin assays which will become official on January 1, 1935, includes the new U.S.P.X. cod-liver oil minimum standards for vitamins Ä and D in terms of U.S.P. 1934 units and conversion factors for vitamin A and D units. The latter include, in addition to the ones given previously, the equivalent of one international vitamin D unit in terms of Oslo vitamin D units (1.66) and the equivalent of the new U.S.P. minimum standard of 85 U.S.P.X. (1934) vitamin D units per gram of oil in Steen- bock (31.5), A.D.M.A. (276), and Oslo (142) units. Zhe biological and chemical nomenclature for the carotenoids. L. S. Palmer, Science, 79, 1934, No* 2056, pp. 488-490. The author discusses the unsatisfactory and confusing nomenclature in use at the present time for ketonic and alcoholic carotenoids and proposes a new generic and chemical nomenclature for the various carotenes and carotenoid derivatives. Several references to the literature are included. A rich source of ß-carotene, W.L. Brown, Science, 79, 1934, No. 2056, p. 481. In this brief note from the Georgia Experiment Station attention is called to the Perfection pimiento as a rich source of ^-carotene apparently free from <2-carotene. The yield of ^-carotene from dried pimiento shells is said to be 200 to 665 mgr. per kilogram. Zhe chemistry of vitamins Ä and C. P. Karrer, Chem. Rev., 14, 1934, No. 1, pp. 17-30 (Ref. Exp. Station Record, Vol.71,1934, p.583). This lecture, given at the September 1933 meeting of the American Chemical Society, constitutes a concise review of the investigations of the author and his associates on the chemical constitution of vitamins A and C, with references to the contributions of other investigators along the same lines. Zhe Fat-soluble Vitamin content of the Liver Oil of the Burbot. H. D. Branion, Ontario Agrie. College, Guelph. Science Agricole, 1934, Vol. 15, p. 1. The liver of the burbot was larger and had a higher content of oil than that of average codfish. Vitamin A was estimated biologically, by a preventive method, and also colorimetrically. Vitamin D was estimated by a preventive method, with the rachitogenic diets of McCoUum or Steenbock, the criterion used being X-ray examination of the knee joint. The burbot oil was equal, if not superior, in vitamin A and D content to the highest grade cod liver oil, and far more potent than many medicinal brands. There was some evidence that the potency of the oil for both vitamins increased as the summer advanced.

54 Evidence was adduced that the deferminafîon of inorganic blood P is of little value as a criterion in vitamin D tests. Sherman's stock diet for rat colonies, destined for vitamin tests, was found to be deficient in some factor or factors. Relationship between avitaminosis Ä, infection and parasitic infestation in poultry. Experimental and histological study. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Ä-Avitaminose, Infektion und Parasitismus bei Hühnern. Eine experimentelle und histologische Studie. O. Seîfrîed, Munch, tierärztL Wochenschn 1933, VoL84, p,540, Ä description and discussion are given of the changes occurring in avitaminosis A in the mucous membrane and glands of the respiratory- alimentary and genital systems, and the reversal of these changes when vitamin A is administered. The infiltration of organisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic, resulting from the decline in local resistance, sets up secondary infections. In hens there is also a high incidence of infestation with intestinal parasites (Ascaridia lineats and Davainea proglottina) as a result of vitamin A deficiency. The consequent atony of the intestinal musculature plays a part in encouraging infection, in addition to the decline in resistance of the mucous membrane. Ä comparison of some vitamin Ä supplements for chick feeding. M. W, Miller and G. E- Bearse, Washington Sta. Bui 292,1934, pp*20, figs*5. The Western Washington Experiment Station conducted three trials with White Leghorn day-old chicks to determine whether alfalfa products could be used as a source of vitamin A for poultry feeding. The same basal mash supplemented with various products was fed throughout the tests. Commercial dehydrated alfalfa was found to contain twice as much vitamin A as a sample of commercial sun-cured alfalfa. Local dehydrated alfalfa contained four times as much vitamin A as the same hay sun- cured. The dehydrated alfalfas used in these tests were 30 times more potent in vitamin A than the yellow corn used. Dehydrated Italian ryegrass had as much vitamin A as dehydrated alfalfa. After 1 year's storage the commercial dehydrated alfalfa still had twice as much vitamin A as the commercial sun-cured alfalfa, and the local dehydrated alfalfa was still four times as potent as the same hay cured in the sun» Dehydrated grass lost its potency more rapidly than the alfalfa. Dehydrated carrots had approximately the same vitamin A potency as the dehydrated alfalfa and grass. Che quantities of vitamin Ä required by pullets for maintenance and egg production. R, M, Sherwood and G* S» Fraps, Texas Sfa» Circ. 71,1933, The amount of vitamin A fed to three lots of Leghorn pullets for 6.5 mo. was varied by the amount of yellow corn and white corn included in the ration. The average daily consumption of vitamin A in the yeUow corn lot was approximately 270 units, in the mixed corn lot 120 units, and in the white corn lot none. The first lot had the lowest mortality, maintained the heaviest body weight, laid the most eggs, and these eggs maintained their vitandn A content longer than the other groups^ The

55 inîxed corn lot was intermediate between the yellow corn and white com lots in the above respects. The mortality of the white corn lot was 89 percent during the course of the experiment. In this work laying pullets required approximately 105 units of vitamin Ä per head per day for maintenance and 63 units above maintenance to store 1 unit in the eggs. On this basis it was found that the rations commonly used in this country do not supply sufficient vitamin Ä for maintenance and egg production unless access to growing green feed or to a vitamin carrier is supplied. Vitamin Ä storage in the livers of turkeys and chickens. H^R^Guilberf and W^R^Hinshaw, Jour» Nufrîfîon, 8, 1934, p. 45^ The livers of White Leghorn females and Bronze turkeys were examined colorîmetrîcally at the California Experiment Station in order to estimate the vitamin Ä storage. Ä direct correlation was found between the liver storage and the level of vitamin Ä in the ration, the growth and mortality records, and the survival period of pen mates when placed on vitamin Ä-deficient rations. The chickens had a greater storage of vitamin A than the turkeys comparable in regard to maturity and feeding history. Wide variations were found among individuals from pens receiving the same feed. Turkeys receiving 8 percent of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal had a lower storage of vitamin Ä in the liver than did turkeys having access to green feed in addition to the vitamin A-carrying feeds in the ration. There was relatively little storage of vitamin A in young turkeys even when the ration contained an abundance of this vitamin. On such rations the liver storage increased rapidly as the percentage rate of growth decreased. The vitamin value of liver samples taken at the first clinical evidence of deficiency varied from a trace to 2 units per gram of liver. The technic described in the above paper had limitations in determining the vitamin A requirements of fowls, but the simplicity of its procedure and equipment necessary make it adaptable to general use. VITAMIN B Activity of crystalline preparations of vitamin Bi. Ä«G* van Veen, Nature, London, 133,1934, No* 3352, p* 137» The author has confirmed the announcement by Kinnersley, 0*Brien, and Peters that their crystalline vitamin Bi concentrate is more active than any hitherto prepared, and announces that by improvements in his own method of isolating vitamin Bi he has succeeded in obtaining a crystalline product which is about twice as active as his former preparation and probably more active than the Peters preparation. The minimum protective dose of the new crystals is 0.8 y for ricebirds and 13y or a little more for young rats. One g of the preparation is said to be equal to about 500,000 international standard units. Activity of crystalline preparations of vitamin Bi. H. W, Kinnersley, ]. R» O'Brien, and R» A* Peters, Nature, Lon- don, 133,1934, No. 3353, p. 177. Referring to the report of Van Veen noted above, the authors call attention to the differences in composition between the crystals prepared by Van Veen and by themselves and state that at present these differences cannot be reconciled with the published results of X-ray analysis.

56 Ä case of Avitaminosis. Un caso de Avitaminosis. S. Costea, Revista de Higiene y Sanidad Pecuarias, VoL24, 1934, p.967- Description of cases of a vifamînosis in ducks caused by lack of vitamin B. AH birds died within 20-29 days. Avitaminosis B. in Rhode Island Reds. Recherches sur l'Avitaminose du complex B chez les Poules Rhode'- Island-Red. G» Nichita, N* Tuschak and Ch. Calcef, Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL117, 1934, p,283, p^286 and p-289- Within 11-22 days the 6 hens used for this test died by polyneuritis. Metabolism remained normal fo the last day. The nervous symptoms were preceded by digestive symptoms. The symptoms can be avoided by feeding yeast fo the hens. The degree of sensitiveness fo lack of vitamin B varies in the different breeds. Rhode Island Reds are fhe most sensitive. White Leghorns show considerably more resistance than Rhode Islands. Effect of Plasma from polyneuritic Fowls on the Growth in Vitro of embryo-chick Intestine. R^McCarrison and G^Sankaran* (Nutrit* Res* Lab* Coonoor, S* India), Indian Journal of Medical Research, 1934, VoL 22, p* 67 (Rei Nutrition Abstr*, VoL 4, No* 3)* Isolated embryo chick intestine was activated in vitro in a mixture of Tyrode*s solution and either polyneuritic or normal fowl plasma. The polyneuritic plasma inhibited the profuse outgrowth of epithelial cells which occurred with normal plasma. Instead a scanty outgrowth mainly composed of fibroblasts was observed. Effect of digitalis Glucoside in beriberi Pigeons. Die Wirkung der Digitalisglykoside bei an Beriberi erkrankten Cauben. J. Méhes, Arch* L exp. PathoL u* PharmakoL, 1934, VoL 176, p* 141 (ReL Nutrition Abstr*, VoL 4, No* 3)* Comparative experiments on normal and beriberi pigeons showed that the emetic effect of crystalline digitoxîn (Merck), digitalis cryst. (Merck), cryst. strophanthin and tincture of digitalis was considerably decreased in beriberi birds. The cardiotoxic effect due to digitalis glucosides was much decreased, whilst fhe same effect in the case of strophanthin was increased. These changes of sensitivity were probably due to lack of vitamin B, since fhe reactions could be restored to normal by addition of yeasf extract to the diet or by substitution of a diet rich in vitamin B, for the experimental one. Maintenance Nutrition in the Pigeon and its Relation to heart Block. C. W* Carter, Biochem» Journal, 1934, VoL 28, p. 933 (ReL Nutrition Abstr., VoL 4, No. 3). If is suggested that one factor limiting fhe restoration of body weight of pigeons on a diet of polished rice supplemented by a yeasf concentrate, is an inadequate allowance of protein in the diet. Cure of

57 heart block could be effected with an extract of wheat germ, independently of the state of nutrition of the bird, as judged by body weight, or cardiac irregularity might persist although weight was restored. Cissue Oxidation in experimental Vitamin B Deficiency and Inanition in Pigeons. Untersuchungen der Gewebs- oxydation bei experimenteller B, Avitaminose und bei Inanition von Zauben. (Vorläufige Mîffeîlung.) H* Rydîn, Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, 1934, VoL69, p-300 (Rei Nutrition Abstn, VoL4, No. 3). The paper is a summary of the author*s findings. The tissues studied were muscle and liver of pigeons ; the tests were made with the methylene-blue method (Thunberg-Ahlgren) and the micro-respirometer (Haldane-Barcroft-Warburg). Certain limitations of the methylene-blue method are noted. Experimental details and bibliography are not given. The paper cannot be conveniently summarised, but, in general, confirms the findings that oxidative activity is diminished in pigeons suffering from polyneuritis or inanition. Pyruvic acid as an intermediary Metabolite in the Brain tissue of avitaminous and normal Pigeons. R. A. Peters en R. H. S. Thompson, Biochemical Journal, 1934, VoL28, p. 916 (ReL Nutrition Abstn, VoL4, No^3)^ Disappearance of pyruvic acid and of bisulphite-binding substances accompanied the extra oxygen uptake, induced by the action of crystalline vitamin B, in pigeon's brain tissue in vitro. Estimations were made by the method of Clift and Cook, and by a modified Case method. The average value for the quotient, extra O 2 Uptake/pyruvic aced diappearing, approximated to 506, representing 2 mois. O 2 taken up for 1 mol pyruvic acid disappearing, but there were some wide variations, suggesting that disappearance of pyruvate is an indirect effect of vitamin action. The phenomena are consistent with the view that pyruvic acid is a normal intermediary in the metabolism of pigeon's brain tissue. In agreement with the Embden-Meyerhof fermentation scheme, it is accumulated during respiration of normal brain tissue in presence of iodoacetate and not of fluoride. VITAMIN D Zhe Provitamin D of Cholesterol. Zhe antirachitic Efficacy of irradiated Cholesterol. J» Waddell, E» L» Rohden- burg, J. BioL Chem-, 1934, VoL105, p. 711 (Rei Nutri- tion Abstn, VoL4, No*3)- A large series of parallel tests of various antirachitic materials was made, both on rats (Steenbock line test method) and chicks (prophylaxis against leg weakness). Preliminary experiments confirmed the reported greater potency of cod liver oil as compared with îrrîdiated ergosterol for chicks, when supplied in equal dosage in terms of rat units. The low potency of irridiated ergosterol was unaffected by mixture with fish oils or by injecting it subcutaneously. Irradiated crude cholesterol was more potent for chicks than irradiated ergosterol, and the potency of the latter was not raised by administering it in admixture with crude cholesterol. When irradiated cholesterol was recrystalHsed, the anti-

58 rachific activity remained in the mother liquors, whilst repeated recovery and re-irradiation of cholesterol yielded products successively less potent for both rats and chicks. Irradiation of ergosterol in admixture with cholesterol did not improve the potency of the product for chicks, nor was any difference produced by heating the ergosterol with cholesterol before irradiation. It is concluded that the provitamin of cholesterol cannot be identical with ergosterol, although they may be similar chemically. Published work on the potency of vitamin D administered in various forms is reviewed and discussed. Ä Comparison of the antitachitic Potency of Cod Liver oil and irradiated Ergosterol on a curative and preventive Basis. W. C. Russell, M, W, Taylor and D.E-Wilcox, Agrie* Exp* Sfafîon, New Brunswick, New Jersey, In the chicken an amount of irradiated ergosterol antirachitically equivalent to cod liver oil, according to a curative rat assay, is not as effective in the prevention of leg weakness as cod liver oil. In order to determine whether the white rat responded equally well to the same number of units of the factor in the form of cod liver oil and irradiated ergosterol, when fed on a preventive basis for 40 days, the two sources of the factor were fed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 10 times the curative (Steenbock) unit per 50 gm. of ration. Practically identical bone ash percentages were obtained at each of these levels. This result is in striking contrast to that observed in the case of the chicken. Studies on D-vitamin.—V, Determination of the antirachitic property of sunlight. A^Jendrassik and S^Papp, Bio- chemische Zeitschrift, VoL 268, 1934, p, 364 This paper contains a description of the apparatus developed for estimating the antirachitic value of sunlight by means of the activation of ergosterol, as described in the previous paper, and a summary of the data obtained in the application of the method to the determination of the antirachitic value of the sunlight in Budapest at different seasons of the year. The vitamin D potency of the ergosterol solution exposed to sunlight for 5 hr. at different seasons of the year varied from 7 international units per milligram in December to 2,300 units in June. A comparison of international units of vitamin D in a sample of ergosterol irradiated for 5 hr. under varying light conditions in the month of September gave the following values : Full sunshine 550, variable weather 285, cloudy sky 60, and in the shade on a sunny day 300 international units per milligram. Zhe Quantitative Requirements of Growing Chicks and Laying Hens for Vitamin D. J* E- Hunter, R. R* Murphy and HX-Knandel, Pennsylvania State College, State College, The U.S^Egg and Poultry Magazine, Oct. 1934, p. 48. In general the recommendations for supplying vitamin D supplements to laying hens have been based on the requirements of growing chicks. In this study eight lots, each consisting of 200 Single Comb White Leghorn chicks, denied access to direct sunlight, were fed varying levels

59 of cod liver oil of known potency incorporated in a ration deficient in vitamin D but adequate in other known food essentials. For the first twelve weeks of the growing period, approximately 1100 International Units of vitamin D were required per female chick for satisfactory performance as measured by growth and bone development. For White Leghorn pullets, a yearly intake of approximately 25,000 International Units of vitamin D per pullet was required for satisfactory performance during the laying year (24 to 76 weeks) as measured by maintenance of body weight, egg production, size off egg, quality and quantity of egg shell, blood calcium and hatchability. The requirement of the laying hen for vitamin D per unit of feed consumed appears to be double that of the growing chick maintained under similar conditions. Vitamin D injury in the hen. Vitamin D^Schäden beim Huhn. O. Seîfrîed and E* Heidegger, Unîversîtaf München, In- sfifuf für Tîerpafhologîe, Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1933, VoL39, p-lO, Identical calcification of elastic fibres in organs and blood vessels was shown by 4 hens subjected to prolonged hypervitaminosis D and by 5 deprived of the vitamin for a long period. In both groups the most striking changes were in the spleen and its capsule. Rickets in Chickens, with special Reference to its Nature and Pathogenesis. ]. P, Mc Go wan and A* R* G, Emslie, Biochem. Journal, 1934, VoL28, p,1503 (Rei Nutrition Abstn, VoL4, No. 3). Chickens were reared on a basal diet to which CaCOs was added in varying amounts, with and without 1 percent cod liver oil, and histological changes in the bones were investigated. Osteoporosis produced by deficiency of Ca with plentiful P, and rickets produced by giving excess CaCOs with consequent P deficiency through alkalosîs, were alike prevented by the presence of vitamin D. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of vitamin D action previously elaborated. Che Influence of Storage on the fatty Content of Cod Liver Oil. A. D* Holmes, F. Tripp, D. F. Menard, The E. L* Patch Company, Boston, Mass* Oil and Soap,VoLXI, 1934, p. 102. Summary: Ä study has been made of the change of fatty acid content of cod liver oils during storage. Thirty oils varying in acid content from 0.38 o/o to 20.88 o/o were procured in the open market. They represented three types of oils^medicinal, animal feeding and industrial oils. The samples of oil were stored at room temperature, in the dark, in three-fourths filled, four ounce, amber, cork-stoppered bottles. The acid content was determined twelve times during a period of forty-two months. The acid content of each oil increased. The amount of increase varied from 7.42 o/o for a sample of industrial oil with an initial content of 16.45 o/o to 84.80 o/o for a sample of animal feeding oil with an initial acid content of 0.99 o/o. In general, the cod liver oils with initial high acid content showed a lower percentage increase in free fatty acids than oils with a low initial free fatty acid content.

60 Arsenic Content of American Cod Liver Oil. A. D» Holmes, The EX» Patch Co,, Boston, Mass» and R* Remington, Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, S. C. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, VoL26,1934, p» 573» Twenty samples of crude, medicinal, American cod liver oils have been examined for arsenic* The arsenic content was found to very from 1.4 to 5.1 p. p. m., with an average value of 2.6. These values are materially higher than for common fruits and vegetables, about the same as for American marine fish and shellfish, and decidedly lower than for crustaceans. Preparation and Use of Cod Liver Oil. Herstellung und Wert des Lebertranes sowie seine Vertvendungsmög^ lichkeit in der Geflügelwirtschaft. M»Koch, Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 10» Jan» 1935» Description of the preparation of various kinds of cod liver oil. The composition and the preliminary examination are discussed. Owing to the content of bile substances cod liver oil penetrates animal membranes much easier than do other fatty oils. Prof. Lohr has made many experiments in connection with the curative action of cod liver oil bandages on skin wounds. Cod liver oil is almost completely sterile and possesses bacteria killing qualities. It is also valuable for burns. Cod liver oil emulsions contain about 40o/o water. Recently cod liver oil mixed with red colouring matter has been much used and when this is given to hens it causes a darkening of the colour of the yolks. There are 70 different kinds of fish oil known fo exist of which, however, only two are suitable for poultry. There are many falsifications with shark liver oil. This has a low content of stearine-acid and is easily mixed with cod liver oil. It does not however contain any vitamins. Cod liver oil should not contain more than 1-2 o/o free fatty acids. Livestock experiments in Kentucky. Kentucky Sta» Rpt» 1933» With poultry, data were obtained in studies on the effect of feeding vitamin D supplements to chickens, and the effect of cod-liver oil on the iron and copper content of egg yolk.

SUNDRIES Standardization of vitamins. British Medical Journal, No.3836,1934, p.77. In this brief report of the Second International Conference on the Standardization of Vitamins, held in London from June 12 to 14, 1934, under the chairmanship of E. Mellanby, it is announced that the standards for vitamin Bi and D remain the same as adopted at the first conference, and that new standards have been adopted for vitamins A and C. For vitamin Ä pure /^-carotene is to replace the standard preparation of carotene previously recommended. For vitamin C the new standard is crystalline ascorbic acid.

61 Ä peculiar nutritional Disease of Chicks. J» D» W. A» Coles, Vet* Res, Dept. Ondersfepoorf, Farming in South Africa, 1934, VoL9, p-319. The disease here described has been reported from other stations. The actual diet of the affected stock is not given, but the author suggests that the disease is caused by a deficiency of some substance, probably a vitamin, present in milk, buttermilk, skimmed milk, whey, sour milk and yeast. Lucerne and meat meal also contain a fair amount, but fishmeal is frequently deficient. MINERALS Influence of tfie feeding of balanced Mg, Ca, K, Fe, OH, CO 3, J and PO 4. ions to Poultry. Einfluß einer bio- logiscfi ausgeglichenen Mischung von Mg, Ca, K, Fe, OH, CO 3, J and PO 4. Jonten auf das Wachstum der Hühner. Dr* J, Krizinecky, Vestnîck Ceskoslovenske Akademie Zemedelske, 1934, p*606, Tests on White Leghern 18 days old chickens fed with the various mixtures. The test lasted 11 weeks. The stimulating action was more noticeable in the cocks than in the hens. At the termination of the test the cocks were 18 o/o and the hens 13 o/o heavier than the control bîrdsu The general constitution of the chickens was also improved by the minerals. Some of the Cissue Changes in Poultry resulting from the Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate. G, F* Delaplane, Vet* Alumni Quart, Ohio Univ,, 1934, VoL21, p,149 (Rei Nutrition Abstr,, Vol. 4, No. 3). A comprehensive review is given of the literature bearing upon the etiology and pathology of gout in poultry. The author reports an experiment upon 73 chickens and 5 ducks. It was found that the continued ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced lesions similar to those seen in gout. Calcium carbonate, sodium sulphate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride had no such effect (The amounts administered were not strictly comparable). Influence of various Feeds upon the Acid Base Metabolism of adult Fowls. A. S. Solun, A. K. Danilova and N. J. Chlebnikov, Trans. Poultry Res. Inst. Moscow, U. S. S.R., 1934, Vol.2, p.51. When replacing 30 percent of the basal ration of cockerels, succulent feeds such as potatoes, beets and carrots had an alkalinising effect, whereas boiled meat, eggs and cereals, with the exception of barley and millet, had an acidifying effect. Iodine-feeding. Die Verfiitterung von Jod. H. Müller, Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflûgelzeitung, VoL38, 1934, p. 71. The feeding of iodine in the form of ÍodÍne-cod-lÍver-oÍl does not lead to an increase in egg production. Hatching results improved by a small percent.

62 t>he Effect of supplementary Iodine on the nutritive Value of chick Rations. A. D. Holmes, M. G. Pigotf and W. H» Packard, Research Laboratories, The E.L» Patch Cy,, Boston* Iodine was added at four different levels to a high-grade commercial chick growing ration» The rations were fed to five pens of Rhode Island Red chicks from hatching to 12 weeks of age. Data were collected concerning the growth of the chicks, their physical appearance, bone growth, hemoglobin content of blood, the consumption of mash, and the nutritive efficiency of the five mashes under consideration. The results obtained did not indicate that the addition of iodine materially enhanced the nutritive value of the basal ration. ühe normal Development of the Leg Bones of Chickens with Respect to their Ash Content. H. M, Harshaw, J» C» Fritz and H* W, Titus, J. Agrie. Res., 1934, VoL 48, p. 997 (ReL Nutrition Abstr., VoL 4, No. 3)* It is suggested that for ash determinations the dry tibiae, freed of epiphyseal cartilage and periosteum, should be extracted with alcohol and with ether for 6 hours. Data are given of the ash percentages, and of the percentages of Ca and P in the ash of the femora, tibiae and metatarsi, with and without epiphyseal cartilage, of both sexes of normal W. L. and R. I. R. chickens up to 20 weeks of age. There was no appreciable sex difference in the ash percentages of the cartilage free tibiae. Data are also given of serum Ca and inorganic P up to 26 weeks of age. Changes in the Blood Calcium and Phosphorus Partition during the Life Cycle of the Chicken. V. G. Heller, H.Paul and R.B.Thompson. Oklahoma Agrie. Exp. Stat. Stillwater. J. Biol. Chem., 1934, Vol. 106, p. 357 (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., Vol.4, No.3). The tests were made with White Leghorns. The blood total P rose rapidly from 112 mg. to 132 mg. per 100 ml. at the commencement of laying, during moulting the value fell again. The plasma total P and the lipoid P showed similar changes. The cell total P increased more gradually. Other P fractions showed relatively slight changes. The total serum Ca showed the usual increase with laying. Of the Ca fractions (method of Benjamin and Hess) the adsorbable showed changes similar fo those of total Ca, these changes being related chiefly to the non-filterable adsorbable fraction. There was relatively little difference between the P and Ca fractions in the blood of normal and '*perosis'* chickens. Importance of minerals and proteins in feeding poultry. C. W. Upp, Louisiana Sta. Circ. 12, 1934. The value of minerals and proteins in poultry rations is discussed, and recommendations are made for their use. Comparative metabolism of several calcareous materials used in poultry feeding. W. C. Tully and K. W. Franke, South Dakota Sta. Bui. 287,1934. A series of tests covering a period of 5 yr. was undertaken to compare several calcareous materials as sources of calcium for laying hens.

63 It was found fhaf a lack of caldum in an otherwise adequate ration caused a marked decrease in production and loss of eggshell strength. Adding calcareous materials to such a ration stimulated the calcium secreting part of the oviduct within 24 hr. after such feeding was started. No significant difference was found in favor of the following supplements so far as egg production, egg weight, or breaking strength of shell was concerned : Oyster shell, clam shell, chalkstone. Black Hills limestone, dolomitic limestone, calcite, or commercial limestone. Because of excessive consumption dolomitic limestone was not an economical supplement. Ä description of a simple apparatus for testing shell breaking strength and a complete report of a chemical analysis of the supplements used are included. PROTEINS Method of determining Digestibility of Protein in the mixed Excreta of Fowls. N. J. Chlebnikov, A. S» Solun, A^ K^Danilova, Transactions Poultry Research Institute, Moscow, aS.aR., 1934, p. 20. The mixed excreta are extracted with boiling absolute alcohol for 21/2-3 minutes and filtered. The urea, creatine and creatinine pass into the filtrate as oxalates, leaving ammonium oxalate, uric acid and indigestible protein as an insoluble residue. Digestibility of Albumen. Ergänzende Untersuchungen zum chemischen Zrennungsv erfahr en von Harn und Kot beim Geflügel für die Bestimmung der Verdaulichkeit des Eiweißes. H.Stolz, Wissenschaftliches Archiv für Landwirtschaft, VoL9, 1933, p.426. Description of the new method for removing the uric acid from, poultry manure by means of oxidization with salpêtre in order to determine the digestibility of the albumen contained in the food. This method eliminates the involved and imperfect method of constructing an artificial anus, (anus praeternaturalis). Its appHcableness and reliability have been further proved by tests carried out on the fistular excrements of a hen provided with an artificial anus. The hen had been fed on wheat, barley, maize and oats, and the faeces was tested with and without the addition of 0.5 gr. uric-acid. When the appHcableness of the method had been ascertained the digestions co-efficient of summer and winter wheat, barley, rye and of oats and maize in normals hens (Rhode Islands) was determined. The raw proteins of the summer grains proved to be the most easily digested. Average value of the digestive co-efficients for hens. Organic Raw Raw Raw N-free Grain substance proteins faf Extract fibre substance »/o °/o °/o °/o '/o Summer Wheat 81.06 80.82 39.46 5.09 84.15 Winter Wheat 81.46 77.02 37.53 20.79 85.57 Summer Barley 80.27 80.87 72.26 35.12 82.96 Winter Barley 72.79 70.57 62.94 3.53 78.06 Yellow Oats 62.32 71.70 78.89 2.70 68.56 White Oats 64.25 77.34 85.19 17.06 68.68 Summer Rye 76.97 72.68 25.36 23.97 80.66 Winter Rye 79.57 64.76 34.86 3.20 83.98 Maize 82.92 87.12 76.02 21.46 84.29

64 Skimmed Milk and Milk Product (lactic acid) in Poultry Food. Magermilch und Molkenbestandteile (speziell die Milchsäure) in der Legehennenfütterung. Dr* H, Lang, Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 30* Aug» 1934 Five groups each of 100 hens were used for the tests. Group 1. received with the basalrafion, sour skimmed milk, 2. "deu-mo" (a milk concentrate), 3. lactic-acid, 4. calcium-lactate, 5. only the basal ration. The test proved: 1st: Skimmed milk, synthetic lactic-acid and calcium-lactate give a saving in food. 2nd: the weight of the eggs is favourably influenced by the minerals in the milk. 3rd: lactic acid has a favourable influence on hatching results. Milk and its Products in Fattening. Über die Verwendung und Verwertung von Milch und Milchabfällen in der Geflügelmast. R Fangauf und R* Deditius, Zentralblatt für Tierernährung, VoL 5, 1933, p. 469* This is not to be recommended for fattening old hens. They should be kept in cages for three days before killing and fed well. Fattening foods without albumen and also those to which 50 grs. milk had been added proved unsatisfactory. A comparison between milk with animal meal and oil-cake showed better results from the former. Milk is the best protein addition for fattening. Semi solid skimmed milk and casein also gave good results. Zhe value of dried skimmilk in feeding ducklings. D» H» Hor- ton. Poultry Item, 36,1934, No.8, pp.5,10,11, fig.L Ä number of tests were conducted at the N. Y. State Institute of Applied Agriculture, to obtain information concerning the value of milk in the ration of growing ducklings. When fed from the time ducklings were placed in the brooder until marketed, one feed mixture was sufficient to provide for growth and good quality of meat. A ration containing milk produced a better quality of market duckling than a ration without milk. A ration made up of 15 percent of seoond-clear flour and 10 percent of dried skim milk was too sticky and was not palatable during the early life of the ducklings. In one test it was proved that it was more economical to feed ducks ojm the higher priced feeds. Whitefish meal fed at a 10 percent level up t

65 5 was supplied by wheat middlings, by ground maize and maize gluten or by extracted soya bean meal. Determinations of the N fractions and of several amino-acids of the whites, albumins and vitellins showed no great difference between the eggs from the three groups. The amide N of the eggs of the soya bean fed pullets was in each case slightly lower than that of eggs from the other groups, Ä comparison of the nutritive values of cottonseed meal, alfalfa leaf meal, and meat and bone scraps in a ration for growing chicks. L*N, Berry, New Mexico Sfa» BuL 221,1934 Ä series of experiments covering a 3-year period was undertaken to compare the nutritive value of various protein supplements for growing chicks. In each experiment 5 lots of birds were fed the different starting rations until they were 8 weeks old. They were then changed to growing rations which were of the same nature as the starting rations used in the respective pens. At 24 weeks they were all placed in the same laying house, given the same ration, and trap-nest records kept during their first laying year. The results showed that in a growing mash containing 10 percent of dried buttermilk, cottonseed meal supplied the additional protein necessary for satisfactory growth as efficiently as did meat and bone scraps. Chicks receiving the cottonseed meal grew slower during the first 8 weeks and required more feed per pound of gain, but this disadvantage was overcome by the time the birds were 24 weeks old. Alfalfa meal was not an efficient substitute for either corn gluten meal or meat and )bone scraps. The use of either cottonseed meal or alfalfa meal in the growing ration had no effect on the birds* ability to produce eggs during the first laying year. Zhe biological value of rations containing fish meal. J*L- St. John, J* S^ Carver, O. Johnson, S« A* Moore, and H* Gerrîtz, Jour* Nufrifion, 7,1934, p* 13* The Washington Experiment Station made a study of the supplementary value of herring fish meal fed at different levels in an allmash ration for growing White Leghorn chicks. The biological value of these rations was found to be high but decreased somewhat as the level of total protein increased. Chicks receiving a ration containing 15 percent of total protein showed a slightly more efficient use of the protein based on gain per gram of protein consumed. An increased rate of growth accompanied an increased percentage of protein in the ration. Of the protein levels used, the 15 percent level appeared to be the most efficient on the basis of growth, feed and protein utilization, and biological value. GRAINS Comparison of scabbed Barley, normal Barley and yellow Corn in Diets for laying Chickens. H* W* Tifus and A. B* Godfrey, U- S. Dept Agrie* Tech. BulL, No. 435, August 1934 Yellow com in the two experiments discussed gave slightly better egg production for a lower food consumption than barley in diets other-

66 wise the same. Slightly or very badly scabbed barley gave the same production and economy of production as normal barley and maintained body weight equally well in Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Barley for poultry Feeding, Ä Comparison with Wheat, H^ A^Kiffo, Wallacevîlle, New Zealand, J. Agrîc, 1934, VoL49, p-156. One group of laying pullets was fed barley as 45 percent, of the mash and 100 percent, of the scratch grain, while another was fed wheat in the same amounts. Production in the barley fed pen was slightly higher for a lower cost of food, while feathering was also better. Con- sumption of meat meal, which was always available to both lots, was much greater in the case of the group receiving barley, especially in the months of high production. Zhe comparative nutritive value of sorghum grain, corn, and wheat as poultry feeds. L^F^ Payne, Kansas Sfa» BuL 268, 1934 Using White Leghorn chicks, a preliminary test and two experiments were undertaken to compare the relative feeding value of sorghums with corn and wheat as feeds for poultry. Since kafir and milo are more extensively grown than other sorghums, attention was centered primarily on these grains. In feed consumption the difference between the maximum and minimum amount during the experimental periods of 9 mo. was only 3 lb. per bird. The amount eaten agreed fairly well with the number of eggs produced. It was evident that, when fed in all-mash rations, kafir, mÍlo> white corn, and equal parts of yellow corn and wheat were equally palatable. The differences in the ability of the various rations to maintain body weight were so small that they were not significant. The greatest difference in egg production for the two tests was 9.8, while the probable error of the difference for the two means was 2.8. In one experiment the hatchability of eggs in the kafir lot was exceptionally low, otherwise there was no significant difference in hatchability. For the two experiments the mortality of adult birds in the kafir and white corn lots was 23 percent, for milo 29 percent, and for yellow corn and wheat 35 percent. It is concluded that good quality kafir or milo could replace either white or yellow corn pound for pound in rations for growing chicks or laying hens if properly supplemented with other nutrients. Appended are recommendations for rations for feeding grain sorghums to chickens. Feeding of "Rye Substance" (Roggenstoff) to Laying Hens. Fütterungsversuche an Legehennen und Mast- Schweinen unter Verwendung von "Roggenstoff^Kon- zentral D. R. P." C. Kronacher, J* Klîesch and A. Buch- holfz, Züchfungskunde, VoL9, 1934, p-378* Rogginstoff is a product consisting of molasses and milk-acid which neutralizes the poison, ceraline, found in rye grains. It also increases the digestibility of rye. The tests carried out by the writers proved that rye treated with this substance does not possess qualities other than those found in untreated rye. Neither does the grain treated with rye substance have any better effect than ordinary rye on the health of poultry.

67 5* Influence of Sprouted Grain in the Nutrition of Catrier Pigeons. Influence des Graines germées dans la Nourriture des Pigeons Voyageurs. L.Raybaud, Comp- tes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL117, 1934, p.189. There is 38 o/o gain in feeding horses with sprouted instead of dry oats. Tests with pigeons proved that the birds ate 38 grs. of grain per day. When this was reduced by 25 o/o and supplemented with sprouted grain loss in weight resulted. The feeding of sprouted grain to pigeons is not so economic as is the case with horses. Feeding Zests with Grain that has been treated with Quick Silver containing Substances. Fütterungsversuche an Hühnern mit Getreide, das mit quecksilberhaltigen Mitteln gebeizt ist. H. Gilch, Dissertation Leipzig, 1932 (ReL Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1935, p.157)- Wheat was treated with various mercury préparâtes (Upsulun, U 564 and Ceresan). This grain proved quite harmless when given in ordinary quantities (150 grs. per day, chickens 100 gr.). It does not interfere with laying. The growth of chickens is not retarded. Neither is there any cumulative action. One cannot give hens so much of this grain that they will die of it. Hice by-products in the poultry ration for egg production and growth. RM.Smith, Arkansas Sta- BuL304, 1934 Continuing these studies, it was concluded that rice byproducts were not satisfactory substitutes for corn, wheat, and oats in laying rations, except when supplemented with cod-liver oil, yellow corn, or green feed. Brewers* rice was not a satisfactory substitute for cracked yellow corn or yellow corn meaL Rice bran and rice polish could be used to replace equal amounts of wheat bran, wheat gray shorts, and pulverized oats. Rice polish was equally as valuable as pulverized oats. Rice byproducts had no consistent influence on the hatchability or fertility of eggs. Neither cod-liver oil, yellow corn meal, nor green feed increased the hatchability of eggs produced on rice rations. Rice by- products did not influence the weight of eggs or the body weight of birds. Eggs produced on rice rations were suitable for cold storage purposes. Rice byproducts produced normal growth when supplemented with animal protein and cod-liver oil. If properly supplemented with vitamin A, rice byproducts were satisfactory substitutes for corn, wheat, oats, and the products of these grains in laying and growing rations of chickens when the price of feeds justified the substitution. Wheat and wheat by-products for laying hens. W. C. Tully, South Dakota Sta. Bul 284,1934 Ä series of three experiments was conducted to determine whether ground wheat could be substituted in laying mashes for the more commonly used bran and middlings. It was found that 30 percent of ground red durum wheat was as satisfactory as 15 percent each of bran and flour middlings in the mash portion of a grain and mash ration for laying pullets. Under similar conditions 15 percent of either wheat bran or wheat flour middlings

68 subsfifuted for one-half of the ground wheat gave no improvement in egg production. Ä number of rations using ground wheat are suggested that are satisfactory for egg production. Their use depends upon the price and availability of the feeds. These rations were not satisfactory as chick- starting mashes. SUNDRIES Experimental feeding tests conducted at Patafield Poultry Station. C. F* Anderson, The Journal of the Department of Agriculture of South Australia, Vol. 38, 1935, p.766- A series of feeding tests are being conducted at Parafield Poultry Station with a view to ascertaining if suitable foods which are obtainable on the majority of our farms can be satisfactorily fed to poultry. The tests are each of 50 White Leghorn pullets, and commenced on April 1st, 1933. The feeding is as follows :— No. 1 Test.—Morning—Wet mash composed of 1 part crushed barley, 2 parts wholemeal (by weight), V2lb. meat meal, 50 percent. chaffed greenfeed. Midday—loz. wheat per bird. Night—loz. wheat per bird. No. 2 Test.—Dry mash composed of same proportions as No. 1 Test. Midday—Greenfeed. Evening—Wheat. No. 3 Test.—Morning—Wet mash composed of 1 part bran, 2 parts pollard (by weight), Vslb. meat meal, 50 percent, chaffed greenfeed. Midday—loz. wheat per bird. Night—loz. wheat per bird. No. 4 Test.—Morning—Wet mash composed of 1 part bran, 2 parts wholemeal (by weight), Va lb. meat meal, 50 percent, chaffed greenfeed. Midday—loz. wheat per bird. Night—loz. wheat per bird. No. 5 Test.—Morning—IV2OZS. wheat per bird. Evening—l^/20zs. wheat per bird. Greenfeed in season. The following are the numbers of eggs laid by each pen from April 1st, 1933, fo December 31st, 1934. Definite conclusions, however, cannot be given at this juncture with regard to the various methods of feeding. It is necessary for the tests to complete the 24 months before any satisfactory opinions can be formed. Total Eggs» Laid April Isf, 1933, to Dec. 31st, 1934 No. 1 test 12,777 No. 2 test 11,925 No. 3 test 11,551 No. 4 test 12,771 No. 5 test 6,711 Digestive Experiments with Hens. H* Engler, Zurich, Die Tierernährung, Vol. 5, 1933, p.329. Two methods were tested in 18 experiments with White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red Cocks. Both the chemical method, for separating urine from faeces, and the operative method gave trustworthy results. The experimenter found however that the operated birds digested fatty substances to a less extent than did the normal birds. The hen does not digest the organic, albumin containing, raw fibre and nitrogen-free extractive substances contained in the food examined by the writer as well as do the cow, the horse and the pig. The digest-

69 îbilify figures for fatty substances are an exception to this rule. In the foods examined these are higher in the hen than in other agricultural domestic animals. The following table gives a summary of some of the digestibility figures found by the writer: Number Organic Albumen Fatty Raw Nitrogen-free substances containing Extractive Food. of tests substances substances Fibre substances /O /O /o /o Plata Maize 5 85.9 73.6 92.3 33.1 89.0 Cod Meal 4 85.8 91.2 84.6 Oil Cake 4 64.2 78.5 74.8 1,0 70,7 Maizena 5 60.2 71.2 84.2 20.7 59.0 Examination of Faeces, Beitrag zut Zechnik der Kotuntet- suchung, insbesondere zur Untersuchung von Hühner- kot. Dn F^Sdimîd, Gießen, Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1934, p^ 469. Ä method for examining poultry faeces is described. The most suitable for this is a solution of potassium of a specific gravity of 1.56. Feeding and Blood-Water-Content. Einflüsse verschiedener Fütterung auf den Blutwassergehalt des Huhnes. F. Groer, Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, VoL21, 1934,p.646. The blood-water-content was examined after feeding with meat, grain and green-fodder. No differences were noticed. Growth of Chickens as a Function of Feed Consumption. H.W.Titus, M.AJull and W.A.Hendricks, Bun Ani- mal Indust. U. S. Dept Agrie», Journal Agricultural Research, 1934, VoL48, p»817. Fourteen different lots of crossbred chicks were fed at seven different levels of food consumption, ad lib. and six lower levels. Food consumption and gain in live weight were recorded weekly, and it was found that, using the equation of the curve of diminishing increment, the calculated average weights agreed very closely with the observed averages. It was also found that the relationship between the level of food consumption and the Spillman ratio could be accurately described by an equation. In comparative feeding trials all groups should be fed at a level of about 70 percent of the ideal ad lib. level, since at that level the value of the Spillman ratio is almost as large as at the ad lib. level and the different groups would consume the same quantity of food. On the higher levels of food intake males were found to be more efficient than females in utilising food, while on a very low level the reverse was the case. Hunger and Appetite in Hens. Hunger und Appetit bei Hühnern. M.H.Baege, Geflügel-Börse, VoL56,1934 The physiologic aspect of nutrition has long been studied but it is only recently that scientists have applied themselves to the psycho- logical aspect. The experiments have been carried out chiefly on domestic poultry. Several experiments have proved that the appetite of poultry is not only dependent on physiologic conditions but that it is also strongly

70 influenced psychologically by various outside influences. Increased quantities of food also create a bigger appetite. The quality of the food influences the appetite. The manner in which the poultry houses are illuminated also appears to effect the appetite of the birds as they appear to eat more when the light is yellow or red than when it is blue or green. Poultry eat about 39o/o more when on soft ground than they do on hard ground. Special attention was paid to the first food taken by chicks. They picked at all kinds of objects which are clearly distinguishable from the sub-soil or background, in so far as they could be taken in the beak. However, they only swallow, that which is really nutritive. This is a question of taste. Scratching is inherited. Feeding of Poultry. Ernährung des Geflügels. J, Podradsky, Vyzîva a krmenî drubeze. Shorn* ceskoslov. Akad* zemed, B.8, VoL49, 1933 (ReL Zûchfungskunde, 1934, p.392)* The writer gives a detailed review of the work carried out in connection with the feeding of poultry from 1926 up to the beginning of 1933. Influence of Prolon on Laying. Einfluß von Prolon auf die Legetätigkeit der Vögel. Koch, Klinische Wochen- schrift, 1934, No^46. Ä defect in the apparatus of a laying house caused 110 hens to stop laying. About 50 o/o of these hens were treated with prolon. Laying recommenced quicker and the production was higher than in the hens not treated with prolon. Green Feed Deficiency Disease in Fowls. J* K» Hufchison, Brit Columbia, Dept Agrie» Poultry Circ, No»36» The cause, symptoms and treatment of this well known condition in poultry are discussed. Experimental Gout in Zurkeys. C» F» Schlotfhauer and J^L.BoUman, Proa Staff Meetings Mayo Clin., 1934, Vol. 9, p. 560 (Rei Nutrition Abstn, Vol. 4, No. 3). 20 turkeys were grouped into 10 pens, 5 on outside runs and 5 inside with restricted exercise. They were fed on standard turkey food (20-40 percent protein) with addition of either horse flesh, 5 percent urea, spinach or cracker meal. Blood was sampled weekly for urio acid. Tophi appeared only when a concentration of 15 mg. uric acid per 100 ml. was maintained for at least 2 weeks. Only those turkeys receiving either meat or urea reached this concentration. Zhe Feed purchasing Power of a Hen's Egg Production. H* L, Kempster, Univ* ColL Agrie, Columbia, Missouri, Exp. Stat Bull, No.337, June 1934 Ä census is given of egg and food prices from 1868 to 1893. Taking the normal annual egg production per bird as 122 and the food consumption as 72 lb., it is shown that there were only 16 months during the 44 years when the food purchasing power of the hen*s production did not exceed the cost of her food.

71 Experiments with livestock in üexas. Texas Sta* Rpf^, 1933» Results obtained in poultry studies are reported on the vitamin A requirements for chickens, by R. M. Sherwood and Fraps ; lime-phos- phoric add requirements of fowls, and effects of feeds on storage quality of eggs, both by Sherwood ; and effect of feed on leg disorders in chicks, by Sherwood and J. R. Couch. Experiments with livestock in Alabama. Alabama Sta« RpL, pp. 19, 21, 22. Simplified rations for chickens during the brooding, growing, and laying periods, by G» Ä. Trollope, D» F. King, and C T. Bailey ; and white corn meal, yellow com meal, skim milk, and ground soybean hay for laying hens, by Trollope and Eang. Experiments with livestock in Delaware. Delaware Sfa. BuL 188,1934, pp.17, 18,19-22. Results are reported of studies on utilization of ground soybeans for poultry, breeding for high egg production with special reference to the method of selection of the breeding males, rations for growing pullets, and germinated oats for laying birds, all by Tomhave and C. W. Mumford. Experiments with livestock in Idaho. Idaho Sfa. Bui. 205, 1934. In tests with poultry data were obtained on Idaho limestone as a substitute for oyster shell, peas of the green-seeded varieties as sources of vitamin Ä, effect of the pigment in peas on the yolk color, the superiority of cod-liver oil to sardine oil as a source of vitamin A, and the development of lesions in growing chicks on vitamin A-defÍcÍent rations* feed consumption studies based on the six Maryland egg- laying contests. R. H. Waîfe, Maryland Sfa. Bui. 359, 1934. Based on data collected from the records of six Maryland egg- laying contests, ît was found that White Leghorn hens consumed 80.5 lb, of feed per head per year, Barred Plymouth Rocks 88.7 lb., and Rhode Island Reds 92.2 lb. The Leghorns produced 1 doz. eggs for each 4.8 lb. of feed consumed, the Barred Rocks for each 5.7 lb., and the Rhode Island Reds for each 6.1 lb. The evidence seemed to indicate that Leghorns weighing between 3.8 and 4.2 lb. and Barred Rocks and Rhode Island Reds at 5.5 lb. body weight were the most efficient producers. With one exception the Leg- horns that produced 200 or more eggs were above the average weight for the breed. Ä definite positive correlation was noted between efficiency of production and total production. The two rations used in the contests did not alter the efficiency of production. The data relating to birds that died while in the laying pen indicated that aside from the loss of the value of the bird itself there was Ettle loss in economic efficiency over the period the birds remained alive. At current prices Leghorns produced eggs at a cost of 8.3 ct. per dozen on a **meat scrap ration" and 8.7 ct. on a **meat scrap, dried skim milk, and cod-liver meal ration"* The Rhode Island Reds produced 1 doz. eggs at a cost of 10.8 and 10.9 ct. and the Barred Rocks at 10 and 10 ct, on the respective rations.

72 Factors influencing a malformation of the leg bones of growing chickens. T*T*Mîlby, Iowa Sfa» Res» BuL172, 1934 This investigation, consisting of two experiments, was undertaken to determine the cause or causes of slipped tendon in chickens. On a basal ration of ground yellow corn, wheat middlings, and dried skim milk, in which the amount of calcium was held practically constant, the incidence of slipped tendon increased as the amount of added phosphorus increased. The relation between the amount of phosphorus in the ration and the incidence of slipped tendon was not linear, indicating that other factors may influence the occurrence of this condition. Groups of chicks fed the same ration at different times grew at the same rate and, while the incidence of slipped tendon was not the same, the relation between the numbers of slipped tendon on the various rations was the same. The lowest amount of phosphorus in the above ration that produced slipped tendon was 0.9 percent. When the phosphorus content of the ration was held practically constant at 1.4 percent and calcium was fed at levels of 0.3, 1.4, and 2.3 percent, the incidence of slipped tendon was lower on the low level of calcium. About 24 percent of the chicks fed a basal ration of ground yellow com, alfalfa leaf meal, dried skim milk, and ground oyster shell developed slipped tendon, even though the ration contained only 0.4 percent of phosphorus. Increasing the phosphorus content of this ration to 1.3 percent increased the incidence of slipped tendon 78 percent. Replacing the alfalfa leaf meal with 20 percent of wheat middlings and keeping the phosphorus content at L4 percent caused about 45 percent of slipped tendon, while replacing the wheat middlings with rice bran eliminated the trouble. There was no significant difference in the percentage of ash in the dry, fat-free femurs, tibias, and metatarsi of chicks affected with slipped tendon and the controls^ On a ration containing 0.4 percent of calcium and 0.6 percent of phosphorus the ash content of the femur was significantly lower in 10-weekold chicks than in similar chicks on a control ration, but the percentages were not as low as those generally given for rachitic chicks» A ration containing 5 percent of magnesium carbonate significantly lowered the percentage of ash in the femurs as compared with a ration not containing this mineral. Simplified rations for farm chickens, D» F* King and G. A* TroUope, Alabama Sfa* Cîrc» 66y 1934 Continuing these studies it was found that rations gave satisfactory results when built around a mineral mixture of bone meal, marble grit, and salt 5:5:1 with skim milk to drink, to which was added either yellow corn meal, yellow corn meal and wheat shorts, white corn meal and wheat shorts, or yellow corn meal and ground oats. Pullets fed these simplified diets did not grow as fast as those fed more complex rations, but they grew over a longer period and in some cases attained a greater weight. Rations composed of white corn meal and the mineral mixture with skim milk, yellow corn meal, wheat shorts or ground oats, meat scrap, bone meal, salt, and water did not produce good growth, and the mortality was high. Wheat shorts proved to be superior to ground oats. Skim milk as a sole protein supplement gave good results with the simplified diets, while meat scrap used in the same manner was unsatisfactory. The practical application of these results is discussed. i 73 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY Interstitial Cells and Histiocysts in the Ovary of the Hen. Les cellules interstitielles et les Histiocytes de l'Ovaire de Poule. V^D.Marza» Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL117,1934, p.l278. After injecting trypan blue the writer studied the various cells in the ovary. He arrives at results entirely different from those obtained by other writers, who have made experiments in the same field. Researches in connection with the Structure of the crosslined Muscles. Vergleichende histologische Untersuchungen über den feineren Bau der quergestreiften Muskulatur des Hausgeflügels. R» Beckendorf♦ Thesis» Leipzig, 1933* (ReL Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p»6330 The M. brachialis and the M. biceps femoris of hens, pigeons, geese and ducks were examined. The muscles of hens are macroscopically different by their colour but microscopically they are the same. The muscles of geese are the darkest red, then follow pigeons, ducks and hens. The goose and the hen have the thickest muscle fibres* Nasal Cavities and By-Cavities in Birds. Über die Nasen- höhlen und die Nebenhöhlen der Nase bei Hausvögeln. J^Detar, Thesis» Budapest, 1933» (ReL Berliner Tier- ärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p* 633.) The following were examined: 30 hens, 30 turkeys, 15 pigeons, 15 geese, 15 ducks and 15 guinea-fowl. The following are described in detail: cartilage, nasal canals, lacrymal canal, nasal glands, ductus septalis; ductus nasochondralis, sinus infraobitalis, Hgamentum lacrimojugale, cavum basilare and the sinus frontalis. Zhe Body Fats of the Hen. T,P,Hilditch, E*C.Jones and A. J. Rhead. Biochem. J., 1934, Vol. 28, p. 786. (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., VoL4, No. 3-) Hen body fats are intermediate in character between those of land and of marine animals, but resemble the former much more closely. On a normal diet, the component fatty acids contained traces of myristic, 5-7 percent stearic, and 25-30 percent palmitic acid, together with 35-38 percent oleic and 20-22 percent linoleic acid. Linolenic acid was absent

74 Notable proportions of palmîtoleîc acid (7-8 percent.) were found, and minute amounts of C20 and C22 unsaturated acids. The amounts of these were independent of the diet. Fats from different areas of the body were closely similar in composition, as were also the fats of young and mature birds fed on similar rations. The data obtained support the hypothesis that body temperature alone does not determine the relative saturation of the depot fats. Zhe Chemistry of the Blood of normal Chickens. H, M* Dyer and J^H^Roe» Dep,of Biochemistry, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D» C» The Journal of Nutrition, VoL7,1934, p. 623, In this paper is reported a summary of chemical analyses of normal hens* blood which includes values for 23 constituents. AH analyses were performed after the hens had been fasted for approximately 24 hours. Mechanism of the Crop of Hens. Untersuchungen über den Kropfmechanismus beim Huhn. Tierärztliche Monats- schrift, V0L21,1934, p,646. By means of Röntgen rays various examinations were made in connection with feeding with empty and full crop. It was proved that the contractions of the crop are influenced from the stomach and that the filling of the stomach regulates the crop. Secretion of Gastric Juice of Hens under the influence of Histamin. Die Magensaftsekretion bei den Hühnern unter dem Einfluß von Histamin. B^Gutoski* Wiado- mosci Weterynaryjne, VoL 17, 1935, p, 55. Up to the present experiments with histamin have only been carried out on ducks and pigeons. The writer carried out experiments on ten hens, in which a stomach fistula from the glandular stomach was laid on. Hens which only received water for a period of 24 hours still produced gastric juice. In most cases this gastric juice also contained bile ingredients. The PH of the gastric juice fluctuated between 1:20 and 1:33. The digestive power of the gastric juice varies greatly, both before and after administration of histamin. The normal quantity of gastric juice amounts to 0.13-10 ccm. per hour per Kg. body weight. After injections of histamin this was increased to 7.1-18.3 ccm. The PH also decreases (0.92-1.15). In many hens the secretion begins to increase already after 0.02 mgr. histamin per Kg. bodyweight. Digestive Leucocytosis in Fowls. Observations sur la Leuko- cytose digestive chez les Poules. R. Hoppe. Wîadomosci Weterynaryjne, VoL 17,1934, p. 49. An isotonic sait solution coloured with violet was used for counting the white blood corpuscles. The blood was taken from the wing veins and placed in the Burker calculating chamber in a dilution of 1:100. In these circumstances the differences in the various blood cells are easiest to determine. The blood is taken simultaneously with 2 pipets and the average of both is calculated. If the birds have not fasted, leucocytosis occurs 6 hours after consumption of food. If the birds have fasted for 24 hours digestive leuco-

75 cyfosîs occurs, in 90 o/o of the cases, after faking food. The increase of leucocyts amounts to 10-55 o/o. The maximum is reached 4 to 5 hours after fakingfood. The biggest increase of leucocyts is caused by cooked mixed food. PHYSIOLOGY Iso" and Hereto agglutination in the Blood of Poultry, ho- und Heteroagglutination in Hühnerblut. Th^Sfunder* Thesis* Physiologisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Wien, 1933* (Ref* Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p.441.) There were 16 positive reactions in 64 hens. Therefore isoagglutinius were present. Division into groups is not possible. Red blood corpuscles of hens with horse serum or bovine serum gave heteroagglutination in all cases. This also occurs with human serum of group II (Moos A). Agglu- tination was only observed in a few hens with group III (Moos B). Influencing the Blood Water Level in Hens by Hyper- glycaemia. Über die Beeinflussung des Blutwasser- spiegeis durch Hyperglyk'ámie beim Huhn. M*Oetiker* Thesis* Physiologisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Wien, 1933* (Ref* Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p* 441*) . When the content of sugar increases the blood îndeavours to maintain the normal concentration of sugar by absorbing water. The kidneys also endeavour to eject sugar and water is necessary for this. The water extracted from the tissues has therefore a double purpose. Influence of Zhyroid Extract upon the Moult. Influence du Produit de Perfusion de la Glande thyroïde sur le Plumage. 0*V*Hykes* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol* 117, 1934, p*160* The administration of thyroid extract to cocks was quickly followed by moulting and loss of weight. Injection of the liquid of Locke, which has passed th5n:oid gland, caused only loss of weight and no moult. The liquid also caused moulting in capons. The sexual glands appear therefore to have an action which counteracts the action of thyroid extract. The endocrin products of the thyroid gland are apparently susceptible to the action of the liquid of Locke. Action of the ühyroid-hormone upon the Pigmentation of Birds. Action de l'Hormone thyroïdienne sur la Pig- mentation des Oiseaux. R*Vilter* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol* 117,1934, p*370* The discolouring action that the thyroid hormón has on the plumage is not a direct one; it takes place through the intermediary of the sympathie nerve system. The action of the pigment is regulated partly by the sympathie nerves and partly by the hypophysis.

76 Zhe cause of Discolouring of the Plumage lies in the sympathie nervous system. La Nature sympathique de Vin-- hibition de la Melanogenèse chez les Oiseaux. V. Vîlfer* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 117,1934, p.425. New experiments which prove fhaf the cause of disoolourafîon after administration of thyroid extract lies with the sympathie nervous system. Influence of anterior Hypophysis Lobe upon the Zestes of Fowl. Influence chalonique du Lobe antérieur de l'Hypophyse sur les Zesticules des Oiseaux. T.Vacek. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 117,1934, p. 159- For a period of 19-42 weeks cocks were treated every two days with injections of hypophysis extract The results were that growth was retarded, the testes remained small and did not develop. Neither did the sexual characteristics develop. Similar results were obtained with pigeons. The action of the extract is more harmful for the testes than for the development of the body. It does not work directly but indirectly, probably under the influence of the hypophysis of the bird itself. Chemical Research in Connection with the Pigmentation of the Ear-Lobes of the Cocks. Recherches chimiques sur la Pigmentation de l'Oreillon du Coq domestique. R^Louvien Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, V0LII6, 1934, P.81L Experiments proved that the white colour of the ear-lobe is caused by the purine bases which also occur in other animals* The colour is sometimes tempered by an intense capillairy circulation of the skin as in Orpingtons. Microchemical Research on the Pigmentation of the Ear- Lobes. Recherches microchimiques sur la Pigmentation de l'Oreillon du Coq domestique. R. Louvier* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 117, 1934, p*328. Microchemical experiments have confirmed former macrochemical experiments. The purine bases which cause the colour are also found in other parts of the body. Ferments in the Hen. A^Bernardi and M. Schwarz, Bio- chimica e Terapia sperimentale, VoL 20,1933, p, 297, Glycerine extracts of various organs were examined. Invertase was found in all organs and in the blood. Ämylase in the glandular stomach, the gizzard, the intestines and the pancreas, and protease in the gizzard, intestines, pancreas, muscles and blood. Zhe Effect of elevated Metabolism on the Heart of Frizzle Fowl. 2. Increased ratio of heart to body weight.

11 E. P. Boas and W* Landauen American Journal of Medical Science, 1934, Vol. 188, p. 359. The metabolism of the Frizzle fowl is higher than that of the normal bird. This is due solely to scanty plumage. The heart is larger than in the normal bird and the heart rate is more rapid. Growth and Wear of the Beak. Wachstum und Abnützung des Vogelschnabels, M. Lûdicke. Zoologisches Jahr- buch, Vol. 57, 1933, p.465. (Ref. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1935, p.l57.) The growth of the horn-substance is promoted by increased use of the beak. The horn moves to the front and sides of the beak. It grows slantingly and outwards not parallel to the germ layer. Horn is formed over the whole surface of the beak. At the point and edges of the beak there is a division between the carrying and the covering horn. The following are found in the oral cavaties: a wearing surface of the horn, edges for holding and peeling food, edges to act as conduits for gland secretions. The lower half of the beak assists in the wearing of the horn of the upper half. Growth and Wear of the Beak. Fritzsche. Zeitschrift für Brieftaubenkunde, Vol.49, Nr.20. The beak of the bird is not a fixed piece of horn substance. It grows just as the finger and toe nails of human beings. The upper half of the beak of a pigeons grows about 1/20 mm. daily. As the upper half is continually worn away by the lower half when the birds feed, the beak retains its normal length. If the amount of food consumed decreases the upper half of the beak overgrows the lower half and a vulture-like beak is formed. This form of beak in poultry is a sign to the breeder of sickness and bad food seekers. CarboSlydrates in the Comb. Hydrates de Carbone des Pro'- tides de la Crête. A. Berdnikoff. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol.116,1934, p. 1001. Description of chemical research in connection with the carbohydrates in the comb of the cock. Influence of the Phenolisation of the Ovarial Blood Vessels on the Laying Capacity of Hens. Über den Einfluß der Phenolisierung der Ovarialgefäße auf die Legetätigkeit des Huhnes. F.Rankl. Wiener Tierärztliche Monats- schrift, 1934, Heft 24. Painting with an 8 0/0 water solution of phenol caused elimination of the Vaso constructors and a long period of hyperaemy occurred, which resulted in an increased activity of the organs treated. In order to test the action of the treatment on the ovaries of hens the arteria ovarica sinistra of the test hens at a farm were painted with phenol. All the birds bore the operation very well and showed a temporary increase of laying capacity, in so far that they reached their maximum weekly production quicker than the control birds and also that their total eggs production during the period from the beginning of the lay until the maximum was reached, showed an increase of 11 0/0 to 21 0/0 on that

78 of the csonfrol birds. No increase above the normal weekly production as a result of the treatment was obtained but there was a noticeable increase in weight. Zhe action of Benzoate of Folliculine on the Plumage of the Cock. F^Carîdroîf. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 118,1935, p, 523, Benzoate of folliculine acts on the feathers of a capon better than the transplantation of the ovary. By this it is possible to analyse the "zone-hormono-labile" of Pezard. Zhe action of transplantation of Ovaries and of Benzoate of Folliculine on the Comb and Spurs of the Capon. Comparaison entre l'Action des transplants ovariens et celle du Benzoate de Folliculine sur la Crête et les Ergots du chapon. F» Caridroit» Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 118, 1935, p. 627- Crystalized benzoate of folliculine can completely replace the transplantations of ovaries for the purpose of causing the formation of female plumage in capons. This product has no action on the comb. This substance causes no retardation in the growth of the spurs. This proves that folliculine forms only part of the ovary-secretion of the hen. Zhe Change of Colour in Khaki Campbell Ducks during Summer and after Castration. Changement estival de coloration, castration et Mue des Canards Khaki Camp" bell. F* Caridroit» Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 118,1935. The colour of Khaki Campbell ducks becomes gradually lighter during summer. This is caused by the influence of sunlight and mechanical changes in the surface layers of the plumage. Ä solution of the pigment of the plumage loses colour very qxiickly when exposed to daylight. There is a difference in the colour of castrated and normal birds. This is not only the result of variations in the pigment but is also due to the fact that the time of moulting is interfered with.

79 DISEASES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES PULLORUM Zhe Influence of S-compounds on the growth of Bacterium pullorum. S.lto. From the Mukden Insfîfufe for In- fectious Diseases of Animals, S*M,R,Co», Mukden, Manchukuo« Director: Dr» T^Kômura. Journal of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, Vol.13, 1934, p. 207. Having observed the fact that Bacf. pullorum grows luxoriantly on Endo*s agar, we sought for the principle of this culture medium, which promotes the growth of the present bacteria, and could ascribe it to the sulphur of sodium sulphite added to Endows agar. Then we examined the influence of 18 selected S-compounds on the growth of Pullorum (S-form) and 9 labile compounds of these, such as sodium thiosulphate, sodium sulphite, potassium sulphite, sodium sulphide, calcium sulphide, potassium sulphide, carbon bisuphide, ammonium sulphide and cystine were found to have the growth-promoting action, while the other 9 stabile compounds, such as iron sulphite, magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate, ferric sulphate, sodium sulphide, aluminium sulphate, sodium rhodanate, potassium rhodanate and potassalum, have no such action. Sodium thiosulphate and sodium sulphite are especially suitable for the growth of Pullorum. Thus we recommend the following culture medium for cultivation of Pullorum: 2 o/o agar (pH 7.4), to which anhydrous sodium sulphite or sodium thiosulphate is added at 0.5 o/o. To cultivate on the agar thus prepared, we can readily obtain an abundance of Pullorum, especially S-form, for the preparation of agglu- tinogen and vaccine. Differentiation between B. pullorum and B. gallinarum. Différenciation du B. pullorum et du B. gallinarum. C Truche, A. Staub and J, Bauche» Bulletin de TAca- demie Vétérinaire de France, Vok 7, 1934, p, 268» Ä medium is described which makes it possible to distinguish B. pullorum from B. gallinarum. Experiments proved that B. pullorum occurs in young and adult birds. Differentiation between B. pullorum and B. gallinarum. Différenciation entre B. pullorum et B. gallinarum.

80 #_ Intei'ior of Hall IV at the exhibition grounds. The upper floor has been provided for the National exhibits. Part of the Live-stock exhibits will be accommodated in the centre of the ground floor. The bayes of the ground floor are provided for the commercial exhibits. s* M. Lesbouyrîes. Bulletin de TAcadémie Véférînaîre de France, VoL 7, 1934, p. 272. Description of differences in the cultures and fermentation of sugars. Experiments with B. putlatum. Nogle Undetsögelser vedrövende B.pullovum og Bakterier henhövende til Salmonella'-'Gvappen, L. Bahr and N. P. C. Christensen. Maanedsskr. L Dyrlaeger, VoL 45, 1934, p.417. (Ret Tierärztliche Rundschau, VoL 40, 1934, p*768,) Agglutination tests with pullorum sera did not run absolutely specific. B. paratyph. B, B. aertryck, B. abortus equi, B. enteritidis gärtner, were more or less strongly agglutinized by pullorum serum. Some sera agglutinized these bacteria stronger than B. pullorum, B. paratyph. Ä., B. suipestifer, B. Voldagsen, Flexner D and H were not agglutinized. The writer considers agglutination of 1:50 positive and 1:25 suspicious. Infection tests per os with ratin-bacilli in chickens and hens were negative. Che diagnostic Value of the various Zests for Pullorum Disease. W. A. Higgins and C H* Schroeder. Poultry Science, Vol. 13,1934, p. 239. Summary : Very close, but not quite complete, agreement was attained between the results from the tube agglutination test as compared with the rapid, whole-blood test with four of the five stained antigens in this test. Excepting the one lot of stained antigen which produced results at marked variance, the rapid, whole blood test with stained antigen was of equal diagnostic value as the tube agglutination test for S. pullorum. Agglutination Vests for the Detection of Pullorum Disease in Fowls. J. Biely and E. A. Lloyd. Veterinary Record, 1934, p. 898. Literary review. In Illinois the government instructs veterinary surgeons to make the rapid-blood-test. In this way the danger of laymen carrying out these tests is avoided. The slow-serum-test is still the official method in Canada and the writer attributes the progress in combatting pullorum to this. Stained antigen whole blood test for pullorum disease. P. T. Engard. Vet. Alumni Quart., Ohio State Univ., 22,1934, p. 18. The author describes the technic and reports the results of testing work conducted in Ohio in 1933 for pullorum disease of poultry, in which 101 flocks, with a total of 22,450 birds, were represented. Comparison of the pullorin and the rapid whole'-blood agglutination tests for pullorum disease. H. Bunyea. Jour. Agr. Res., U. S., 48,1934, p. 837. In continuation of studies of the diagnostic efficiency of test methods for pullorum infection, the author reports upon a comparison made

81 e of the puUorîn and rapid whole-blood agglutínatíon tests in simultaneous examinations of 860 fowls, largely pullets, in 4 commercial flocks. In 69 percent of the fowls the two tests were in agreement The tube agglutination test was used post mortem on the serum of birds from three of the flocks. Specimen, birds from all of the flocks were examined post mortem and studied bacteriologically. From 45 of the fowls in disagreement that were autopsied and examined bacteriologically 9 reactors to the pullorin and 36 to the stained-anfígen whole-blood agglutination tests were found infected. In every group the agreement between the rapid whole- blood agglutination test and the bacteriological findings was more favorable than that between the pullorin test and the bacteriological findings. The results of the tube agglutination test supported the reliability of the rapid whole-blood agglutination test. The data obtained indicate that the pullorin test is not so satisfactory as the ,stained-antigen rapid whole-blood agglutination test for diagnosing pullorum disease. Marked fluctuations for the several pullorins used were plainly evident. Combatting Pullorum Disease. Pullorum onderzoek in de Praktyk. J.Jansen, Tydschrîff voor Dîergeneeskunde, VoL61,1934,p.565. The most practical way of combatting bacîllary white diarrhoea on a poultry farm is: examination of all dead animals, application of the agglutination test (drop of blood method) in all animals ; than sero- agglutination in the cases of dubious reaction. Natural Infection with Pullorum Bacilli in adult Hens. Ver-^ suche über die natürliche Übertragung des Bakteríum pullorum unter erwachsenen Hühnern und Feststel^ lungen über die Beeinflussung der Agglutination in- fizierter Hühner durch die physiologische Tätigkeit der Ovarien. O. Pröscholdt. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p.465. Healthy and reactive hens were put in a house with an infected cock. After two months the serum of the healthy birds reacted very high (1:30,000) and bacilli were found in the faeces of two of them. After the cock had been taken away new hens were only partially infected. When laying stopped the agglutination value of the serum decreased considerably, sometimes to the normal value. At the beginning of the lay however the value increased. Blood tests should therefore be made during the laying period. Combatting Pullorum Disease and tuberculosis in Roumania. Rezultatele primului control pentru combatera diareei albe a puilor, a tifozei si tuberculozei pasarolor. M. Vaida. Avicultura, Voll, 1934, p*16, (Rei BerL Tierärztliche Wochenschr., VoL50, 1934, p*825,) For the purpose of combatting disease 15 veterinary surgeons travelled through the country and on request examined flocks for pullorum and tuberculosis. The sérologie examination was carried out in 5 laboratories. A total of 110 flocks, comprising 20,480 head of poultry, were examined, 89 o/o of the farms were infected with pullorum and 31 o/o with

82 tuberculosis. Those farms found fo be free of disease were given the right to use the title "Poultry Farm under State Control". Of the 20,480 birds, lOo/o were infected with puUorum and 2,2 o/o with tuberculosis. New Hampshire Virtually PuUorum Free. Cackle and Crow, Jan. 15, 1935. The climax of a 16-year eradication campaign, New Hampshire leads the nation in freedom from PuUorum, according to a report of an official test of more than one-fifth of the adult poultry in the state. Total infection found in the 209,754 birds in 203 flocks amounted to sixteen-one- hundredths of one percent The accomplishment was made public January 1 by Drs. C. L. Martin and C A. Betterff of the University of New Hampshire poultry-pathology laboratory. Its importance is indicated by the fact that the disease is virulent enough to wipe out a hatch of chicks almost over night, that it took 25 to 50 percent of many poultrymen*s baby chicks a decade ago, and that there is no control save complete freedom from it in the breeding flock, hatching eggs and growing chicks. The combined results of the PuUorum eradication campaign and the grow-healthy-puUet program show a decrease in the death rate up to maturity from 13.9 percent in 1929-30 to 7.33 percent in 1933-34. The latter figure is based on more than a million chicks in the grow-healthy- pullet program. The way these chicks live as adult birds is indicated by the mortality figures from the 1933-34 New Hampshire home egg-laying contest. This included more than 130,000 birds or about 13 percent of all those in the state. The percentage of deaths during the year amounted to 14.5 percent, and this was in connection with an average egg production of 163.95 eggs per bird. Control of PuUorum Disease in New Brunswick. Canadian Poultry Review, Jan* 1935* New Brunswick stands well towards the front among the Canadian provinces in its work of pullorum control. The value of the work is clearly shown in the decrease in percentage of reactors from 14.44 in 1928 to 1.2 in 1932. The results of 1933 and 1934 show fluctuations in percentage of reactors that are only fractional. Officials in charge of the work believe that it will be impossible to permanently lower the level of the last three year average until restrictions are placed on the importation of chicks from other provinces. The infection in many of the flocks this year can be traced to the importation of non-tested stock, usually as day old chicks. Federal legislation provides regulations that would control the interprovincial movement of chicks and at the present time the Provincial Department of Agriculture has under consideration the pro- clamation of these regulations in New Brunswick« Massachusetts Pullorum Free List Available. H*Whelan, Massachusetts Department of Agriculture* New Eng- land Poultryman, February 15, 1935. The Massachusetts Department of Agriculture is happy to announce that the 1935 list of pullorum disease free flocks is now available* There is no reason why prospective chick buyers should be troubled with pullorum disease in the chicks they purchase this year* The official pullorum disease test in Massachusetts is conducted by the Department of Veterinary Science of the State College and reports of the tests are

83 Ö* sent to the Department of Agriculture. Any poultryman meeting the requirements of the pullorum free grades may nave his name listed on the pullorum free lists, simply by applying to the Department of Agriculture. Make sure the hatching eggs, chicks and stock you buy are free of pullorum disease. Do not run the danger of securing infected stock. To obtain a list of the pullorum free flocks in Massachusetts, simply send to the Department of Agriculture, Room 136, State House, Boston, Massachusetts, and a list will be mailed you. Incubator Hygiene in the Control of Pullorum Disease, R* Graham and V» M. MîchaeL The U- S. Egg and Poultry Magazine, April, 1934, p. 28. Summary : Formaldehyde fumigation of forced-draft incubators by either the cheesecloth method or the potassium permanganate method is of definite value in the suppression of puUarum disease. Incubator fumigation, however, does not completely eliminate losses from pullorum disease when infected eggs are used for hatching. It is therefore not a substitute for disease-free flocks. The testing of flocks and the elimination of reactors, in conjunction with good flock management and incubator hygiene, reduce the losses from pullorum disease to a minimum. Veterinarians, flock owners, and hatcherymen may cooperate to the best advantage in the suppression of pullorum disease by observing the following fundamental principles of poultry hygiene: 1. Eliminate pullorum disease from breeding flocks. Subject the flock to frequent blood tests and remove all reactors to pullorum disease. Different agglutination tests, including tube test, plate test, field tube test, and stained antigen whole-blood test, may be employed, depending on the skill of the veterinarian. None of the agglutination tests is reliable in untrained hands. Testing is the veterinarian's job. 2. Provide clean, dry, well-ventilated poultry houses, clean and balanced rations, clean water, and clean ranges. Use sanitary feed hoppers and water containers. Avoid overcrowding. Good flock management is the flockowner*s job. Disease in Human Beings caused by B. pullorum. 'Ein gas- loser Breslaustamm aus Fäzes und ein Pullorumstamm aus Kartoffelsalat. Dr. W.Herrmann. Zenfralblaff für Bakteriologie, Orig., Vol. 132, 1934, p.248. Description of a case in which two people became seriously ill (gastro-enteritis) after eating potato salad, in which hen eggs had been used« Pullorum bacilli were cultivated from the eggs and also from the faeces of the patients.

TYPHOID AND PARA-TYPHOID Fowl'üyphoid. Hönsetyfus. L.Slagsvold. Norsk Vef. Tids- skriff, Vol. 44,1932, p. 61, p. 93. Description of fowl-typhoid bacilli. They are found in the organs in couples. In many of them the poles colour better than the middles. The incubation period by feeding is 3 days and by subcutaneous injection

84 six days. Some birds remain alive but when killed their organs show typical changes and contain bacilli. The blood contains typical agglutinines. In one case it was possible to infect a rabbit Z^he accute Form of Fowl Zyphoid. Beitrag zur akuten Form des Hühnertyphus. F* Gmeînen Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, VoL 21,1934, p. 44 Formol vaccin of cultttres from the farm itself can be used for combatting acute typhoid. A 2 ccm. intramuscular injection of vaccin should be administered to the hens. Disinfection should then take place. Experiments with F owl-Zyphoid Bacilli. Schaf jung von En- teritisbakterienausscheidern bei Kaninchen und Hüh-- nern. Dn J^Borcila. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, Vol. 42,1934, p. 802, The bacilli were not found in the faeces and organs of hens and cocks which had been fed with Gartner-bacilli and Pullorum bacilli. The hens infected with pullorum did not form agglutinines against Gärtner bacilli. The hens infected with Gartner-bacilli had a higher titre against Bact. pullorum than against Gartner-bacilli. Prophylaxis of Fowl Zyphoid. J. Basset, Revue Vétérinaire et Journal de Médecine Vétérinaire, VoL 86,1934, p, 65, Diagnosis with pullorin does not give reliable results. The rapîd- blood-test is the best. This should be carried out twice or three times in the first year. If the disease has broken out and continues for longer than three weeks then the best course is to kill all the birds. Experiments with B.Gallinarum which caused Sickness in Humans. Untersuchungen über die Duisburger gallí^ narum-Stämme. F, Kauffmann, Zentralblatt für Bak- teriologie, Orig,, I, VoL 132,1934, p,337, 1. Ä definition is given of the Salmonella group and an explanation is given for the classification of B. gallinarum and B. pullorum in this group. 2. The Gallinarum and Pullorum strains form two independent cultural types in the Salmonella group. Duisburger-bacilH are variants of gallinarum bacilli. 3. The Gallinarum and Pullorum strains contain the same O antigen as the typhoid and Gärtner strains. Infectious Enteritis in Ducks. Die infektiöse Enteritis der Enten und ihre Bedeutung für die Nahrungsmittel'^ Hygiene. Dr, J, Schaaf, Gießen, Tierärztliche Rund- schau, 1934, p, 535, Conclusions : 1. Food poisoning was caused in human beings through eating duck eggs and duck meat. It was caused by enteritis bacteria (B. enteritidis Gärtner and Breslau). These cause infectious enteritis in ducks. 2. The Gärtner bacilli of ducks attacks dulcit slowly. 3. B. anatum has not yet been found in Germany. This bacil does not belong to any of the known paratyphoid groups (A. B. C. & G.).

85 4. Poisoning can be caused by eggs which are either infernally or externally infected The bacilli can remain alive on the egg shell for three months and can penetrate the shelL 5. The bacilli can be killed by boiling the egg for 8 minutes. Paratyphoid in Ducks. Patatyphus by Eenden. Dn J* Jansen* Tydschrîft voor Diergeneeskunde, VoL 61, 1934, p. 1309. Summary : In ducks 7 strains of paratyphoid bacteria Gartner were cultivated who appeared to belong to the Moscow type. In Dulzit no gasformation took place in the beginning. Mortality among Ducklings caused by paratyphoid Bacteria. Paratyphus by Eenden. Dr. J.Jansen. Tydschrîff voor Diergeneeskunde, Vol. 61,1934, p. 1247. Summary : In 8 ducks suffering from oophoritis and in one case of mortality among ducklings, the author isolated paratyphoid bacteria. Of these 9 cases, 7 have been determined as being bac. paratyphoid Gartner and two as bac. para-typhoid Breslau. Further, the author discusses and démontrâtes the agglutinatory relationship between B. pullorum and B. enteritidis Gartner. It appeared that in an experimental case of duck-paratyphoid a fresh-bloodagglut- ination with Gartner antigen could be applied. Salmonella Infection in Ducklings. N. Dobson. Eggs, July 4fh, 1934. On a farm a large death rate had acurred in 1932 and the cause was diagnosed a B. aertrycke. The stock were bloodtested. In the breeding season of 1933 experiments were carried out and the organism was recovered from over 20 eggs laid by the "carrier** ducks. Attempts to demonstrate a specific toxin of Salmonella aertrycke (var. meleagridis). R. Cameron and L. F. Reftger. Jour. Bact, 27,1934, No. 1, pp. 86, 87. (Ref.Exp. Station Record, Vol.71,1934, p.706.) In a study in which the major effort was devoted to a search for a specific toxin of S. aertrycke meleagridis, the etiological agent of a paratyphoid epizootic of turkeys, S. pullorum and Escherichia coH also received some attention. ** Filtrates of 12-day«old broth cultures of S. aertrycke (var. meleagridis) were found to be nontoxic for chicks and turkeys, but highly toxic for mice and rabbits. The toxic substances were * nonspecific* in nature, since similar effects could be produced with the broth culture filtrates of E. coll. **The broth culture filtrates of S. aertrycke (var. meleagridis) and E. ooli possessed similar properties. The toxins of both were heat-stable and were destroyed by free hydroxyl ions, but not by hydrogen ions. They were digested with pepsin and trypsin, and could be concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The appearance of the * nonspecific* soluble toxin in the medium occurred at a time when the active growth phase of the culture had long passed, and after considerable aqueous extraction or autolysis had taken place.

86 "Attempfs to demoastrate a specific toxin in filtrates of the turkey organism and of S. ptillorum, by controlling various environmental factors, resulted in repeated failtire. The presence of 10 percent carbon dioxide in the gaseous environment of growing cultures controlled the H-ion concentration of the culture medium and stimulated cell growth. The increase in the number of cells resulted in an increase in the potency of the *nyonspecific* toxin. **By continued grinding of the washed cells of S. aertrycke, S. pullorum, and E. ooli, a water-soluble substance was obtained which readily killed turkeys and chicks. Alternate freezing and thawing failed to liberate demonstrable toxin (for fowl). A combination of freezing and thawing and grinding did not increase the potency of the filtrable toxic substance to any appreciable degree over what long grinding alone accomplished." Observations on Keel Disease in Ducklings occurring in South Africa. F*J* Dunning, Sfellenbosch, Cape^ The Veterinary Record, Vol. 14, 1934, p. 423. Heavy mortality commenced in ducklings from the fifth to the twenty-third day after hatching. Watery eyes round which the down was matted seemed to be a common symptom in both the acute and chronic form. The disease was brought to an other farm through the hatching eggs. The organism isolated from the livers was similar if not closely allied to Salmonella enteritidis. The outbreak caused trouble during one breeding season only, with a heavy mortality and then disappeared entirely. Food Poisoning from Duck Eggs. Mießner und Kosen Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL 42, 1934, p-717. Fifty people were taken ill at a country wedding feast. The symptoms were : fainting, fever, vomiting, headache and general weakness. Breslau bacteria were found in the faeces of all patients. They had partaken of a dish in the preparation of which 40 eggs were used, among which 4-5 duck eggs. The eggs were laid by five ducks which were allowed to run free. Bac. enteritis Breslau were found in one egg. Blood tests on the five ducks showed negative results. The five ducks sent in for examination were killed and two of them were found to have degeneration of the ovaries, which contained Breslau Bacteria. The writers consider that this proves germinative infection of-the eggs and believe that food poisoning by duck eggs is caused chiefly by those eggs which come from a previously infected ovary. The writers give the following preventative measures for this class of food poisoning : Warning against consumption of raw duck eggs ; eggs should be boiled for a long time ; they should be eaten quickly after cooking ; systematic examination of blood and faeces for enteritis-bacteria on duck farms and the killing of all infected birds^ Food Poisoning by Duck Eggs, Nahrungsmittelvergiftungen nach Genuß von Rührei aus Enteneiern. Prof. Fromme. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, VoL 60, 1934, p.1969. Recently many cases of sickness of human beings after eating duck eggs have occurred in Germany. Breslau bacilli were found in the organs of dead ducklings, in the cloaca contents of ducks and in duck eggs. The

87 serum of some of the ducks from the farms controlled agglutînîzed with Breslau Bacilli in dilutions of 1;100 to 1:400, At one farm 9 of the 20 ducks showed positive reaction. In the faeces adhering to the outside of the shell paratyphoid bacilli were often found. Of 166, 4 were internally and 5 externally infected. The writer points out that up to the present the bacilli have only been found in Khaki-Campbell ducks. Poisoning by Duck Eggs. Weitere Beobachtungen übet Nah- rungsmittelvergiftungen durch Enteneier. W^Fromme, Archiv für Hygiene, VoL 113,1934, p. 39. The writer gives a report on 19 groups of poisoning, with 99 cases of death, in the district of Arnsberg. In 15 groups it was a case of Breslau Bacilli and in 4 Gärtner Bacilli. In 6 cases the duck eggs came from Holland (preserved-eggs) and in four from the district of Arnsberg. In two cases the eggs were from Khaki Campbells and in one case from Indian Runners. The writer advises bactériologie and sérologie examination of the duck and prohibition of import from Holland. Para-Zyphoid Bacilli in Eggs. Sur la Présence des Bacilles d'Äertryke et de Gärtner dans les Oeufs. Conséquences au point de vue de l'Hygiène alimentaire. A.Rochain and E. Couture. Revue de Pathologie comparée et d'hy- giène générale. Mars, 1934 207 eggs were examined at Lyon of which 6 contained aertryck bacilli and 2 Gärtner bacilli. The qualities of the bacilli are not influenced by albumen. Raw ovalbumxn is a bad medium for bacteria. Cooked albumin does not retard growth. Albumin contains a lysat that withstands the digestive ferments but which has no influence on the virulency of the bacteria. Up to the present the bacteria have been found but seldom in hen eggs. The Aertryck bacilli has been found in various cases in duck eggs in England. In hen eggs the bacilli are found in the albumen and not in the yolk» It is possible that they enter the oviduct during pairing, as this projects on that occasion. Bac. Breslau in Goose Manure. Über Breslau-Funde bei Gänsekotuntersuchungen. Dr* H» Wilken* Zeitschrift für Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, VoL 44,1934, p. 385, From August fo December 1931, 310 samples of goose manure were examined for para-typhoid bacilli at the State Veterinary Institute at Potsdam« The samples were taken from railway trucks in which the geese had been imported from Poland« Of the 310 samples 12, thus 3.9 o/o were found to contain Breslau Bacteria. This agrees with results obtained by Pressler, Baars, Hiisgen, Bomstedt and Fiedler« CHOLERA Pathogenesis of Cholera. Sulla Patogenesi del Colera aviario. Ann. Igiene, 1933, p*488. No success attended experiments to cause cholera in pigeons by feeding with bacilli. The absorption of bacilli takes place through the

88 respiratory organs and the pituitary membranes of mouth and throat. From these they enter the blood stream to the intestines, localize themselves there and cause symptoms of intestinal infection* The pathogenese of fowl cholera is therefore the same as that described by Sanarelli for human cholera, typhoid and anthrax. Studies on Hemotthagic Septicemia Organisms. Report VL On the relation between four types of Hemorrhagic Septicemia Organisms classified by me and the diseases of various animals caused by them. Y* Ochî (From the Government Serum-Insfifute for Infectious Diseases of Animals, Corea, Japan* Director: Dr* T^Konno)* Jour- nal of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, VoL XIII, 1934, p* 163* In the previous number of this Journal (1933, Vol. XII, No. 3), I published the report on the correlation between hemorrhagic septicemia organisms isolated from cattle, buffalo, swine, mice and fowls. I confirmed in that studies that these organisms could be distinguished into four types (Type A, B, C and D) by the serological, immunological and pathogenic properties, although their morphology and biology did not show satisfactory evidence as to their identification ; and that no relationship between these types and animal origin of the strains was evident In this paper, I described the studies on the relation between these four types classified by me and the diseases of various animals caused by them. The results obtained from the experiment can be summarized as follows ; (I) AH strains belonging to Type A were isolated from domestic fowls and ducks (so-called fowl cholera). They had a pathogenicity only for birds and not for mammals, except the small experimental animals (guinea-pigs, rabbits and mice), vice versa the birds were not attacked by other types, while the mammals were susceptible. The diesases of birds due to Pasteurella organisms were identicaL Therefore in the case of birds, the nomenclature by zoological classification generally adopted is not mistaken. Immunity in Fowl Cholera. Ssowjetskaja weterinarija, 1934, p*46* (Ref* Tierärztliche Rundschau, VoL 40, 1934, p*850*) The following were used as vaccins: 1. Formol vaccin, obtained by the addition of 0.2 o/o formaline to cholera cultures, 2. Crystal violet vaccin (concentration of crystal violet 1:5000); 5. Methylenblue vaccin (1:20,000) and 4. malachit-green-vaccîn (1:20,000). The hens were examined for immunity after 2-4 and 6 weeks. The hens treated with formol and crystal violet vaccin proved to be immune. The other vaccins gave negative results. Fowl Cholera. RDobson. Eggs, July 4th, 1934 An investigation is being carried out this year into the subacute type of this disease. It has been known for several years that this type of infection can occur, causing a remarkably small death rate on the home farm, but when

89 these birds are removed and introduced on to other premises with other stock, infection may occur in the latter. These points are being investigated and a report will be issued in due course. Cholera in Swan. Pasteutellose chez le Cygne. Verge and Placîdî, VoL42, 1933, p.738. In 1929 an infectious disease broke out at a swan farm. The spreading of the disease was stopped by anti-vaccin. The disease broke out again in 1930 and 18 of the 28 swans died. Cholera bacilli were cultivated from the blood. The other 10 swans were saved by formal-vaccin from the bacilli Goose Cholera. G. MayaL The Veferînary Journal, VoL 90, 1934, p. 389- Description of a case of goose cholera. The owner stated he had lost ten geese in quick time. Ä new heterophtle antigen common to avian erythrocytes and some varieties of genus Pasteurella : Its significance in the classification of birds. L» Buchbînden Joun ImmunoL, VoL26,1934, No, 3, pp* 215-231. In this contribution, in which the author was assisted by W. Rubin and presented in connection with a list of 19 references to the literature, "the presence of a new heterophile antigen in some strains of the hemorrhagic septicemia group of bacteria and in the erythrocytes of birds is described. In contrast to the apparent chance appearance of this antigen in members of the Pasteurella group of organisms, it is present in many birds in an orderly fashion. The significance of this heterophile antigen in bird erythrocytes is discussed from the standpoint of species evolution. Additional strains of the hemorrhagic septicemia organism containing Forssman's heterophile antigen are described."

TUBERCULOSIS Biologic Qualities of Avian Zubercle Bacilli. Propriétés bio- logiques et Nombre des Variétés dissociées en parti- culier des Cultures de Bacilles tuberculeux d'Origin aviaire. A, Saenz and L. CostîL Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 117,1934, p^ 852. Tubercle bacilli can divide themselves into four varieties: S (smooth), F S (flat smooth), Ch (chromogene), R (rough). The writers have proved by experiments that the F S type cannot be looked upon as an autonom type. The Ch type has specific autonom qualities, by which it can be distinguished from the S and R types. In experiments on animals it was observed that the Ch and R types were similar. From this it appears that only two types occur in the avian tubercle bacilli. Type R forms tubercles of a chronic species. It forms the commonest kinds of tuberculosis in birds. The S type does not form tubercles, but acute inflammations with a typical brown formation and is recognisable by swollen spleen and liver, without macroscopic deviations. This agrees with what has been found in mammals.

90 Difference in Coxicity of Solutions of Sulphuric Acid and Acetic Acid of the Varieties R and S. of Avian Zubercle Bacilli. Etude de la Zoxicite comparée des Solutions d'acide sulfurique et d'acide acétiques pour les Variétés R et S des Bacilles Zuberculeux d'origine aviaire. K. Saenz, M» Sadeffîn and L, CosfîL Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL117, 1934, p. 1072. The experiments proved that with regard fo sulphuric add and acetic acid, the R and S varieties of avian tubercle bacilli do not conduct themselves as cultures of the same origin, which are not dissiciated. Action of Blood on the Growth of üubercle Bacilli. Action du Sang citrate de Provenances diverses sur le Dé-^ veloppement en milieu liquide des Bacilles tuberculeux d'Origine humaine, bovine ou aviaire. A. Saenz etM. Sa- dettîn. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 116, 1934, p. 1263. Blood of varying origin in the synthetic medium of Sauton acted differently, according to the type of tubercle bacilli. The growth of human and avian tubercle bacilli is promoted thereby but the growth of bovine bacilli is hindered. Infection of Mice with Cypes R and S of Avian Bacilli. Pro- priétés pathogènes pour la Souris, des Variantes dis-^ sodées R et S du Bacilli aviaire. A. Saenz and L. Costil. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 116,1934, p. 836. The conduct of the types R and S varies according to the manner of inoculation. Intraperitoneally injected the S type causes the Yersin type of tuberculosis« If it is injected subcutaneously it causes general tuberculosis of the Villemin type. An intraperitoneal injection of type S into a mouse causes the same kind of tuberculosis as an intravanous injection into a rabbit. In equal doses type R is harmless both for mice and rabbits. Return to Cype of Bacilli of tuberculose Ultravirus of Fowls after Passage through Hens treated with Koch's Äceton- Extract of Bacilli. Retour à la Forme bacillaire après Passage sur la Poule traitée par l'Extrait acétonique de bacilles de Koch. J.Valtis and F.vanDeinse. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 113, 1933, p. 1017. The spleen of a rabbit that had been infected with avian tubercle bacilli was filtered through 12 candles. After passage through a ben, which had been treated with aceton- extract of tubercle bacilli, the writer obtained from the spleen a culture holding a medium between the R and S types. Changing Zubercle Bacilli. Über Umwandlungsversuche von Vuberkelbakterien verschiedener Cypen durch Änpas-

91 sung an den Wirtsorganismus. K,L-Wolf ers« Zenfral- blatf fur Bakteriologie, Abt I, Orig., VoL 127,1932, p* 68. By passage through a hen if was possible to change typical bovine and human strains into typical avian strains. Che susceptibility of chickens to human and bovine tubercle bacilli. W.RFeldman. Amer« Rev. Tuberc, 29, 1934, p. 400. The author's observations here reported are said to confirm the conclusions of other workers that the domestic hen is remarkably refractory to the organisms of human and bovine tuberculosis. With a view to securing additional information on its resistance, a series of 48 adult chickens were subjected to infection. ** Virulent organisms of tuberculosis, of human and bovine origin, were used to inoculate the animals as follows: By intravenous injection, 30 chickens; by intracerebral injection, 10 chickens; and by intratracheal injection, 8 chickens. After exposure to infection, chickens were frequently given injections of avian and mammalian tuberculin for the purpose of disclosing the existence of an allergic state. The chickens were kiHed for necropsy at different periods up to 413 days after receiving the infective bacteria. Utilizing the intracerebral method of inoculation, a strain of bacteria of tuberculosis of bovine origin was passed successively in sequence through chickens for five generations. Data obtained seem to warrant the following conclusions : "Chickens are extremely resistant to the bacteria of human and bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculous lesions can be induced by the intracerebral method of inoculation. Lesions that developed as a consequence of the introduction of large numbers of the bacilli intravenously are never progressive and tend to disappear after a relatively short time. Organisms of human and bovine tuberculosis present in the lesions in the tissues of chickens soon become nonviable and disintegrate. It is improbable that a malignant, progressive tuberculous infection can be induced in chickens by the organisms of tuberculosis that are typically bovine or human in type. The exposure of chickens to organisms of tuberculosis of human or bovine origin provokes an allergic state which can be demonstrated by the intracutaneous injection of mammalian tuberculin. Occasionally a chicken given injections of these forms of bacteria will give a positive allergic reaction following the injection of avian tuberculin. Residence of the organisms of human and bovine tuberculosis within the tissues of chickens failed to increase their adaptability for an avian environment or to enhance their virulence." A list is given of 15 references to the literature. Pathological changes induced in chickens by human and bovine tubercle bacilli. W. H. Feldman. Amer. Rev. Tubero., 29, 1934, p. 415. The author reports upon a histological study made of the lesions found in the brain, liver, and spleen of a series of chickens exposed intra- cerebrally and intravenously to the human and bovine types of Mycobac- terium tuberculosis. The cytological reaction was that of a definitely tuberculous process, characterized by the occurrence of folHcular accumulations of epithelioid cells. After a certain stage of progression the lesions became quiescent and tended eventually to disappear. In no

92 instance did the infectious material initiate an aggressive malignant form of tuberculosis* The observations led the author to conclude that "chickens are extremely resistant to the organisms of human and bovine tuberculosis. Definite and sometimes extensive tuberculous changes may follow the introduction of the bacteria of human and bovine tuberculosis into the substance of the brain. When exposed intravenously to acidfast bacilli derived from cases of human and bovine tuberculosis, a restricted tuberculous state not infrequently results in the liver and spleen. After an initial period of progression the lesions produced in chickens by human and bovine tubercle bacilli become quiescent and tend eventually to disappear. A progressive, widely disseminated tuberculosis of chickens does not seem possible as a consequence of infection by human and bovine tubercle bacilli. The tuberculous lesion in chickens inoculated with human and bovine bacilli is essentially a spherical collection of epithelioid cells with a peripheral accumulation of lymphocytes." tuberculosis after Intrahepatical Infection. A. Messîerî. La Nuova Veferînarîa, VoL 11, 1933, p. 5. The sensitiveness of hens for tuberculosis is considerably increased if infection takes place by intrahepatical means. Infection with bovine strains is also easily caused in this way. Zhe Isolation of Avian Zubercle Bacilli from the Sputum of a Child. Isolement de Vexpectoration d'un Enfant de Bacilles présentant les caractères "aviaires" et "mammi- fères". J» Valtîs, G. Paîsseau and F. van Deînse« Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 118,1935, p. 514 Various types of tubercle bacilli, of which one proved to be an avian tubercle bacil, were cultivated from the sputum of a 6 years old child. fotvl tuberculosis in Man. Ein Fall von Geflügel-Zuber" kulose beim Menschen. ProL Dr» W» KerL Wiener Tier- ärztliche Monatsschrift, VoL 21, 1934, p. 154 Description of a patient who had suffered for four years from chronic stomatitis. Later swellings occurred on the skin of the arm and other parts of the body. From the abscesses in the mouth and from the blood tubercle bacilli were cultivated. Fowl tuberculosis and Leucomyelosis. S. Luparia» II nuovo Ercolani, VoL 36, 1931, p. 397. (ReL Wiener Tierärzt- liche Monatsschrift, VoL 21, 1934 p. 153.) The discovery of acid resisting rods would be of great importance and the blood symptoms should be studied. Infection of a Horse with Avian Zubercle Bacilli. S.Pal- trinierL La Nuova Veterinaria, VoL XIII, 15 Nov, 1934 After an intravaneous injection (vena jugularis) of 20 mgr. avian tubercle bacilli into a horse, a tuberculous bacteriemie was obtained with the following symptoms: fever (40° and more), dosiness, quickened breathing and pulse-beat, lack of appetite, rapid emaciation, anaemia,

93 diarrhea, no polyurie; finally general weakness and oedema of the genital organs (penis, scrotum eta). From the secx>nd day after the infection up to the time of death the hemo-culture was positive. The complement bin dings-test (Besredka) was posi,tive from the 9th to the 22nd day. Ten days after the infection albuminury with cylinders, leucocysts and tubercle bacilli in the sediment occurred. The horse died 28 days after the inoculation. The post-mortem showed the following changes: subcutaneous and intramuscular oedema, enlargement of the lymphatic gland, peritonitis, swelling of the spleen, degeneration of the parenchymatose organs, partial hepatising of the lungs. Microscopic examination of the organs showed large quantities of tubercle badlli. Report of work in animal pathology at the Nevada Station. Nevada Sta. Rpt, 1933. A report of the progress of work under way, including avian tuberculosis in cattle by E. Records and Vawter. Research in Poultry Diseases at the Ministry's Veterinary Laboratory. N* Dobson. Eggs. July 4fh, 1934 As a farm where about 6000 head of poultry are kept the stock has been tuberculins tested in 1932 and 1933 and all the reactors killed off 1934 should record a great fall in the incidence of the disease. Avian Zuberculosts of Sheep. G. S. Harshfîeld and L. M. Roderick, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, N^Dak* Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 38,1934, p. 597. Summary: Four cases of avian tuberculosis in sheep, which developed under field conditions, are reported. All were generalized cases with extensive dissemination of the disease and marked calcification of the lesions. Three test sheep, injected intravenously with one of the strains, resulted in two positive cases, one of which was generalized. Two positive cases were produced by the feeding of tuberculous chicken livers. The disease was localized in the mesenteric glands in both. Fifteen sheep were exposed to a tuberculous chicken flock for approximately one year and this exposure resulted in infecting two of that number. Sensitization to avian tuberculin was produced in 20 of the 21 experiment sheep, although the period of sensitization was short. No reactions were obtained to mammalian tuberculin. Those transitory infections were, therefore, no doubt regressive in most cases. Sensitiveness of Guinea Pigs to Avian Vubercle Bacilli. Die Empfänglichkeit des Meerschweinchens für Geflügel-- tuberkulöse. R. Helm. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, Vol. 42,1934, p. 733. It has been stated that guinea pigs are not sensitive to avian tubercle badllL The writers proved however, by various experiments, that guinea pigs can be infected both subcutaneously and intraperitonealously. The S, R and Ch varieties of bacilli were cultivated from the organs of the animals. This proves that guinea pigs are not suitable for experiments for distinguishing avian from mammalian tubercle bacilli.

94 Fowl üubercle Bacilli in Guinea Pigs, Sur le Parasitisme du Bacille Zuberculeux aviaire dans l'organisme du Cobaye. A^Boquet, A» Saenz and L^CosfîL Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, V0LII6,1934, p.517* These experiments have proved that the virulency of a germ not only exists in the possibility of living as a parasite, but also in exercising its disease causing qualities in man, indépendant of its poisonous qualities, Zubercle-Bacilli in Eggs. Lichtenstein* Zeitschrift für Tuber- kulose, 1932, VoL64, p,245, Revue Générale de Méde- cine Vétérinaire, 1934, p, 359* The following were examined : 525 market eggs, 216 eggs from farms infected with tuberculosis and 38 eggs which had been artificially infected. Of the 525 market eggs 2 were found to be infected, of the 216 one was infected. After 167 days tubercle bacilli were cultivated from the artificially infected eggs. Avian tuberculosis in free wild birds. L* B, Kalter, H* Feder- ighi, and 0,L»Inman, Ohio Joun Sei*, 33, 1933, p*451» A brief accotuit is given of the occurrence of avian tuberculosis as observed in fowls. Reference is made to the preliminary account of the occurrence of tuberculosis in the crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos) by Mitchell and Duthie, in addition to which it is reported that Mitchell examined over 600 wild crows, approximately 8 percent of those captured having been found tuberculous. The author reports a case of tuberculosis, apparently of the avian type, in a male eastern sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius) which was found dead, but still warm, on a street in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in January 1933. Combatting tuberculosis by Friedmann-Vaccin. Versuche zur Frage der Bekämpfung der Geflügeltuberkulose mit dem Friedmann-Mittel. ProL H, Dahmen and H« Abels, Tierärztliche Rundschau, VoL 40, 1934, p, 737, Experiments with Friedmann-Vacdln ware carried on for a period of two years. Immunity was not observed in any of the experiments. The vacdln proved to be harmless for chickens and hens but was also inactive. PARALYSIS Combatting Marek's Paralysis. Drei Jahre Mareksche Ge- flügellähme und ihre erfolgreiche Bekämpfung. Dr, F* R, von Langen and Dr» Fr, Dreesbach, Norddeutscher Geflügelhof, 28 Dea 1934 In 1931 paralysis occurred in 35 o/o of the pullets at a big poultry farm. It occurred most frequently among birds which were transferred from one house to another at the age of 12 weeks. There were 755 cases of death. In 1932, 36 o/o died (811 pullets) in 1933, 22 o/o (769 pullets). The writers considered inflammation of the bowels the cause and prevented this inflammation by administering a mixture of terpen-silîcic acid and iron. After the chickens had been dosed with this mixture the disease did not appear again in 1934, The preparation is now sold under the same Therapeko,

95 Zhe effect of Paralysis on the Eyes. Les Zroubles oculaires dans la Paralysie des Gallinacés, Morax, Truche ef Noîda* Bulletin de TAcadémíe Vétérinaire de France, VoLVII, 1934,p.l74 Description of deviations in the eyes of hens owing to paralysis. This eye disease was first noticed in France during, 1932» Hereditariness of Marek's Paralysis. Die Bedeutung der Vererbung der Marek'sehen Geflügellähme. Rautmann» Bakteriologisches Institut, Halle» Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, VoL76,1934, p»483» opinions differ on the subject of the herîditariness of this disease. The following are results of experiments carried out at Halle* 76 chickens were hatched from 210 eggs laid by infected hens. During the first three months 21 chickens died without showing any symptoms of paralysis. During the next 6 months six chickens were attacked by Marek*s paralysis. The fact must be accepted that the virus is transmitted by the eggs, Z^he leucocytes of fowl blood with special reference to fowl paralysis. F* Blakemore» Vet» Rec», VoL 14, 1934, p, 417» The details of a study of leucocytes of birds suffering from fowl paralysis are presented, together with the results of examinations of those of normal fowls and pigeons given at length in tabular form. The author's findings and those reported by other workers show that a slightly increased total leucocyte count may be present in cases of this disease. This rise, however, does not appear to be a consistent feature of the disease, "and the fluctuations in the number of leucocytes present in normal fowl blood are in themselves sufficient to make a total leucocyte count valueless for diagnostic purposes. In view of the nonspecific variations which occur in the polynuclear cells, it also appears extremely doubtful if any significance can be attributed to the differential percentage leucocyte counts in cases of fowl paralysis without reference to the total leucocyte count." Examination of the brachial Plexus of normal Fowls for lymphoid Infiltrations. V»E, Palmer and J^Biely, The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, VoL 47, 1934, p,205. It is stated that nerve lesions are most apt to be found in the brachial plexus and that the common autopsy practice of examining the sciatic trunks only is inadequate. The wings of birds showing gross lesions do not show in the majority of cases external manifestations of paralysis. Authors give a description of 19 cases in which microscopical examination took place* Paralysis. Beenv er lamming {Neurolymphomatosis galli" narum) bij Hoenders. J* D-W. A* Coles. Onderstepoort Boerderij in Suid-Africa. Oct 1934. The diseases was first discovered in South Africa by the writer during 1927. A description of the disease is given and is illustrated by photographs.

96 Matek's Paralysis. Beitrag zur Marekschen Geflügellähme. A. Meyn and H. RîeveL Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, VoL 42,1934, p. 832. The diagnosis cannot be made on the basis of external symptoms, as similar symptoms also occur in other diseases, Ä histiologic examination of the nerves is necessary. The transmission of paralysis through the medium of the egg can no longer be doubted. Treatment of affected hens is not advisable. Marek's Paralysis. Die Mareksche Geflügellähme und ihre Bekämpfung. Dn K* Pritsche. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL 42, 1934, p.659. Äs healthy hens can be virus carriers it is of importance that one is able to distinguish such hens. English scientists refer to microscopic examination of the blood in which lymphocytosis was noticed. The writer did not consider these blood symptoms specific as they also appear in other diseases (puUorum, roup). The positive blood daviation is inconstant and the examination can only be of value if carried out in two parts with a ten days interval. The writer obtained no results with infection of chickens. The disease can be transmitted by hatching-eggs and cocks which themselves show no symptoms. Various remedies for preventing the disease are discussed. Observations on fowl paralysis (neurolymphomatosis). J. Furth. Soc. Expt BioL and Med Proa, 31,1934, p.921. Two transmissible strains of fowl paralysis virus are reported to have been isolated, 15 successful passages having been made with one strain and 10 passages with the other. Inoculations were made in most instances by intravenous injections of blood from paralyzed chickens into healthy young chickens. The transmitting agent circulates in the blood of paralyzed chickens throughout the course of illness as shown by experiment, **Neurolymphomatosis, unlike all known transmissible strains of leucosis of chickens, does not affect the bone marrow, rarely affects the liver and the spleen, and rarely causes conspicuous alteration in the number of circulating leucocytes. Occasionally the number of lymphocytes in the blood is increased. The highest leucocyte count observed was 140,000, and 92 percent of these cells were lymphocytes, mostly of small size." Paralysis. E. A. Seagar. The Veterinary Journal, VoL 89, 1933, p. 454. It is caused by a virus which will pass the Berkefeld filter and can stand a temperature of — 5 ° for days. The virus can remain latent in various tissues for months and cause a source of infection. Natural infection appears to be caused by eggs and food during the first months of life. The intestines are the entrance way for the virus. Incubation takes more than two months. The faeces appear to be infectious even during the incubation period. Artificial infection is possible. Infection with worms causes a predisposition. Experiments with a view to obtaining immunity are very promising.

97 7 Preliminary studies on neurolymphomatosis and some more or less related diseases. C» S* Gibbs- Massachusetts Sta« BuL308,1934,p,3L The details of the studies of neurolymphomatosis here reported are presented in nine tables. Blood counts made of fowls in a number of flocks indicate that the disease begins with leucocytosis and ends with lymphocytosis, and that during the period of temporary improvement the blood may be normal. **The disease spreads slowly in affected flocks, with only a few birds becoming affected at a time, but new cases continue to develop until it is partially arrested in the late fall. The mortality from neurolymphomatosis is reduced after the first year or two, although it is likely to reappear with each batch of new chickens for an indefinite number of years after it is once established in a flock. "Neurolymphomatosis and lymphocytomatosis seem to be closely associated. The former is primarily a disease of young birds from 3 to 10 mo. of age, while the latter is more common in birds 10 mo. of age or older. Anemia is a symptom of lymphocytomatosis and leucosis and is not characteristic of neurolymphomatosis. Lympholeucosis is not readily differentiated from lymphocytomatosis. No difficulty was experienced in differentiating neurolymphomatosis from either erythroleucosis or myelo- leucosis as the pathological cell is different in all three diseases. The pathological cell appeared fo be the same in neurolymphomatosis and lymphocytomatosis, and was characterized by its basic staining properties and the arrangement of the nuclear and chromatin materiaL This cell was found invading nerves and muscular and visceral tissues by metastatic and direct infiltration. In incipient cases, it first appeared in the capillary spaces and destroyed the nerve fibers and interstitial tissues by utilizing the nourishment for the organization of a tumor. "Evidence is presented which indicates that incipient lymphocytomatosis and neurolymphomatosis are due to the irritating action of foreign bodies introduced into the peritoneal cavity and tissues. Since bacteria were isolated only from cases in which peritonitis was manifest, the inciting agent is not always bacterial. Attempts to demonstrate the presence of a filtrable virus in neurolymphomatosis and lymphocytomatosis in these experiments failed. Neurolymphomas were most commonly found in the sciatic, vagus, brachial, celiac, optíc, and mesenteric nerves; and lymphocytomas were usually located in the ovary, mesentery, kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, and skin. No evidence was found in these studies to indicate that ooccidiosis was in any way related to either neurolymphomatosis or lymphocytomatosis. Because of irregularities in the hematology of birds affected with neurolymphomatosis, blood counts were of little assistance in removing diseased birds from affected flocks. On the basis of the experimental data secured in these studies, nerolympho- matosis and lymphocytomatosis may be controlled by eradicating affected birds from the flock as soon as noticed, adopting the best sanitary proce- dures, and increasing the vigor of the birds by judicious breeding." Ä list is given of 27 references fo the literature. / Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum I, IL E- de Boen Tijdschn Dîergeneesk, 61,1934, p. 449, p. 520. The first part of this contribution consists of a general review of the subject and the conclusions presented, with a list of 90 references to the literature. In his study of 158 fowls affected with neurolymphomatosis gallinarum, reported in part 2, the author found that "(1) the disease

98 remains confined to young fowls only; birds over a year old are not attacked. (2) Nearly always one leg or both legs are paralyzed. (3) There is a great variety in the symptoms at the beginning of the disease. (4) The initial stage is, in the majority of cases, one-sided. When both legs are affected, there always is a gradual difference unless the last stage (total paralysis) has been reached. (5) The reflexes are lost. (6) The sensitivity of the affected extremity decreases and may finally cease altogether. (7) The disease may be attended with a typical affection of the eyes which,, as a rule, manifests itself later than the symptoms of paralysis. (8) From a pathologic-anatomical point of view, the disease is characterized by lesions of the periphar nervous system which consist in swellings and dis- colorations of the concerning nerves. (9) The possibility of a relationship between this disease and the tumors often encountered, together with the nervous lesions, must be reckoned with. (10) The intestinal parasites do not play a role in the etiology of this disease."

Paralysis of Domestic Fowl. E-F^Thomas^ Agrie* Exp* Sfa-^ tion, Gainesville, Florida, State Project No* 119* Studies for the past year have been the continuation of transmission experiments with different tissues from paralyzed birds, observations and post-mortem examinations of affected birds from infected flocks. Nothing definite has been determined.

Mavek's Paralysis in Switzerland, Mareksche Hühnerlähme auch in der Schweiz. Dr* W* Bachmann* Veterinär- medizinisches Institut der Universität Bern* Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, Vol* 76,1934, p*286* Ä description of various cases of paralysis in the vicinity of Bern*

Does the Breeding from young Hens increase the Danger of Paralysis? For two years the State of Ohio has been carrying out comparative experiments in connection with breeding from young and old Leghorn hens. Total deaths among progeny of old hens during the first laying period numbered 35 and in the 2nd year 34, of which 20, resp. 14 died of paralysis. The deaths among chickens from young hens were 62 and 48 respectively of which 32-24 were caused by paralysis.

Work with fowl paralysis at the Missouri Poultry Experiment Station. T* W* Noland* In Missouri State Poultry Asso- ciation Year Book, 1933* Mountain Grove: Missouri State Poultry Assoc*, 1934 The results of the experiments conducted led to the belief that paralysis in the fowl is only a symptom growing out of a combination of several direct causes; (1) Worm infestation, (2) chronic coccidiosîs, (3) the gizzard worm Cheilospirura hamulosa, (4) incorrect feeding methods and diet, and (5) various tumors, many of which are malignant in nature« In 70 percent of the paralysis cases examined in the laboratory the gizzard worm was found embedded beneath the gizzard mucosa, resulting in an area of necrosis and ulcers and impaired digestion.

99 7* DIPHTHERIA Investigations in connection with Foivl-Pox-Vitas in Evithrea Colony. L'Epitelioma contagiosa dei Volabili nella Colonia Eritrea. Prof» V, CîUî, Dn A. Vítale, Insfîfufo Sîero-Vacunogeno erîfreo» La Nuova Veferînarîa, VoL 13,1935, pp. 17. 45. In Erithrea pox îs more frequent among the hens and diphtheria among the pigeons. Pox material from hens caused diphtheria among other hens and this would point to a uniformity of the virus. The virus is also found in the organs of sick hens. Pox and diphtheria were caused in healthy hens by emulsions from the spleen, liver, bone-marrow, brains and testes. Rabbits, dogs, horses and calves were infected with the materîaL The crusts which formed on the hide proved to contain virus, which was virulent for hens. The blood of these test animals contained no virus. Material from cow-pox caused hide-reaction in hens. After 4 passages through hens the virus did not immunise hens against fowl- pox-virus* Contrary fo the results of Lusena in connection with Borrel bodies, the grain-shaped cell inclusion bodies proved to be gram positive. Experiments regarding Infection with Isolated Micro-Bodies of Fowl Pox and Ectromely. Infektionsversuche mit iso- lierten Einschlußkörperchen der Hühnerpocken und der Ektromelie. Dr. G. Baumgarfner. Zenfralblatt für Bakteriologie, Orig., Vol.133, 1935, p. 282. Conclusioiis: 1, Micro-bodies of fowl-pox were isolated and washed and then suspended in a virus-free-medium. 2. Inoculation with micro-bodies showed 16 positive results (46 o/o) in Fowl-Pox and 42 o/o in Ectromely. Fowl-Pox and its Differential Diagnosis. C. V. Watkins. Veterinary Record, Vol.13, 1933, p. 947. Description of the symptoms of fowl-pox, its treatment, prevention and differential diagnosis. Vaccination against Fowl-Pox. Beitrag zur Schutzimpfung gegen Hühnerpocken mit virulentem Hühnerpocken- virus. K. Bierbaum and W. Kayser. Tierärztliche Rund- schau, Vol. 40, 1934, p.887. The writer made experiments with virulent material mixed in glycerine, such as is used in America. It has been stated that the glycerine kills the bacteria but this was not so. The vaccin contained numerous germs. The vaccin immunized pigeons. 3 of 7 hens which had been vaccinated showed general symptoms of disease. Immunity occurred in all vaccinated hens. The vaccin however, did not appear to be harmless. Vaccinated hens can remain virus carriers for a considerable time and can infect other hens.

100 Research Work in connection with Fowl-Pox. Weitere Un'- ter suchungen über Geflügelpocken. ProL Dr» K^Bîer- bäum, Institut für Tierseuchentherapie, Universität Berlin» Zeitschrift für Infektionskrankheiten, VoL 74, 1935, p.l47^ Immunity agaînsf artificial contact infection was proved a year after healthy hens had been vaccinated against pox with monopathogen pigeon- virus. The period of immunity can be considerably shortened, both by unsuitable treatment and by other diseases. Up to the present no harm has been reported as the result of using pigeon-pox-virus. Contrary reports by Beller were proved to be unfounded. In flocks where pox is already present vaccination must only be carried out as an exception and then only with the greatest care. It is not advisable to vaccinate in flocks where other diseases are present. Immunising Qualities of Fowl-Pox-Vaccin according to Panniset and Verge. B» Rubinstein and J- Ssandomiesky, Prakt» Weterinarija, 1932, p. 14. (Ref♦ Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, VoL 76,1934, p. 159.) Dried crusts were powdered with 0.5 o/o phenol and stored for a month. 0.1 was injected in to comb and wattles. No vaccination reaction occurred. After 55 days to 4 months the cocks became infected. The vaccinated cocks showed no reaction. The non-vaccinated cocks became sick. Fowl-pox vaccine from virus of turkey origin. A* B. CoroneL PhiUppine Joun Anim. Indus., 1,1934, p. 85. The author has found from field use (1) that different lots of chicken and pigeon strains of vaccine have different virulence and potency, while the turkey strain is more uniform, (2) that the degree of immunity depends upon the extent of the reaction and hence upon the degree of attenuation, (3) that there may be a variation in a strain of virus, which partly explains the fact that a lot of vaccine may be potent in one place and fail in another, and (4) that the potency of the vaccine may be preserved longer by keeping the scabs in their natural condition rather than in powdered form. Chicken-Pox. J. J. de Valois, Mission Poultry Farm, Katpadi, South India. The Indian Poultry Gazette, November 1934. Summary : Author raises the chicks in October, November and December. Push them all you can the first two months at least giving them the tonic from the 15th of January for several months and as a last resort fall back on the immunzation work to protect our feathered friends. t>he inheritance of diphtheria immunity in ducks. D.T. Fraser, T. H. Jukes, H.D.Branion, and K.C.Halpern. Jour. Immunol., 26, 1934, p. 437. In their study of inheritance of immunity in birds, the authors found that the "injection of ducks with diphtheria toxoid resulted in the

101 appearance of antitoxin in their blood serum. The amount of antitoxin present showed wide individual variations. The immunity was found to protect against injections of diphtheria toxin. The serum antitoxin decreased rapidly after injections were discontinued. The decrease coincided with the time when the birds began to lay eggs. The eggs were found to contain antitoxin in the Hvetin fraction of the egg yolk. The concentration of the antitoxin in the yolk was found to vary with the concentration in the serum. ... Ducklings newly hatched from eggs laid by immunized birds were found to contain antitoxin in their blood serum» None could be found in the serum of 3 weeks* old ducklings from the same mothers.'*

PEST Observations on the culture of Avian Pest. Nouvelles Ob- servations sur la Culture de la Peste aviaire. H, Plotz» Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, V0LII6, 1934, p,956* For a period of 21/2 years the writer obtained 100 passages of pestvirus by means of broth with chicken embryos. The 100th passage kills a hen in 48 hours in a dilution of 10-^

Respiratory experiments with the Virus of Fowl-Pest. Re- cherches respiratoires sur le Virus de la Peste aviaire. L« Plantefol and H» Plotz* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL117, 1934, p. 403. The intensity of respiration is decreased if infection is caused by embryo-containing cultures.

Fowl-Pest. R. Videsoff. II nuovo Ercolani, Vol. 37, 1932, p.180. From experiments with artificial infection of hens with the material from buried hens, it appeared that the liver, kidneys and muscles remain virulent for 24 days, the heart 27 days and the bone-marrow 39 days. It is therefore advisable to send a leg bone when an examination is required.

Cultivation of avian pest virus {Newcastle disease) in tissue culture. T. Topacio. Philippine Joun Anim. Indus., 1934, p.5L The author found a vaccine prepared from cultured virus that was applied to a few birds fo confer an immunity which resisted a test inoculation of virulent saliva.

Cultivation of avian-pest virus {Newcastle disease) in tissue culture. T. Topacio. Philippine Journal Science, Vol. 53, 1934, No. 3, p. 245. The avian pest virus was cultivated by the author in a medium consisting of chick embryo tissue and plasma for 31 generations over a period of 112 days. In such medium the rate of multiplication was expressed by the figures (1:30).

102 " Culture virus did not seem fo differ from natural virus in. its ability to induce active immunity as shown by the susceptible birds immunized with the former and which resisted the injection of the latter. A vaccine prepared from culture virus gave promise for the development of an active immunizing agent. Culture virus tolerates a considerable amount of contamination, which denotes a high degree of resistance to bacterial encro- achment. Beyond a nuclear pyknosis of the epithelial cells, no intraoellular change of great significance was noted in growing tissue cells in the presence of active virus.**

Pseudo-Fowl-Pest. Über Pseudogeflügelpest und die Varia- bilität des Pseudogeflügelpestvirus, Dr» W«K,Pîcard» Zenfralblaft für Bakteriologie, Orig», VoL 132, 1934, p»440» Pseudo-fowl-pest, which was first observed in the Netherlands Indies in 1926, agrees both epidemiologically and symptomatologically with fowl-pest and relative diseases such as Newcastle Disease, Philippine Fowl Disiase and Rhanîket Disease. It differs from fowl-pest in that the danger of infection by contact is greatest and the deviating pathogenity of the virus for other kinds of birds. Further hens which are immune from pseudo-fowl-pest are sensitive to fowl-pest. On the basis of these facts pseudo-fowl-pest is looked upon as an independent disease. Newcastle Disease. N» Dobson» Eggs, July 4fh, 1934» An outbreak of this disease occucred in the county of Hertfordshire in August, 1933. On August 27th, 1933 over 5000 head of stock had died or been destroyed and the carcases incinerated. The virus obtained from this outbreak was at first extremely difficult to passage : Material collected from these passages produced infection by intraperetoneal and intratracheal inoculation, also by contact. Intraperîtoneal inoculation of pigeons caused death. In the original outbreak the young stock were highly susceptible and the older birds resistant in varying degrees. Avian Disease new to the Philippines. A. K» Gomez* Philippine Poultry Journal, 1934, Oct^-November* Summary and Conclusions: 1. An infectious disease of fowls new to the Philippines is herein reported. 2. The cause of this disease is a filtrable virus. 3. Its symptoms are inappétence, marked dopiness, irregular temperature, gasping for air, mucous discharge from the nasal passages and mouth, diarrhea, and in resistant birds paralysis of the legs. 4. The course of the disease is short, death taking place soon after acute symptoms appear. 5. This malady resembles "Newcastle disease**, an avian pest reported in England by Doyle in 1927.

Further observations on Cell Inclusion Disease of Fowls, and differential Diagnosis from Fowl Plague. S*J« Gilbert and G. B* Simmins, Vet Lab,, Jaffa, Palestine* The

103 Journal of Comp» Path, and Therapeutics, VoL 47, 1934, p^20L Summary : The similarity of exceptional cases of cell inclusion disease fo fowl plague raises the question of identity and differential diagnosis. There are, however, great differences between them and these differences would appear to separate them cleeirly. They may be summarised as follows: 1. Cell inclusion disease is well known to exist in a chronic form, and is sometimes so slight that, clinically, it would pass unnoticed. 2. The variable mortality even in acute outbreaks. 3. The usual instability of the virus when preserved in glycerine saline. 4. The association of the disease with distinct inclusions in the leucocytes. 5. The frequent occurrence of visible alteration in the liver, and the absence in the majority of cases of marked bowel changes. 6. The variation in virulence according to the severity of the attack. Infection of Mice with Fowl-Pest-Virus. Weitere Unter- suchungen über die Infektion von Mäusen mit Hühner- pestvirus. O^Nieschulfz and A^Bos* Zenfralblatf für Bakteriologie, I, Orig.VoL131, 1934, p.l. After intercerebral injection into mice a fowl-pest strain was kept alive for 8 months and continued for 100 generations. Mortality was 100 o/o. The mice generally died after 2-3 days. Mice were also infected subcutaneously and intraperitoneously. They died after 3-10 days. In the last stage of the disease the virus was regularly found in the blood of the mice. Hens were infected with the 1st, 20th, 50th and 100th mouse passage and all died after 2-5 days. The virus was not weakened after 100 passages. An outbreak of fowl plague in New Jersey in 1Q2Q. F* R» Beaudette, CB, Hudson, and A, H* Saxe* Jour. Agr.Res., U.S., 49, 1934, p.83. Contributing from the New Jersey Experiment Stations, the authors report upon work conducted in the course of an outbreak of fowl plague which was detected in three flocks of chickens in Flanders, N. J., in June 1929, and spread through the sale of birds to a flock in Ledgewood and small flocks in Netcong and Kenvil, all in Morris County. The original source of infection could not be determined* The virus was filtered through a Mandler (141b.) candle but would not pass a Seitz disk. Two experimentally inoculated birds which recovered from plague gave a serum that was rich in virucidal substance. Virus inoculated intravenously into one of these birds could not be detected 4 hr. later by further inoculation of other fowls. Vesicles on the comb and wattles were observed in birds in which the course of the disease was protracted. Immunity could not be produced by injections of a phenol-glycerin emulsion of liver. Virus could not be detected in recovered birds. Limited attempts to transmit the disease by mosquitoes, mainly Äedes canadensîs, were negative. The disease was successfully brought under control by slaughter and inci- neration of all affected and exposed birds. Ä list is given of 12 references to the literature.

104 LÄRYNGOTRACHEITIS Infectious Latyngotracheitis Vaccination. Ch. S. Gibbs. Agrie. Exp. Station, Amherst, Mass. Bulletin No. 311, July, 1934. 1. The success of vacdnatíon against infectious laryngotracheitis depends on the number of takes* The most favorable time for reading takes was found to be the fourth and fifth days after vaccination. Takes may be plassified, according to degree of inflammation, as poor, fair, good, or excellent» Occasionally takes occur in the bursa of Fabricius which are not visible at the time of examining the live birds. 2. It has been determined that 94 percent takes in chickens one to three months of age, 97 percent takes in pullets and cockerels four to seven months old, and 90 percent takes in hens and roosters eight to twelve months of age insure a satisfactory degree of immunity for a flock as a whole. The takes should be good, fair, or excellent, for the immunity tends to wear off in birds showing poor takes. When vaccinating îs once started, it should be pushed on to completion with as little delay as possible in order to avoid outbreaks of the disease. 3. After this laboratory information had been obtained, field vaccination was successfully accomplished in six flocks, or 11,204 birds. 4. Ä study of diseases simulating infectious laryngotracheitis was made for differential diagnostic purposes, and it was found that autogenous vaccines were specific for infectious laryngotracheitis, coryza, and rhinosinusitis, but not for each other. Therefore, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that before vaccination is resorted to for the control of infectious laryngotracheitis, a correct diagnosis of the disease or diseases infecting the flock is necessary for success. 5. Since laboratory vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis have not been entirely successful in the hands of qoultrymen, autogenous vaccines may have some use because of their specificity and availability at the time of greatest need. A method of preparing and using autogenous vaccines in infectious laryngotracheitis is outlined. It should be understood that this method of vaccination will save the flock if properly appplied, but it cannot be depended upon to eliminate carriers; and for the good of the poultry industry as a whole it should be followed by the complete eradication and sanitary control of the disease. Vaccination for infectious laryngotracheitis merely enables the poultryman to choose the time for disposing of his birds and cleaning and disinfecting the premises occupied by them. When accepted in this light, vaccination is a valuable contribution to the control of infectious laryngotracheitis.

Clinical Observations of an Outbreak of Infectious Catarrh. AX»Clay, The Australian Veterinary Journal, 1934, p. 177. Description of a case of infectious catarrh. The most constant lesion was that of laryngo-tracheitis.

Work with avian pathology at the New Jersey Stations. W. C Thompson* New Jersey Stas. Bien» Rpt 1932-33, This brief report of progress deals particularly with infectious laryngotracheitis.

105 Cloacal infection as a means of immunization against infectious laryngotracheitis of fowls. F. R. Beaudetfe. Jour. Bact, 27, 1934, No.l, p. 80. (Ref. Exp. Station Record, Vol.71, 1934, p.703.) This brief reference to studies at the New Jersey Experiment Stations relates to work conducted in connection with that previously- noted. It is pointed out that when the virus collected from artificially infected birds and preserved by drying is used to produce a harmless infection of the cloacal mucosa, the local reaction disappears in about a week and immunity to respiratory infection is fully developed by the ninth day or earlier. ** Immunity to artificial infection is known to persist for 9 months, and birds have been exposed for 21 months on infected premises without taking the disease. The loss incident to cloacal infection takes place within the first 3 weeks and is less than 2 percent. Survival of the virus in the cloacal has not been demonstrated. During the past summer cloacal inoculations were made on 23,800 birds under commercial conditions.'*

Investigations of two outbreaks of laryngotracheitis. J» P» Scott and C» A» Brandly« Vet» Alumni Quart», Ohio State Univ., 22,1934, p. 23» In a study by the Kansas Experiment Station of outbreaks of laryngotracheitis in two flocks containing 84 (1931) and 100 (1932) pullets, respectively, it was found that the disease greatly reduced egg production. Of the 63 deaths in the flock of 100 pullets, 18 hens, and 20 male birds, 47 percent occurred during the first 5 days of the disease and 92 percent during the first 10 days. Twenty-three of the pullets remaining in the flock of 84 were found to be susceptible to the disease a year later. It was found that birds exposed to indirect contact or to very short contacts with carrier birds in summer did not contract the disease. Eggs from affected flocks were not shown to carry surface contamination of the virus. ** Cloacal vaccination of birds 9 mo. of age resulted in the production of typical laryngotracheitis and death. Eggs from pens containing carrier birds did not hatch as well as eggs from pens free from carrier birds* Ä few birds were found to be intermittent carriers of laryngotracheitis virus."

LEUCOSIS Experiments with Fowl-Leucosis. Über Versuche mit dem Virus der Hühner leukose. J»Wakamatsu» Zeitschrift für Infektionskrankheiten der Haustiere, VoL46, 1934, p»16L In experiments with the Engelbreth-Holm strain of virus the disease showed the symptoms of erythro-leucosis. The incubation period lasted from 6-20 days and the sickness 1-17 days. Influence of different breeds was not observed. The brains proved to contain virus. Virus in virulent form was not present in the gall of sick birds. Slight immunity was obtained after repeated treatment with gall. Infection can sometimes be caused from the eye and also from the rectum. Ticks and lice cannot carry the virus from one hen to another.

106 Supplement to the knowledge of the leucosic micro-morpho" logical Picture in Fowls. D.Vîncekovîc» Veterînarskî Archiv, 1934, p,2L There is nothing published about leucosis in Yougoslavie. All cases detected are found in Plymouth Rocks. Author gives a description, with coloured plates of the various forms of the disease.

Erythroblastic Leucaemia. La Leucémie erythroblastigue ou etythvoblastose des Poules. Presse médicale, 1934, p.400- 300 hens were vaccinated with the filtrate virus of leucaemia, of which 62 o/o showed positive results. The disease manifests after 2-3 weeks and death follows quickly. There are 4 distinguishable diseases. Leucaemia virus changes after being kept on ice or in glycerine for some time and then forms tumours when injected. Up to the present 14 tumours have been caused (3 granuloms and 11 sarcoms). Vaccination with the tumour material causes leucaemia again so that the virus is the same.

Zteatment of Leucosis with Lead. Erfolgreiche Behandlung der Hühnerleukose mit Blei. P» Zadik* Folia Haemafo- lógica, VoL 50, 1933, p. 460. 10 of 20 hens were cured after receiving a small dose of a lead prepárate. Even cases of advanced disease were cured. Unknown causes occasioned degeneration of certain cells. These cells form a substance which cause degeneration in other cells. This desiase causing hormons circulate in the blood and can cause the same disturbances again in other birds.

Lymphomatosis, Myelomatosis and Endothelioma of Chick- ens caused by a filtrable agent. IL Morphological Characteristics of the Endotheliomata caused by this agent. J. Furth, Cornell University, New York. Journal of experimental Médecine, VoL 59, 1934, p. 501. A large number of young hens were vaccinated with the filtrate strain No. 2. Owing to the incitement of the virus the endothelium spreads. This virus also has a stimulating effect on erythroblats, myelocyts and haemocytoblasts. This causes endothelioma and leucosis. Virus No. 2 does not cause sarcoma types of the Rous species.

Spontane Sarcomatosis of Chickens. Etude expérimentale de la Sarcomatose spontanée des Poules. Troisier. Association française pour Tétude du Cancer, 1934. (Ref. Receuil de Médecine Vétérinaire, VoL 110, 1934, p. 434.) In 23 cases of sarcoma 6 were found which could be transferred to other hens. The métastases occur frequently, the most typical in the lungs. The process of the disease lasts from 19 days to 14 months. Spontaneous cure happens sometimes and immunity occurs after cure. It appears that the virus is similar to that of leucosis.

107 Zhe etiology and histogenesis of leucosis and lymphomatosis of fowls. E* P. Johnson* Virginia Sta* Tech* Bui, 56, 1934, p* 32, pis* 8* After briefly reviewing the Kterature, tlie author reports upon investigations conducted at the station of the affection of the domestic fowl commonly known as fowl paralysis, which include transmission attempted with unfiltered tissue extracts, whole blood filtrates of blood, etc., by way of the alimentary tract, the respiratory tract, and intravenous and subcutaneous injections. It was found that "bacteria-free and cell-free filtrates of the blood and other tissues of birds affected with any of the above forms of the disease may produce the same form as that of the donor, or they may produce any of the several expressions of the disease. Moreover, one form may change into another during the course of the disease, or two or more forms may exist in combination. "The earliest stage of the disease is an hemocytoblastosis, characterized by the occurrence of hemocytoblasts in the peripheral blood and a proliferation of these cells in the marrow« In later stages the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, iris, as well as many of the visceral organs, may be infiltrated with these cells, as well as lymphocytes ; this complex of conditions constitutes a lymphomatosis. At other times the lesions may resemble neoplasms consisting chiefly of hemocytoblasts, resulting in hemocytoblastomata. In other cases, at a later stage the differentiation may be to an erythroleucosis, or to the myeloid form. "The radius and ulna marrow, which in normal adult fowls was found to be consistently hypoplastic, becomes hyperplastic in this disease. In the early stages of this condition the genesis of the predominant cells and their genetic relationship can be conveniently studied. "In a study of erythrocytopoiesis in this marrow, one finds in the incipient stages of the disease increased mitofic activity of intravascular hemocytoblasts at the periphery, with gradually increasing mitotic activity of hemocytoblasts in the cortical stroma. In these regions small hemocytoblasts, generally resembling lymphocytes, arise from reticulum cells, enlarge, and proliferate. In no instance did endothelial cells give rise to hemocytoblasts, red-cell ancestors, or the megaloblasts of Do an and others. "From a study of normal chicken marrow injected with carmine gelatin, one is obliged to conclude that the vascular system in adult avian marrow is open. In many instances the venous sinusoids are continuous with the interlipoidal spaces, as evidenced by the injection mass completely encircling some of the fat cells." Influence of Quinine on Leucaemia of Hens, Influence de la Quinine et de ses Dérivés sur la Leucémie transmissible des Poules. Ch*Oberling and M*P*Guerin* Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 116,1934, p. 799* In a certain number of cases quinine had a favourable influence on transmissable leucaemia of hens. Âge, breed, and species susceptibility in transmissible leukosis. E-L.Stubbs. Jour. Bact, 27,1934, No.l, p. 79. (Rei Exp. Station Record, Vol. 71,1934, p. 704.)

108 Ä description îs here given of experiments conducfed "with transmissible leucosis in day-old chicks, chicks up to 2 mo. of age, young chickens 4 mo. to 1 yr. of age, and old chickens 2 to 4 yr. of age. The shortest periods of incubation, with an average of 19 days, occurred in baby chicks. The highest incidence of successful transmissions occurred in baby chicks, with every chick becoming affected in some groups. The highest mortality was in the baby chicks. The younger the chicken, the shorter the period of incubation, the more numerous the takes, and the higher the mortality. ... All ages became affected with transmissible leucosis." It is concluded that the virus of leucosis, which passes filters, apparently is different from the well-known virus diseases. On filtrable viruses of leukosis and sarcoma of chickens. J^Furfh. JounBact,27,1934,No.l,pp.79,80. (ReiExp. Station Record, VoL71,1934, p. 703.) The author found avian sarcoma and avian leucosis fo be caused by numerous filtrable agents characterized by the histological appearances of the alterations they produce. The data available are said to be insufficient to determine whether these agents are common living entities, as suggested by some investigators, or nonliving enzymelike substances, as supposed by others.

OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES Vaccination against Poultry Diseases by Feeding the Birds with Vaccin. La Vaccination par Voie buccale en Patho'- logie aviaire. Extrait des Travaux des Séances de la Société de Pathologie comparée et d*Hygiene générale. Paris. Dr. G. Lissot, Pacy-sur-Eure, 1934. It is very easy fo administer vaccin to poultry in the food. During the course of recent years the writer obtained good results by this method in cases of puUorum, Klein disease and cholera. He has now prepared a threefold vaccin in the form of tablets which can be added to the food and from which, since 1930, good results have been ontained in the three diseases mentioned. A literary review concludes the article, Bruceila melitensis in Hens and Eggs. Lombardo. Annali dlgiene, Jan. 1932. (Ref. Receuil de Médecine Vétéri- naire, Vol. 110, 1934, p. 496.) Ä number of hens were given intraveneous injections of the virus. The hens were not sensitive and the bacilli were not found in the eggs» In the writer's opinion these experiments should be repeated before conclusions can be made, as it is also very difficult to infect goats artificially. Infection of Birds with the Virus of Äujeszkys Disease. Cransmission aux Oiseaux de la Paralysie bulbaire infectieuse (Maladie d'Aujeszky). P. Remlinger and J.Bailly. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol.112, 1933, p. 1043. Birds appear to be immune against Äujeszky*s disease. The virus Ortiz Patto however, makes hens, pigeons, geese and ducks ill by intra-

109 cerebral infection. The sickness begins suddenly from the 2nd to the 6th day after infection. Coryza Contagiosa. Y. Mazzaracchîo* La Nuova Veferînarîa, VoLll, 1933, p.233. In four cases a cocoobacîl was isolated, which appeared similar to the bacilli described by Vallillo and de Blieck. Artificial infection with pure cultures was very unsatisfactory and did not succeed in all cases. Studies on Yeast-like Fungi from gallinaceous Birds. E* Jung- herr* Agrie» Exp, Station, Storrs, Connecticut, BulL 188, July 1933. Summary : Yeast-like fungi were not commonly found to be associated with disorders of birds other than thrush affections* Thrush has been recognized in the following spedes of gallinaceous birds: Chicken, turkey, pigeon, pheasant, quail and grouse. Monilia albicans, Monilia krusei and Oidium sp. were the organisms frequently found in thrush affections, of which M. albicans and Oidîum sp, were thought to be of etiologic importance. The avian strains of Monilia albicans were indistinguishable from a type strain derived from human source, by morphologic, biochemical, agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests. Oidium sp. from birds differed from Oidium lactis in morphologic and cultural reactions. Fermen- tation reactions carried out under uniform conditions, on a representative number of strains, were found to be of value in the classification of established types. It appears that M. albicans, M. parapsilosis and M. krusei can be counted among the recognized types. Agglutination tests differentiated the M. albicans-M. candida group from M. parapsilosis, M. krusei and S. fibuliger. They failed to differentiate between the pathogenic M. albicans and the saphrophytic M. candida type. The terminology of thrush-like affections of birds should be clarified by applying the terms "moniliasis" and **oidiomycosís" to disorders caused by members of the implied genera. Observations on fungal Pneumonia in the domestic Fowl. K. L. Baker, J. Courtenay-Dunn, M. D. Wright The Veterinary Journal, VoL 90, p» 385« Description with photos from several cases of pneumonia caused by fungi. The disease formerly regarded as aspergillosis appears to be capable of production by other varieties of fungi, whose growth on damp material is often conspicuous and likely to pass unnoticed. Botulism in Swans. Botulismus bei Schwänen. J^Dobber- stein and C.Piening* Pathologisches Institut der Tier- ärztlichen Hochschule, Berlin» Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1933, p.549. Deaths occurred in a flock of swans. This was probably caused by the fact that the bodies of cats and dogs were thrown into the pond in which the swans swam. The symptoms are described. Botulism bacilli were isolated from the organs. The same symptoms were caused in geese by feeding them with botulism cultures.

110 Enzootic Botulism amongst wild Birds. E^ M. PuUan Veferînary Research Insfifute» Melbourne University. The Australian Veterinary Journal, 1934, p. 123. Summary : 1. Localized epidemics of botulism occurring in Victoria amongst wild water and shore birds are described. 2. The disease appears to be associated with rotting vegetation and hot dry weather rather than highly mineralized waters. 3. The toxin producing organism was identified as B. parabotulinum (Seddon) by toxin antitoxin test, 4. Other theories as to the causation of the disease are discussed. Desinfection in Spirillosis. E^Lontano. La Clinica Veteri- naria, VoL 56, 1933, p. 483. At a farm where spirillosis was prevalent the hens were intra- veneously treated with 3 cgr. neosalvarsain in 1 acm. physiologic salt solution» This was repeated after 48 hours. To combat the ticks the hens were given a bath consisting of lime and sulphur dissolved in water* "Ä" Avitaminosis and Infection. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen "Ä" Avitaminose, Infektion und Parasitismus bei Hühnern. O-Seifried, Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1933, p,540. Owing to lack of Vit. Ä the local protective powers of the pituitary membranes and glands ceased to function. This facilitated the penetration of bacilli. If Vit. Ä is administered the tissue function normally again. Investigations with Disinfectants. Onderzoek van Enkele Desinfectiemiddelen (citopogeen, lysol, lysoform, thera^ pogeen, carbol) {ten opzichte van b.coli). Prof, Dr. L. de Blieck and Dr. Jac. Jansen. Tydschrift voor Dier- geneeskunde, 1934, p. 1203. Summary : The authors tested the disinfecting power of cîtopogen, lysol, lysoform, therapogen and carbolic acid (with regard to bacterium coli), in vitro. Citopogen yielded the best results (a solution of 1/2 percent killed bacterium coli within 5 minutes). The next best were lysol and carbolic acid and then followed therapogen and lysoform. Western duck sickness -. A form of botulism. E. R. Kalmbach. U.S.Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 411, 1934, p. 82, pis. 6, fig.l. This publication, presented in connection with a list of 73 references, reports upon the results of work conducted by the Bureau of Biological Survey, earlier refenrenoes to which have been noted, and includes bacteriological contributions by M. F. Gunderson. Following the introduction and discussion of the scope of the present investigation, the author deals with the causative organism, Clostridium botulinum, type C; earlier theories as to the cause; other studies; history of the mortality; extent of distribution and mortality; species of birds affected; susceptibility of birds; other animals affected; human beings and type C botulism; symptomatology; pathology; demonstration of botulism as the cause

111 of duck sickness; factors responsible for duck sickness or influencing its distribution; and remedial measures. The range of the malady as an epizootic under natural conditions is restricted to the area of alkaline waters and soils of the Western States and the Prairie Provinces of Canada, which may be explained by the fact that alkaline media are highly favorable if not actually essential to potent toxin production. High temperatures, stagnant pools or mud flats, and a prevalence of dead organic matter, as well as an abundance of birds feeding or obtaining their water from the infected areas, are factors making for pronounced outbreaks. The seasonal peak of the disease occurs in August, September, or October. The most effective remedial measures are those of prevention aimed to remove, by flooding or drying, the stagnant-water or mud-flat areas in which the disease has occurred. Added benefits have been derived from frightening birds from known infected areas and from rescuing afflicted individuals, which, through careful handling, may be given a better opportunity for recovery.

Virulence of Cultures of Fowl Spirochetes. Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Pathogenität von Spirochäten auf künstlichen Nährböden, insbesondere über die will- kürliche Beeinflussung der Pathogenität von Hühner- Spirochäten-Kulturen. F» JahneL Zenfralblaff für Bak- teriologie, VoL 130, 1934, p.349* Fresh cultures of spirochetes were virulent for hens. Older cultures (8 days old) were not. The germs can however still move in older cultures. The cultures can become virulent again if they are re-vaccinated a couple of times in quick succession. The pathogenity is again increased by animal passage. The virulence is completely lost after passages on artificial media. The power to multiply themselves remains present however. Immunity was obtained after injections with avirulent cultures. Loss of pathogenity was greater in high than in low temperatures. Ä malaria-like disease of ducks caused by Leucocytozoon anatis Wickware. E* C* O'Roke- Mich. Univ., School Forestry and Conserv. BuL4, 1934, pp.44, pis.5. This contribution, presented in connection with a list of 17 references to the literature, deals with the results of a three-year investigation of a previously little-known disease due to L. anatis which was responsible for heavy loss among both wild and tame ducks. An account of the life cycle and transmission of this organism by the black fly Simulîum venustum is followed by a discussion of the disease resulting. Control of the disease in domestic ducks through management is considered practical, the procedure recommended and means of control including 1. the rearing of ducks in areas free from black flies, 2. culling out parasitized carrier adults, 3. screening young ducklings from the attacks of black flies, 4. confining ducklings in cool, dark sheds, 5. hatching ducklings before or after the main black fly season, and 6. the removing of parasitized young ducks before fhey become infective to black flies. Ä possible new respiratory disease of chickens. W. J. Pistor, H. A. Hoffman, J. R. Beach, and O. W. Schalm. Nulaid 112 \Vl'â^

Professor Alessandro Ghigi, Rector Magniflcus at the University of Bologna, President of the World's Poultry Snience Association keeping the Guard of Honour at the entrance to the Exhibition of the Revolution (Mostra della Revoluzione) in Rome. This Guard of Honour was kept by the Professors from the Athenaeum at Bologna on July 22nd, 1934. News, 11, 1933, No, 4, p,7. (Ref. Exp. St Rea, VoL71, p,854) An account is given of a disease involving the respiratory system, sinuses of the head, and the eyes, first met with on March 28, 1933, in a flock of 1,100 five-month-old pullets in Sonoma County, Calif, It was observed in a second flock on April 6 and in a third flock on April IL The course of the disease in the three flocks was prolonged, the loss by June 12 having been approximately 80 percent in the first flock, 70 percent with 33 percent of the remaining birds in a serious condition in the second flock, and about the same mortality in the third flock. The evidence obtained indicates that the disease is either a distinct type of respiratory infection previously undifferentiated or that it is a combination of infectious laryngotracheitís with some other type of infection. Ä sevum-fvee Medium for Fowl-Spivochetes. Ein serum" freier Nährboden für Hühnerspirochäten. B- Scharrer, Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Orig,VoL132,1934, p,243, ' Description of a new medium according to the Japanese report by Li Yuan-Po. No blood serum was used and this simplifies the method. Epidemic tremor, an encephalomyelitis affecting young chickens. E, E, Jones, Jour, Expt, Med,, 59, 1934, No, 6, pp, 781-798, pis, 2, (Ref, Exp, Station Record, Vol, 71, 1934, p,702,) This contribution relates to a hitherto unrecognized disease of young chickens that has appeared in New England flocks during the last 4 years, it having been referred to in a preliminary report by the author in 1932. The disease, which has a characteristic and well-defined symptom complex, has occurred in epidemic form in young chickens in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Connecticut. "Tremor, principally of the head and neck, and progressive ataxia are the characteristic symptoms, either or both of which may be present in a single bird. Age at onset in field epidemics ranges from 3 days to 6 weeks, with a majority of cases reported at 3 weeks. Morbidity in commercial flocks ranges from 5 to 50 percent; mortality in affected hatches may be 50 percent. The disease may or may not recur in successive hatches and in the same flock in successive years. Although birds may survive an attack of the disease, nervous symptoms persist in a majority of cases. "There is no evidence that nutritional factors are involved. Normal chickens have not contracted the disease by contact with affected birds. The disease has been reproduced in normal chickens by intracerebral inoculation of brain and spinal cord from affected birds. Twenty brain- to-brain passages have been made up to the present time. The incubation period in laboratory passages ranges from 6 to 44 days, with symptoms appearing usually between 21 and 28 days. The proportion of inoculated birds developing symptoms has increased with successive passages. "The infective agent in the brain has survived in 50 percent glycerine for 69 days. No organism has been cultivated. The disease has been reproduced after inoculation with bacteriologîcally sterile filtrates obtained with Seitz and Berkefeld N filters^ Attempts to demonstrate the presence of the infective agent in the chicken embryo have been inconclusive. Chicks hatched from eggs laid by birds which had survived

113 8 the disease were not infected, nor were they immune to inoculation at 6 weeks of age. "The characteristic lesion of the disease consists of microscopic focal collections of glia cells, perivascular infiltration, degeneration of Purkinje's cells, and degeneration of nerve cells. Foci of infiltration are present throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the viscera of birds from field epidemics, microscopic focal infiltrations of cells of the lymphoid series are often found. Their presence is most notable in the pancreas and heart. No cell inclusions have been demonstrated." Zhe etiology of a respiratory disease of chickens. 0*W, Schalm and J. R* Beach» Science, 97, 1934, p. 416. A study made of a severe type of respiratory infection in chickens first observed in California in 1933 by Pistor and his associates, as previously and above noted, is briefly reported. The symptoms of this affection are said fo resemble closely those described by Delaplane, Stuart, and Bunyea of a similar disease of chickens in Rhode Island. The authors consider it not unlikely that the two may be identical. It is said that there are also points of similarity between the disease and the coryza studied by Nelson. The organism isolated and believed to be an etiological factor of the disease appears to differ in some aspects from the one identified by Nelson as the cause of a ooryza of chickens, although further studies may show the two to represent a single species. Spirocfietosis in Geese in üurkey. Gänsespirochätose in der türkei. Dr* M* Turguf♦ Deutsche TîerarztHche Wochen- schrift, VoL 42, 1934, p. 801. Description of cases of spirochetosis in geese and hens in the vicinity of Istambul. Ärgas-ticks were the carriers. Artificial transmission did not succeed. Ä hémophilie bacillus as the cause of an infectious rhinitis. J*RDelaplane, L.E.Erwin, and H.O.Stuart. Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 244, 1934, p. 12. The authors report upon studies made of a new highly virulent respiratory infection first observed in several flocks of chickens and two flocks of pheasants in Rhode Island during the summer of 1932. The name Hemophilus gallinarum is proposed for the gram negative hémophilie bacillus here described, which is said to be similar to that reported by DeBlieck as the cause of a contagious catarrh of fowl in the Netherlands and of a similar infection reported by Nelson. It is considered to be the same as the contagious catarrh (DeBlieck) and the uncomplicated coryza (Nelson) except that the Rhode Island infection is of a more virulent form. While the authors have been unable to study in their laboratory the organism described by DeBlieck, certain morphological and cultural characteristics lead them to consider it to be identical with the culture 5080 of Nelson and the Rhode Island strain of organism. Reference is made to the respiratory disease of chickens described by Pistor, Hoffman, and Beach in California, from which hémophilie bacilli have since been isolated. Subcutaneous inoculation of fowl by the authors with 24-hr. growth of H. gallinarum was followed by marked depression which would tend to support their observations of the natural outbreaks, namely, that some

114 toxic agent associated with the infection was perhaps responsible for the high mortalities noted rather than from the respiratory involvement alone. The organisms colonize on blood agar and bacto hemoglobin plates, maximum growth being obtained after 24 to 48 hr. incubation. The growth on such plates seemed to be favored in an atmosphere charged with moisture. The subcutaneous inoculation of fowls with a 24-hr. culture of the bacilli resulted in marked swellings at the inoculative point. Twenty-four hours following inoculation depression occurred. Rabbits and guinea pigs have not been susceptible to such infection. Spirochetosis in Greece. Relations between spitochetes and Äegyptianella. Unicité des Agents des Spirochétoses des Volailles de Grèce. Relations entre Spirochétes et Aegyptianella. G. Debonera^ Receuîl de Médecine Véférînaîre, VoLllO, 1934, p. 469. Description of various experiments which proved that no relation exists between Spirochetes and Aegyptianella. Studies on the common cold in chickens. M*R. Lewis and E-Mueller. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Vol.84,1934, No. 5, pp. 759-769. In the studies conducted **the causative agent of the common cold of chickens failed to behave in a manner characteristic of the usual so- called filtrable virus diseases in that it did not confer a lasting immunity in the individuals recovered from the disease, it was not accompanied by a characteristic inclusion body in the cells of the lesion, it did not pass the bactériologie filters, it was removed from solutions by amounts of particular substances that removed bacteria, and it was present in 24-hour incubated broth cultures of the virus but not in those that were free from bacteria." Ä list is given of 14 references to the literature. Action of Ärseno-Piridin Mixtures on Fowl Spirochetosis. Dr. S. Hassko, Budapest AUaforvosi lapok, 1934, No. 24. Of 9 Arseno-Piridin mixtures examined 5 showed the following action: that young hens artificially infected with spirochetes anserina were completely cured and the disease did not recur. These Arseno- Piridin with wich it was not possible to free mouse blood of spirochetes proved active. The best results gave 2 piridin = 5 Arseno = 1-3 amino = 4 oxybenzol (Br. 34), of which the therapeutic dose for hens of 500 gr. weight is 0,005 gr. A 0.5 o/o solution is recommended which should be intramuscularly injected. The Br. 34 prepárate also permanently cures animals infected with fowl spirochetosis, even when they have been sick for several days. The only disadvantage of this chemical composition is that it does not dissolve in ordinary water but only in weak alcalic liquid. As compared to neosalvarsan it has the advantage that it can be administered intramuscularly and is better than atoxyl, in that its action is about five times stronger. Good results are also obtained with N. Dioxyd- propyl = 2 picidin = 5 arsenic acid (1037) which is easily dissolved in water. The therapeutic dose of this mixture is 0.1 gr. for 500 gr. bodyweight. These experiments on young hens, weighing from 500-700 grs., which had been artificially infected with spirochetes-anserina, proved that the préparâtes Br. 34 and 1037 are of great service in combatting fowl spirochetosis. 115 8* SUNDRIES On the recovery of Äegyptianella pullorum Carpano from wild Argas persicus Oken. A. Komarov. Roy- Soa Trop^ Med and Hyg- Trans-, 27,1934, No-5, pp-525, 526- (Ref- Exp- Station Record, Vol-71,1934, p-702-) Ä pullorum was found by the author in the blood of fowls bitten by fowl ticks received from a poultry farm near Tel-Aviv, Palestine, where fowls were apparently suffering from spirochetosis. Experiments conducted demonstrated that the presence of A. pullorum does not protect birds against subsequent infection with spirochetes, and that birds that have recovered from spirochetosis are susceptible to infection with A* pullorum. Disinfection of poultry houses by means of "fire guns".— A preliminary note. H- J- Sfafseth and F- Camargo- Joun Amen Vet- Med- Assoc-, Vol-84, 1934, p-923- Brief mention is made of the use of the so-called fire gun or torch, which appears to give unsatisfactory results, several common organî/sms, including Salmonella pullorum, surviving an exposure to the flame for 10 and 15 sec. Familial incidence of lymphocytoma in three generations of the domestic fowl. R- Fenstermacher- Jour- Amer- Vet- Med- Assoc-, Vol-84,1934, p-863- In studies at the Minnesota Experiment Station, the details of which are presented in tabular form, a total of 735 chicks was hatched, of which 494 were raised beyond 6 mo. of age. Of these birds, 15.9 percent developed lymphocytoma. "The incidence of the disease was materially reduced in the second generation as compared to what occurred in the first-generation birds. The disease was not transmissible by artificial inoculations. The disease was not transmitted by contact. Only one case of fowl paralysis developed. No data were obtained to show that lymphocytoma and fowl paralysis are manifestations of a single disease." Ä list is given of 13 references to the literature. Eimeria angusta sp. nov. and Eimeria bonasae sp. nov. from grouse, with a key to the species of Eimeria in birds. E-A-Allen- Amer-Micros-Soc-Trans-, 53, 1934, p-1- hygiënische Bedrifzieken. Dr-J-Jansen, Tíjdschrîft voor The author describes (1) the new species E. angusta collected from the ceca of Bonasa umbellus and Canachites canadensis in Labrador and Alaska and (2) the new species E. bonasae from the ceca and rarely the small intestine of B. umbellus and Lagopus lagopus in Massachusetts, Labrador, Province of Quebec, and Alaska. In an addendum attention is called to the fact that since the paper went to press six additional species have come to light, and that they can be differentiated from the two described as new. A list is given of 15 references to the literature.

116 EGGS AND TABLE POULTRY

WHITES Passage of Ovoglobulins through the Shell Membrane. E.McNally (Bun Animal Indust U.S.Dept Agria), Proa Soa Exp. BioL and Med 1934, VoL31, p^946 (Ref. Nutrition Abstr*, VoL4, No.3)* That a dilute solution of ovoglobulîn passes through the shell membrane when the egg is in the shell gland is concluded from comparisons of the protein fractions of fully formed eggs and of shell-less eggs taken from the oviduct. Mineral Constituents and the freezing point of white and yolk of hens eggs. J. Straub and C.M.Donck, Chem* Weekblad, Vol 31, 1934, p.461 (Rei Nutrition Abstn^ VoL4, No.3)- Egg white contains the following osmotically active constituents expressed as mg, per 100 g of material: K* 144,0, Na*. 142,0, Ca-- 15,8, Mg-- 15,9, Cl' 156.2, HPO4'' 32,54, HCO3' 201,1, lactid acid 14, glucose 500. SO 4'' is absent and NHé* and NO 3' are present only in traces. Egg white contains a greater proportion of cations than of anîons, agreeing with pH 8 and isoelectric point pH 4.7, The lowering of f, p. calculated from the above analysis, 0,435°, agrees with the experimental value 0,45°. Egg yolk contains K: 117,4, Na-. 51,7, Ca-- 151,3, Mg-: 22,3, CV 178,0, H2PO4' 1787.7, glucose 250; depression of f, p. 0,60° (calculated 1.223°), the difference being due mainly to the H2PO4' and glucose organically combined in lecithin. Zhe carbohydrate content of the proteins in the white of hens' eggs. M. Sorensen, Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 20, 1934, No. 3, p. 19, figs. 6 (Ref. Exp. Station Record, Vol.71, 1934, p.580). In this study the proteins of the white of hens* eggs were divided into five fractions, largely by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, and the amount and nature of the carbohydrates in each fraction were determined. Globulin made up about 7 percent of the total protein and contained 4 percent of mannose, Mucin, which constituted 2 percent of the total protein, contained 14,9 percent of a mixture of equal parts of mannose and galactose. The total protein contained 70 percent of albumin which, in turn, contained 1.7 percent of mannose, Conalbumin and mucoid made up 9 and 13 percent, respectively, of the total protein and contained 2,8

117 and 9,2 percent, respectively, of a mixture of 3 parts of mannose and 1 part of galactose. There was 0.45 percent free glucose in the raw egg white. It is suggested that these carbohydrates were present in the form of trisaccharides, consisting of 1 mol glucosamine and 2 mois mannose or galactose. Nature of Watery Whites in Eggs. J.L^St John and A»B* Caster, Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington, Bull No. 275, Dea 1932. Results of study of a method for the determination of bound water in egg whites were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society 53: 4014. It is shown that all of the free water is frozen at a temperature of —12.5 °C, no more water being frozen at a temperature as low as —35.0° C. The amount of bound water in the thick portion of egg white was determined. An improved formula for the calculation of free water is presented. A study is being made of the relative amount of bound water in the thick and thin portions of egg whites. A quantity of data is accumulating on this subject. Data on the relative value of the thick and thin portions of egg white for the baking of angel food cake were published cooperatively with the division of Home Economics in the Journal of Home Economics 23: 1151. It was shown that the thin portion gives a larger volume of cake than the thick, that the white should be beaten at room temperature or above, that storage has little effect on its value for this purpose. These results offer evidence that for cake making watery whites are more desirable than firm whites. Additional data also have been obtained on the nitrogen distribution in the thick and thin portion of the white. Firmness of albumen as an inherited characteristic. F*W^ Lorenz, L» W» Taylor, and H» J* Almquist, Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, No.l, pp, 14-17, fig.l. In work at the California Experiment Station a group of birds that laid eggs with the percentage of firm white significantly higher than the average was successfully raised. The group was compoised of individual families which were significantly different in this character from families hatched from a low firm white line. The above results, together with the apparent relationship between inbreeding and the average percentage of firm white in the high line and in individual families of the high line, indicated the existence of genetic factors that at least partially controlled the percentage of firm white of the eggs laid. The failure to lower the mean percentage of firm white of a group by selection, the apparent lack of consistent relationship between inbreeding and the mean percentage of firm white in the low line, and the actual segregation of relatively high families from the low line suggested the possibility that the factors for low were dominant to those for high percentage of firm white. Variability of thick albumen in fresh-laid eggs. C^W^Knox and A. B, Godfrey, Poultry Science, Vol. 13,1934, No. 1, pp. 18-22. The U.S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry found that for White Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds egg weight was highly correlated with the weight of total albumen and to a lesser extent with the weight of thick white. Egg weight was not significantly correlated with the per-

ils cenfage of thick white of total albumen in either breed, and in neither breed was antecedent egg production significantly correlated with total amount of albumen, amount of thick white, or percentage of thick white. There was no significant correlation between total egg production before July 1 and egg weight during the month of June in either breed. Leghorn eggs had a significantly greater percentage thick white of total albumen weight, and Rhode Island Red eggs were significantly heavier in weight. There was a standard deviation of 7.4 percent in the percentage of thick white of total albumen in Leghorn eggs and 8.6 percent in Rhode Island Red eggs. Crystalline egg albumin.—Zhe hydrolysis of crystalline egg albumin by pepsin, papain-hydrocyanic acid, and pan-- creatic proteinase and the subsequent action of some other enzymes on the hydrolysis products produced by these enzymes. H^O^Calvery, Joun BioL Chem», 102, 1933, No. 1, pp. 73-89. The hydrolysis of crystalline egg albumin by means of pure proteinase of pancreas [pure trypsin] was studied, together with that effected by various other enzymes and by certain enzyme successions. "The extent of the hydrolysis was determined, and it was found that onethird of the calculated number of peptide linkages was split. It was further found that the number of amino groups and the number of carboxyl groups produced were the same. Subsequent treatment with pepsin produced no further hydrolysis, while a preparation of papain- hydrocyanic acid hydrolyzed another one-third of the calculated number of peptide linkages present in the albumin. "Protaminase following proteinase liberated 6 percent of the total nitrogen as free amino nitrogen. Aminopolypeptídase and carboxypoly- peptidase carried the hydrolysis to the same end point following proteinase action or following proteinase plus protamînase. The amount of amino nitrogen liberated following their action was 60 percent of the total nitrogen. Dipeptidase further liberated 10 to 12 percent so that after complete hydrolysis by means of enzymes 75 percent of the total nitrogen was present as amino nitrogen, 72 percent of which had been liberated by enzymes — "Pepsin splits the albumin molecule to such an extent that it liberates 24 to 26 percent of the total nitrogen as amino nitrogen as estimated by the Van Slyke method or by the titration of the free carboxyl groups in 90 percent alcohol. The rate and extent of hydrolysis is the same when coagulated albumin is used as when native albumin is used. "When protaminase is allowed to act on the hydrolysis products by pepsin a further 7 percent of the total nitrogen is liberated as amino nitrogen. When either of the polypeptidases is used it liberates from the hydrolysis products produced by pepsin a further 24 to 25 percent of the total nitrogen as amino nitrogen, and following their action the dipeptidase present in erepsin produces a still further 24 to 25 percent of free amino nitrogen, so that the sum of the action of pepsin plus either of the polypeptidases and the dîpeptidases of erepsin is the liberation of 72 to 75 percent of the total nitrogen of egg albumin as free amino nitrogen. This value is practically the same as that obtained when either pancreatic proteinase or papain-hydrocyanic acid is used instead of pepsin. "The action of papain-hydrocyardc acid is twice as extensive as that of either pancreatic proteinase or pepsin; and following its action there is no further action by either of these enzymes. '*

119 The question of the possible nature of the products set free by the various enzymes and of the number of polypeptide linkages probably broken is concisely analyzed in a short discussion. Angel Food Cake from the thick and Zhin Portions of Egg White. L*W*Hunf and JX* St John, Joun Home Econ* 23:1151, December, 193L The thin portion of the white on the average gives a cake a larger volume than the thick white. The white should be brought to room temperature (about 21° C) before breating. Ä reasonable length of storage has little effect on the value of egg white for angel food cake. The length of the storage period probably has less effect than the temperature at which the white is beaten. These results are a further indication that discrimination against eggs with watery whites for cake making purposes is unjustified ; in fact, they offer evidence that watery whites are more desirable than firm whites. Beating Properties of Egg White. WX*Henry and A.D. Barbour, Ontario Research Foundation, Toronto, On- taria, Canada* Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, VoL25, 1933, p.1054 Summary : Methods have been devised for studying the increase in volume of egg white on beating, and the stability of the beaten product. The effects of rate and time of beating, temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and additions of water and oil have been determined, and also the comparative results obtainable with fresh and defrosted storage white.

yOLKS the vitamins Ä and D activity of egg yolks of different color concentrations. B* Bisbey, V, Appleby, A* Weis, and SXover, Missouri Sta^ Res. BuL 205,1934 Experiments were undertaken to compare the vitamins Ä and D activity of egg yolks of definite and uniform color concentrations produced by hens under carefully controlled conditions of rations and housing. Determination was made also of the carotene and xanthophyll content of such yolks, using a modification of the method of Schertz. There was a distinct gradation of color in yolks from the different rations, while within the same ration the color was quite uniform. The colors of the yolks were classified according to fheir agreement in color to 10-cc samples of potassium dichromate solutions, each containing 0.1 g of talc. The results of the vitamin Ä tests showed that while there was apparently some relationship between color and growth, the vitamin A activity of yolks could not be explained on the basis of the carotenoid pigments they contain. The vitamin A activity of the yolks was directly dependent upon the rations of the hens. In the vitamin D tests, it was found that the rations used had but little effect upon the deposition of calcium in the bones of experimental rats. There was evidence that the amount of sunshine available for layers made a difference in the vitamin D activitj^ of egg yolks.

120 Z>he piiamin D content of eggs. H.D. Branion, Canad. Pub. Health Jour., Vol.25. 1934, p. 171. This paper includes a brief survey of the literature, a summary of studies by the author on the vitamin D content of eggs produced by hens receiving various vitamin D supplements, and a discussion of the extent to which eggs can supply the vitamin D requirements of children. The average egg yolk of hens receiving the customary feed of a commercial poultry flock, with the exception of vitamin D, contained about 4 Steen- bock units and of hens receiving 2 percent of cod-liver oil in addition to the same ration 30 units. Egg yolk from hens receiving 2 percent of 1 D preparation of viosterol contained 30 and from hens receiving 2 percent of 10 D cod-liver oil (fortified with viosterol) 60 units. From the dosage of cod-liver oil usually recommended for infants, 3 teaspoonfuls daily, it is estimated that the requirement of vitamin D for infants is about 140 Steenbock units and for children over 2yr. of age about 50 units. A case of fairly severe rickets in a negro child was cured by the daily addition to the diet of one egg from hens receiving 2 percent viosterol. "It would seem feasible to supply eggs for hospital and infant feeding use the vitamin content of which could be fairly definitely assured by supervision of the diet and management of the laying flock. " Protoporphytine in the Yolk. Sut la Présence de Proto- potphyvine dans le Jaune d'Oeuf des Oiseaux. B* Gou- zon, Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, VoL 116, 1934, p. 925^ Protoporphyrine in the yolk of eggs was betrayed by its fluorescence. It is in some way connected with the hemafogene and the hémoglobine which occurs in the embryo directly at the commencement of incubation. Isolation of the Lyochtome from egg yolk. Isolierung des Lyochroms aus Eigelb. P. Karrer and K* Schöpp, Helv* chim^ Acta, 1934, VoL 17, p. 735 (ReL Nutrition Abstn, Vol. 4, No. 3). The yolks of 1,000 fresh eggs were extracted with alcohol and the carotenoids removed by fractionation with ether. The flavine component was then adsorbed on "frankonit" and eluted with pyridine, and the pure flavine obtained by precipitation with lead acetate and recrystalli- safion from acetic solution. A yield of about 15 mg. was obtained. Relation of depot Fat to Egg Yolk Fat in laying Hens. H. J. Almquist, F.W.Lorenz and B.R.Burmester (Univ. Cali- fornia Coll. Agrie. Berkeley), J. Biol. Chem. 1934, Vol. 106, p.365 (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., Vol.4, No.3). The fat soluble substance responsible for the Halphen test was deposited in the depot fat and yolk fat of hens on a diet containing crude cottonseed oil. All maturing ova were removed by operation from certain birds on a ration containing the oil. The birds were then fed a ration giving a negative Halphen test. Egg laying was resumed within 12 days. The yolks gave negative tests, though the body fat still gave a strongly positive test. Body fat and yolk fat, therefore, do not follow the same metabolic paths. Even on a fat free diet body fat is utilised only slightly, if at all, in the formation of yolk fat. 121 Che Odour and Flavour of Eggs. R, B» M* Cammon, M»S* Pitfman and L.A.Wilhelm, Poultry Science, 1934, 13, 95-101, Kansas Agrie. Exp. Stat, Manhattan. Yolk colour was considerably influenced by the ration fed, becoming a deeper colour with yellow corn or green wheat. Eggs produced on a green wheat ration showed little variation in flavour within one month, but all other eggs showed significant variation. Odour was influenced by the nature of the ration and by method of handling. Eggs held at 70° F. for one week showed only slight changes in odour and flavour compared with fresh eggs. Eggs held at this temperature for one month deteriorated. Egg With three Yolks Is Laid By N. H. Hen. Cackle and Crow, Febr. 15, 1935. Rochester, N. H. Dec. 29 (ÄP)—A triple yolked egg, four inches long and weighing five ounces, was found today by Wilfred Boulanger while gathering eggs at his Farmington road farm. The egg will be exhibited at the Boston poultry show. Experiments with livestock in Georgia. Georgia Sta. Rpf. 1933-34. Data obtained in experiments with livestock are reported on pimiento and egg yolk color studies. the quantitative relation of egg yolk pigmentation to pimiento feeds. W. L. Brown, Georgia Sta. Bui. 183,1934. This study was undertaken to develop a method for determining capsanthin in egg yolk, to determine the ratio of capsanthin in the feed to that deposited in the yolk, and to obtain a more definite color standard for defining egg yolk color. A colorimetric method for capsanthin analysis is described. It was found that pigment began to appear in the yolk after 48 hr. at high production and to be deposited throughout the yolk after about the sixth egg. Adding pimiento to a xanthophyll-free diet in amounts that gave the diet a capsanthin content of 0.35 mg per 100 g produced eggs that had approximately the same depth of yolk color as market eggs. With a feed having 1.83 and 2.74 mg of capsanthin per 100 g, a yolk color was obtained that was much deeper than that of market eggs. Adding 0.5 lb. of dried pimiento to 100 lb. of feed gave the yolk a color depth approximately that of market eggs. Highproducing hens tended to lay eggs with a slightly lower than average yolk color* At the higher levels of feeding dried pimiento a greater proportion of capsanthin was deposited in the yolk, due probably to the greater saturation of the body tissues with pigment. There was no deterioration in color of deeply pigmented yolks or in the appearance of the white after 1 yr. in cold storage. Che Iron and Copper Content of Egg Folk. S.E.Erikson, R. E. Boyden, J. Holmes Martin and W. M. Insko, Kentucky Bulletin No. 342, June, 1933. Summary and Conclusions : 1. Investigation was made of the iron and copper content of the yolk of eggs produced by hens from six different pens, the differences in treatment being the administration of cod liver oil, sunshine and bluegrass range.

122 2. Addîfîon of two percent of cod Hver oil to the basal ration of hens raised the percentage level of both copper and iron values in the egg yolk. 3. Sunshine admitted directly to hens that did not have cod liver oil raised the percentage levels of copper and iron values in egg yolk over those of hens that received sunlight only thru ordinary window glass. 4. Sunshine admitted directly to hens that were given cod liver oil decreased the level of the iron but raised the level of the copper content of egg yolk over the eggs of hens that received sunshine only thru ordinary window glass. The effect of sunshine and cod liver oil on copper content seemed to be cumulative but on iron content the two seemed to have antagonistic effects. 5. Eggs produced by hens that received cod liver oil only show higher percentage values of iron in the yolk than those produced by hens that received both cod liver oil and sunshine, and these in turn show higher values than those from hens allowed open bluegrass range and cod liver oil. 6. Hens allowed sunshine, bluegrass range and cod liver oil produced eggs having a higher copper content in the yolk than those from any other pen. The value was two and a half times as great as that of eggs produced in the pen conñned without cod liver oil or direct sunshine or bluegrass. SUNDRIES Zteatmetit of Eggs and Factors affecting their Quality. Om Eggbehandling, og faktorer som Innvirker pa Egg^ kvaliteten. L Five, State Adviser for Smallholdings Industries» Lecture in the Norwegian Poultry Society, Oslo, 1933. Changes in quality of eggs during storage and the factors which influence their keeping properties. The following experiments carried out at the State Experimental Stations are discussed : 1. Keeping properties of eggs with shells of different qualities. The change has been most rapid in eggs with spotted shells (non-uniform structure), nextly in those with thin shells. The thick-shelled eggs have maintained their quality longest. 2. Keeping properties of eggs from flocks without cock and from those in which a cock was present. The experiments show distinct superiority in unfertilised eggs. 3. Experiments in storage of eggs in well-ventilated rooms with constant supply of fresh air and in rooms with completely enclosed air and with odour of sewage and fish. The experiments speak distinctly in favour of storage in well-ventilated rooms. 4. Keeping properties of dirty eggs that have been washed with water, and of eggs treated with vinegar, as compared with clean, untreated eggs. The clean, untreated eggs have maintained their quality best throughout the whole period of experiment. Ä comparison between the eggs washed in water and those cleaned with vinegar shows that the washed eggs began to deteriorate at an earlier point of time than those treated with vinegar. These latter, on the other hand, deteriorated more rapidly in the last half of the period of experiment. The time of storage in all the experiments was about 6 weeks.

123 Quality of Commercial Eggs. Handelseggenes Kvalitet State-conducted Examinations of Eggs. L Five, Reprint from the Director of Agriculture's Report for 1934, Grondai & Sons Forlag, Oslo, 1934 The main purpose of the examination of eggs instituted in 1932 and 1933 was formulated as follows: "The object is by systematic examinations to elucidate the question of the quality of the Norwegian commercial eggs, as well as to find the best and most effective methods for control of quality in eggs. This is desirable: L In view of the increasing export and the competition on the world market and of the existing State-control of eggs intended for export. 2. Also on account of the increasing production, which is bringing the question of quality more and more into prominance in the home market. 5. And finally in order, if possible, to find a basis for an eventual classification of quality (standardisation) of eggs. The examinations will be carried out in particular on samples of eggs which have been placed upon the market etc." In connection with the investigation of eggs placed on the market in the different towns in the country there have been carried out in the Egg-examination Laboratory at the State Veterinary Institute various experiments and statistical investigations respecting the correlation between the different factors which are emplo5red in the judgment and quality-classification of commercial eggs. The judgment of quality has been effected partly by translumînating the eggs one by one over electric bulbs, partly by weighing of the whole egg with shell and partly by measurement of airspace and determination of form-index. Investigations of quality carried out on 7810 commercial eggs yielded the following average results : 24.10/0 1st grade eggs. Newlaid. 28.9 o/o 2nd grade eggs. Fresh eggs. 42.8 0/0 3rd grade eggs. Household and baker's eggs. 4.2 o/o Spoiled and rotten eggs. Shape: 6.0 o/o Ideal shape. 82.6 o/o Ordinary good shape. 11.4 Vo Bad or unsatisfactory shape. Shell: 78.70/0 Satisfactory. 21.3 o/o Bad. Index 74-75. The investigations have made it clear that in the method of judgment here employed the visibility of the yolk forms the basal and most reliable factor in estimating the age and quality of the eggs. Five degrees of visibility have been adopted. For each degree of visibility the dimensions of the air-space, as well as the figures for mobility and for the consistence and transparency of the white have been noted. There is found to be a close correlation between the visibility of the yolk on the one hand and the various other factors on the other hand, so that there exists a mutual relationship between all these factors. In order to ascertain whether the different factors here mentioned have any relation to the actual quality of the egg and its serviceable properties a direct estimation of the yolk and white has been made by examining the contents of the egg after emptying it into a flat-bottomed white plate. Besides there have been made trials of the taste of softboiled eggs and tests of suitability for other purposes, such as for frying, scrambling etc. It has been found that on the whole the method of judgment by taking the visibility of the yolk as chief basis and the

124 other factors above mentioned as auxiliary factors is fully serviceable for ascertaining the real quality of the egg and its fitness for use, and that the classification of quality can be based on such method of judgment. A necessary condition is that the eggs must be transluminated one by one in a dark room and that this shall be done by an experienced examiner.

Gelation of Frozen Egg Magma. A, W, Thomas and M, Irene Bailey, Columbia University, New York, N^Y* Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, VoL 25, 1933, p, 669* Summary : 1. In fifty specimes (1000 to 2000 eggs each) of whole egg analyzed, the pH values ranged from 7.17 to 7.54, total solids from 26.0 to 27.8 percent, and ether extract from 10.4 to 11.6 percent. 2. The total phosphorus of ten specimens (1000 to 2000 eggs each) of whole-egg magma was 0.22 to 0.24 percent; the lipoid phosphorus content was 0.15 to 0.16 percent 3. The ratio of lipoid phosphorus to total phosphorus was approximately two-thirds. 4. In ten specimens (1000 to 2000 eggs each) of whole-egg magma the percentage of total Hpoîds was 1.21-0.01 times that of the ether extract. 5. The freezing point of five specimes (eighteen eggs each) of whole-egg magma ranged from —0.462° to —0.470° C. 6. In the absence of added salt or sugar, the degree of gelation of thawed whole-egg magma is predominately a function of the mechanical treatment of the magma prior to freezing, colloid-milled specimens showing practically no gelation. 7. In the absence of added salt or sugar, the higher the percentage of total solids and of ether extract contained in a specimen of whole-egg magma, the greater will be its degree of gelation. 8. Sodium chloride, sucrose, and dextrose added fo whole-egg magma lower the degree of gelation. Sucrose and dextrose show quantitatively the same effect when present in equimolecular quantities. Salt and sucrose appear to have the same effect when present in amounts which lower the freezing point to the same extent. 9. Variations in the degree of gelation are not a function of either the total or lipoid phosphorus content. 10. The maximum degree of gelation is reached in 60 to 120 days of storage at —21° to —18° C.

Egg drying has come back to America. A^K» Epstein, Food Indus,, VoL5, 1933, No,8, pp,308, 309, figs.2. An account is given of the recent development of the dried egg industry in the United States, with brief descriptions of the methods used in drying whole eggs, egg yolk, and egg white, and a discussion of the problems involved in drying egg white in such a way that the product will have excellent foaming value. Thus far this has been accomplished by subjecting the egg white to a ripening or fermentation process before drying. A method is described for determining the foaming value of egg white.

125 Zhe iron content of eggs has also been shown to vary considerably. Cambridge 1933, Rep* 1934 Not only from eggs laid by different hens, but also in successive eggs laid by the same hen. If is conceivable fhaf anaemic conditions in young chicks may be partly due to this fact, since it is evident that some chicks must start life with a considerably lower iron reserve in their bodies than others. Eggs. By M* E-Pennîngfon, F.L^Plaff and CG^Snyden Edited by RMandeville. 2 vols, pp. XXIV+ 631, and 257 Figs* Chicago: Progress Publications, 1530 Mer- chandise Mart The authors of this publication have attemipted to record in popular language the progress made in the American poultry industry from the earliest times down to the present day. Volume I comprises in small compass the story of the progress made in the science and practice of poultry culture, by F. L. Platt, together with a comprehensive section on the testing, cold storage and marketing of poultry products, by Miss M. E. Pennington. Volume II is neither more nor less than a cookery manual devoted entirely to eggs and poultry. In it Mrs. C. G. Snyder has written extensively concerning methods of preparing appetising and attractive forms of these foods for the table ; such a collection of recipes (including some of historical interest) would not be out of place on the bookshelf of the housewife, but it is doubtful if it will prove of much value to the practical farmer or poultry-keeper. Ä preliminary review of the field of research in eggs and poultry. Chicago: Inst Amen Poultry Indus-, 1934 as.Egg and Poultry Mag., 1934, p.27. This is a report prepared under the direction of the National Advisory Committee on Research, summarizing the miore urgent problems dealing with eggs and poultry and reviewing the research work being done or needed to solve these problems. Report of a Survey of graded Egg-Buying in Iowa. W.D. Termohlen, Agrie. Exp. Station, Ames, Iowa, Circular No. 135, 1932. Conclusion : These facts make it evident that there is need for clearer definition of grade names and specifications. Many different names are used to designate practically the same kind of grade. The same grade name, for example. No. 1, has a great variety of specifications. Certainly no exception can be taken to the fact that such terminology confuses farmers seeking the best market for their eggs and also Is confusing to competing buyers. Efforts toward clearer grade names and specifications would pave the way in buying practices for a higher degree of uniformity which would prove beneficial to both producers and buyers. Vitamin Ä in eggs. W.C. Rüssel, N.J.Agr., Vol.16, 1934, No. 2, p. 6. Determination was made of the vitamin A consumption and production in the eggs laid by fowls with reference to the possibilities of increasing the vitamin A value of the eggs by feeding.

126 Zhe pH of fresh and storage Eggs. S* £♦ Erîkson, R. E- Boyden, J* H* Martín and W. M. Insko, Jn, Agria Exp. Station, Lexington, Kentucky, Bull No. 335, 1932. Summary : The pH of the yolk and white of iresh and storage eggs is reported. The eggs were collected from three pairs of pens. The first pair received sunshine thru ordinary window glass. The second were given direct sunshine on a wire-screened porch. The third were given bluegrass range. The hens of one pen of each pair were given cod liver oil. The basal ration was the same for all pens. Pen averages of fresh eggs showed little variation in pH, The greatest differences occurred between pH 7.894, pen 3, and pH 7.950, pen 6, for the white and pH 6.309, pen 5, and pH 6.336, pen 2, for the yolk. Therefore, it cannot be said that either cod liver oil, sunshine or bluegrass range given to hens, influences the pH of the eggs laid by them. Storage eggs showed greater variation. The largest differences occurred between pen 2 and pen 4 for white and between pen 5 and pen 5 for yolk, the averages for which were, respectively, 8.810, 8.960, 6.900 and 7,018. The average pH of yolk and white of fresh eggs was 6.320 and 7.920, respectively. The average pH of yolk and white of storage eggs was 6.976 and 8.895, respectively,

Zhe Book of the Egg.—Manual for Egg-Specialists and Poultry Breeders. Das Eierbuch.—Ein Handbuch für Eierfachleute, Kennzeichnungsstellen und Geflügel-^ Züchter. Dr. B. Grzimek. With 149 illustrations. 2nd Edition. Editor: Fritz Pfenningstorff, Berlin W.57. The first edition of this book was issued during the summer of 1934 and was sold out within a few weeks after its issue. Directly afier this, the 2nd edition was launched, which also had a very extensive sale. Contents : The composition of the egg. How the egg originates. Conserving and storage in refrigirators. Influence on the egg of feeding and storing. The egg as means of consumption. Examination of eggs. Marking of eggs* Packing and transport. The egg in the trade. Legal regulations concerning the trade in eggs. Zhe Surface of the Egg Shell. Über die Oberfläche der Eier- schale. K. Braunsdorf, Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel, Vol. 66, 1933, p.606. Both washed and unwashed eggs may have either a weak, clear or highly polished shell surface or they may be dull. Washing has no influence on the polish. The exterior fatty layer was determined on unwashed egg shells by the Heestermann*s method. This was also in some cases ascertained in washed eggs. Neither the polished surface nor the Heestermann*s test prove that eggs have been washed.

Formation of the Shells of Bird's Eggs, with Remarks on the Production of alkalosis and acidosis by Calcium Salts. Über die Bildungsweise der Schalen von Vogeleiern, mit Bemerkungen über die Erzeugung von Älkalosis

127 und Äzidosis durch Calciumsalze, Biochem. Zeitschrift 1934. Vol. 272. p. 9. In fhis paper the author considers 2 processes following absorption of calcium compounds, (1) an alkalosis after ingestion of calcium carbonate or salts of organic acids, followed by reaction between CaCle and NaHCOs in the epithelial cells of the kidney, elimination of CaCOs in the urine and readjustment of blood reaction ; (2) a,n acidosis following absorption of calcium salts of strong acids, rectified by elimination of Ca3(P04)2 through the gut and NaH2P04 in the urine. Formation of egg shells occurs by deposition in the membrane, by the cells of the shell glands, of carbonate ordinarily eliminated by the kidney cells. Progressive Changes in the Composition of edible Shell Eggs during storage. L* C Mitchell, J» Assoc» OiL Agrîc. Chem. 1934, VoL 17, p. 506 (ReL Nutrition Äbstn, Vol. 4, No. 3). In continuation of earlier work two other series of storage experiments are reported. The results are calculated both for the fresh material and the dry substance, both for the v/^hite, yolk and whole egg. When the results are calculated on the dry matter basis there appears to be little change on storage other than the transfer of water from the white to the yolk, and the loss of water by evaporation through the shell. Cold Storage of Eggs. W.J.Williams, Chanticleer, March, 1935. Summary : 1. The cleaning of dirty eggs by washing or wiping lowers their resistance to decay. 2. Dirty and washed eggs are spoilt by bacteria. 3. Eggs packed in wet fillers or cases become mouldy. 4. The moisture in the yolk of the egg decreases, whilst the moisture in the white of the egg increases, the total loss being greater than the total gain after eggs have been in store for nine months, even under the best conditions. 5. There must be no doubt about the freshness of the egg. 6. The method of packing in odourless and tasteless packages and fillers is issentiaL 7. Sanitary conditions must exist in the cold storage room. 8. Temperatures must be absolutely even. 9. Great importance is attached to a definite and even humidity. 10. Ä regular and even air circulation must be maintained throughout the whole of the room. Äsceertaining the Age of Eggs. Älfersbesfimmung der Eier, A. Schrempf and C. Weidlich, Zeitschrift für Unter- suchung der Lebensmittel, Vol. 65, 1933, p. 327. The drjnlng up of eggs exceeds the average at a temperature of 22-23 0 C. This may cause eggs to appear older than they are. This must be taken into account diurîng dry temperatures in summer. Ascertaining the Age of Eggs. Zur Altersbestimmung der Eier während der Sommermonate. E. Dinslage and O. Windhaufen, Zeitschrift zur Untersuchung der Le-

128 bensmîffel, VoL65,1933, p. 650 (Ret Deutsche Tierärzt- liche Wochenschrift 1934, p.629)* The writers point out that it is not only the temperature but also the degree of humidity in the air which influence the specific weight of eggs. The instrument indicated the age as 14 days of eggs which had been kept in a cool cellar for 2-1/2 months. Germs in Eggs. Übet das Votkommen von Baktetien in Eiern. F* Andresen, Dissertation Berlin, Deutsche Tier- ärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL42, 1934, p. 285. Eggs from dirty farms contain more bacteria than eggs from clean farms. There is no difference between fertile and na-fertile eggs. The white has no bactéricide action on pullorum bacilli. It was proved that Bac. pyocyaneum can penetrate the shell. Eggs and Cable Poultty. Lead in Eggs. Ovet het Vootkomen van Lood in Eietn. Schäkels, 13 Nov., 1934. Bishop and Corksey are of the opinion that they have ascertained that eggs contain lead no matter whether the eggs are produced in districts where lead is found or worked. The content of lead in eggs varies greatly in various breeds and fluctuates considerably in individual hens. The lead in the yolks is probably connected with a fatty acid, but certainly not phosphate. No lead could be found in the blood of one day chicks. Will Louisiana eggs keep? C.W.Upp, Louisiana Sta. Circ, 13,1934 The results of experimental work with eggs previously reported are summarized, together with suggestions for improving the quality of market eggs. Chatactetistics of an abnotmal type of egg shell. H. J. Aim- quist and B* R» Burmester, Poultry Science, 13, 1934, p. 116. The California Experiment Station made a study of the characteristics of abnormal eggshells known as **glassy" shells. These shells have a large number of small spots that are more translucent than the rest of the shell. When tapped such shells emit a musical clink, while normal shells give only a dull sound. Shells of the above type were lower than normal shells in respect to porosity, shrinkage of contents, thickness, percentage of shell membrane, and breaking strength. They had a higher percentage of shell protein and a slightly lower percentage of calcium carbonate than normal shells, but in other respects were quite similar. The percentage of protein did not influence the breaking strength of the shell and tended to decrease as the shell thickness increased. Because of the low porosity^, glassy eggs retained their fresh quality at room temperatures better than normal eggs, but the whites tended to become cloudy and liquefy rapidly in cold storage. Inctease in the Egg Ptoduction in Switzetland. Zunahme det schweizetischen Eietetzeugung. According to statistics just published the number of poultry in Switzerland increased from 1933 to 1934 from 3,5 to about 5,5 million

129 P head. Egg production in this period showed an increase from 270 to 440 million. Annual Consumption of Eggs in Berlin. Der Jahresverbrauch der Stadt Berlin an Eiern. Eier-Börse, 7 Febr-, 1935* According to official statistics 800 million eggs were consumed in Berlin during 1934 which averages 189 per head of the population. This is a higher average than that for the whole country which is given as 120 to 130 per head of the population. Co-operative Egg Crade in Germany. Journal of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Dublin, Vol. 35, 1935, p.l45. In 1932, the 19 German Raiffeisen agricultural egg co-operative centres and their branches handled 458,970,990 eggs, as compared with 507,387,136 in 1931. This is the first fall in numbers registered since the establishment of the co-operative egg centres and it is attributed to various causes. In 1932 the price level of eggs was exceedingly low. As a result, more eggs were used by the farming classes and many poultry farms which had to purchase their feeding stuffs went bankrupt. Consequently fewer eggs were offered to the co-operative centres. The enforcing of the Commercial Classification Order of the 17th March, 1932, had a very adverse effect on the co-operative trade. It gave the general e "g trade the right of standardisation on very easy terms and permission to use the Eagle stamp, which had hitherto been reserved for the co-operative societies. The Maize Order under which the general trade were empowered to issue vouchers for cheap maize to their suppliers took from the co-operative societies their last privilege and caused many wavering suppliers to drop off. The financial position of most of the co-operative centres is, on the whole, satisfactory. The year 1932 was probabh;^ the most difficult in the history of the co-operative egg trade, but the measures taken by the new Government to place the egg industry on a sound basis and to ensure that German eggs may be able to compete successfully against the dumping measures of 30 European and overseas countries, give grounds for hope that the German poultry industry has passed the crisis. Poultry Products in Germany. Die Versorgung Deutschlands mit Geflügelzuchterzeugnissen. Vogel, Deutsche Land- wirtschaftliche Tierzucht, VoL38, 1934, p.283. The writer describes the development of poultry keeping in Germany. He gives figures for egg and fodder prices which show the chief reason for the decrease in poultry keeping since 1930. He discusses the consumption of eggs, the home production and import, the average price of eggs for the year, and the remarkable changes in the sources of origin of imported eggs. He also discusses the supply of table poultry. TABLE POULTRY Zable Poultry as a Subsidiary to Egg Production. K* Wilson and C* H» King, Harper Adams Utility Poultry Journal, 1934, VoL 19, p. 387. Ä detailed account is given of the cost of rearing and finishing 600 table chickens between October and May. The gross profit, exclusive

130 of labour and overhead charges, is given as 2/- per bird, and it is suggested that extra labour and housing available on a commercial egg farm during the winter could be thus profitably utilised. Slaughter of Poultry in Germany. Act of 21 sf April, 1933, Poultry must be rendered unconscious before they are killed. Absolute unconsciousness must be ascertained before slaughter begins. The rendering unconscious of the birds must be carried out in such manner as will spare all unnecessary fluttering and pain. It must take place quickly and be lasting. Unconsciousness must be caused by means of a blow on the head by a special kind of hammer, an hatchet or sufficiently heavy piece of wood. The instruments and appurtances used for this purpose must be such that when properly used they will guarantee indisputable unconsciousness. The rendering unconscious of poultry before killing is not necessary when killing takes place by means of a quick and complete severing of the head from the trunk. Twisting and breaking of the neck are forbidden. Poultry must not be bound until just before they are rendered unconscious. They must not be hung up by the feet before they are unconscious. They must not be hung up, plucked or bled until they axe completely dead and no movement is perceptible in them. Killing must take place on enclosed premises and care must be taken that the killing is not seen by the public. Persons under 14 years of age may not be present during the killing of poultry. Killing may only take place by or under supervision of persons well acquainted with the business. Any person acting contrary to the regulations laid down by this Act will be liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to a fine. Conserving of Poultry. Die Konservierung des Geflügels. W. Klein, Deutsche Landwîrfschafflîche Geflügel- zeifung, VoL37, 1934, p.668. Experiences in the conserving of chickens, chicken soup and other poultry dishes in tins have been good. Saltless conserves for hospitals can also be prepared. Process of Sterilization of canned Chicken as depending from the Methods of treatment priori to Sterilisation. A. A. Uspensky, Transactions of the Poultry Research Institute of U. S. S. R. in Moscow, VoL II, 1934, p. 8. Summary : Sterilization of pullet meat in its proper juice and in broth must go on 70 minutes at 115° C. with admission and discharge of steam during 15 minutes. Pullet meat with rice should be sterilized 60 minutes at 112° C. with the same terms of steam admission and release in order to avoid over cooking of the rice. The meat of cockerels due to the coarseness of its fibres demands a sterilization during 80 minutes at 115° C. in all methods of preliminar treatment of the raw material. Chicken meat in its own juice and in broth should be sterilized 70 minutes at 115° C. For meat with rice and broth 60 minutes at 112° C. are sufficient. The thermostate testing of all batches has shown that sterility may

131 P* be secured under the conditions of accurate scaling, high quality tin and careful soldering of cans. For the conveyer production of 5000 cans fourteen workers are needed. The cost of production of canned chicken varies depending from the capacity of the plant, its equipment etc. Fattening Poultry. It is against the law in Germany, by recent special decree, to force- feed chickens by cramming. Caponizing without the benefit of an anaesthetic is also unlawful. Keeping poultry under insanitary conditions is subject to heavy penalties. Zhe Southern Zable Poultry Experiments at Wye. Report over 1933, Eggs, July 4fh, 1934 The work at the above station during 1933 was designed to investigate different methods of conditioning in order to meet the requirements of present day Table Poultry Farming. It had been evident for some time, from many enquiries made at the Station, that not only were skilled crammers not forthcoming to meet the demand, but that many engaged in the industry had not a sufficient output of birds on theiri holding to justify the employment of a crammer. During that year, therefore, the chickens of each batch were caught up and weighed (cockerels at 13 weeks and pullets at 14 weeks) and subjected to the following treatment for 20 days:— Group 1. (Control Pen) Chickens left in theii: rearing quarters and continuing on their rearing mash (dry fed). Group 2. Chickens trough fed in their rearing quarters. Group 3. Chickens trough fed in their rearing quarters with fat added to the ration for the last ten days. Group 4. Chickens trough fed in their rearing quarters for the first 10 days and then transferred to crates in the open for 10 days cramming. Group 5. Chickens trough fed in their rearing quarters for 10 days and then transferred to the fattening shed for 10 days cramming. Group 6. Chickens trough fed for 10 days and crammed for 10 days in the fattening shed. Group 7. (Control Pen.) Same as Group 1. Group 8. Chickens trough fed in the fattening shed for 10 days. Group 9. Chickens trough fed in fattening shed for 20 days (fat added during last 10 days). Group 10. Chickens trough fed 10 days and crammed 10 days in crates in the open. Group 11. Chickens trough fed in crates in the open and crammed 10 days in the fattening shed. The final figures for these experiments are not yet available, but from the data so far dealt with it would appear that:— (1) Better increased weights can be obtained where conditioning consists of trough feeding and cramming than where trough feeding alone is practised. (2) That trough feeding in the rearing quarters gave in a good many cases greater weight increases than feeding in crates, but at an increased cost in food. It is probable that when trough feeding on the ground, three weeks is too long, and the term might with advantage be

132 reduced fo a fortnight, as it has been observed that the ratio of growth is not so high in the second part of the period as m the test. (3) No great advantage in increased weight is apparent when tat is added to the trough feeding mixture. (4) On the whole it would seem that where birds are crated m a shed for cramming, the system is better than crating them in the open for the same purpose. This is in accord with the view ^^P;^^^^?^^ many experienced fatteners, that to get the best results, birds should be kept quiet and in semi^darkness during the cramming period. (5) Chickens fed on dry mash up to the time of marketing made éood increased weights during the final three weeks, especially during the spring months, when the increase put on compared very favourably with birds trough fed for the same period. At the same time they were not so soft in flesh, and frequently did not make as high prices. 1934 Programme: As the demand to-day is stated to be for a smaller table chicken than heretofore, the work at the Station for this year has been drawn up with this in mind. Information is being collected relating to weights of breeds mentioned below, and, with the object of putting the best possible bird on the market at 2V2lbs. and 3V2 to 4 lbs., the age at which these weights can be attained. Breeding pens of the following are being used :— Old English Game Cock X Scotch Dumpies Hens La Bresse Cockerel X Light Sussex Hens W. Wyandotte Cockerel X Light Sussex Hens Old English Game Cock X Light Sussex Hens Old English Game Cock X La Bresse Hens Old English Game Cock X Faverolle Hens Pure pens of the Dutch breed (North Holland Blues) Pure pens of Light Sussex (as a control). Cable-Bird Show. Interesting Experiment at Smithfield, Eggs, October 31sf, 1934 An interesting demonstration, designed to obtain information of the breeds and crosses most suitable for the large-scale economic production of high-class table poultry, was made by Messrs. Game and Son, in Smithfield Market, on Thursday morning, and attracted a great deal of attention, among those interesting themselves being officials of the Ministry, and Country Poultry Instructors. Messrs. Game had sought the opinions of some of the leading Agricultural Colleges in England and Scotland in this matter, and ready and valuable information was forthcoming. From the replies received, we find that the following breeds and crosses are considered suitable for table poultry :— Light Sussex ; Light Sussex x White Wyandotte ; Light Sussex X Rhode Island Red ; Light Sussex x Orpington ; Indian Game x Light Sussex ; Indian Game X Light Sussex X Light Sussex ; Rhode Island Red X Light Sussex ; Faverolle x Light Sussex ; Faverolle X White Wyandotte ; Dorking. Under the scheme packs of twelve dead chickens in each of the above varieties were staged, and there were also an "any other variety" class. Judging for the purposes of awarding prizes was not carried out, but judging was undertaken by a panel of wholesalers, retailers and

153 instructors, who placed the varieties in order of merit for general and special trade requirements. Prior to the demonstration, five English and four Scottish Colleges of Agriculture had been asked to vote for what they considered the breeds and crosses most suitable for table purposes, and the return was of particular interest. Each breed could command nine votes, and the only one to get 100 percent was Light Sussex. The voting for other types resulted as follows ;— Light Sussex x Rhode Island Red, 6; Indian Game X Light Sussex, 6; Light Sussex X White Wyandotte, 5; Faverolles X Light Sussex, 5; Old English Game X Light Sussex, 3; Faverolles X White Wyandotte, 3 ; White Wyandotte X Light Sussex, 3 ; Rhode Island Red X Light Sussex, 3 ; Indian Game X Light Sussex X Light Sussex, 2 ; White Leghorn x Light Sussex, 2; Light Sussex x Ojrpington, 2; Faverolles, 2; Light Sussex x White Leghorn, 1 ; Old English Game X Light Sussex, 1 ; Brown Leghorn X Light Sussex, 1 ; Dorking, 1 ; Orpington, 1 ; Indian Game X Orpington, 1 ; Jersey Giant, 1 ; Light Sussex x La Bresse, 1 ; Light Sussex x Dorking, 1. An article on the demonstration will appear in our next issue. Capons and caponizing, R* S* Dearsfyne, N,W»Williams, and C^ O. BoUinger, North Carolina Sfa. BuL 290, 1933, pp*15, figs* 9* In this bulletin the authors discuss the advisability of caponizing ; the time for caponizing ; the operation itself ; and the care, feeding, killing, picking, and marketing of capons. Providing Germany with Zable Poultry in the Years IQ52 and 1933. Die Versorgung Deutschlands mit Geflügel-- fleisch in den Jahren IQ32 und 1933- Dn Th, Schulz, Berlin-Dahlem, Züchtungskunde, VoL9, No. 9, 1934 Dr. Schulz refers to publications by Wessler dealing with the supply of meat in Germany (without considering table? poultry). The consumption of table poultry is not only of importance from the point of view of self supply, as for instance providing work in connection with the fattening of poultry, but in the first place on account of the effect which market transactions in table poultry, have on egg production. An extensive table shows what the average consumption of home and foreign hens, geese and ducks was for the years 1925/27, and 1928/31 and also for the years 1932 and 1933. From these figures it will be seen that whereas in 1925/27 there was an increase in the general consumption of table poultry the latter two years showed a small decrease. There was a steady increase in the home production of geese and ducks and the import of both showed a decrease» Were the consumption in 1932 and 1933 placed in reference to the average of the years 1925/27 and 1928/31, the result would be that in comparison to the years 1925/27 there is really an increase in the latter years, but in comparison with the years 1928/31 a decrease will be shown. Ä table of figures is given for the various classes of poultry. The consumption of home bred ducks experienced the greatest fluctuactions but taken all round the fluctuations of home bred birds were not so great as those for imported birds. The consumption of table poultry per head of the population occupied a position corresponding to the general relapse ; the consump-

134 tîon of home bred geese per head of the population is shown to be steadily increasing. Figures relating to the consumption per head are also published. The consumption per head of table poultry in percentage of the total meat consumption is remarkable ; it amounts to an average of 3 o/o per year, which is double the consumption of mutton, 10 times the consumption of goat meat, and about the half of the consumption of veal, while the consumption of pork amounted to 60 o/o of the general total and beef 29 o/o. The importance of the supply of poultry table, when considerîné the general meat supply, is made still clearer by a table of figures calculated according to the value of the import of live and slaughtered potdtry. It shows that, in the years 1932 and 1933, 36o/o of the living animals imported consisted of poultry, while for cattle the figure was 420/0-250/0. The value of the poultry imported was from 35 0/0 to 37.4 o/o of the total value of meat imported. Finally measures were discussed for securing a sufficient supply of home bred table poultry in Germany. The writer also gives the following figures for 1934 : a total consumption of table poultry at the rate of 100,237 t, of which 70,433 t were home bred and 29,804 t were imported. The consumption of table poultry per head of the population is given a 1528 g, of which 1074 g was from home bred birds and 454 g foreign. Of the total value of the import of live animals in 1934, 24,04 0/0 was represented by poultry and of meat imported 48.0 0/0 by table poultry. From the above it will be seen how important it is to supplement the general meat supply by table poultry. Cfiô Chicken fattening Industry in Belgium. There is a very high consumption of table poultry in Belgium^ According to Baudhouin the annual consumption of meat per head of the population amounts to 88.5 kg. The consumption of table poultry and rabbits, which amounts to about 20 kg per head, is not included in this figure. Chrispeels states that three kinds of birds are used in the table poultry trade, viz. soup-chickens, yellow-skinned roasting chickens from 700 t 1200 g and white-skinned chickens of from 1400 t 2200 g. The chief kinds used for the fattening are Mechelen chicks, and lately North Holland Blues and often Leghorns are used. Methods of feeding vary. The old method with groats, meals and sometimes bread and rice mixed with milk is still frequently used. Up to date breeders use the richly mixed rearing foods. Caponising, Castvatia la Cocos. J» Bucîca and C» Frey, Revista veferînara mîlîfara, VoL 5, p* 9 (Ref. BerL fíer- arztliche Wochenschr., VoL 50, 1934, p.661). A description of the operation. The best method is the American with Westhues instruments.

135 EGG LAYING CONTESTS

Laying-Zest in Bäretsivil, igio-ig'^i. Die Ergebnisse der Legekonttollstation des Schiveizet Gefliigelzuchtvet" eines. E. Lengenhager.—Editor : Graphische Ansf alf, Zofinger Tageblatt, Zofingen. The average laying figures from 1925/26 up to 1931/32 were respectively as follows :—143.1, 160.6, 177.6, 166.9, 161.9, 174.4, 178.2. The booklet contains numerous tables, giving an oversight concerning the different matters worth knowing regarding the production of the hens. High Figures of Mortality also with Swedisch Capacity Cests. Hohe Sterblichkeitsziffern auch bei schwedi- schen Leistungsprüfungen. Deutsche Landwirtschaft- liche Zeitung, 17th March 1934 It is very interesting to observe the fluctuation in the figures of loss within a period of five years. The figures, however, are, sorry to say, not quite correct, as some breeds have not been included in the final judgment, partly for the very reason of—too high a mortality. In ihe tables the two controU stations of Solberga and TorekuU have been united. Mortality in per cent. Other light Light Heavy All breeds Year White Leghorn breeds breeds breeds together 1929 4.12 18.18 6.22 5.88 6.15 1930 4.71 18.00 6.41 12,00 7.55 1931 6.10 25.00 7.78 25.00 10.38 1932 8.65 25.00 9.82 6.94 9.31 1933 9.09 12.5 9.22 9.76 9.35 8th Central Egg-laying Zest, Glen, O.F.S., South Africa. 4fh April 1933 to the 5fh March 1934 Production of the five leading hens in the light Breed Section was respectively; 280, 270, 267, 264, 261; in the heavy Breed Section: 271, 261, 250, 249, 244. There were 90 pens of birds, 63 light bre<îds, 27 heavy breeds. In the light breeds there have died in 13 pens 1 hen, in 5 pens 2 hens, vx 1 pen 3 hens, totaly 26 = 8 o/o. In the heavy breeds there have died in 10 pens 1 hen, in 4 pens 2 hens, totally 18 hens = 13 o/o. Parafield Egg-laying Competitions. Winter Vest. C*F» An- derson, Journal of Agriculture of the Department of Agriculture of South Australia, VoL38, Aug. 1934, p. 93. The competition commenced on April 1st, 1934 and extended until*

136 July 31 sf, a period of 122 days. The competition is all single testing. Total birds competing 485. The following table is an interesting one and shows the numbers of first grade, second grade, and total number of eggs laid from April 1 st, 1934, to July 31 st, 1934, in the various sections :—

* First Second Percentage No. Grade Grade Total First CO Type of Bird Type of Mash Birds Eggs Eggs Eggs Grade Ü Laid Laid Laid Eggs

1 White Leghorns Wet Mash 327 14,264 2,925 17,189 82 2 Any other light Breed Wet Mash 15 477 78 555 85 3 Black Orpingtons Wet Mash 63 3,023 388 3,411 88 4 Any otaer heavy Breeds Wet Mash 30 1,473 146 1,619 90 3 White Leghorns Dry Mash 12 535 49 584 91 6 Black Orpingtons Dry Mash 9 370 28 398 92 7 Home Project Utility Section Wet Mash 22 1,022 112 1,134 90 In Class 1 six birds have died, and one bird died in the Home Project Utility Section, April 1st and July 31st. Zhe Haivkesbuvy College Egg-laying Zest, ist April 1933'^ 34- 23rd Match 1934- Poultry, March 31, 1934 Section A. Light Breeds 366 fowls. Section B. Heavy Breeds, 174 fowls. General average production 201 eggs. Mortality 9V2 percent. Irish Free State National Egg-Laying Competition. 1932-33. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Dublin, Voi 32, 1934, p. 313. The 21st Egg'Laying-Competition conducted by the Department of Agriculture, was held at the Munster Institute, Cork, during a period of 48 weeks ending on the 122th September 1933. A total of 101 pens of 6 pullets each fulfilled the required conditions. Only pullets which were certified by the Veterinary College, Dublin, as being free from badLUary white diarrhoea were accepted. 253 Pullets (or 46.9 0/0) laid 200 first grade eggs or over, and not more than 20 0/0 second grade. A total of 67 birds or 11,1 0/0 of the total died during the competition. Particulars as to the cause of death and the percentage number of deaths for each breed are given on two tables respectively. The average No. of egg per pullet was 199.3. _ j Laying ürials of the Welsumer Breed 1933" 34- J»G,Tukker, Poultry Experiment station, Beekbergen, Holland» Number Average Egg Average total Weight Avrage vr,^..*oH*,T of Birds Production of Eggs per Hen Weight of Eggs ^^ortaiity 1931-32 70 154,6 10,405 grs. 67,3 gr. 21,7% 1932-33 70 150,6 10,130 grs. 67,3 gr. 10 % 1933-34 70 153,5 10,088 grs. 65,7 gr. 28,6^/0 The requirements for obtaining a certificate are : 140 eggs per hen must be laid with a total weight of over 10,500 grs. and an average weight over 65 grs. Between October 15th and January 31st there must be more than 40 eggs laid, the colour of which must be dark brown. As none of the flocks entered satisfied these requirements no certificates were given in 1934.

137 Egg Laying Contest of the Philippines. Philippine Poultry Journal, Ocf^-Nov*, 1934 Contest started September 1, 1933. This report is No, 12, the final report, for period ending August 31, 1934. Each pen consists of ten pullets with three additional pullets as alternates. The sum total of all eggs produced by the ten highest pullets of each entry at any given time of the contest determines the position of that pen in the contest. The valuation of points follows : Eggs weighing 44 grams or less each, 0.7; 45 to 49, 0.8; 50-54, 0.9; 55-59, 1.0; 60 or over, 1.1, Midget eggs are not counted. The ten best Records during the year were from 280-214 eggs. And were laid by 1 Rhode Island Red, 7 White Leghorns, 1 Nagoya and 1 Lor Baños Cantonese. Egg laying contests. CS.Plaff, R J* Agn, 16, 1934, No.2, An account Is given of the annual result of the egg-laying contests and one pigeon-breeding contest. Results of seven Yeats of EGG-Laying Contests. Byron Alder, April 1934, Utah. BulL B248. The data included In this publication give the rations used, the method of feeding, and the monthly average grain and mash consumption for each hen for each of the seven contests. Included also is the average monthly and yearly egg production for each contest and for the different breeds of varieties entered in these contests. Tables are given which show the existing relationship between the average weight of the birds and the number and size of eggs produced. Daily variations in number and size of eggs produced and the maximum daily temperature are given in graphic form, bringing out existing relationships between these important factors. Production of Ohio Record of Performance flocks. G^S^Vickers, Poultry Science, 12, 1933, No.l, p»20* The results of the Ohio Record of Performance flocks for the years 1926-27 to 1930-31 are presented in tabular form. Zhe Eleventh Western Washington Egg Laying Contest. Annual Report of the Western Washington Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending March 51, 1930. Pyallup, Washington, Bulletin No* 18, W» New Series* The egg laying contest for 1929-30 was shortened from the 51 week period to eleven months in order to change the starting date from November first to October 1. This change in starting dates should allow contesting birds to become acclimated before bad weather starts in the fall. During the coming year the contest will operate under the uniform rules adopted by the American Record of Performance Council. The principal change that will affect this contest will be the point system of scoring eggs by weight of eggs as well as number. Register of Records in laying ürials, recognised by the National Poultry Council. Vol. VIIL 1933-34 trials.

138 Editor: J. Macdougall, Avenue Chambers 4, Vernon Place, London, W, C. 1. Price 6 d* Preface : Laying Trials were first started in England in 1897, and have been carried on continuously since that date. The Trials were on a modest scale, extending over sixteen weeks, from October onwards. One of the main objects was to indicate winter production. Up to 1902 the basis of awards was the average of eggs laid by each pen of birds. In 1902 trapnests were adopted and by that means a record of the performance of each individual bird was obtained. In 1907-08 the first twelve months* Trials were instituted. It was found, however, for administrative purposes that there would have to be a break between the end of one Test and the commencement of the other. The period was reduced at first to ten months and later was fixed at twelve lunar months (48 weeks). The problem of making the records obtained in Laying Trials more generally useful to poultry breeders and others had engaged the attention of the National Poultry Council for some time. The first practical step in this direction was the convening of a conference of representatives of Laying Trials on April 5 th, 1923, for the purpose of discussing the possibility of introducing a uniform system of grading and scoring. Agree- ment has not been attained on the question of scoring, but a uniform basis of grading eggs for Test purposes into Super Grade, First Grade and Second Grade has been agreed upon and has been adopted in all the Recognised Tests. (See below.) Out of this conference arose also a scheme under which all Tests which comply with the standards of equipment and management laid down by the National Poultry Council receive the official recognition of the Council. At present there are forty-nine such "Recognised Tests**, viz. :—9 Open, 38 County and 2 Government Controlled Trials, particulars of which will be found on pages 8 and 9. A further step was taken in 1927 by the Council in the issue of an Official Annual Register of Laying Trials Records, of which the eighth volume is submitted herewith. By resolution of the Council the Register is restricted to entries in Recognised Laying Trials and to birds which attain the following minimum standards of production. Poultry. For All Breeds :—200 First Grade Eggs. Ducks. For Khaki Campbells and Indian Runners :—230 First Grade Eggs. For Other Breeds :—200 First Grade Eggs. The scheme of egg-grading approved by the National Poultry Council and adopted by all the Recognised Trials is as follows :— Pullets Minimum weights Periods of Trials Super Grade First Grade Second Grade ozs. ozs. ozs. First 4 weeks 2 1 ^/g 1 ^/s 5th to 8th week (inclusive) 2 Vs 1 '^/i6 1 'Vio 9th week to end of Trials 2 V4 2 1 ^U Ducks Minimum weights for First Grade Eggs for all breeds :— First 4 week—2^/4 ozs.; 5th to 8th weeks (inclusive)—2V8 ozs. 9 th week to end of Trials, 2V2 ozs. The Register is only intended to be a register of records obtained at officially Recognised Laying Trials, and nothing more. Each part of the Register is drawn up in Breed Sections, arranged alphabetically. In each Section the various owners of birds are arranged

139 alphabetically, all the qualifying birds of a particular owner in the various Tests being grouped together opposite his name. An index of names and addresses of owners will be found at the end of the tabulated records. For purposes of indication of the Test in which a particular record was made, and with a view to economy of space, the various Tests are referred to by letters. These letters are found in the column headed "Ring No. and Test Letter". Each bird entered in the Register carries on the right leg a sealed copper ring bearing its **Test Letter and Number** as given in the Register, together with the inscription **Nat. P. Council** on the flange of the rivet. Special recognition is now given in the Register to birds qualifying for copper "rings which have been bred from copper ring birds at Re- cognised Breeding Stations. The importance of early publication of the Register has constantly engaged the attention of the Laying Trials Committee, who are concerned to secure that in this and all other respects the Register shall be of the utmost possible service to breeders and buyers of stock. The Register is now firmly established, and is exercising a steadily growing influence upon the poultry breeding world, both at home and abroad. Classes are now established at many Shows for the "copper- ring** birds. The Breeding Schemes of the Lancashire Utility Poultry Society (National Official Pedigree Breeding Station), the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, and the South Western (Somerset, Devon and Cornwall) Breeding Station, which are recognised by the National Poultry Council, are based upon the Register. It is anticipated that a number of additional Breeding Stations will apply for recognition next year. The Laying Trials Committee are conscious, however, that much can yet be done towards its improvement, and their efforts will continue to be steadily devoted towards this end. Ian Macdaugaíí, Editor, Laying Trials Register. The preface is printed in foiu: languages, the figures for 1933-34 in elude those of nine open, two Government-controlled and 38 county trials. Entries, Casualities and Copper Rings at the Open, County and Government controlled laying Trials : open county N. Ireland Scottish %^^^^^¡, ""^^^^^ Hens 11606 9181 945 600 15—52 6155 Dudks 151 — — 12 — 40 Stud Book of the National Official Pedigree Breeding Station. Obtainable from the Secretary, Mn E» Collier, 22, Chapel Walks, Preston, Lanes, This is the sixth report of the Breeding Station at Preston, under the control of the Lancashire II.P.S., and recognised by the National Poultry Council. Two hundred and twenty-five copper ring hens of seven breeds were mated to Station-bred cockerels, themselves bred from copper ring stock. An average of just over 30 eggs per hen were s^t, over 19 per cent, being unfertile, but this was largely the fault of the Wyandottes, which accounted for nearly one-third of the eggs set, of which over 30 per cent, were clear—66.5 per cent, of the eggs set hatched, and of these 4,559 chicks 474 died and 482 v/ere culled as unfit for breeding stock ; 3,603 chicks were passed out, or 16 chicks for each hen on the station.

140 The detailed reports of stock bred from individual hens make interesting reading ; one White Leghorn produced 57 chicks, and another 54, whereas five hens only turned out one bird each. Some Features of the Harper Adams Egg-laying ürials. F» J, Dudley, Rep» 18 th Ann» Poultry Conference, Harper Adams Agrie» ColL 1934 The results of Egg Laying Trials from 1922 to 1932 have been analysed statistically and interesting information is given for 4 different breeds (White Leghorn, White Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex) on the following : variation in average egg weight per month ; variation in egg weight from year to year ; super grade eggs ; mortality rates. Harper Adams test. The Poultry World, Oct» 5, 1934 The averages of egg production per bird for the 48 weeks of the Harper Adams Text, calculated by the standard method of the National Poultry Council Laying Trials Committee (N. P. C. Standard Average) were as follows : Champion ship. Light Section : 183.7 ; heavy Section : 196.8; Small flock trials: 180.0; Single bird trials: 186.5; Duck flock trials : 232.1 ; Single duck trials : 253.7 ; all pullets : 183.7 ; all ducks : 233.8. The death roll has reached a new peak a 16.25 percent, as against 14.8 percent for the previous test and 15.5 percent for 1931-32. International Egg-Laying Zest, 1933"34- In Conjunction with the **Sunday Chronicle" and *'Daily Dispatch", held on the Society's Test Ground» Adjoining Hutton and Howick Station, L* M. S. Railway» The Society's Laying Test, just concluded, has again been very successful. The egg average being only slightly down from the previous year, which was a record. The National Poultry Councirs average was 193.48 against last year's average of 195.65. The feeding costs this year are down compared with last year, the cost per bird being 5/81/2 against 6/21/4. The records disclosed a production value of 17/2 per bird against 18/7 per bird the previous year. The number of birds qualifying for the National Poultry Councirs Copper Ring is 706, the qualification being 200 or over First-Grade Eggs. The highest individual record bird at the Test this year is a Rhode Island Red, owned by Mrs. W. N. Shilstone, which has laid 308 eggs. No. of Birds Breeds. entered Deaths Averages Rhode Island Reds 1069 146 176.99 White Wyandottes 497 105 176.89 White Leghorn 426 105 162.01 Buff Rocks 95 14 173.56 Black Leghorns 71 12 167.03 Light Sussex 70 14 155.14 Anconas 34 10 144.97 Welsummers 13 1 122.92 Barred Rocks 7 — 188.71 Barnevelders 3 — 201.67 Cudkoo Leghorns 2 1 103.50 Australorps 1 — 183.00 Unrecorded Eggs — Totals 2288 408 173.52

141 Summary of the Total Value, Average Value per bird, and Average Number of £ggs laid during the Test: The total value of eggs produced during the Test was £ 1964 11s. 7 d. The average value of eggs produced per bird during the Test over the total entry, was 17s. 2d. The National Poultry Council standard average was 193.48. (AH dead birds* records excluded.) Weight and Cost of Food Cost per Weight Bird cwfs. s. d. Wheat 476 1 2V4 Thirds 352 0 11 V2 Clipped Oat 198 V2 0 7V4 Fish Meal and Ovamax 117 0 9^/4 Sussex Ground Oats 129 0 5V4 Split Corn 187 V2 0 5V4 Bran 175 0 53/4 Maize Meal 123 0 3V2 Biscuit Dust 40 0 IV4 Flaked Maize 35 0 IV4 Alfalfa 13 V2 0 3/^ Grit 20 0 V2 Oyster Shell 60 0 IV4 Total 1926 V2 5 7V2 Cod Liver Oil 38galls. 1 Total cost per bird 5 8V2 National Laying Zest, 1933-34. Promoted by the "Daily Mail" and the National Utility Poultry Society. 16 Oct. 1933—16th Sept. 1934. National Poultry Journal, Nov. 2nd, 1934. The number of competing birds totalled 3626, of that number 3511 were pullets and 315 hens in their second year. The average production of the pullet flock was 195.02 eggs per bird. The average production of the second year hens was 143.96 eggs. The only unsatisfactory feature of the test was the further rise in the death-rate of the pullets to 13.47 percent from last year's figure of 11.22 percent. Yorkshire Federation International Laying Vest. Editorial: Eggs, Nov. 21st, 1934 There were 251 pens and 60 single birds in the test. The total number of birds at the test was 1538 and the average egg yield, on the N.P.C. standard, was 192.74. The mortality has been very high, amounting to 18.72. The worst sufferers have been White Leghorns, 20.37 of which have died. Than come: White Wyandottes 18.34, Buff Rocks 18.51, Rhode Island Reds 16.14, Black Leghorns 12.03. Author fees that the greatest assistance could be given by the laying tests of they would give far more details of the cause of death. Is the increased mortality due to faults in the methods of breeding or to faults in the methods of management. Southern Counties Poultry Society, Ltd. Southern Laying Zest. 1933" 1934' Officially recognised by the National

142 Poultry CouncîL Held af Wood Street, near Guîldford^ Test Manager: F^RHood Chanticleer, October 1934 The number of eggs laid during the year is a decrease on previous years, though the N.P.C. average of 185.94 eggs per bird is quite good, the previous year's figure was exceptionally high. Comparative figures are:— 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 190.67 194.40 196.81 185.94 This naturally affected the number of copper rings awarded—119 this year, compared with 146 last year. The death-rate for the year is 11.38 percent, so that in this direction there is little alteration. Comparative figures are :— 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 11.11 percent 11.79 percent 9.96 percent 11.38 percent At one time it looked as if the decrease shown in 1932-33 might have been continued, but losses were unusually heavy in the last three months, perhaps partly due to the prolonged drought, so that our hopes were not realised ; though the final figure is once again the lowest recorded in the Open Laying Tests recognised by the N. P. C. ^ Counties' Egg-Laying-Zvials. Cumberland and Westmorland Joint Agricultural Education Committee* Results of six years* Tests, 19274933, Bulletin No.l. Contents : 1. Feeding. 2. Methods of Scoring. 3. Breed averages and Mortality 1927-33 (percentage) were: White Wyandotte 209.9 (8o/o), White Leghorn 204.6 (I60/0), Black Leghorn 193.6 (80/0), Ancona 189.6 (Oo/o), Light Sussex 187 (60/0), Rhode Island Red 178.3 (llVo), Australorp 163.6 (Oo/o), Barnevelder 149.2 (0 0/0), La Bresse 141 (0%). 4. Summary of Production for 5 years: 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1333 Number of birds 150 150 145 150 174 180 Average Production 198.3 194.4 186.2 203.4 206.7 209.6 During the year 1933 the food costs per bird have been reduced by 46 o/o. 5. A twelve Point Chicken Rearing Programme. 6. Notes on the competing Breeds. 7. Silver Challeng Cups. 8. Gold Medals. 9. Special certificates and Copper Rings. 10. Report on the Health of the Birds at the Laying Trials at Newton Rigg. 11. Poultry Feeding at Newton Rigg. Laying test Notes. F. P. Hood, Chanticleer, Nov. 1934, p. 246. Following figures are copied from the National Poultry Councils Register of records for 1934. For 1934 the figures include reports from 9 open trials, 37 country trials and 3 government controlled trials. Prior to 1930 only the open trials were taken into account. Percentage of Percentage of Year Entries Casualties Copper Rings 1926-27 7749 6.58 20.20 1927-28 6832 7.29 25.58 1928-29 7995 7.80 22.65 1929-30 8751 10.46 24.11 1930-31 14895 9.82 22.06 1931-32 18462 12.58 29.33 1932-33 21161 13.11 30.84 1933-34 22335 15.52 32.61

143 GENERAL ANNUAL REPORTS Zhe Feathered World Year Book for 1935. Edited by O. Comyns Lewer and A. P* Thompson» 24 fh Year. The Feathered World, 9 Arundel Street, London, W»C»2, price 216. This book, now in its 24fh year, confidns nearly 600 pages, 130 articles and 300 photos. It gives a photo and description of nearly every English poultry and pigeon breed, and also provides the names and addresses of leading breeders in each variety ; and articles on the latest methods now employd in England. Contents : Specialist Club Poultry and Pigeons, County Poultry Instructors, Poultry Industry in 1934. What is an Egg ? Continental Poultry Methods. Bibliography of Cockfighting. Battery Brooding. Novel rearing System. Ornamental Waterfowl. Trials of a Poultry Farmer. Trapnesting. Poultry Farm Accounts. Young Fanciers* League. Game Fowls in America. Poultry Breed Articles. Bantam Breed Articles. Turkeys, Geese, Ducks« Pigeon Breed Clubs. Pigeons, why not ? Pigeon Breed Articles. Jacobins in America. Annual Report and Stud Book of the Northern Ireland Pedigree Poultry Breeding Station, VoL II, 1934 Agri- cultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hils- borough, Co. Down. Contents : Introduction. Report on the 1934 Breeding Season. The Advisory Committee. 1934 Stud Book. Pedigrees of Cockerels used in 1934 Breeding Season. Regulations for 1934 Breeding Season. Index of Breeders. Stud Book of the National official Pedigree Breeding Station at New Longton. Lancashire Utility Poultry Society, VoL VI, 1934 Editor: 22 Chapel Walks, Preston, Lanes., England. Contents : Introduction. Equiment and Operation of the Breeding Station. Breeding Season 1934. Arrangement of the Stud Book. Livestock studies by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1934 Eggs Oiled by Vacuum Carbon Dioxide Method Keep Well in Storage, by T. L. Swenson and L.H.James; Egg Quality, Controlled by Breeding and Feeding, Increases Poultry Income, by M. A. Jull and T. C. Byerly ; Poultry Meat Production Costs Reduced by Crossbreeding and Good Diets, by C.W.Knox and H.W.Titus.

144 Experiments with livestock in New Jersey. New Jersey Sfas* Bien. Rpt 1932-33. With poultry, studies were undertaken on the possible usefulness of certain short-time egg-yield records as reliable criteria in vSelecting breeding stock, inheritance of egg size, and early roosting as a cause of crooked keels, all by W. C, Thompson, SUNDRIES Department for Poultry Science at the Berlin Agricultural- Veterinary University. Eine Abteilung für Geflügel" künde an der Landwirtschaftlich-Cierärztlichen Fakul-- tat der Universität Berlin. Deutsche Landwirfschaff- liehe Geflügelzeitung, Jan. 18,1933. In accordance with a decree issued by the Minister of Science, Culture and Education the Agricultural and Veterinary High Schools have become part of the Fifth Agriculture and Veterinary Faculty of the Frederick Wilhelm University in Berlin. The Deacon is the former rector of the Agriculture High School Prof. Dr. Schucht. A department for Poultry Science has been formed in the Zoological Institute. Dr. Otto Bartsch, Forsthaus, Schönwald, has been placed at the head of this department and has received the title of Honorary Professor* Significance of the Ventilation of the House for the Respiration of the Hen. Bedeutung der Stallentlüftung für die Atmung der Hühner. Tauf-Neunfeufel, Tierarzt- liehe Rundschau, Vol. 40, 1934, p.749. Taut-Neunteufel reports, that according to Herzog a resting sober chicken uses from 16 to 31 liters of oxygen per day, which coinvides with an air-quantity of 80 to 120 liters, as the air contains 20 percent oxygen', in other words : 8 to 12 chickens need 1 cubic meter of air in 24 hours,. Our house are, however, so arranged that 1/2 up to ^U cubic meter of air are available for one chicken Different it is, however, regards the expiration of carbon-acid : Each chicken exhales within 24 hours from 13 to 20 Liters of carbon acid, a quantity of carbon acid, which is normally contained within 50 cubic meters of air. Furthermore, the humidity which is secreted as a result of the breathing of the chicken, is very great. It can be understood, that our chickens do not need a proportionally great space because of the need of oxygen, but because of the secretion of the great amount of carbon acid and humidity. Factors affecting wet litter. M.W.Miller, G.E.Bearse, and G. Gushing, Poultry Science, 12,1933, No. 3, pp. 173478, fig-l. The Western Washington Experiment Station undertook a study of the effects of floor heat and ventilation on the maintenance of dry litter in poultry houses. During the entire experimental period the humidity and rate of lay were favorable for the production of wet litter. Various rates of ventilation and means of heating for the prevention or drying out of wet litter were tested. It was found that dry litter could be maintained when all conditions

145 10 were favorable for wet lifter by keeping the air beneath the wooden floor at least 7.5° F. warmer than the air immediately above the floor. Wet litter could also be dried out by applying heat beneath the floor. Neither slow nor rapid ventilation maintained dry litter. Prepared Roll Roofings for Poultry Houses. Iowa Agricult- ural Experiment Station» Reports the results of an extended series of observations and tests on different qualities of prepared roll roofings. The project began in 1913, when one roll or square of each of 35 brands of roll roofing made by 19 different manufacturers was purchased in the open market. Both weathering and laboratory tests were made, and some interesting and valuable facts were secured. The average life of the samples of roofings laid on the south slope of a test roof was 10 years in contrast with over 13 V2 years for the same samples laid on the north slope. The weathering tests revealed that: a) the sun was the most destructive agency ; b) the wind became very destructive when the roofing had loosened sufficiently to permit flapping ; c) slate and fine sand of mineral surfacing were retained much better than coarser sands or pebles ; d) the application of an asphalt roof paint prolonged the useful life of many of the roofings. Pitch knots and other defects in the sheathing, and improper nailing, reduced the useful life of the roofings. As a result of the laboratory tests, it was concluded that the durability of prepared roll roofings varies : a) directly with the tensile strength of the felt ; b) inversely with the loss of weight of the original material on heating at 149° F.; and c) directly with the amount of mineral surfacing on the roofing. Adequate framing and bracing, to prevent sagging of the roof, are important. Roofing Is easily injured by cracking when handled while cold, and the laying should therefore be done in warm weather. Regular inspections every 6 to 12 months, together with the making of any necessary repairs, will prolong the life of roll roofings. Farm Poultry Equipment. G» P. Goodearl, Agrie» College, Fargo, North Dakota, Cira 115, Febr. 1933. Equipment needed in poultry keeping is described and illustrated. This equipment can be home made. Such things as mash feeders, water ers, catching crates, candlers, feed racks, nests, and grit hoppers are included. Zhe National Institute of Poultry Husbandry small Duck House. V. K. Tallent and E. E. Fogden. Report from the Nat. Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Newport, Shrop- shire 1932. Description with plates of a small duck house 5 ft. by 3 V2 ft. Poultry Management. R. O.Bausman, Agrie. Exp. Station, Newark, Delaware, Bull. No. 179, 1932. An economic study of the poultry industry in Delaware was begun in 1931. The decline in prices in 1920-21 and in 1929 to date has been the most severe price fall in history. This situation has thrown prices

146 of poultry products, prices of poultry supplies and equipment, and production practices out of adjustment. Most of the supplies the poultryman has to buy are on a higher price level than the prices of the products he has to sell. In general, it now requires about twice as many bushels or pounds of farm products to pay for the things the farmer has to buy than it did during the pre-war period. The purpose of this study is to aid Delaware poultrymen in readjusting their production methods to this new price level. Data for the study are being obtained by taking financial and production records for Delaware commercial poultry farms. Data for 115 farms for the year ending September, 1931, have been collected. Data for the same farms will be collected for at least the year ending, September 30, 1932. Detailed account of capital invested, receipts, and expenses was made for each enterprise on the farms, namely, laying flock, rearing flock, incubation, and broilers. This type of record makes it possible to ascertain for each farm the average cost of producing eggs, pullets, baby chicks, and broilers. The average labor income for the 115 farms for the year ending September 30, 1931, was minus $ 139. However, the lowest labor income was minus $ 2879 and the highest labor income was plus $ 3391. Labor income is calculated by deducting total expenses from total receipts. Interest on capital is included as an expense. If a farmer is out of debt he has the interest on capital in addition to his labor income to apply to his living costs. The average Delaware poultryman, for the year ending September30, 1931, not only received nothing for his labor but he went behind $ 139. He went behind not by drawing upon his bank reserves (most Delaware poultrymen now have no bank reserves), but by consuming a portion of his capital. That is, he did not keep up depreciation on his equipment. This policy cannot continue long. Delaware poultrymen, also are meeting this condition by adopting a lower standard of living. The average cost of producing a dozen eggs, according to this study was $ .39, the average cost of producing a pullet to five months of age was $ 1.07, the average cost of producing a baby chick was $ .10, and the average cost of producing broilers was $ .30 per pound. Electricity on the Poultry Farm. L^J, Smith and Harry Garver, Popular Bulletins No*148, Agria Exp* Station, Pullman, Washington, December 1932» This bulletin discusses the various common applications of electricity on the poultry farm. Lighting schedules, methods of dimming lights, the use and influence of ultra-violet light, feed grinding and mixing, operation of electric incubators and brooders, water heating, the poultry semiscalder, refrigeration, safe and adequate wiring and wiring repairs, yard lighting, and wiring, and burglar alarms are discussed. Egg-Feed Ratio, CC.Hampson and R-E-Willard, Agria Exp, Station, Pullman, Washington, Bull 297, June 1934 The relative positions of egg and poultry feed prices at any time may be shown by an egg-feed ratio. The importance of the corn-hog ratio to the hog producers has made it seem advisable to make an egg-feed ratio for the commercial poultrymen of the State of Washington. This ratio has been computed on the basis of egg and poultry feed prices at Seattle, the center of the commercial poultry industry of the sta/te. This bulletin has been divided into three parts : (1) Ä general

147 10* explanation of the methods employed and of the uses that may be made of the ratio, intended for the general reader, (2) a more technical explanation of the data and the methods used in the computations, which is intended for those interested in technical methods, and (3) an appendix of tables of egg and feed prices, the egg-feed ratio, and various index numbers. Poultry Farming. Deparfmenf of Agriculture, New South Wales, Rural Industries Leaflet No* 7, Sydney 1932* Contents : Progress of the industry. Capital required. Planning a poultry farm. Class of soil. The returns. Suggestions for Prospective Poultry Farmers. C. S. Platt, Hints to Poultrymen, VoL20, No*4, Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N» J.)* Tells some of the more important things a beginner should know before attempting to enter the poultry farming business, the capital required, where to locate, amount of ground needed, the essentials in buildings, stock, and similar matters. Occupying as it does but 4 pages, the leaflet is intended more to tell a prospective beginner what he must learn rather than to teach him these things. Science Zests Poultry Practices. Reprint from 1930 Report Oklahoma Agrie» Exp» Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma, Febnl93L Many important practical problems to farmers and poultrymen have been studied by research workers at the station poultry farm. Several crops and feeds produced in the state have been tried scientifically as poultry feeds during the past four years. Methods of management have been passed on by station workers. Contents: Grain Sorghums are good Poultry Feeds. Variation is found in male Bird Fertility, AH Mash or Mash and Grain Food. High and low Protein Rations tested. Cottonseed Meal for Poultry. Forcing does not injure breeding Hens. Profits follow high Egg Production. Mystery slows Egg Quality Betterment. Fiber in Ration tested. Profit doubtful from capons. Research with a Hen. F,B,Hutt, University of Minnesota, Science, Nov^l7,1933, p*449. Description of research work which can be done with a hen. Studies in Eggs and Poultry. W* A. Maw, Canadian Poultry Review, July 1934* Individual birds in a given flock vary widely in rate of growth and maturity, thereby causing the difficulty of getting a high per cent pack of a given size or grade at a given age. The fattening of stock of any size is a profitable production but it is most profitable with the younger stock. The feed cost per pound gain in live weight during the growth period, as well as during the fattening period, is progressively greater with the increase of body size in the stock. The per cent, flesh on the carcass is greater as body size increases,

148 due fo the rafe of growth gradually slowing down and the approach fo body maturity. The larger sizes of dressed stock are most economical for the consumer to buy but are more expensive for the producer to grow, as shown by the per cent, flesh on the dressed carcass and the feed cost to produce the varying sizes. Zhe Manner of Writing the Word "Chicken" in Germany. Kückenruhr oder Kükenruhr? Dr* H»Abels, Tierärzt- liche Rundschau, 1934, p* 388, On the score of the history of the language, the author comes to the conclusion, that the German word of Chicken, will have to be written "Küken". Significance of Poultry Farming in Germany. Die Bedeutung der GeflügettPirtschaft. Geflügel-Börse, 19 March, 1935* During 1934 the value of poultry products amounted to 630 million marks. This was much higher than the iron industry (300 million marks) and the barley crop (617 million marks). In Germany there were 85 million hens, 6 million geese and 3 million ducks. Of the hens 58 million were laying hens. 7,5 milliards eggs were consumed of which 6,2 milliards were of home production leaving 1,3 milliards imported. The consumption of meat amounted to 97,000 tons of which 69,000 tons were produced in Germany and 28,000 tons imported. For eggs 83 o/o of the value was covered by home production and for meat 71 o/o. Poultry Breeding in Germany. Die Geflügelzucht im Deut-^ sehen Reich. Eier-Börse, 28. Febr., 1935. According to official statistics poultry in Germany on the 5th December 1934 number 93,980,008 head comprising hens, geese and ducks as against 96,900,881 in 1933. This shows an increase of about 3 o/o. The following are comparative figures for previous years : 1932 93,538,237 head 1931 93,449,166 „ 1930 98,231,568 head 1929 92,154,102 „ 1912 71,907,405 head The following table shows the number of head in the various species: 1934 1933 1932 1931 Hens 85,320,226 87,368,640 84,225,498 84,224,064 of which Breeding Hens 57,898,734 63,119,501 68,729,890 67,963,986 Geese 5,838,952 6,143,109 5,709,004 5,685,084 Ducks 2,820,830 3,389,132 3,522,735 3,540,018 The following are the decreases as compared with 1933 : Hens 2,3 o/o, Geese 5,2 o/o and Ducks 16,7 o/o. Poultry in Hungary. Die Geflügelzucht in Ungarn. J. v. Kuk- uljevic, Kleintier und Pelztier, Vol. 10, 1934, p. 179. For many years poultry breeding has been a very important industry in Hungary. The State supports it by means of the Technical School for Poultry Breeding at GödöUö, by the teaching of poultry breeding at the

149 Agricultural Academies, Higher and Elementary Schools and at the Schools for Domestic Economy, distribution of breeding cocks and the composition of breeding flocks. Great value is put on the breeding of geese for fattening and the production of eggs suitable for export.

Foundation of a Balkan Association of Poultry Breeders. Gründung eines Balkanbundes der Geflügelzüchter, Eier-Börse, 1934, No, 18. The Bulgarian, Roumanian and Jugoslavian poultry breeders present at the congress held in Ujvidek decided to form a Poultry Breeders Association for these three countries. The object of this association will be the promotion of poultry and egg science in the three countries concerned. The organization will have its headquarters at Belgrade.

Zhe Poultry Enterprise on Kausas Farms. M.Evans, Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kausas, BulL 257, July 1932, Summary : The poultry enterprise in Kansas is taking rank as a major enterprise on an increasingly large number of farms, especially in the eastern two—thirds of the state. The centers of greatest poultry population and heaviest production are the central and northeastern parts of the state. The poultry industry is primarily a farm enterprise with commercial flocks being, as yet, relatively uimportant. The poultry interprise on the usual farm does not require a large investment in stock, buildings, or equipment, nor does it usually require so much space as the other enterprises. The man labor requirement per hen decreases as the size of flock increases. For the small flocks studied, the man labor put in averaged 2.9 hours per hen per year, but the large flocks averaged only 1.6 man hours per hen. The yearly egg production per hen did not vary greatly for the flocks studied, but there was a wide variation in the pounds of meat produced per hen. Meat production per hen was greatest in the small flocks, averaging 7.7 pounds per hen. In the large flocks the meat production averaged 3.6 pounds per hen. The quantity of feed per hen varied considerably between flocks because of size of flock, breed of chickens, care given the flock, and other factors. On most of the farms studied the farm-grown feeds made up around 90 percent of the ration fed. Cash expenses other than feed purchased made up about 10 percent of the total cost of the poultry enterprise. Feed is the largest single item of expense, averaging 43 percent of the total cost for all flocks studied}. The man labor charge was the next largest item, averaging about 29 percent of the total cost. Overhead charges were the smallest item, averaging 5 percent. Cash sales made up 70 percent of the total receipts from the flock, and the eggs and meat used on the farm for food made up 30 percent. Eggs sold and used for food accounted for 63 percent of the total receipts, and poultry sold and used for food accounted for 37 percent. The total receipts per hen, from sales and products used for food

150 on the farm, decreased as the size of flock increased, decreasing from $ 3,14 per hen in the small flocks to $ 2.20 per hen in the large flocks with an average for all flocks of | 2.51 per hen., As the size of flock increases, a larger part of the total farm receipts comes from the poultry enterprise, varying in flocks studied from 5.5 percent in the case of flocks of 100 hens or less to 22 percent for the flocks of more than 300 hens. Per capita consumption of eggs and poultry was higher on farms with large flocks than where the flocks were small. The price that the farmer is paid for his poultry and eggs is influenced by a large number of factors, many of which are beyond his control.

An Economic Survey of the Poultry Industry. C. W. Dawe and X D. Nuff, Bullefîn No. 12, Dept of Agrie, and Hortîc, Unîversîfy of Bristol, The Scottish Journal of Agriculture, Jan. 1935. Although the main object of this Report is to study the position of the poultry industry in the Bristol Province, a preliminary study of the conditions affecting poultry-keeping in Great Britain as a whole is made, in order that the industry within the Province may be considered in its true position as part of a nation-wide enterprise. After dealing with home production, imports, exports, and prices, in the course of which a direct relationship between quantities and prices is established, the poultry industry in the Bristol Province is considered in some detail, on the basis of 24 complete financial records. While the total number of completed records is small, their study does at least give some picture of conditions within the industry. The production of eggs for the commercial market is the principal objective in most cases, and while there is a wide variation in the size of enterprise dealt with, two main groups are suggested, one in which the size of flock varies from 200 to 400 laying birds, and another from 700 to 900. Total costs are divided into two portions : (1) primary costs, including such items as foods, purchases of eggs and stock, depreciation of plant and stock and other incidentals ; (2) the remuneration of the factors of production, i. e., land, labour, capital, and the necessary reward of the poultry-keeper. The difference between the total receipts and the total primary costs gives the net output from the remuneration of each of the factors of production, as paid or estimated, is succesisively deducted. Two of the 24 farms under review showed no margin between primary costs and receipts available for distribution amongst the various factors. The same 22 farms which have a positive net output show a margin of receipts after the share due to the first factor of production, rent, has been deducted, but when the costs of hired labour are also deducted the number of farms still showing a surplus available for further distribution is reduced to 19. Of these 19 farms the incomes from 12 only were sufficiently high to provide in addition the payments due in respect of the farmer's own and other unpaid labour and leave a further surplus, but of these 12 only one failed to provide a minimum of 5 percent on the capital invested and some reward for the entrepreneur. Considering the 24 farms as one unit, the net output was sufficient to meet all the claims except capital, but since one factor has been in- sufficiently remunerated, there is nothing available for the reward of the entrepreneur.

151 Decline of the Poultry Industry in South Africa. Journal of the Depariment of Agriculture, Dublin, VoL33, 1935, p. 140. Exports of eggs during the 1933 season down to the week ended November 11 reached the total of 117,833 standard cases of 30 dozen each, in comparison with the total of 131,071 cases for the same period in the preceding year. The total exports for 1933 are therefore not considered likely to exceed 160,000 cases, compared with 172,560 cases in the year before. The Division of Economics and Markets states that : '*The economic factors which have led to this steady decline in the egg export industry since the peak of 192,601 cases was reached in the 1930-31 season are various and complex. How far the decline may be ascribed to the temporary discouragement of the depression, or to the present definite tendency for the nations of the world to become as far as possible self- suffícient, it is difficult to determine. Certainly, so far as South Africa is concerned, the low prices ruling have caused farmers to reduce their flocks by heavy culling and by restricting the number of pullets raised. The continuance of a relatively high level of prices until late in the past winter is sufficient evidence that breeders have reduced their flocks. Cost and Efficiency in Commercial Egg Production. Oregon Agria College, BulL287, Corvallîs, Oregon* There are many factors in the poultry enterprise one or more of which at times may affect cost of production to a considerable degree, but the major factors most constant and dominant in their effects on costs and profits, as determined by this study, are ajS follows: (1) yield or production per hen, (2) labor efficiency, (3) volume of business or size of flock, (4) the price factor, (5) the feeding system, (6) the method of housing, (7) the cost of pullet production, and (8) the organization of the poultry farm as a whole. Economic Study of New Hampshire Poultry Farms. New Hampshire Agrîc. College, BulL 265, Durham, N* H* Poultry products requiring an equivalent amount of feed, labor, supplies and overhead for their production compare as follows: one dozen eggs equals .3 day old chicks, .7 pound fowl, A pound broiler. Poultry production. W* A» Lîppîncott, rev* by L*E»Card; Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1934, 5. ed., rev., pp^X +17-723, pis. 2, figs. 236. This is the fifth edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged.

Veranf wörtlich : für die Redaktion: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe Jn Rotterdam (Holland), für die Anzeigen: Fritz Pfenningstorfî in Berlin W. 57. — D.-Ä. 1934: 1000. Drudc: G. Usdimann in Weimar TOME VIII. I ^ 1935, ;, *TX\^^, ^®-® "^ I ' »:.i

INTERN ATI ON AtivZAilEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

P1S>*

^o" .4:?î^/.N^>

EDITOR: Dr. B. J. 0. TE HENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland) This Review is free fo all members of the World's Poultry Science Association* All subscriptions should be sent to the Editor: Dr. B* J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam, or to the Secretary- Treasurer: Dn G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.y., U.S.A- SUBSCRIPTIONS. $5*00 annually in advance. The personal membership of the W.P.S.A. per amounts to $5.00 year For affiliated societies ^ n $25.00

ADVERTISEMENT RATES. One page, per issue $12.00 Half page, per issue $7.00 pillllllllllHllililllllliilllllilllliiilllllilllllililltlillillllliiilllliilliiill^ I NATIONAL POULTRY I I COUNCIL I I LAYING TRIALS REGISTER | I Vol. IX I I Containing Official Records obtained at g I RECOGNISED LAYING TRIALS | I Now on sale: Price 6d., postage paid. | J Copies of Vols. I-VIII are also on sale, price 6d. each, J = postage paid. J J Apply to: J I THE SECRETARY, National Poultry Council | 1 Avenue Chambers, 4, Ternon Place, London W. C. 1 J I ENGLAND | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiü^^ TOME VIII. 1935. No. 5.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

EDITOR: DR, B.J. CTEHENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland)

Published by: Frifz PfenninásforfF, Berlin W 57

Rofferdam. 25'' October. 1935. Dear Reader, I have the honour to present herewith Nr. 3 of the VHP'Tome of the International Review of Poultry Science, This is an important issue as it contains the Revised Constitutions of the World's Poultry Science Association, valid from 1^' October last. You will also find in it the announcement that the W World's Poultry Congress will be held in Leipzig. As in a few countries some members have failed to pay their contribution for 1935. I am not in a positition to publish all the resumes I have made up to the present. Several interesting resumes will have to wait until the next number is published.

Dr. B.J. C. te Henne pe.

The VP** World's Poultry Congress at Leipzig by Dr. fe Hennepe For various reasons if has been decided to hold the Vlth World's Poultry Congress af Leipzig instead of in Berlin. Leipzig, known the world over for its industrial fairs, is relatively close to Berlin, so that visitors to the Congress can quite conveniently visit the latter city. The following are some of the principal reasons for the transfer: 1) As will be remembered, the recent disastrous fire at the Radio Exhibition in Berlin destroyed part of the Exhibition buildings. Hall lY. was demolished by fire and Halls IIL and V., in which the national displays of poultry were also to have been held have been pulled down« As it is not yet known when the new halls will be rebuilt, the National and Prussian Ministry of Food and Agriculture decided to transfer the Congress to another town, especially as there were no other suitable halls in Berlin available. 2) It is becoming more and more apparent that the number of participants and visitors to the Olympic Games, which are to be held in Berlin during August 1936, is growing to such an extent that difficulties were met in trying to obtain sufficient and suitable housing for participants in the World's Poultry Congress. These two facts made it necessary to look round for another place at which the Congress could be held. Leipzig was chogen because this town was judged to be most favourably situated, both for the Congress and the Exhibition and because if is not far from Berlin, in the centre of Germany. The choice of Leipzig appears io me fo be exceptionally favourable for the Congress and after a personal visit I think I am justified in stating that Leipzig is more suitable than Berlin. In the first place, on the extensive site of the Industrial fairs, Leipzig has at its disposal immense exhibition halls, fitted in the most up to date manner in order to facilitate the pladng of exhibits and to make demonstrations quite easy. Railway lines run right into the halls, so that the living animals and the materials can be discharged direct from the trucks on to the place allotted to them. Next to this site is the "Deutsche Bücherei** (German National Library) containing the National Collection of Books numerous meeting rooms restaurants and post ofñce. This wonderfull building is most suitable for the congress and, just as the Industrial fairs site, situated in a quiet district easily accessible from the centre of the town. Congress rooms, exhibition site, restaurants and postoffice are all next to each other. The town of Leipzig is well able to cater for a large number of visitors, having numerous very good and comfortable hotels, I consider it a great advantage that in Leipzig the World's Poultry Congress will be completely on the first place in the public eye and the whole town will do its best to make things pleasant for visitors, whereas in Berlin the enormous excitement in connection with the Olympic Games would, in all probability, overshadow the Congress and Exhibition and force them into the background. Special Train to Berlin. Berlin can be easily and quickly reached from Leipzig. Visitors to the Congress will still be able to make a tour of Berlin, as the Ministry proposes to arrange for a special train to take visitors from Leipzig to Berlin on one day of the Congress, and they will be able to inspect the City and also possibly visit a neigh- bouring poultry farm. Arrangements will also be made for Congress visitors to attend the opening of the Olympic Games and to attend the Festival play, a charge being made for tickets. I would also draw the attention of readers to an announcement in this issue dealing with an important auction of Stud Book Breeding Cocks, which will be held at Leipzig on Nov. 30th at 930 a. m. Only the very best breeding cocks that the German Stud Book can produce will be brought to this auction and the following breeds will be represented : White Leghorns, Brown Leghorns, Rhode Island Reds, White Wyandottes and White Reichshuhn (National German Breed). All breeding cocks are provided with an authentic certificate of pedigree. This auction will take place during an important poultry show, which is to be held in Leipzig from November 29th to December 1st. A visit to this exhibition will be well worth while as the visitors will then be able to acquaint themselves with the buildings in which the World*s Poultry Exhibition is to be held next year. This show will be held in the same buildings as the World's Poultry Exhibition. The World's Poultry Science Association.

Revised Constitution. The Revision of Constitution was authorised by Couucil at Rome, September 7*^, 1933, Revision submitted by Sir Edward Brown, Hon. Past President, at Berlin European Council, January 28*^, 1935, and ordered to be issued. Approved by Postal Vote of Members. It now takes the place of the former Constitution and Bye-Laws as from October 1st, 1935. Article L—Name. The Name of this organisation shall be "The World's Poultry Science Association". Article II — Objects. The Objects of this Association are : (1) To facilitate in all possible ways the exchange of knowledge and expérience among persons in all parts of the world who are contributing to the advancement of the Poultry Industry by teaching, experiments, research, demonstration, organisation, or in any other constructive manner. (2) To promote the extension of knowledge in this field by the en- couragement of scientific research, practical experimentation, the collection and publication of statistics, the study of the economics of the Poultry Industry, the problems of marketing and the world's markets, and in every other way possible. (3) The dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the Poultry Industry. (4) The promotion of World's Poultry Congresses and co-operation with the governments of countries selected for these gatherings in their organisation. Article IIL— Membership. (1) Applications for Membership shall be made in writing, or on the forms provided for the purpose, and state the qualifications of the applicant. Each proposal shall be signed by two Members who vouch for the candidate, A Certificate of Election shall require the approval of a Member of the Executive Committee. (2) Eligibility of a Candidate for Membership shall be based upon one or more of the following considerations : (a) that the Candidate is engaged in the teaching or organisation of Poultry Husbandry; or (b) that the Candidate is engaged in the advancement of knowledge regarding Poultry by scientific research or practical experimentation ; or (c) that the Candidate is officially connected with a government in some capacity relative to poultry work ; or (d) that the Candidate is making a definite contribution, in any other manner not specified in the above clauses, to the advancement of the Poultry Industry. (3) The Council shall have the power of naming as Honorary Life Members such persons as it considers to have made a noteworthy contribution to the work of the Association or to the promotion of the Poultry Industry in any of its branches. Article IV.—Officers. (1) Th© Officers of the Association shall consist of a President, three Vice-Presidents or more. îfonoi'ary Past Presidents, a Secretary-Treasurer, and a Council composed of three individual members of the Association from each country represented in the Association, except such countries Avhich have an individual active Membership of over fifty, in which case six representatives can be named on the Council. (2) The term of office of President. Vice-Presidents and Secretary- Treasurer shall be three years. Each Member of the Council shall be elected for nine 5^ears. The elections shall be held at the Triennial Meetings of the Association. (3) For the election of President. Vice-Presidents and Secretary- Treasurer a three-fourths vote of the Council shall be required, and such election shall be at the Triennial Meetings. Nominations for these offices may be made in writing by any Member of the Association or by the Council. (4) One-third the Members of the Council shall be elected every three years. Nominations for the Council may be made to the General Secretary in writing by any Patron or Affiliated Societ}^ of Member of the Association of the country concerned at least six months before the date of election which will be at the Triennial Meetings. If no nominations are received from such Members, nominations may be made by any Member of the Council. A majority vote of the Council shall be i^equired for election. (5) In all votes of the Council the requisite majorities specified in the foregoing clauses shall be construed as of those voting. (6) The President, Vice-Presidents, Honorary Past Presidents, Secre- tary-Treasurer, and Sectional Secretaries (where the last named are appointed) shall constitute an Executive Committee, with power to act. (7) The term of office in eaeh case shall begin on January 1st following election. (8) Sectional Secretaries may be appointed by the President as desirable, which officials shall be subject to direction of the Secretary-Treasurer. (9) The President shall have the power to appoint Members to unfilled vacancies and to vacancies on the Council by death, resignations and in- eligibility between regular meetings, such term of office to cover the unexpired period. (10) The finances of the Association shall be in control of the Secretary- Treasurer subject to the Executive Committee in case of proposed exceptional expenditure. A report of work of the Association with Balance Sheet shall be prepared and issued to all Members prior to the Triennial Meetings.

Article v.— Patrons. The Council may designate as a Patron of the Association any person, government department, association, institution or club which shall contribute to the Treasury of the Association the sum of not less than Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars, or Fifty Pounds, in One Payment, or not less than Twenty-five Dollars, or Five Pounds per annum. Any country which by law cannot become a Patron may name any Association to represent it, and such Association shall have the priveleges of Patrons. Any Patron which contributes annually to the Funds of the Association a sum of Twenty-five pounds, or the equivalent, shall be entitled to nominate one representative upon the Council additional to those provided for in Article IV (1). Article VL—Affiliations. Associations, Societies or Institutions are entitled to become Affiliated by the payment of an Annual fee of not less than Twenty-five dollars, or Five Pounds. This will entitle such Association, Society or Institution to claim affiliation with the World's Poultry Science Association, to receive Five copies of each issue of the "International Review of Poultry Science" and to use for the benefit of its ^tembers anything contained in the Review.

8 Affiliated Associations and Societies aro retiuirod to notify the World's Poultry Science Association each year as to the number of members the Association or Society represents. These Associations and Societies shall be called Affiliated Members in the records of the World's Poultry Science Association. Article VIL— Publications. There shall be issued an "International "Review of Poultry Science" and such other publications as may be approved by the Executive Committee, which shall be sent to all Members, Patrons and Affiliated Bodies in good standing- as published. For this purpose an Editor shall be appointed by the Council on such conditions as may be agreed. Article VIIL—Meetings. General Meetings of the Association may be called by the President, Vice-Presidents or General Secretary, or upon the written request of Ten Members. The time and place of meeting shall be determined by the President. Regular meetings of the Council and of Members of the Association shall be held every three years during the World's Poultry Congress, for the consideration of Report and Balance Sheet, Election of Officers, and General Business. Of such meetings adequate notice shall be given to Members, and the time allocated shall be one complete day for discussion of questions submitted and of any resolutions of which notice has been given by Members. In voting at all general or special meetings of the Association the number of votes which each country may give shall be in proportion to the Membership of the Association in that country, on the basis of one vote for each ten Members or portion thereof. Article IX.— Committees. The Council of the Association is empowered to appoint (committees foi- any purpose, which may be temporary or for a period in the latter case not exceeding three years, the Members of which shall then retire, but be eligible for re-election. Article X. — Subscriptions. The subscriptions of each individual Member of the Association shall be Five Dollors, or One Pound per annum, payable in advance on January 1st in each year to the Secretary-Treasurer or whom he may designate. In case of failure to pay the subscription before the end of the year the Member's name shall be removed from the active Membership list until renewal of his subscription. Life Members may be elected who pay Fifty Dollars or Ten Pounds in one sum, the amount of money so received to be invested or placed into a separate fund of which five per cent shall be transferred to the General or Current Account each year, together with any interest which may accrue. Article XL—World's Poultry Congresses. At least twelve months prioi' to the holding of each World's Poultry Congress the Secretary shall issue to all Members of Council in good standing a Voting Paper for three countries to be approached with a view of extending an invitation for the succeeding Congress, and to be returned within four months. Negotiations will immediately be opened with the Government of the country receiving the greatest number of votes. Should the response be unfavourable the other two countries receiving the next numbers of votes to be approached in rotation. Negotiations shall be completed with one country before any other is approached. Article XII.—Fellows. (1) There shall be instituted an honorary Fellowship in the Associa- tion. The official designation of a fellow shall be "Fellow World's Poultry Science Association '' (F.W. P. S.A.). (2) Fellowships shall be confer red only on such persons as shall have rendered services of the highest distinction to the advancement of the Poultry Industry. (3) The Fellowship of the World's Poultry Science Association shall be conferred at the regular meetings of the Association. (4) Not more than Five Fellowships may be conferred every three years. (5) Nominations, signed by not less than two members of the Associa- tion, each proposing the name of an individual for the Fellowship, must be received by the Secretary of the Association not less than twelve months before the Triennial Meeting at w^hich election is to take place, accompanied by a statement of the service which it is claimed justifies the nomination. (6) A printed statement containing name of nominees, their vouchers, and all pertinent data regarding the achievements of the nominees, shall be placed in the hands of each member of the Association at least six months prior to the meeting for election. (7) The Council shall consider the merits of each nomination and shall decide by two-thirds vote upon not more than five members to be recommended to the Association for election. Bye-Laws, Section 1. Six members of the Council shall constitute a quorum of that body. Section 2. Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum of the Association. Section 3. On a requisition signed by five members of the Council the Secretary shall communicate to all members of the Council any matter of business and ask for their vote on the question, either by mail or in Session. Section 4. On any postal vote of the Council or Association the polls shall be considered closed at four calendar months after the date of the original mailing. Section 5. Membership in the Association may be forfeited because of : (a) lapse of eligibility under the rules as set forth in the Constitution (Article III) ; (b) failure to act in full accord with the objects of the Association as set forth in the Constitution ; (c) failure to pay the annual subscription within the year as provided in Article X. Section 6. A recommendation for the reconsideration of eligibility for continued membership may be made in writing to the Secretary at any time by any member, with a full statement of the facts believed to demand such reconsideration. Such recommendation shall be placed in the hands of the Council, who shall consider the case, and report to the Association, with a recommendation as to the action to be taken either in the direction of for- feiture or continuation of membership. Section 1. The Constitution and Bye-Laws may be amended at any time by two-thirds vote of the members of the Association voting. Such vote to be taken by mail. Section 8. Any proposed amendment to the Constitution or Bye-Laws shall be placed in the hands of each member of the Association at least six months prior to the time of voting on the amendment. Section 9. In all postal votes where a definite majority is specified in either Constitution or Bye-Laws such majority shall be construed as of those voting.

October 1st, 1935.

10 NUTRITION VITAMINS VITAMIN A Watch out for Free Fatty Acid. J, Bumgarnen Poultry Supply Dealer, May, 1935* Experiments confirmed fhaf meat scraps high in free fatty acids markedly reduced Hvability, feed consumption and rate of growth. Free fatty acids in themselves are not directly responsible for the injury, they do their dammage to the feed before the chicks eat it by inactivating vitamin A and D. Conclusions : 1. Do not buy, sell, or mix into feeds, meat scraps or fish meal that contain a high percentage of free fatty acid in the fat content. Free fatty acids must not exceed eight per cent of the fat of meat products used in Larro feeds. 2. Keep your meat scrap and feeds containing it in as dry a condition as possible. Free fatty acid will be formed almost twice as rapidly in a 12 per cent moisture feed as in. a six. 3. Store in a cool place. This is the most important consideration in keeping meat scraps. At 80 degrees Fahrenheit samples will form free fatty acid rapidly. 4. Do not store indefinitely. Good quality ingredients will not deteriorate in storage but it is best to put feeds through your feedroom systematically, selling out not the newest but the oldest bags each day. 5. Buy reliable branded feeds from a manufacturer who has the facilities and the honesty to test the meat scraps and every other ingredient before he allows it to go into a feed under his label. 6. If you have customers who just will use home mixed feeds and untested ingredients you can help them, but not save them, by urging them to feed vitamin A at double levels. Carotene and Vitamin Ä Requirements for White Leghorn Chicks, W. O. Frohring and J. Wyeno. The Journal of Nutrition, VoL 8,1934, p. 463, Summary : 1. The minimum vitamin A requierement of the chick is relatively high per pound of body weight as compared to the rat. 2. The minimum requirement of vitamin A of the White Leghorn chick at the age of about 8 weeks is approximately 65 A. D. M. A. units per day. 5. Chicks offer interesting possibilities as test animals for vitamin A. 4. Practically all of the 792 chicks depleted in vitamin A showed marked ataxia 3 to 14 days before complete depletion and death, even though given an adequate amount of vitamin D.

11 Zhe Amount of Vitamin Ä Potency required by Hens for Egg Production. R M» Sherwood and G. S- Fraps, Texas Agrie. Exp, Sfaf. Bull No. 493, August, 1934. The weights of hens, percentage mortality, number of eggs laid and vitamin A potency of egg yolk depended upon the amount of vitamin A in the food. Of the diets tested, that consisting of yellow corn and mash with 8 per cent heat-dried alfalfa was richest in vitamin A and supplied an average of 444 Sherman-Munsell rat units per fowl daily. Hens receiving this diet produced eggs of a high vitamin A potency at the beginning of the experiment but a marked decrease in activity was found after 9 months. It was concluded that the rations generally given to laying hens do not contain sufficient vitamin A for maintenance and high egg production, unless the birds have access to green food. It was estimated that for each unit of vitamin A in the egg yolk, a hen requires in the food about 4 units, above the amount necessary for maintenance. Variations in Vitamin Ä content of Fish-liver Oils, witfi particular Reference to seasonal Fluctuations in the Potency of Halibut-liver oil. J. A. Lovern, J. R. Edis- bury, and R. A. Morton. Biochem. Jour., Vol. 27, 1933, p.1461. Tabulated data are given on the vitamin A content of various fish- liver oils in terms of the estima,ted percentages in the samples examined, as determined by the Carr-Prioe color test followed by spectrometric assay, and of a large number of samples of halibut-liver oil!. The data for the different kinds of oil point to the conclusion that ** the liver oils of haddock, whiting, skate of small or medium size, codling, and immature or small fish generally are markedly inferior in vitamin A potency to average cod-liver oil. The oils from pollack, saithe, hake, and ling (probably also torsk) are usually similar in potency to cod-liver oil and subject to roughly the same variations. Salmon, turbot, sturgeon, and halibut yield liver oils which are vastly richer in vitamin A than cod-liver oil. The richer the source the more widely does the potency appear to vary as between sample and sample.** Within a given species the content of vitamin A appeared to increase with the size or age of the fish and to vary with the sexual condition and diet, the last two factors accounting largely for sieasonal changes. During spawning the concentration of oil in the liver is decreased to a greater extent than that of vitamin A, so that at this season the concentration is higher than during normal feeding. The greater part of the carotene annually produced by diatoms and available for conversion into vitamin A is synthesized during a comparatively short period in the spring or early summer, following which, after a certain time lag, the vitamin A content in the liver increases. The increase of vitamin A with age is thought to be chiefly a matter of storage. Halibut-liver oil, as noted in a preliminary report, is shown not only to be by far the richest known source of vitamin A but also to vary in potency over a wider range than any other source. The content of vitamin A in the oils examined ranged from 0.17 to 10 per cent of the oil. Well marked seasonal fluctuations in vitamin A concentration were noted which could not be attributed entirely to changes in the oil content of the liver as the result of spawning. ** The best oils from the standpoint of vitamin A content are most likely to be obtained from large halibut caught in northern waters in

12 the late spring or early summer, and in the autumn. Very rich oils at other times of the year are exceptional."

Zhe Diet of the Halibut and Intensity of feeding in Relation to the Vitamin Ä Potency of the Liver Oil. J. A» Lovern and J»G.Sharp, Bîochem.Jour., VoL27, 1933, p. 1470. Examination of the stomach contents of halibut and of the glycogen content of halibut liver in comparison with the vitamin A content of the liver oil showed no exceptional richness in the vitamin Ä of the diet and no correlation between the intensity of the feeding as determined by the glycogen content of the liver and vitamin Ä potency.

Fish liver Oils rich in Vitamin Ä. J. A. Lovern. Nature (London), VoL134,1934, p. 422. It is noted briefly that samples of sturgeon (Acipenser sp.) liver oils have been found to resemble halibut liver oil in varying widely in vitamin A potency, with some samples having a very high potency. The best sample examined had a value of 4,000 blue units in the antimony trichloride test for 0.2 cc of a 20 per cent solution. Three samples of the liver oil of the tunny (tuna) fish (Thunnus thynnus) caught off Scarborough, England, gave blue values of 1,927, 1,993, and 2,724 units, showing that tuna fish oil is relatively rich in vitamin A. The livers contained from 20 to 25 per cent of oil.

Vitamin Ä Content of Eggs produced by Chickens fed Viosterol and various percentages of Cod-liver Oil. G.M. DeVaney, H.W.Titus, R.B.Nestler. Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol.50, 1935, p.853. Conclusions : Vitamin D in the form of 0.5 per cent of viosterol 160 D in the diet of the chicken receiving graded qualities of cod-liver oil had no apparent effect on the transfer of vitamin A to the egg. Eggs from pullets fed 8 per cent of cod-liver oil were several times richer in vitamin A than eggs from pullets fed 1 and 2 per cent of cod- liver oil. These findings should not necessarily be interpreted to mean that in ordinary poultry practice it is desirable to increase the cod-liver oil content of the diet to an 8 per cent level in order to increase the vitamin A content of eggs. It has been definitely shown that the optimum level of cod-liver oil feeding in the diet of the chicken is between, 1 and 2 per cent. When this level is exceeded impairment in egg production and hatchability is likely to occur. Although no significant difference could be demonstrated between eggs from birds fed 1 and 2 per cent cod-liver oil, it is probable that had more test animals been used a significant difference in favor of the 2 per cent group might have been shown. The vitamin A potency of eggs from pullets on diets containing no vitamin A and vitamin D supplement was significantly less than the potency of eggs from any of all groups given cod-liver oil. The eggs from these pullets were judget to be about Vi as potent as eggs from birds fed 8 per cent of cod-liver oil. The eggs from birds receiving no vitamin A and D supplement had about 20 units (Sherman-Munsell) of vitamin A per gram of egg yolk, while the eggs from birds fed 8 per cent of cod-liver oil had about 80 units.

13 Vitamin Ä deficiency in Zur keys. W.R. Hinshaw and W*E» Lloyd. Hilgardia, 1934, Vol 8, p. 281. Agrie. Exp. Sfat, Univ. California, Berkeley. The symptoms developing in Bronze turkey poults, maintained from a day old on diets deficient in vitamin Ä, are described in greater detail and compared with those in chicks. The mortality was 100 per cent by the 44th day. Inclusion of 8 per cent dried alfalfa meal (about 130 gamma carotene per head, daily) in the diet was necessary for complete protection. On smaller proportions the birds showed symptoms of partial deficiency, including sinusitis or '*swell head'*, and were more subject to moniliasis of the crop and coccidiosis than normal controls. Storage of vitamin A and subsequent survival time on the basal diet alone were directly proportional to the percentage, up to 8 per cent, of dried alfalfa consumed in the previous period.

VITAMIN B Polyneuritis in Fowls. A. Ahmed. The Indian Veterinary Journal, Vol.11, 1935, p. 284. Description with photos of a case of polyneuritis caused by the feeding of polished rice. After changing of the diet the disease was cured in a week's time. Zhe Relationship of Dermatitis in Cflicks to lack of Vitamin B2 and to dietary Egg-wfiite. J.G. Lease and H.T. Par- sons. Home Econ. Depf. Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. Biochemical Journal, 1934, Vol.28, p.2109. In chicks the dermatitis due to lack of vitamin B 2 was strikingly similar in appearance to that caused by the ingestion of a diet rich in egg white but well supplemented in other respects. A liver extract, however, rich in vitamin B 2 cured the first condition but had no effect in the second, whereas the reverse was true of the extracted residue. It is therefore conclusively shown that egg white injury is not due to vitaminB2 deficiency, nor is the "protective factor X" identical with this vitamin. Ä nutritional Disease demonstrating a feed Deficiency in dried Eggs. W. C.Tully and K. W. Franke. South Dakota State Coll., Brookings. Poultry Science, 1934, Vol.13, p. 343. Chicks immediately after hatching were fed on a ration containing 15 per cent dried whole eggs and 5 per cent dried butter milk, as animal protein supplement, in a mixture of yellow corn, wheat bran, wheat middlings and pulverised oats. The birds failed to grow satisfactorily and after 3-5 weeks began to show a pellagra-like syndrome. Scabs and raw patches appeared about the mouth, the skin of the feet hardened and cracked, leaving raw fissures, and the feathering was abnormal in some cases. An addition of 3 per cent dried yeast and 3 per cent meat and bone scraps to the diet did not prevent the appearance of the skin lesions, but replacement of the dried whole eggs by meat and bone scraps allowed good growth with no skin troubles. A toxic factor is thought to be present in the dried egg of such a nature that it cannot be counteracted by the vitamin B 2 of the egg yolk and dried milk.

14 . . Zhe content of free and bound Cholesterol in various Parts of the Brain of normal and polyneuritic Animals. W. G. K^ Westenbrink» Arch» Néerland- PhysioL Homme ef Anim., V0LI9, 1934, p^l22. Deferminafions of free and bound cholesterol in the brains of normal and polyneuritic pigeons and rats revealed no differences which could be attributed to vitamin B1 deficiency, thus refuting the hypothesis that polyneuritic symptoms are an outcome of an abnormally high cholesterol content of the brain, a condition prevented by increasing the fat content of the diet.

"Che loss of vitamin Bi from certain organs of pigeons on a vitamin Brfree, carbohydrate-rich, fat-deficient diet and on a vitamin Bi"free, carbohydrate-free, fat-rich diet, together with a comparison of the vitamin Bt content of organs of rats and pigeons. H. G* K.Westenbrînk, Arch. Néerland PhysioL Homme et Anîm., VoL 19,1934, p. 116- The first of the three hypotheses suggested in the paper noted above was investigated by feeding rats, as supplements to a vitamin B1- deficient diet, the dried powdered organs (liver, heart, brain, and muscle) of pigeons which had subsisted for 13 days on the two vitamin B i-deficient diets of the previous study. No difference could be detected in the two series, the vitamin Bi in both cases being practically exhausted at the end of 15 days. This is thought to disprove the theory that there is a difference in the rate of exhaustion of vitamin B1 reserves on diets rich in carbohydrate and fat, respectively.

On the glycogen content in the liver of pigeons and rats by Bi-avitaminosis. H. Ariyama. BuL Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 10,1934, p. 47. (Ref- Exp. Sf. Pea, VoL72, p. 420.) Studies are reported on the glycogen content of the livers of pigeons and rats on various vitamin B i-free diets as well as complete diets. In the case of pigeons, those which developed the disease without losing much body weight stored more glycogen than those on a normal diet, while those suffering from inanition as well as vitamin B i deficiency had less glycogen than the controls. Underfed pigeons also had less glycogen, but in pigeons cured by the administration of active oryzanin (a vitamin Bi preparation), the content of glycogen was more normal. In rats fed carbohydrate-rich synthetic (vitamin Bi-free) diets, the glycogen was without exception 1.5 times higher than normal. In the animals cured by active oryzanin, the glycogen content was reduced to the normal level. In rats developing the typical symptoms of avitaminosis on a carbohydrate-free, high-fat, vitamin B i-free diet, there was no increase of glycogen. The author ooncludes that the abnormal increase of glycogen in the liver of rats fed a vitamin B i-free diet is a secondary phenomenon of the disease. Inasmuch as the diets contained vitamin B 2 in the form of autoclaved yeast, it is concluded that it is vitamin B1 which plays an important role in the metabolism of liver glycogen.

15 Action of digitoxin on electrocardiogram of normal and beriberi pigeons. Digitoxin hatása normális- es beri- beriben megbetegedett galambok elektrokardiogramm- jara. Die Wirkung des Digitoxins auf das Ekg. der nor'- malen und der an experimenteller Beriberi erkrankten Vauben. Gy» Méhes and F. Péf er. Arb. ung. bioL Forsch.- Inst, 1934, 7, 303-315; Arch. exp. PafhoL PharmakoL, 1934, 176, 226-236. (BioL Res. Inst, Tihany.) (Nutri- tion Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. 5, 1935, p.74.) The electrocardiograms of normal and beribery pigeons were of the same type but differed in certain particulars ; the pulse rate in beriberi pigeons was decreased, the period of transmission of the waves was lengthened and in most cases the T-wave was flattened. Vagotony was present in the beriberi pigeons. Injection of 0.2 mg./kg. of digitoxin into normal pigeons depressed the pulse rate and prolonged the time of response to stimuli. In contrast, injection of 0.2 mg./kg. into beriberi pigeons caused acceleration of the pulse rate and the general phenomena associated with vagus paralysis. Injection of 0.25 mg./kg. produced severe heart block in both normal and beriberi birds.

''Oryzatoxin" and experimental beriberi of pigeons. "Orizo'- tossina" e beri-beri sperimentale del Colombo. G. So- larino. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 1934, 9, No. 10. (Inst. Biol. Chem. Univ. Messina.) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5,1935, p.74.) As a result of experiments with pigeons, the author concludes that oryzatoxin provokes beriberi but is not the ultrîmate cause, and that it acts by inhibiting or neutralising vitamin Bi. Oryzatoxin, besides its other actions, is believed to cause vomiting, and to this influence is attributed the slower development of the syndrome of beriberi, which is seen when rice containing oryzatoxin is fed, in contrast with rice devoid of it.

Zfie beriberi quotient in normal pigeons. Sul quoziente beri-^ b er ico {Qb) del Colombo in condizioni normali. G. Amantea, V. Zagami, A. Baglioni, A. Famiani, G. Zanghi and L. Ravasini. Rend. R. Accad. Lincei, 1934, 20, (6a), 134. (Inst. Chem. Physiol. Univ. Rome.) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, 1935, p.74.) The authors* previous work is collected and summarised. Data are set out regarding the beriberi quotient for 67 pigeons (values from 0.62 to 1,55). The influence of age and race, the dependence of the values for Qb on the total vitamin B i reserves and the relative constancy of Qb for a given pigeon in given conditions are all discussed.

Cfie "beriberi quotient" and its application to the study of tfie antineuritic factor ßi. Sulla nozione del "quoziente beri-berico" e sulle sue applicazioni alio studio del fattore antineuritico B^. G. Amantea. Quad, Nutrizione,

16 1934, 1, 192-200. (Inst Physîol. Chem., Univ. Rome.) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. 5, 1935, p-74.) Precautions to be taken in determining the beriberi quotient in pigeons are described. They include the choice of suitable birds and the exact determination of the amount of food consumed and of the moment of onset of beriberi, as judged by the weakening of the plantar reflex. At this point a cure should be promptly administered, in order that a bird whose beriberi quotient is known, may be repeatedly used again« Effect of Ätginine and Liver and Stomach Extracts on vitamin B deficiency in pigeons. Der Einfluß des Ar- ginins, der Leber- und Magenextrakte auf die B-Ävita'- minóse bei Zauben. A. v.Jeney, Klinische Wochenschr., 1935, Vol. 14, p.379. Pigeons, forcibly fed on a mixture of washed polished rice, salts and cod liver oil, survived 13-24 days, while pigeons receiving, in addition, injections of small amounts of arginine or of crude extracts of yeast, pig liver, pig stomach, or bacteria, survived about twice as long. Isolation of oryzanin (antineuritic vitamin) from yeast. S.Ohdake. Imp. Acad. (Japan) Proc, 10, 1934, No. 2, pp. 95-98. (Ref. Exp. St. Record, Vol.72, 1935, p. 154.) Following the same technic as in the earlier preparation of a concentrate of vitamin B i from rice polishings and studies of its chemical properties, the author has isolated the vitamin from yeast in the form of hydrochloride, picrolonate, and chloraurate, with the conclusion that the antineuritic vitamin from yeast is identical with that from rice poli^ shings, a sulfur-containing compound with the formula C12 H le N i SO g. The material used in preparing the concentrate was pressed baker*s yeast which had been soaked in a vitamin B i-contaÍnÍng solution for 5 or 6 hr. with continuous passage of air through the solution, this procedure having been found to increase considerably the vitamin B1 content of the yeast.

VITAMIN D Zhe comparative vitamin D requirements of growing chicks, turkeys and pheasants. F.D.Baird and D.J.Greene. Nat. Oil Products Co., Harrison, N. J. Poultry Science, 1935, Vol.14, p. 70. The antirachitic requirement of growing turkeys and pheasants was greater than that of chicks. Approximately 18 units (U.S.P.) of vitamin D per 100 g. food were necessary for normal development and growth of chicks up to 12 weeks of age. Pheasants required 50-60 units and turkeys 60-70 units during the same period. In all cases fortified cod liver oil was used.

Studies relative to the Estimation of Vitamin D. 2. Effect of seasonal Variation and Sex upon Calcification in rachitic Chicks. L. L. Lachat» Dept. Agrie. Dairy and

17 2 Food, St Paul, Minn. Poultry Science, 1934, Vol. 13, p. 353. Day old chicks were put on a rachifogenic ration and housed in metal brooders with wire grid floors for a period of 4-5 weeks, by which time all birds had developed severe rickets. There was no significant difference in the bone ash content of the males and females in nine groups, but there was some evidence of seasonal variation in the amount of ash in the bones. The most severe rickets occurred in the period March to July, less severe from August to November and least from December to February, Effect of vitamin D on Production and some properties of Eggs. H. W. Tifus and R- B* Nesflen Bun Animal In- dust, U.S* Depart Agria Poultry Science, 1935,VoL14, p*90- Various levels of vitamin D were supplied in the form of cod liver oil and viosterol. Up to 1 per cent of cod liver oil was beneficial but with over 2 per cent both production and hatchability decreased« Similarly with viosterol an optimum level was reached beyond which further increases gave lowered hatchability. It appears that when viosterol is used for poultry 10 to 20 times as much vitamin D is necessary as when ood liver oil is used, Zhe effect of the hens Diet on the Bone Changes in rachitic chicks. B* E» Kline, C- A» Elvehjem and J* G* Halpin, Univ,Wisconsin, Madison* Poultry Science, 1935, VöL14, p. 116. Baby chicks from groups of hens which had received different amounts of vitamin D, were fed a rachitogenic ration and estimations made of the ash in the bones. Although the previous egg yield had been adversely affected by a deficiency of the vitamin, the chicks that hatched had a bone ash very little lower than that of chicks from normally fed dams. From a comparison with chicks supplied with the factor it is concluded that the 4 week period is best for vitamin D assay. Zhe Effect of feeding deaminized VS. untreated Cod Liver Oils upon Growth, Egg Production and Mortality of Poultry. H* S, Gutteridge. Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Scientific Agriculture, 1935, p. 771. A sun rendered cod liver oil containing 29.6 o/o of free fatty acids and 0,31 o/o of nitrigen was used. This oil, deaminized was fed to large groups of chicks through the growing, rearing and first year egg production periods as 1 o/o of the ration. The feeding of the oil containing the nitrogenous impurities reduced the growth of the chicks during the brooding and rearing periods. It also greatly increased the variability of the chicks to which it was fed. The removal of this nitrogenous fraction also permitted the pullets receiving the oil, thus treated, to make more efficient use of their feed for purposes of egg production. Zhe Relation between the antirachitic Factor and the Weight of the Gall Bladder and Contents of the Chicken. W. C. Russell, M.W.Taylor and D. F. Chichester. New Jersey

18 Agrie. Exp. Staf. New Brunswiek. Journal Nutrition, 1934, Vol. 8, p. 689. The average weight of the gall bladder and its contents in chicks on a vitamin D deficient diet was more than twice that of chicks receiving in addition 1 per cent cod liver oil, which afforded full protection from leg weakness, as measured by bone ash determinations. Irradiated ergosterol in corn oil, in equal dosage calculated on the basis of **rat units*', showed intermediate values for size of gall bladder and afforded only partial protection from leg weakness. The average H ion concentration of the duodenal contents was the same whether cod liver oil was given or not. The percentage of total solids and of ash in bile from deficient birds showed a tendency to increase with age but remainied nearly constant in that from protected birds. The Ca content of bile from deficient birds was 25-35 per cent lower than that of bile from protected birds. Studies on the Creeper Fowl. 7. Che Expression of Vitamin D Deficiency {rickets) in Creeper Chicks as compared with normal Chicks. W, Landauen Sforrs Agrie» Exp» Sfat* Sforrs, Conneef• Ameriean Journal Anatomy, 1934, VoL55, p. 229- (ReL Nutrition Abstn, VoL4, 1935») Two groups of 19 newly hatched Creeper chicks, in which chondrodystrophy is inherited as a dominant character, received a rachitogenic diet devoid of vitamin D and a normal diet respectively, and were compared with two groups of normal legged chicks from the same mating, receiving similar diets. AH the chicks on the rachitogenic diet developed rickets within 64 days but the onset of "leg weakness'* was much earlier in the Creeper chicks and the symptoms of rickets more severe. The result was the same when older chicks were used. Histological examination showed that the bones of Creeper chicks are prevented by their abnormal structure from showing the normal compensatory responses to the rachitic condition, such as development of osteoid and thickening of the diaphyseal cortex. No difference was observed in the time of onset, in the two groups, of the roughness of plumage typical of rickets. Zhe Fate of the antirachitic Factor in the Chicken. 3. ühe effective Levels and the Distribution of the Factor from Cod liver oil and from irradiated Ergosterol in certain Zissues of the Chicken. W» C» Russell, M» W» Taylor and D»E»Wilcox» New Jersey Agrie» Exp» Stat» and Rutgers Univ» New Brunswick» Journal of Biological Chemy, 1934, Vol» 107, p»735» (Ref» Nutrition Abstr», VoL4, 1935») Day old Wyandotte chicks, receiving for 8 weeks a basal diet of yellow corn 47, wheat middlings 20, wheat bran 15, meat scrap 9, dried skim milk 5, oyster shell 3, and NaCl 1, appeared normal and showed normal bone ash, with addition of 5.5 Steenbock **rat units" of antirachitic factor per 100 g. of ration, as cod liver oil, or with 1056 **rat units** as irradiated ergosterol. When the livers of these chicks were tested on rats, the antirachitic factor stored was greater in some chicks with subnormal bone ash after receiving irradiated ergosterol, than in some with normal bone ash after receiving cod liver oil. The antirachitic factor from either source dit not appear to be excreted through the bile.

19 ^* When the experiments were confinued for 21 weeks, the antirachitic factor, as estimated on rats, was fould in the bones and blood plasma of the chicks in the same concentration, when derived from either source* The antirachitic factor, as tested on rats, in the yolks of the eggs laid by the pullets in the experiment, increased with the increasing number of "Steenbock units** fed, from either source.

Zhe effect of diet on liver cholesterol in chickens, W,M, Sperry and V, A, StoyanofL Joun Nufrîtîon, VoL 9, 1935, p. 157. The total, free, and combined cholesterol in the livers of chicks fed rations containing varying amounts of cholesterol were determined^ It was found that chickens like mammals absorb cholesterol and deposit it in the liver, but differ from rats in depositing proportionately more free cholesteroL The occasional high cholesterol values found on diets low in cholesterol indicated a marked individual variation in ability to assimilate this sterol.

Zhe effects of ultraviolet irradiation on rachitic chickens. aM.Higgins, C.Sheard, and R.M.Wilden Anat Rec, Vol. 58, 1934, p. 205. (Ref. Exp. Sfaf. Record, Vol.72, p. 828.) This study was undertaken to observe the restorative changes which occur in the long bones and in the parathyroid and thyroid glands when rachitic chickens are irradiated with ultraviolet light. Under this treatment the long bones became firm and hard, the cysts of the cortex disappeared, and normal calcification was restored. The calcium content of the blood returned to normal, but the phosphorus content remained elevated. The greatly enlarged parathyroid glands were reduced to almost normal size, while the hyperplastic thyroid gland resumed the appearannce of the normal gland.

Zhe difference between synthetic and naturally occurring vitamin D with respect to physical and chemical properties. F. Ender. Zeîfschrîff für Vîfamînforschung, Vol.2, 1933, p.241. A concentrate prepared from the unsaponifiable fraction of tuna fish'liver oil was found to have the characteristic vitamin A absorption band of 328 mju, but not the band at 265 mjLi considered to be characteristic of synthetic vitamin D (calciferol). The concentrate, however, was effective as an antirachitic agent for rats in doses of from 0.25 to 0.5 y daily. It reacted at room temperature with phthalic anhydride, whereas synthetic vitamin D reacts very slowly with this reagent at room temperature. These differences are thought to indicate the nonidentity of synthetic vitamin D and vitamin D as present in liver oils.

Zhe Action of activated Ergosterol in the Chicken. 3. Evid- ence of the Existence of only one provitamin D in crude Ergosterol. C. E. Bills, O. N. Massengale, F. G. McDonald and A.M.Wirick. J. Biol. Chem., 1935, 108, 323-330. (Res. Lab. Mead Johnson and Co., Evansville,

20 Indiana-) (Nutrition Abstract and Reviews, VoL 5,1935, p. 63.) Specimens of ergosterol from 5 strains of Saccharomyces cerevîsîae, one from S. carlsbergensis and one from ergot were moderately purified and irradiated with ultraviolet light in the same manner ; the total irradiation product, evaporated to dryness and dissolved in maize oil, was fed to rats and to chicks on rachitogenic diets. The various samples did not differ amongst themselves in their potency for rats or chicks, all samples showing for chicks the usual inferiority of antirachitic potency in comparison with cod liver oil. There was some indication that the power of the irradiated ergosterols to raise the serum Ca and P in chicks, was relatively greater than their power to promote bone calcification. Demonstration of the existence of two forms of vitamin D in fish liver oils. C. E. Bills, O- N. Massengale, and M* Im- boden. Science, VoL 80,1934, p. 596. The authors note briefly that fish oils differ qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, in their vitamin D content as determined by administering to chickens equivalent amounts for rats of the oils under comparison. Halibut-liver oil and cod-liver oil, rat unit for rat unit, were found not to differ appreciably, but the liver oil of the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), which contains on the average 40,000 international units of vitamin D per gram, proved to be only one-sixth as effective as cod-liver oil, rat unît for rat unit, when tested on chickens. The unsaponifiable fraction was likewise found to be one-seventh as effective as the unsaponifiable fraction of cod-liver oil. ** The effectiveness ratio, which was thus found to be 1:6 or 1:7, is several times greater than the probable error of the assays. One must, therefore, conclude that the vitamin D of bluefin tuna-Hver oil and the vitamin D of codliver oil are different substances (or different mixtures of substances), one rat unit of the former having only 15 per cent of the antirachitic effectiveness of one rat unit of the latter for the chicken." SUNDRIES Vitamins and Minerals in Poultry Nutrition. E-M. Cruick- shank. School of Agriculture, Cambridge» Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL 5,1935, p. 1. Estimates of vitamin Ä requierements for both maintenance and egg production indicate that the fowl's requirements for this factor are considerably higher, relative to its body weight, than those of the rat. In agreement with the findings in other species, vitamin Ä deficiency appears to predispose the fowl to the onset of infectious diseases. Ättemps to evolve a synthetic ration for the chick have hitherto met with limited success, owing, in part at any rate, to lack of information as to the role played by the different factors of the vitamin B complex, but recent results have contributed much to the solution of this problem. The chick undoubtedly requires vitamins Bi and B2, and probably also B^, but in seems unlikely that B3 is necessary. Another factor, which is water insoluble and so far unclassified, appears to be essential for normal growth. Most of the evidence available goes to show that the chick does not suffer from vitamin C deficiency, owing to its capacity for synthesisîng this vitamin, and, though diseases resembling scurvy in certain respects

21 have recently been described, there appears as yet to be Httle justification for believing that they are due to lack of vitamin C. The estimates of the vitamin D requirements of the fowl show that these are very high during growth, and still higher during egg production. On this account hypervitaminosis is more difficult to induce than in the case of rats. Vitamin D from different sources, e. g. cod liver oil and irradiated ergosterol, varies in its quantitative action in the fowl. The reason for this is obscure, but it has been suggested that the vitamin D produced by activation differs in character from that naturally occurring in cod liver oil, and that the fowl can utilise efficiently only the latter form. The available information on mineral requirements is concerned mainly with those of calcium and phosphorus, and optimum levels and ratios are suggested by various workers, though the results, owing probably to different experimental conditions, are frequently not con- cordant. Investigations of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism during the reproductive cycle have yielded results of much physiological interest. Little attention has been paid to the relation of vitamins and minerals to the incidence of disease, but the data already obtained indicate that an adequate supply of these food constituents may be of much importance in this respect. Further research along this line may have a valuable practical application in reducing the high mortality which frequently occurs in poultry flocks. Üfie effects of vitamin E deficiency on the testes of the male fowl {Gallas domesticas). F* B^ Adamsfone and L-E. Card J- MorphoL, 1934, VoL 56, 339-359. (Univ, Illinois, Urbana.) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5,1935, p.68.) In Rhode Island Red males, degeneration due to E avitaminosis affected the mature spermatozoa first and gradually passed to the outside of the seminiferous tubule, attacking the youngest maturation stages last. Experiments with Chickens on the nattitive Valae of Milk from Cows, whose Ration has been enriched with irradiated dried brewer's Yeast. Ricerche sperimentali su palcini circa il valore trófico del latte di vacca la cai razione normale venga arricchita con lievito di birra secco irradiato. P. Dassat. Rivista di Avicultura, 1934, p.74'7a No result capable of exact evaluation was obtained when white Leghorn chicks received the milk from a cow having irradiated yeast in the ration, and from another which dit not. Ä new Vitamin K, Feathered World, May 10,1935. The discovery of a new vitamin, to be called Vitamin K, is announced in Nature by two workers at the Biochemical Institute, Copenhagen University, Mn H, Dam and Mr. F. Schönhey den It has been found that chicks fed upon a special diet developed a deficiency disease leading to changes in the gizzard, and to anaemia and haemorrhage. The disease was cured by foodstuffs such as hog

22 liver fat, hemp seed, and certain vegetables, such as tomatoes and kale. It is presumed that these foodstuffs contain an essential vitamin, in the absence of which a deficiency disease sets in, and since it cannot be identified with any known vitamin, it is to be called K. MINERALS Importance of the Ratio of acid and basic Valences in the fattening Rations of Poultry. Zur Frage des Säure'- Basen-Gleichgewichtes während der Geflügelmästung. A. S» Solun and M. Schuster* Institut für Geflügelzucht, Moskau. Biedermanns Zentralblatt, AbtB, Tierernäh- rung, VoL VI, 1934, p.515. 1. The ratio of acid and basic valences of the foods is of highest importance for the combination of the fattening ration of fowl. 2. Dynamics of the concentration of blood-sugar do not prove any support for the judgment of the course of fattening. 3. In consequence of the supply of organic Ca-salts to a mixture of grain and animal feed the NHs-content of the total faeces and the chlorine value of erythrocytes decrease. 4. The addition of organic Ca-salts effects favorably the appetite of the animals during the whole fattening period, and by this the quantitative and qualitative results of fattening, too (gain of weight, quantity and consistency of fat, food utilization). 5. The most favourable final results of a fattening period, which happens with a supply of organic Ca-salts to the ration and indicates lowest NHs-values in the total faeces and in the chlorine values of erythrocytes prove that the maintenance of the acid-base-balance in the organism is to be looked as one of the main factors, which regulate the appetite of fowl and determine the results of fattening. Biological Analysis of Rations. Analyse biologique des Rations. L» Lepoutre, J* Marcq and A* Devuyst (Inst Agron* Gembloux)» BulL Inst* agronom, Gembloux, 1934, VoL3, p,321. (ReL Nutrition Abstr., Vol. 4,1935.) Two series of experiments are described, one with chicks 22 days old and the other with pigs 7 weeks old, to determine the biological value of certain rations and commercial foodstuffs. With the chicks, leg weakness occurred in the groups receiving the control ration. When this was supplemented with a mineral mixture of bone flour, chalk and salt, no leg weakness occurred. Additions of vitamins Bi, B2, B4, C or E were not effective in preventing leg weakness, but two proprietary vitamin preparations, vigantol and gallinol, and the administration of green food out of doors were efficacious. As the gallinol contains high percentages of Ca and P it is not possible to say whether its beneficial effect was due to its vitamin or its mineral content. The number of animals in each group in the pig experiment was too small to permit of definite conclusions being drawn. Calcium and Phosphorus Content of Blood Plasma of laying Hens during Fasting. Calcium- und Phosphorgehalt im Blutplasma der Legehenne während des Hungers.

25 MXaskowskî (Inst Animal PhysîoL Agria Coll, War- saw)* Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1934, VoL273, p. 284. The total P of the plasma in laying hens is on the average 36.9 mg. pel* 100 ml. (with marked individual variations) as compared with 10,6 mg. in non-laying hens. Six hours after feeding a ration containing Ca and P to hens previously fasted, no increase in the plasma Ca and total P was observed. Short fasts (2-4 days) did not interrupt egg laying, and the plasma Ca and P maintained egg laying values. Longer fasts (4-6 days) interrupted egg laying for several days, while the Ca and P decreased to non-laying levels. There was no correlation between the Ca and P content of the plasma, although on cessation of laying they both reached the non-laying levels simultaneously. Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. R,H* Common* Jour. Agr* Sei*, England, VoL 23, 1933, p. 555. Continuing studies on mineral meiabolism of poultry at the Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland and Queen's University of Belfast, this investigation was carried out to trace the metabolism of sodium and potassium as well as of calcium and phosphorus in the nonlaying and laying pullet. The previous observations on calcium and phosphorus metabolism were confirmed, and the retention of these minerals was found to be related to the amount of sodium chloride in the feed. The extra phosphorus excretion accompanying egg production involved no marked concomitant changes in the amount of potassium in the droppings. Small concomitant: increases in sodium in the droppings were noted when the feed contained only small amounts of sodium and chloride, and potassium retention was noted on the succeeding day in every case but one. It is suggested that the extra phosphorus excretion associated with egg production was related to a temporary draft on body reserves of calcium for shell formation.. While the data presented agree with the view that phosphorus is normally excreted by the nonlaying pullet as dicalcium phosphate, it is pointed out that phosphorus excretion must take place in some other form in addition to calcium phosphates where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies laying. The other form appeared to be water soluble, and it was possible that it was of urinary origin. Relative utilization of calcium from calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate by chickens. J. E. Hunter, R. A. Dutcher, and H. C. Knandel. Soc. Expt BioL and Med. Proc, Vol. 31, 1933, p. 70. In a comparison of calcium gluconate and calcium carbonate as sources of supplemental calcium for poultry made at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, the results showed that these two sources were equally efficient for growing chicks when equivalent amounts of calcium were supplied. With laying hens the gluconate appeared to function somewhat more efficiently than the carbonate, as shown by increased eggshell, shell ash, and an increase of calcium in the egg content. Ä study of the effect of significant variations of the calcium content of the Ä.O.Ä.C. basal rachitic ration on the percentage of bone ash in chick tibia. W.C. Supplée. J.Assoc. Off. Agrie. Chem., 1935, 18, 146-149. (Univ.

24 Maryland, College Park, Maryland) (Nutrition Ab- stracts and Reviews, VoL5, 1935, p-59.) The effect of variations in the Ca content of the Ä.O.Ä.C rachitogenic diets for chickens on the ash content of their bones was examined. Over a period of 4 weeks, 6 different diets were tested, in which high and low Ca contents were combined both with high and low P and with, adequate or slightly inadequate dosage of vitamin D in the form of cod liver oil. Differences in bone calcification were found with Ca levels below 0.8 and above 1.0 per cent, but within these limits no significant variation in bone ash was observed.

Marl for laying Hens. G.D^Buckner, W. M. Insko Jn and J, H^ Martin. Kentucky Agrie. Exp. Stat., Lexington. Poultry Science, 1935, Vol.14, p. 125. Four groups of hens received a basal ration plus ground limestone. The ground limestone was then withdrawn for a period during which weights of egg and of shell decreased. During a further period four different kinds of marl (20 to 98 per cent calcium carbonate) were added. Egg weight and shell weight increased, showing that the marls were satisfactory sources of calcium.

Salt Requirements of Growing Chicks. J. G. Halpin, C. E. Holmes and E.B.Hart. Poultry Science, Vol.13, 1934, p.308. Groups of chicks were fed a ration of cereals, dried milk, alfalfa and meat scraps, to which salt was added at the rate of 0.5 per cent. Mortality was normal except in the group on the high salt level, where it was 30 per cent. The group receiving 1 per cent salt grew faster and started to lay earlier than the other groups.

Phosphorus requirements of laying hens. M.W.Miller and G.E.Bearse. Washington Sta. Bui. 306, 1934. In studies at the Western Washington Experiment Station 8 lots of 60 birds each were fed the same basal ration. In the first 4 lots different amounts of bone meal were added to give 4 levels of phosphorus, while the calcium content was kept at a constant level by reducing the amount of oyster shell. The same levels of phosphorus were fed in the last 4 lots, but a higher level of calcium was maintained. The highest egg production was obtained on rations analyzing approximately 0.8 per cent phosphorus on the 2 levels of calcium intake. Eggshell quality, egg weight, and mortality were apparently not influenced by the phosphorus level. It was possible for hens to utilize the calcium of bone meal for eggshell formation. The eggshell quality of individual birds tended to maintain its relative position with respect to this quality with other individuals throughout the year. There was, however, a progressive decline in shell quality throughout the laying year. High- producing hens tended to lay eggs with thinner, rougher shells than low-producing hens. Thick eggshells tended to be smoother and to have less mottling than thin-shelled eggs.

Is Phosphorus a causative Factor in the Production of slippedZendon? W.M.Insko, D.F.Sowell and M.Lyons.

25 Kentucky Agrie. Exp. Stat, Lexington. Poultry Science, 1934, Vol.13, p. 370. A change in the Ca : P ratio from 0.4:1 to 3.1:1 did not alter the incidence of slipped tendon in chicks, although retarded growth was noticeable when the Ca exceeded 2.5-3.0 per cent of the ration. Increase in P (without material change in the ratio 1.5:1) by increasing the bone meal supplement to 6.3-8.2 per cent, caused appreciably increased incidence. The trials are regarded as supporting Milby*s view that excessive P may be one of the causative factors of slipped tendon.

Effect of supplementary Iodine on reproduction in the Fowl. E* A, Johnson, A, M- Pilkey and A»W. Edson» Minnesota Agria • Exp. Staf., SL PauL Poultry Science, 1935, VoL14, p.16. The experiments were carried out in an area deficient in iodine but the feeding of supplementary potassium iodide to poultry had no beneficial effect on egg production, fertility, hatchability or mortality rate.

Iodine content of American Cod Liver Oil. A.D.Holmes and RE.Remington. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 1935, 49, 94-100. (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, 1935, P-470 The average I content of 20 representative samples of American cod liver oils was 8,460 p. m. 530 parts per billion. The I content of the oils varied with locality from 13,260 parts per billion in Nova Scotia to 3,590 parts in Maine. The authors consider that the I in a daily dose of 10 ml. of these oils, if completely assimilated, would largely supply the requirements of the average human adult. PROTEINS Reducing Protein Concentrates in Rations of Chicks at Different Ages. R.E.Roberts and C.W.Carrick. Poultry Science, Vol. 13, 1934, p. 302. In three experiments chicks received up to twelve weeks an all- mash ration containing 15 per cent meat and bone scraps and 5 per cent dried milk, or 10 per cent meat and bone scraps, 10 per cent soya bean meal and 5 per cent dried milk, in addition to a basal ration of cereals and alfalfa leaf meal. Other groups received the same ration to 4, 6 and 8 weeks, after which 12 per cent meat and bone scrap and 4 per cent dried milk were substituted. At 12 weeks no difference was found either in the average weight of the various groups or in mortality.

Protein Supplements in Poultry Rations. Amount of Shrimp Meal as supplementary Ration for growing chicks. F.M.Fronda and A.E.Kabigting. Philippine Poultry Journal, Vol.5,1935, No.2. Summary of Conclusions : The effect of various amounts of shrimp meal as supplement in rations for growing chicks was studied. Ä summary of conclusions follows:

26 1. The results obtained in this study show that 25 per cent shrimp meal in the ration is the optimum amount to feed to growing chicks. The lot that received the ration containing this amount of shrimp meal gave the best results, in growth, rate of mortality and cost of gain. The lot that received the ration containing only 5 per cent shrimp meal gave the poorest results. 2. There was practically no difference in the amount of feeds consumed by the different lots. 3. As the amount of shrimp meal increased in the ration the relative cost of each ration also increased. 4. Lot V (25 per cent shrimp meal) had the lowest percentage of mortality, being only 16.99 per cent, and lot I had the highest, 43.24 per cent. 5. Except in lot I, all the chicks were vigorous, healthy and active. 6. The chicks in the lots which contained 20 to 40 per cent shrimp meal were fairly uniform in size. 7. Early and complete growth of feathers of the chicks occurred in lots which contained a high percentage of shrimp meal (25 per cent to 40 per cent).

Ä Study of the Protein Requirements of growing chicks. J^ D. Mc Conachîe, W, R. Graham and H, D» Branion» Agria College, Guelph, Ontario, Scientific Agriculture, VoL15,1935, p.754 1. The optimum protein content for growth in chicks during the first six weeks on the usual type of ration is approximately 25 o/o, from six to tQXi weeks 18 to 20o/o, and after this time the protein requirement is about 15 o/o. 2. The optimum amount of protein in a diet for growing chicks over a twelve week period is approximately 19 o/o. 3. Ä level of protein over 25 o/o is approaching an excess, detrimental to growth. 4. The efficiency of food utilization decreases with age, and mortality is lessened, other factors being equal, the nearer the protein content to optimum. 5. Both high and low protein intake, particularly the former, tend to destroy the barring and to change the contour and texture of feathers. The optimum protein level for growth is not necessarily the optimum level for correct feather development. 6. Slipped tendons are not due primarily to a high protein intake per se. 7. The development of " crow heads ** is a dietary rather than a genetic factor.

Value of Protein Mixtures for Chicks. Selbstwahl der Ei- weißfuttermenge bei Kücken. W. Bodmen Berichte der landwirtschaftlichen Schule Strickhof, Zürich, 1933-34, p,77. (Rei Nutrition Abstr., VoL4, 1935.) In this experiment two groups of 70 chicks were fed for 12 weeks, one on a prepared dry feed containing 15.3 per cent protein and the other on a ration with a protein supplement fed separately. Growth rates were equal but protein consumption was lower and feed utilisation and general condition better in the second group.

27 Utilization of protein concentrates by the growing chick. F.E^Mussehl and C.W» Ackerson, Poultry Science, VoL14,1935, p.119, A study of the biological value of simple and complex protein supplements was made at the Nebraska Experiment Station. One of the supplements used was made up of meat scrap and dried buttermilk 2:1 ; a second consisted of equal parts of meat scrap, dried buttermilk, fishmeal, and soybean oil meal ; while the third supplement was composed of equal parts of meat scrap, dried buttermilk, fishmeal, soybean oil meal, linseed meal, and cottonseed meal. The differences in growth-promoting value were slight. It is concluded that a considerable variety of protein sources did not enhance the biological value of a supplement when fed with a basal ration containing at least four other sources of protein. Fish meals and oils. Feeding value for live stock and poultry. E- B» Fraser, J. G, Sfotharf and H. S^ Gufferidge. Dominion of Canada, Dept Agrie, Pamphlet No,163 R a, 1934 Experiments with pigs, cows and poultry, confirm previous work that well prepared fish meal is an animal food of high value. Pilchard and cod liver oils were found to affect favourably the rate of growth and economy of gain of pigs. Cooking tests confirm the results of other workers that these oils must be withdrawn from the ration at least 30 days before slaughter. For poultry, 1 per cent pilchard oil successfully replaced cod liver oil as a preventive of rickets and produced normal bone development. In general, pilchard oil was found to be a satisfactory substitute for cod liver oil. Effect of Method of Manufacture on the nutritive Value of Fishmeals as determined by Growth Studies with Chicks. P. R. Record, R, M. Bethke and O, H, M.Wilder. Ohio Agrie. Res. Sfat. Journ, of Agricultural Research, 1934, Vol.49, p.715. Nine different samples of haddock meal and a sample of cod meal were tested against meat scraps ; the samples of haddock meal had been prepared under experimentally controlled conditions. Some of the samples were apparently deficient in certain vitamin factors which affect growth, and gave rise to leg paralysis. Growth was improved without the occurrence of leg weakness, when those deficient samples were supplemented with liver extract or dried whey to supply vitamin G complex. There was no difference in rate of growth, however, when the other samples were thus supplemented. The protein value of the different fishmeal samples was similar, but both haddock and cod meal were superior to meat scraps. Feeding whale meal to laying hens. Die Verfiitterung von Walmehl an Legehennen. R. Fangauf and R.Detitius. Poultry Breeding Stat., Kiel-Steenbek. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1934, Vol.8, p.383. Whale meal of good quality (free from bone and of very low fat content) is of equal value to meat meal. It had no special value as regards feed consumption or composition of eggs.

28 t>he Influence of Protein on the Growth of Ducks. W.L.Ham- Ivn, H. D» Branion and J. R- Cavers» Ontario Agria Colh Guelph. Poultry Science, 1934, VoL13, p. 333, Growing ducks fed various protein levels ranging from 17 to 25 per cent showed little or no difference in rate of growth even where single protein supplements were compared with a mixture of proteins. What differences there were seemed to be in favour of the lower levels, indicating that ducklings utilise protein more efficiently than chicks. The strain of ducklings used had been in-bred for over 20 generations. The small variation in rate of growth between individual birds suggests that this particular strain would be valuable for nutritional research.

Value of sweet lupins (free from bitter alkaloid). Der Wert der „Süßlupine' (bitterstofffreien Lupine der S.E.GJ. W. Kirsch and B, Kasprzik. Mitt. Landwirtsck, 1934, 49, 764-765; 786-787. (Inst Animal Breeding, Königsberg,) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5, 1935, p.245Ó The yield of sweet lupins on light soil isgood. Given to pigs as green feed or to sheep as silage, the sweet lupin is not inferior as a protein supplement to the protein rich silage crops of richer soils.

Sweet lupin meal as a protein feed for pigs, ruminants and poultry. Grundlagen für die Fütterung mit Süßlupinen- Schrot als Eiweißfutter beim Schwein, Wiederkäuer und Geflügel. E, Mangold. Inst. Animal Physiol. Univ. Berlin» Deutsche landwirtschaftliche Presse, 1935, Vol. 62, p. 77. Seeds of the yellow, alkaloid free, lupin contain on an average, 45.54 per cent nutrients, with 11 per cent more crude protein than the blue variety : the content of crude fat for both is similar (4.61 per cent) ; the blue contains 10 per cent more N-free extractives than the yellow. The digestibility of crude protein for sheep was 91.54 per cent for thie yellow, and 87.45 per cent for the blue lupin; for pigs, 92.50 en 92.90 per cent and for poultry 88.58 en 82.92 per cent. The digestibilities of crude fat for the two types were 91.50 and 97.10 per cent for sheep; 56.20 and 43.85 per cent for pigs and 79.47 and 84.69 per cent for poultry. In experiments on chicks, two third of the usual amount of fish and meat meal could be replaced by sweet lupin meal with equally good results. The ** biological value ** of sweet lupin protein for pigs was 57.16 per cent for the yellow and 53.3 per cent for the blue variety when fed alone, or 69.86 per cent for the yellow and 65.3 per cent for the blue, when fed with potatoes and an animal protein.

Experiments with extracted Soya Meal on Hatchability. E.Wansbury, A. E. Holman and F. Knowles. East Anglian Institute of Agriculture, Chelmsford» The Feathered World, 26 Aug., 1932. As far as hatchability and fertility are concerned the trials showed that in a period of two to three months extracted soya meal when supplemented with minerals is in no way inferior to fish meal.

29 Crends in egg production, egg weight, and hatchability on low-protein and normal diets. W. A.Hendricks* Poultry Science, Vol 13, 1934, p. 290. Data are presented from studies by the II. S. D. A. Bureau of Animal Industry on the average hatchability of eggs, during each month of the first year of production, of pullets receiving low-protein and normal diets, together with data on average egg production and egg weight for the same birds which are included for purposes of comparison with the hatchability data. It was found that with birds receiving a low-protein diet the trend in hatchability tended to parallel the trends in egg production and egg weight during the first years of egg production. Hatchability for birds receiving a normal diet increased during the early part of the laying year, but there was no agreement between the trend in hatchability and the trend in egg production and egg weight during the remainder of the laying year.

Zhe effect of the protein level of the ration upon certain blood constituents of the hen. W. C. Russell and A. L.Weber. Poultry Science, Vol. 13,1934, p. 376. Studies at the New Jersey Experiment Stations revealed that the nonprotein nitrogen, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatine, and blood sugar of the blood of hens fed at a low protein level were essentially the same as were found when the hens were fed a high protein level. The greatest difference was in the percentage of creatine, which had a higher value when the low protein level was fed. It is concluded that determinations of the above-named blood constituents did nod afford a method for the study of the effect of different protein levels on the hen.

ühe Nitrogen Balance of laying Hens. J. S.Willcox. Dept. Agrie, Univ. Leeds. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1934, VoL 24, p. 636. Daily balances were carried on for 10 weeks on two Rhode Island Red laying hens, fed on a ration of cereals, fishmeal (about 9 per cent) and minerals. N retention fluctuated considerably from day to day, but dit not appear to be connected with the output of egg N or the number of eggs laid in the various cycles. The storage of N which is manifested by pullets prior to egg laying did not occur during the laying period, when the N for egg production was largely, if not entirely, drawn from the food. It is suggested from estimates of the digestible N used for maintenance and production in this experiment that the level of digestible protein advocated in current feeding standards is too high.

Cannibalism in Fowls associated with a Deficiency of animal Protein in the Diet. L. Hart. Vet. Res. Stat., Glenfield. Agrie. Gaz. N. S.W., 1934, Vol. 45, p. 647. (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., VoL4, 1935.) Two different instances of cannibalism in laying birds are quoted, in each case the outbreak apparently being the result of deficiency of animal protein in the diet. The cannibalism was cured by the addition of 5 per cent of meat meal to the ration.

30 GRAINS Rye as Feed for Poultry. J. G. Halpîn, C. E. Holmes and E.B.Hart. Poultry Science, Vol.13, 1934, p. 295. From trials extending over several years the authors conclude that rye is an unsatisfactory feed for young chickens, but may be used in the rations of growing pullets and laying hens with good results.

Zhe Effect of Wheatmeal feeding on Hatchability of Eggs. Agrie. Gaz. R S.W., 1934, Vol. 45, p. 653. (Ref. Nufrifîon Absfr., Vol.4, 1935.) Ä brief account is given of a hatchability trial in which high and low levels of wheatmeal were compared. Ä very high percentage of wheat meal, displacing pollards in the diet, resulted in poor hatchability.

Are there advantages in feeding without whole grain? Bringt die körnerlose Fütterungsmethode Vorteile? R. Fang- auf and O. Brüninghaus. Arehîv für GeflOgelkunde, 1934, Vol. 8, p. 305. Experiments in which three groups were compared (1) on a laying mixture with whole grain ; (2) on coarse meals only ; (3) on meals only, showed that egg yield decreased in that order. Feed consumption was equal for (1) and (3); higher for (2). Body weight was equal for (1) and (2) ; less for (3). Hence the groups without whole grain gave definitely poorer results than that with whole grain.

Rice by-products in Poultry Rations. Louisiana Agrieulfural Experiment Station. A summary of 5 years work on this problem includes the following statements ; 1. Rice-fed hens produced as well as hens on standard rations when rice by-products comprised up to 25 per cent to 35 per cent of the ration. 2. Rice Bran (of good quality) or rice polish, or the two together may be used to replace wheat by-products, ground oats, or not to exceed half of the yellow corn meal in laying mashes. 3. When cheaper in price, rough rice or brewers rice may replace wheat or corn to the extent of one-third to one-half of the scrafh grain* 4. The eggs from rice fed hens are excellent for market and they keep well in storage. 5. The eggs from rice fed hens are as large as eggs from hens fed standard rations. 6. The use of rice by-products, in rations of breeding birds does not impair in any way the fertility or the hatching quality of the eggs produced. 7. Mortality is no greater in lots for rice rations than in other lots kept under similar conditions but with no rice by-products, in the ration. * 8. The body weight of laying hens receiving rice by-products in the ration compares favorably with that of hens receiving no rice by- products.

31 Zíw Relative Value of Zahup sa Mais and Rice Bran in Rations for Egg Production. Cesar J, Fernandez, Philippine Poultry Journal, 1935, p. 25. Summary of results : The results of a study on the relative value of tahup and rice bran in rations for egg production are reported and discussed in this paper* From the results obtained, the following summary may be drawn : 1. The birds that were fed tahup (lot 1) had about the same average percentage of egg production as those in the rice bran lot (lot 2), The birds in the tahup-rice bran lot (lot 3) had the highest percentage of egg production. 2. There was no appreciable difference in the weight of the eggs produced in the three lots, 3. The average feed consumption a year per bird was 24,76 kgm. in the rice bran lot ; 24.92 kgm. in the tahup lot ; and 25.88 kgm. in the tahup-rice bran lot. 4. The cost of feeds required to produce one dozen eggs was P. 0.183 in the tahup lot, P. 0.182 in the rice bran lot; and P. 0.168 in the tahup-rice bran lot. 5. There was no appreciable difference in the increase in weight of the birds in the tahup and rice bran lots ; in the tahup-rice bran lot, however, there was hardly any increase. 6. Mortality was highest in the rice bran fed lot, and lowest in the tahup-rice bran lot. 7. The tahup fed lot had the highest percentage of infertile eggs ; followed by the tahup-rice bran lot; and the rice bran fed lot had the lowest. 8. The percentage of hatch was highest among the eggs produced in the rice bran fed lot, followed by those in the tahup-rice bran fed lot ; and the tahup fed lot was the lowest. 9. The egg yolk color of the tahup-rice bran fed lot was a deeper yellow than that of either the tahup or rice bran fed lots. 10» Tahup sa mais and rice bran have about the same feeding value for egg production, but the combination of the two is better than either alone. The choice in their use should be determined largely by their local market price. SUNDRIES Digestibility of the Nutrients of Common Feedstuffs for Poultry, Weitere Versuche über die Verdaulichkeit der Nährstoffe gebräuchlicher Futtermittel bei Hühnern. E.Mangold and H.Stofz, Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935,VoL9,p-L Digestibility coefficients are given, for Rhode Island hens, of barley, wheat, oat and maize meals ; husked millet and rice ; potato flakes and boiled potatoes ; cod, meat, and whale meal ; milk powder and casein.

Determination of Uric Acid in the mixed Excrement of Birds. Indust Eng, Chem, (Anal Ed.), 1935, 7, 123-124 (Bun

32 One of the exhibition buildings on the industrial fairs site at Leipzig, in which the World's Poultry Exhibition will be held. The hall measures 150 by 80 metres. A large poultry exhibition was held here recently at which 25,000 birds were shown. Animal Indust, U, S. Dept Agria Belfsville, Md.), (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5, 1935, p,24.) Two equal samples of the excrement are first treated with dilute hydrochloric acid in the cold to convert urates into uric acid. One is then extracted with piperidine and the other with acidified water. The difference in unextracted nitrogen is considered to be uric acid nitrogen. The method was tested against 8 other methods and, with the exception of Suzuki*s method, gave the best results on pure uric acid and for the recovery of uric acid added to excrement.

Zhe effect of diet on liver cholesterol in chickens. W»M» Sperry and V* A* Stoyanoff. Journal of Nutrition, 1935, VoL9, p. 157, (ColL Phys» and Surg», Columbia Univ,, New York.) (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5, 1935, p. 1560 Chickens behave like mammals in absorbing cholesterol and depositing it in the liver, but they differ from rats in depositing proportionately more free cholesterol. Marked individual variation in the ability of chickens to assimilate cholesterol was observed.

Ä useful method for anatomical studies in poultry nutrition research. A.F.Roli U.SEgg and Poultry Mag.,VoL40, 1934, p.l8- In this article the author describes a procedure by means of which the effect of feeds upon the vital organs of poultry may be determined. The method consists of solidly freezing the birds as quickly as possible after they are killed and picked, cross sectioning the frozen carcass, and keeping the specimens frozen until the studies are completed.

Chemical Composition and biological Value of Foodstuffs. II Valore chimico biológico degli Älimenti. U» Basso Bologna- Rivlsta di Avicultura, 1934, No* 4, p* 115* The subject is reviewed in general and with special reference to poultry feeding.

Hopper versus litter feeding of grain. J- H* Martin and W.M.Insko, Jn Poultry Science, Vol. 13, 1934, p. 380. A series of experiments was conducted at the Kentucky Experiment Station to compare the feeding of grain in hoppers and in litter to laying pullets. The feed consumption per dozen eggs was practically the same for Leghorns, although there was slightly more grain and less mash consumed by the birds fed grain in hoppers. Barred Plymouth Rocks and Rhode Island Reds consumed more feed per dozen eggs produced when hopper fed, but they ate less mash and more grain as compared with the litter-fed birds. Since mash is usually more expensive than grain, it was felt that the cost of feed may be less when the birds are fed their grain in hoppers. fattening young Leghorn and other Cockerels. Esperienze d'ingrassamento di giovani Galletti livornesi e comuni.

33 3 O-Mascagnî. InsL Agrie, and Forest, Fîrenze» Rîvîsia di Zootecnia, 1934, VoL 11, p. 495. For fattening young cockerels cheaply, at the same time obtaining a high quality flesh, the author recommends intensive feeding in confinement The ration should contain at first 18-20 per cent protein, later reduced to 16-17 per cent, and should be as free as possible from non- digestible substances such as cellulose.

Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, IL S. Dept. Agrie. IQ34. J.R.Mohler. Analyses of meat meals prepared for poultry and moderately rich in vitamin G showed that the content of this vitamin was not affected materially by either the period of the temperature of cooking. The ** stick ", a by-product of the manufacture of tankage, had a vitamin G content equal to that of the meat meals and higher than that of the blood meals. Feeds rich in vitamin G produced eggs containing more of this vitamin. An increase in vitamin G content was found in eggs produced on diets to which whole dry liver or a water extract of liver had been added. In certain poultry diets containing oils susceptible to rancidity, vitamin E was found to be destroyed or rendered inactive. The optimum level of cod liver oil in the diet of laying chickens was 1-2 per cent. The use of 4 per cent or more resulted in a marked decrease in egg production and in reduced hatchability of fertile eggs set. Meat meals containing a small proportion of dried liver gave a uniformly good hatchability. A water-chloroform extract of rice bran helped to prevent nutritional perosis. In the case of chickens fed three different rations from the time they were a day old until nearly the end of their first year of egg production, chemical analyses failed to show any significant differences in the composition of the egg proteins. Feeding experiments with turkeys showed that an abundant supply of green feed or other supplements containing vitamin G is necessary for growing poults, and that turkeys require more protein than chicks, especially during the first 8 weeks.

Recent Research in Poultry Nutrition. A. R. G- Emslie, Rowett Res^ Inst Aberdeen. Imp* Bun Animal Nutrit, Tech. Comm. No. 5, 1934. Recent work on six phases of poultry nutrition is reviewed in this comprehensive monograph. (1) Purified diets: It is possible to rear chickens with moderate success on purified diets, although exact nutritional requirements have not yet been worked out. (2) Vitamins : No difficulty arises in designing rations to provide the necessary factors A, D and E. Of the vitamin B complex, Bi and B2 are certainly required, B4 very probably, and possibly B3. (3) Minerals: The minerals most likely to be present in suboptimal or excessive amounts in poultry rations are dealt with, and the effect of these levels on the health of growing birds is discussed. (4) Mineral balance experiments : The few recorded experiments on the retention of calcium and phosphorus are reviewed. Ca and P metabolism is affected by the form in which they are fed and by the presence of vitamin D and of other constituents of the diet, (5) Leg weakness: This is discussed under the headings of those forms caused

34 by micro-organisms and those more intimately related to errors in diet, (6) Hatchability : The factors affecting the development of chicks embryos are reviewed, the supply of vitamin D and the quantity and quality of the protein supplement being of primary importance. Studies of individual Layers. D. C. Kennard and V, D» Cham- berlim Ohio Agria Exp* Sfat Bimonthly Bull, 1934, Vol.19, p-186. Weekly records are being kept of the egg production, food consumption (mash and grain separately), water intake, lime intake and the amount of droppings of 12 individual birds. Great variation has been found. For example one bird consumed 11 per cent more food than another for the same production. The water, grit and oyster shell intake however was greater in the latter.

Feed Consumption Varies With Breeds At Maryland Laying Zrials. W. F. Kirkpafrick. Cackle and Crow, June 15, 1935. Prof. Roy H. Waite of the University of Maryland at College Park has recently published a bulletin based on six egg laying contests conducted under his supervision. In the six year period beginning November 1, 1925 there were entered some 6,000 birds from 20 states, Cuba, British Columbia and the province of Ontario. Professor Waite found that Leghorns averaged to consume about 80Vs pounds of feed per bird per year; Barred Rocks nearly 89 pounds; and Rhode Island Reds just over 92 pounds. '^Correlation between body weight and production in Leghorns was not clear cut but the evidence indicated that birds weighing within three or four ounces of four pounds one way or the other were most efficient. The bulletin being discussed is chiefly a study of feed consumption. There are tables in which the author has worked out the feed consumed per dozen eggs for the several breeds* Leghorns were found most efficient with Barred Rocks in second place and Rhode Island Reds third. Average egg production per bird was in precisely the same order.

Poultry feeding, housing, and lighting Experiments at the Wyoming Experiment Station. M.O. North. Wyoming Sta. Bui. 203, 1934.—The results of several studies are noted. Cereal grains for egg production and egg quality.—In this test it was noted that pullets laid equally well and maintained normal health on mash and grain rations containing from 65 to 70 per cent of either yellow or white corn, wheat, oats, rye, or barley. The birds in the oats lot consumed a larger proportion of mash than did those in the other lots. No differences in porosity, breaking strength, thickness of shell, and percentage of shell to total egg were noted. No ration produced any measurable differences in percentage of total solids, of proteins, or in odors and flavors. The eggs in the rye lot had a lower ratio of thick to thin white and a lower yolk index. Barley tended to produce a lower ratio of thick to thin white, yellow corn tended to deepen the yolk color, and wheat to increase the number of large islands of fat Poultry housing and lighting for egg production.—It was found that a straw loft and straw pack between the studdings of a poultry house

35 J* were efficient for protection against extreme variations in temperature. Long-continued cold reduced egg production, but the birds were not greatly affected by sudden drops in temperature of short duration. Con- tinuous dim lighting resulted in both hens and pullets laying more eggs at the season of high prices than bright lights in morning and evening or no lights at all. Feed consumption was approximately the same regardless of the system of lighting or the number of eggs laid, but mortality was higher in the lighted than in the unlighted lots. Feeding and lighting for egg production.—Birds on a grain and mash ration tended to gain more weight than those fed an all-mash ration. Feed consumption was highest in the grain and mash lots, especially when continuous lights were used. Egg production was about 26 per cent higher in lots under continuous lights and fed grain and mash rations than in control lots receiving no extra light and fed either grain and mash or all-mash rations. The continuous lights stimulated G^^ production during the period of high prices so that there was an increase of about 40 per cent in returns from this system of management as compared with the control lots. However, this increased winter production was gained at the expense of spring production. The color of yolks varied more in the grain and mash lots than in the all-mash lots. The value of rye in the chick ration.—Chick rations in which 20 per cent of rye was substituted for other cereal grains were found to be satisfactory. Rations containing as much as 30 per cent of rye produced satisfactory growth, but caused such a laxative condition that this level could not be recommended. Adding as much as 40 per cent of rye to chick rations did not increase the mortality rate. Effects of Mashes "Holsatia" and "Flamingo". Vergleich der Mischfuttevmittel "Original Holsatia" und "Fla-^ mingo " bei der Fütterung der Legehennen. J* Schmidt and EXauprecht Institut für Tierzucht der Universi- tät Göttingen» Biedermanns Zentralblatt, Abt^B, Tier- ernährung, VoLVI, 1934, p^58. Two mashes were compared. The effects of both the mashes were corresponding with their nutritive values ; each 100 kg. of starch value effected almost the some body-weights and almost equal egg-production and egg weights. Special effects were not to be noted. Methods of feeding Ducks. R. E. Roberts. Agrie. Exp. Stat. Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Indiana. Poultry Science, 1934, Vol.13, p. 338. An all-mash ration fed ad lib. as a dry mash was compared with the same ration fed moist 4 times daily or ad lib. ; the difference between the other two was only very slightly in favour of moist mash fed 4 times daily. Differences in food consumed per unit of gain under the different methods were only slight, while mortality rate did not appear to be in any way related to the method of feeding adopted. A " weigh-back " system for feeding laying hens. R. H.Waite. Maryland Sta. Bui. 367, 1934. A feeding system designed to minimize the need for feeding skill by the poultryman is described. Allotments of grain feed for any given day based on a mathematical calculation of the average daily consump-

36 tion of feed during the preceding week are given in tabular form. Ä device designed to assist in the feeding of grain, known as the "dump pan", is described, together with an indoor mash feeder of the "reel" type and other useful devices. The rations used in the Maryland egg- laying contest and the station laying mash are given. Grazing experiments with poultry. Laiduntamiskokeita kanoilla. K^U. Pihkala- Suom* Laîdunfalous, 1934, 6, 51 "61. Cent Agria Res* Sfat Tîkkurîla, Finland, (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL 5, 1935, p- 2570 It is shown that poultry cannot utilise more than 5.5-7 per cent of annual food from pasture. Feeding Mate Powder to laying hens. Die Verfiitterung von Matepulver an Legehühner. R-Fangauf, O^Brûning- haus and E^Kallmann. Poultry Res. Stat., Kiel-Steen- bek. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1934, V0L8, p.280. In two experiments, each of 9 months duration, 1 g. mate powder per head was fed to laying hens. The results were favourable in the first and unfavourable in the second as regards feed consumption and utilisation, egg yield and hatchability. Yolk colour and body weight were not affected. No confirmation was found, therefore, for the beneficial results claimed for the preparation.

Potato poisoning in ducks. Kartoffelvergiftung bei Enten. S. Salomon. Vet. Res. Stat. Görlitz. Berliner Tierärzt- liche Wochenschrift, 1935, Vol.51, p.85. The occurrence of solanine poisoning in ducks which had been fed on cooked sprouted potatoes, is reported. When the feed was changed the symptoms disappeared immediately. The poisoned birds showed symptoms of opisthotonus and cramps with severe diarrhoea and died within 36 hours. The bacteriological findings on autopsy were negative and the pathological findings indicated poisoning. Preliminary experiments on the üoxicity of various Ferti" lizers and seed dressings to poultry. Jealott's Hill Agrie. Res. Bull, 1935, 4, No.l, A5-A6. (Nutrition Ab- stracts and Reviews, Vol.5, 1935, p.261.) The fertilisers used were nitrochalk, two concentrated complete fertilisers, and a lawn fertiliser all in granular form. Large amounts were picked up by the birds without affecting health, body weight or egg yield. Similarly there were no harmful effects from using two different seed dressings.

37 DISEASES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES PULLORUM Ä Study of Variation of Salmonella Putlotum. H^vanRoekeL Mass* Experiment Station Bulletin 319, March, 1935, Amherst, Mass, Summary and Conclusions : From the experimental evidence obtained in the investigation discussed here the following conclusions seem justified. Variation of characters of S. pullorum may be detected among freshly isolated strains, as revealed by 13 of 163 strains studied. The behavior of the recently isolated variants in sodium chloride solution of different concentrations and in the presence of positive and negative sera differed greatly. Such properties as colonial and cellular morphology, Gram-staining, and biochemical reactions revealed little or no variation in the majority of the derived variants. Many strains of S. pullorum readily underwent variation when subjected to frequent transfer and storage in meat infusion broth. Variants were isolated and stabilized on solid media by colony selection and by frequent transfer. When variants were cultivated on both meat extract agair and liver infusion agar the colonial and cellular features often appeared markedly different. Some strains that appeared typical on meat extract agar exhibited pleomorphic tendencies when placed on liver infusion agar. Variation of S. pullorum was not observed when the organism was subjected to alternate transfer in liquid and solid media, or cultivated in 5 per cent peptone solution, in deep meat infusion broth, or in plain 3 per cent meat extract solution. S. pullorum variants may settle out in broth cultures, the degree of settling varying with the different types. The ability to remain suspended in sodium chloride solution varies with the different variants, and it may fluctuate even within the same type. The power of the variants to attack the different fermentable substances was practically the same as that of the normal type. Passage of the variants through whole fresh eggs and through the natural host (chicks and mature fowl) had little or no influence on the general features of the different types. Most variants exhibited a lesser degree of virulence than their parent strains, and in some instances appeared avirulent. Repeated subcutaneous inoculations of massive doses of variants may serve as a means of detecting organisms that resemble the normal type in colonial and cellular morphology, Gram stain and biochemical reactions, and in agglutinabilify.

38 A menstruum which maintained the variants in suspension and which was also satisfactory for conducting the agglutination tests was not discovered. The agglutinogenic power and the absorptive capacity of the variants tested were not equal to those of the normal type.

Zhe Place of the Whole-Blood Zest in a Pullorum Disease'- Eradication Program. R.EXubbehusen and J^R.Beach» Division of Vef* Science, Univ, of California, Berkeley» Journal of the Amen Vet Med Assoc, VoL39, 1935, p-620. The efficiency of the whole-blood (stained antigen) test will not permit of its exclusive use in a program of pullorum disease eradication. By retesting with the whole-blood method at short intervals, the number of pullorum-infected birds in a flock may be quickly reduced to 1 per cent or less and the flock in this way be prepared for accreditation or certification as pullorum disease-free on the basis of the more highly efficient tube test. Official recognition should be reserved to the tube test results until the whole-blood test has been improved to the point that its efficiency equals that of the tube test. Pullorum disease of chicks (bacillary white diarrhea). R» Graham. Illinois Sfa. Circ. 432, 1935. This is a practical summary of information on pullorum disease and means of combating it. Abolishing B.w. D. The Department of Poultry Husbandry in the Massachusetts State College reports significant progress in the elimination of B.W.D. from poultry flocks by bloodtesting. During the 1934-35 season, 244 flocks were bloodtested for pullorum disease, representing 281,124 birds and 301,886 tests. The percentage of positive tests (reactors) was 0.39, which is the lowest ever attained during the 15-year testing period. Increases in tlie number of tested birds a;nd in the number of tested samples (17,883 and 17,038, respectively) were observed. While the number of tested flocks was slightly less than in the previous year, yet the number of flock owners who discontinued testing during the 1934-35 season was far less than the number that dropped out the previous season. Among the 244 flocks tested, only 31 were classified as infected at the close of the season. These results point out that official pullorum disease testing, as conducted in Massa- chusetts, is effective in eliminating B. W. D. Blood testing of Poultry for Bacillary White Diarrhoea. Reduction in fees. Government of Northern Ireland, Monthly Report, Sept 1935, As it is one of the essential provisions of the Ministry*s scheme for the Registration of Accredited Poultry Farms that all adult birds on the farm must have satisfactorily passed the blood test for Bacillary White Diarrhoea, the Ministry has had under consideration the question of reducing the scale of fees for the blood testing of poultry in order that

39 owners of large flocks may be enabled to comply with this provision without incurring undue expense. The following reduced scale of charges was accordingly introduced as from the 1st September, 1935. First Tests. Up to 150 birds 3d. per test. Over 150 birds 3d. per test for the first 150. 2d. per test for those in excess of 1501 Retests. A flat rate of 2d. per test up to any number. It will be seen that under the new scale of charges 2d. instead of 2V2d. per test is charged for birds in excess of 150 and it is hoped that this reduction, in addition to facilitating owners of large flocks who wish to have their farms registered, will encourage poultry breeders generally to adopt the only reliable method of combating this disease by having all adult birds on the farm tested and not the breeding stock only. Some Observations on the Bleeding of Fowls. A, L, Clay, and W» J^ B* Murphy, The AusfraHan Veterinary Journal, VoLll, 1935, p,17. Description of : Method of bleeding ; After-effects of blood-letting. The observations which are given in this article reveal that even under field conditions the reaction of the birds to, and any losses occurring following blood-letting are not such as to give rise to any anxiety.

PARA-'TYPHOID Agglutination-Methods in Duck-Salmonellosis. Ägglutinatie- methoden by Eenden-Salmonellose, Dn J* Jansen« Tyd- schriff voor Diergeneeskunde, VoL 62,1935, p* 517. Summary : The author examined 29 ducks for salmonellosis. For the demonstration of agglutinins in the blood the following three methods were used : the rapid blood agglutination test, the rapid serum agglutination test and the tube serum test. As antigen, both Sal- monella enteritidis (duck) and Salmonella typhi-murium were employed. The rapid serum test and the tube test yielded the same results; 10 birds reacted positively, 19 negatively to Salmonella enteritidis (duck). Of the 10 birds found positive with the other two tests, 6 were found positive with the rapid blood test, 2 weakly positive and 2 negative. The rapid blood test gives no or a weak reaction when the blood contains few agglutinins. Negative reacting birds may suffer from oophoritis ; in positive reacting birds the ovaries may be normal. In 5 cases Salmonella enteritidis (duck) was isolated, namely in 5 cases from the ovaries and at the same time once from an inflammated joint. The strains fermented dulcîte slowly. New studies of pigeon paratyphoid.- Experimental vaccinât-- ion amidst highly infected surroundings. C. Cernaianu. Compt Rend Soc. BioL, Paris, VoL 116, 2, 1934, p. 264. In continuation of earlier studies, the author reports having found paratyphoid of the pigeon caused by Salmonella aertryke or S. enteritidis type Breslau to be the most fatal of the diseases of young pigeons and also of adults. Vaccination even in a highly infected pigeonry, chiefly with an autogenous vaccine, gave quite satisfactory results and confirmed the earlier findings.

40 Pigeon paratyphoid. Z.Morcos. Vet Joun, VoL91,1935, p. 11. Contributing from Cairo, Egypt, the author reports paratyphoid of pigeons to be a source of serious loss. Rabbits, rats, and mice are susceptible ; guinea pigs are refractory ; and fowls and sparrows resist the infection. Killed cultures in two successive doses were found to be protective.

Serological Study of Pigeon Paratyphoid in Egypt, Ismael Aby Bakr Khalifa, Gîza, Egypt. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL 86, 1935, p- 24 The object of this report is to give briefly the cultural and biochemical reactions of an organism, isolated from dead pigeons, belonging to the Salmonella group. There are recorded some observations on its pathogenicity for some of the laboratory animals and finally established serologically its relationship to the other members of the Salmonella group.

Salmonella Äertrycke Variant as an Etiologic Agent of Para- typhoid in Pigeons. Erwin Jungherr and Kingston aWilcox, Jour, Ini Dis., Iv (1934), 3, p,390, (ReL Journal of the Amen Vet Med Assoc, VoL 39, 1935, p-1050 Ä pigeon farm containing about 1400 breeders suffered losses of from 15 to 20 per cent of the annual squab production. Although trichomoniasis and strongylosis seemed to be contributing factors, the isolation of a parafyphoid-like organism and the widespread sensifization of this organism in the breeding stock signified its etiologic importance. The causative organism produced acid and gas in broth containing dextrose and slight acid in dulcitol ; it did not attack maltose, lactose and sucrose and was agglutinated by standard S. pullorum anfiserum in dilutions of 1:1200. The organism was identified as an atypical maltose-fermenting variant of S. aertrycke. Attention is called to the misleading influence of dissociation phenomena on cross-agglutination between S. pullorum and motile paratyphoid organisms and, in general, on the diagnosis of pullorum disease in unusual hosts.

Spontaneous paratyphoid infection of canaries by a bacterium of the Breslau or Äertryck type: Experimental vaccination by ingestion. C. Cernaianu» Compt* Rend, Soc, BioL Paris, VoL 116, 1934, p,262. The paratyphoid of canaries studied by the author was due to the Salmonella enteritidis type Breslau or S. aertrycke and is transmissible to small passerine songbirds as the goldfinch and chaffinch. It was found that vaccination by ingestion with an autogenous vaccine may give quite satisfactory results.

TUBERCULOSIS Zhe Relation of the Avian Zubercle Bacillus to tuberculosis in Swine and incidentally in Cattle. Janet Mac Carter, B* A. Beach and E. G* Hastings* Departments of Agrie,

41 Abîol. and Vet Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison» Journal of the Amen Vet» Med» Assoc», Vol39,1935, p.168» The avian tubercle bacillus is the agent almost wholly responsible for lymph-node tuberculosis of Wisconsin hogs, which is the type of the disease most prevalent. A new species of Mycobacteria was isolated from one specimen of hog lymph-node tissue. From our observations, and from a survey of the literature, it seems probably that there may be a passage of the avian tubercle bacillus from hogs to other hogs, to poultry, and to cattle. The infection of cattle with, avian tubercle bacilli may be of more importance than has hitherto been supposed. Z>he isolation of the Organism of Avian Zubetculosis from Cattle. William H.Feldman and Carl F. Schlotthauer, Division of Exp, Surgery and Path, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, Journal of the Amer, Vet, Med, Assoc, Vol,39,1935, p, 635, From a herd of dairy cattle that had been teburculin-tested annually for a period of eleven years and in which there was cohabitation with tuberculous chickens, attempts were made by culture methods and the inoculation of laboratory animals to isolate the organism of tubercurósis from eleven of the animals that had reacted to tuberculin. In no instance was the bovine form of the tubercle bacillus obtained, although four strains of the organism of avian tuberculosis were isolated from three of the animals. From one animal , the organism was secured from a tuberculoid lesion in the subcutis and from a mesenterîc lymphnode. From another animal the bacilli were obtained from a mesenteric lymph- node only, and in the third cow the infective organism Was isolated from an abscess in the subcutaneous tissue. These data confirm the findings of others concerning the occurence of the organism of avian tuberculosis in cattle and provide additional evidence that the avian form of the tubercle bacillus may not infrequently sensitize cattle to both mammalian and avian tuberculins. Economic importance of losses from avian tuberculosis in the Middle West. H,R, Smith, U,S,Egg and Poultry Mag,, Vol, 41, 1935, p,26, Ä practical discussion of the avian tuberculosis problem in the Middle West, presented by a member of the National Livestock Commission. PARALYSIS "Che Etiology of fowl Paralysis, Leucosis and allied Con- ditions. M.W. Emmel. Vet Med., Vol. 30, 1935, p. 68. In continuation of earlier work at the Florida Experiment Station the author reports having been able to induce fowl paralysis and leucosis by means of certain members of the parathyroid and typhoid groups of bacteria. In a series of experiments it was determined that enteritis in most instances is a necessary predisposing factor in that it furnishes an avenue of infection for the primary etiological agent.

42 It is concluded that the causative organism establishing itself in the intestional tract gains entrance to the blood stream of the bird through an inflamed Intestinal mucosa. ** Once in the blood stream the natural defenses of the bird are called into action in an effort to destroy the invading micro-organisms. This action gives rise to hemocytoblastosis, the predominating cell types depending upon the rate of entrance and number of organisms entering as well as the potency of the endotoxin contained within the causative organism. Endotoxin, which is an important constituent of the groups of organisms acting as the primary etiological agent, now becomes an important factor in the continuation of the process. Phagocytes destroy the invading bacteria, the endotoxin elaborated on the destruction of the bacterial cell in turn destroys the phagocyte. Endotoxin further inhibits agglutination, which results in delaying the phagocytic process, which may result in an increased number of phagocytes being called into action. If the organisms are too numerous to be destroyed by the phagocytes, the erythrocytes are attacked, resulting in a marked numerical decrease of these cells. '* In vitro 0.01 cc of endotoxin, 1 cc of which is capable of killing a 20-g mouse in 16 hr., retards agglutination in the highest agglutination titers of a positive serum in a standard tube agglutination test. Repeated injections of endotoxin of such potency that 1 cc would kill a 20'g mouse in 5 min. have failed to induce cases of fowl paralysis and leucosis. It is of more than passing interest, however, to note that the intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of such endotoxin into young chicks often causes typical but transient symptoms of paralysis. " Only in exceptional cases during the entrance of the causative organisms into the blood stream can the organism be isolated from the tissues of the bird. ** Hemocytoblastosis once initiated, and we might say that we have never failed to initiate this process in any of our experimental birds by even extraordinary routes of infection, the process continues during the period of infection which roughly estimated may be as short as 5 days or as long as 15 to 20 days. The causative organism then completely disappears from the picture. All attempts to isolate it from the intestinal tract faiL " Hemocytoblastosis, however, continues, the impetus now being due to an apparently new substance formed in the blood stream during the initial stages of this process. This new substance is apparently a product of the disintegrating blood cells. It is not known at this time whether endotoxin becomes a component part of this substance. That this new substance is toxic to blood cells cannot be questioned, as the destruction of blood cells continues with the bird attempting to com- pensate for this destruction by the formation of new blood cells. The hypothesis is advanced that this new substance is of such chemical structure that the normal physiological processes of the body find it difficult to eliminate. . . . ** We believe it is this toxic substance, which apparently is accumulative, that is responsible for the fact that fowl paralysis and leucosis are transmissible to healthy birds by means of tissue emulsions and filtrates of affected organs and which many investigators have regarded as a filtrable virus. . . . ** Salmonella aertrycke has been found to be the most common causative organism causing natural outbreaks of fowl paralysis and leucosis. To date we have been able to induce cases of these diseases with S. schotmulleri, S. enteritidis, S. suipestifer, and S. typhimurium. **

43 Zhe Etiology of Fowl Paralysis (Neuro-lymphomatosis gallinavum—Pappenheimer), Leucosis and allied Con- ditions in the Fowl. M^W^Emmel, Gainesville, Fla*, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, V0L86, 1935, p, 419- Author believes that if is a toxic substance which apparently is accumulative that is responsible for the fact that fowl paralysis and leucosis are transmissible to healthy birds by means of tissue immulsions and filtrates of affected organs» Salmonella aertrycke has been found to be the most common causative organism causing natural outbreaks of fowl paralysis and leucosis.

Zhe Etiologic and Diagnostic Aspects of the Fowl Paralysis Problem. E» Junghern Journal of the American Vete- rinary Medical Association, VoL 86, 1935, p* 424 Fowl paralysis of neuro-lymphomatosis galHnarum, a disease of young chickens, is a widespread occurrence and is characterized by monocytic and histiocytic infiltrations in the peripheral nerves and by similar cellular reactions and glia foci in the central nervous system. It can be differentiated from symptomatic paralysis and degenerative nervous disorders on the basis of its pathologic manifestations, but brain lesions alone do not permit of a ready differentiation from epidemic tremor. The contention that the disease is caused by parasitic or nutritional injuries of the ellmentary canal is not supported by experimental evidence, and the genetic aspects of the disease are incompletely understood. It is possible that factors of non-specific irritation and hereditary constitution play a contributing rôle in the natural occurrence of the disease. The causitive factor of the disorder is considered to be a filter- passing, transmissible agent which is endowed with tumor-producing potentialities and is rarely transmitted under natural conditions. The term filtrable viruses for such types of disease factors should be used only with due emphasis upon the heterogeneity of the group. The etiologic relationship of neurö-lymphomatosis to myeloid and erythroleucosis and transmissible lymphomatosis is a controversial subject in that one school upholds the constancy of the disease types, while another favors a Unitarian conception. It is not clear whether this is due to impurities or to pluripotencies of the transmissible agents, or to differences in the morphologic interpretation. Evidence has been produced that hypertrophie osteoperiostitis should be included in the disease- complex. The diagnoses of field-cases of neuro-lymphomatosis can be somewhat facilitated by total and differential leucocyte counts, mercury bichloride and modified Guttadiaphot tests, all of which may give false positive and false negative reactions like other non-specific tests. The quickest and most certain method now available is the demonstration of characteristic macroscopic changes in the peripheral nervous system* Control measures should probably take into account the selection of progeny from poultry stock of known freedom from diseases and of proved livability, and the control of diseases during the growing period by sanitation. While clinically affected individuals should be removed from the flocks, wholesale slaughter of quarantine methods are not justified.

44 Fowl Paralysis. ,,Range Paralysis ': Neuro-lytnphomatosis gallinarum. J. C* Mc Lennan. Government Laboraiory of Pathology and Bacteriology, Adelaide, South- Australia» The Australian Veterinary Journal, VoLll, 1935, p. 42. Summary : 1. Fowl paralysis is a disease with distincfive clinical and pathological features» 2. It occurs in both sexes. And apparently no breed is immune. 3. Typical cases have been observed in birds from 2 to 6 months old. 4. The characteristic symptoms are : (a) paralysis, (b) gasping. 5. The disease is usual fatal, death occuring in from t^n days to three months. Complete recovery has been observed. 6. The chief pathological condition consists of an infiltration of the peripheral nerves with lymphoid and plasma type cells. Perivascular cuffing is occasionally seen in the central nervous system. Degeneration of the myelin sheaths may occur. 7. Micro organisms have not been demonstrated. And coccidia and other parasites do not seem to have any aetiological significance. 8. Except in a very small percentage of cases lymphoidal infiltration of the tissues of normal birds has not been observed. In those cases where it was seem the foci were extremely small. 9. Experimental transmission of the disease by inoculating fertile eggs and the chorlo-all an toi c membrane of ten day chick embryos failed, with one possible exception. The intra-cerebral in oculation of day-old chicks was also not successful.

Observations upon neuritis in fowls (so-called fowl paralysis) : Ä quick method of diagnosis by means of nerve smear preparations. K. D. Downham and C* Crompfon. Vet. Jour., Vol. 90, 1934, p. 505. The authors have devised a way by which fowl parasites can be diagnosed by means of histological preparations said to be simpler and more satisfactory than the generally accepted method. "A partion of the nerve which is to be examined is carefully dissected away and cut across in two places by means of a sharp scalpel. If it is thought necessary, owing to the presence of blood, to wash in normal saline solution, a fresh surface should be cut before making the preparation. The cut surface is smeared on a slide, gentle pressure being exerted on the nerve by means of pincer forceps. The preparation is then stained by Leishmann*s method and examined. The infiltrating cells which have been exuded from the nerve sheaths show up excellently, and a diagnosis may be given at once. It is unusual to find more than one or two red cells present among the large number of infiltrated leucocytes, even if no special precautions are taken in the preparation of the smear,"

Fowl Paralysis in Australia. J. C. Mc Lennan. Veterinary Pathologist, Adelaide, Poultry, 1935, p. 349. Description of a serious outbreak of the disease which occurred in December 1931.

45 DIPHTHERIA Cross-Species Zransmission Studies with Different Strains of Bird-Pox. Vernal Irons. Amer. Jour. Hyg., XX (1934), 2, p.329. (Ref. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc, Vol.39, 1935, p. 105.) The virus of pigeon-pox gave mild infection in the chicken. Its virulence for chickens was greatly enhanced on passage in the chicken. After a single passage in the chicken, the virus of pigeon-pox was greatly attenuated for the pigeon. Repeated passage, however, failed to destroy the infectivity for the pigeon. One strain of fowl-pox virus was transmissible with gradually increasing virulence in the pigeon but was temporarily attenuated for the chicken. Two other strains of fowl-pox virus were moninfectious for the pigeon. The chicken was susceptible but the pigeon was refractory to experimental turkey-pox. The turkey was susceptible to experimental fowl-pox. Ducks, guinea fowls and starlings were refractory to the strains of bird-pox. One strain of bird-pox (virus G of pigeon-pox) proved infectious for the English sparrow and certain related species. Bird-pox virus was not pathogenic for small laboratory- mammals ; attempts to infect fetal rabbit by placenta! passage failed. While the chicken was susceptible to strains of vaccine virus, pigeons and English sparrows were refractory. The lesions of vaccinia and of bird-pox could readily be distinguished on the chicken by the inclusion bodies; vaccinia and fowl-pox failed to give cross-immunity on the chicken.

Fowl pox, R, Graham and E^H, Bargen Illinois Sfa* Circ. 430, 1935. A practical summary of information, in which particular attention is given to control measures.

PEST Ä Study on ''Cell-inclusion Disease" in Fowls. 1. On the Identity of Acute Cell-Inclusion Disease and Fowl Plague, A^Komarov. Hebrew University, Jerusalem» The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Thera- peuties, VoL47, 1934, p. 282. The author places on record experimental data showing that the virus isolated from cases of acute cell-inclusion disease during an outbreak in Petach-Tikva, Palestina, produces in fowls a disease which is similar in every respect to that produced by known fowl plague virus. Further- more, serum obtained from birds immunised against the Petach-Tikva virus neutralises known fowl plague virus, and birds immune to Petach- Tikva disease are found to be immune to fowl plague. These results indicate that the two viruses are identical. //. On the diagnostic value of the chromatic-inclusions in the leucocytes. The observations reported above indicate that chromatic inclusions identical with those described by Adler are found in a variety of infections. These leucocytic cell-inclusions were regularly encountered in birds shown to be infected with spirochaetosis. Attempts to demonstrate a

46 specific virus in birds suffering from a so-called "chronic cell-inclusion disease" gave negative results. Although the observations placed on record in this paper do not exclude the possibility of the existence among poultry in Palestine of a specific virus disease known as cell-inclusion disease, it seems clear that no pathognomonic value can be attached to the presence of such leucocytic-inclusions. ühe differentiation of the viruses of fowl plague and Hew- castle disease: Experiments using the technique of chorio-allantoic membrane inoculation of the developing egg. F. M. Burnet and J. D. Ferry, Brif♦ Jour, Expf• Path,, VoL 15, 1934, p. 56, The authors have found the viruses of Newcastle disease and fowl plague to be highly infective for the developing egg and the use of the technic reported to offer a number of advantages. The virus of Newcastle disease produces a characteristic lesion in the chorioallantoic membrane, in which cytoplasmic inclusions can be demonstrated histologically. Com- parative filtration studies with egg material indicate that the virus is larger (from 80 to 120 mjLi) than the virus of fowl plague (from 60 to 90 mjLi). The virus of Newcastle disease is more resistant to photo- dynamic inactivation by méthylène blue than fowl plague virus. These differences in conjunction with the known clinical and immunologie differences point to the complete etiologic independence of the two diseases. Newcastle disease of Fowls. T, M, Doyle, Veterinary Labor- atory, Ministry of Agriculture, Weybridge, The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, Vol, 48, 1935, p,l, Newcastle disease haf been identified in England, Dutch East Indies, Philippine Islands, India, Ceylon, Korea, Japan and Australia. The English, Dutch, Philippine, Indian, Korean and Japanese strains of the virus have been proved to be immunologically indistinguishable. Newcastle disease is a separate entity, bearing a superficial resemblance to fowl plague, but differing from it in the period of incubation, symptoms, lesions, infectivity, pathogenicity for pigeons, and on immunological grounds» The wide distribution of the disease, its high infectivity and its great virulence render it a serious menace to all oountries in which poultry farming is extensively practised. Manninger*s contention that the rapid serial passage of Newcastle virus through fowls reduces the period of incubation and gradually renders the infection indistinguishable from plague, could not be confirmed. LARYNGOTRACHEITIS Outbreak of Latyngo-Üracheitis (Contagious Bronchitis) in Poultry in England. The Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Vol.42, 1935, p.217. 1. The Ministry has received reports of the existence of Contagious Bronchitis among poultry in flocks in various parts of the country. The

47 idenfificafion of the disease on premises in Norfolk, Middlesex, East Sussex, Warwickshire and Derbyshire has been confirmed at the Ministry's Veterinary Laboratory. 2. This disease affects the common fowl at all ages, but is not transmissible to human beings, or to other species of domesticated poultry, which, with the possible exception of the turkey, are not susceptible. 3. It appears that in some of the outbreaks the mortality has been considerable. 4. Inquiries made by the Ministry suggest that the disease has existed in this country for some time, and that its distribution has taken place largely through disposal of birds in markets. 5. The Ministry recommends that the following steps should be adopted to protect healthy flocks against the risk of introduction of this disease by newly purchased birds: — (a) For the time being, special care should be exercised in the introduction of live birds to poultry farms. (b) Every newly purchased lot of birds should be strictly isolated and specially supervised for 21 days. (c) In the event of unusual mortality among birds on a poultry farm, the owner should take immediate steps to ascertain the cause. 6. For purposes of diagnosis, one or two recently-dead birds should be despatched to a laboratory and, if Contagious Bronchitis is diagnosed, the owner should be guided by the advice given by the laboratory as to the measures to be taken for the control of the disease. If an owner is in doubt where to send dead birds for diagnosis, he should consult the County Poultry Instructor. 7. A leaflet on Laryngo-Tracheitis (Contagious Bronchitis of Fowls) has been issued by the Ministry, and a copy will be sent post free on application to : The Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 1.

Recommendations for the Prevention and Control of In- fectious Laryngetracheitis (Contagious Bronchitis). Dr^ R» C. Bradley, Unîv- of N» H« New England Poultry- man, March 15, .1935* I. Infected areas : An infected area is one where one or more outbreaks have occurred or where vaccinations was practiced within the last breeding season. A. Outbreak on farms. 1. Control of the outbreak : Vaccinate all the birds on the farm at once with an autogenous vaccine prepared from the affected and dead birds or with a prepared vaccine. 2. Nearby farms : All flocks in an infected area should be vaccinated as a prevention measure. An autogenous vaccine may be secured from an infected flock or a prepared vaccine may be used. B. Preventive Vaccination. All flocks in an infected area should be vaccinated yearly. All young stock should be vaccinated as soon as possible after they are six to eight weeks of age. C. Eradication of Disease in Isolated Districts. If an outbreak occurs in an isolated, non-infected area, and the owners can raise all new stock entirely separate from all old stock, then sell all the old stock, thoroughly olean the pens and allow them to remain empty for two months before housing the new stock.

48 D. Sale of Stock from Infected Farms. All stock sold from an infected farm should be sold for slaughter or sold into an infected or vaccinated flock. IL Non-Äffecied area : Ä non-infected area is one where no outbreaks have occurred. A. Prevention. 1. Do not bring any semi-mature or mature stock onto the farm. 2. Do not bring back any birds or breeding stock from any show, laying contests, commission houses, buyers, or laboratories to farm. 3. Do not allow any visitors into your feed room, pens or on range. 4. Keep a close observation of the flock and as soon as an outbreak occurs vaccinate all birds, young and old, on the farm. 5. If you observe any symptoms of distressed breathing, get in touch with the Poultry Laboratory at once. It may be the outbreak of contagious bronchitis and the sooner it is diagnosed the better, so that the proper treatment may be followed. Vaccine is to be made by the Poultry Pathology Laboratory and will be available for N. H, poultrymen at all times at a nominal charge per dose. ühe propagation of the virus of infectious laryngo-tracheitis on the chorio-allantoic membrance of the developing egg. F.M.Burnet Brit Jour. Expt Path., VoL15,1934, p,52. The author has found that the virus of laryngotracheitis may be propagated in the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing egg. The lesions produced in the membrane are primarily due to proliferative and necrotic changes in the ectodermal layer ; proliferating cells f reqently show typical intranuclear inclusions similar to those found in the trachea! lesions.

OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES Report of Committee of transmissible Diseases of Poultry. Dn H.Bunya. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL 86, 1935, p. 432. Your Committee has no comprehensive report to offer, as there has been no decided change in the poultry disease situation over the country. We feel that satisfactory progress is being made in the study of some of the more prevalent diseases, such as fowl-pox, pullorum disease, avian tuberculosis and infectious laryngotracheitis, and in the development of effective measures for their control. While it is realized, that absolute eradication of such conditions is yet beyond our reach, much comfort is derived from the fact that practical control measures to some extent are available. Concerning some other conditions, however, the present situation is less favorable. Several complex disease problems, such as have been presented for your consideration in the preceding program, have yet to be solved from the standpoint of control. While important facts have come to light concerning the various respiratory infections of chickens, the paralysis complex, certain of the paratyphoid infections of chickens, turkeys, pigeons and water fowl, distinct from pullorum disease, etc., thus far we have only general hygienic measures to use as combative weapons against these and other more or less abscure problems. The value of

49 4 these measures is not to be underestimated, however, since their intelligent and conscientious use constitutes the best form of poultry health insurance at present available. Much has been done, but much more remains to be done, toward educating the poultry-raising public, by ceaselessly preaching the gospel of sanitation, and guilding them in its application. To this end your Committee bespeaks for the poultryman the continued and increased sympathetic cooperation of the practicing veterinarian, the experiment station worker, the extension agent, and the live stock sanitary officer in coping with his disease problems.

Slow Lactose Fermenting Bacteria Pathogenic for Young Chicks. K,H» Lewis and E» R» Hitchner» (ReL Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL39,1935, p.539.) Ä study has been made of the characteristics of a microorganism isolated from several lots of infected chicks, which exhibited symptoms simulating pullorum disease. The delayed dermentation of lactose served to differentiate it from S. pullora and the other recognized fowl pathogens. The organisms ware pathogenic for guinea pigs and young chicks and in the latter produce symptoms and pathological changes which resemble those in pullorum disease. Cultural characteristics of the organism are given» Agglutination tests show little antigenic relationship of the organism to E. coli, Ä. aerogenes, S. pullora, S. anatum, S. aertrycke, S. enteritidis, S. schottmiilleri and Proteus vulgaris.

Uncomplicated Fowl-Coryza. K»B, Nelson- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL 86,1935, p.409. Uncomplicated fowl-coryza is a specific infectious disease which may be readily transmitted to susceptible fowl by the intranasal injection of exúdate from field cases. Two distinct types of the disease may be encountered, a coryza of rapid onset with an incubation period of one to three days, and one of slow onset with an incubation period of nine to 27 days. A Gram-negative, hémophilie bacillus is invariably present in the nasal exúdate of birds injected with the coryza of rapid onset* The intranasal injection of pure cultures of this bacillus is followed regularly by a coryza, the course of which is much shorter than that produced by exúdate. This bacillus is not associated with the coryza of slow onset and is never found in the nasal exúdate. Growth of the fowl-coryza bacillus in localities outside the nasal passages is either restricted or lacking. Intraperitoneal injection may be followed by a carriage of the bad.lli to the nasal tract where they generally fail to multiply. The coryzas produced experimentally by the injection of exúdate and cultures, respectively, are readily transmitted by direct contact but not by indirect contact. Recovery from the coryza produced by the injection of exúdate is followed by a solid but temporajry resistance. Recovery from the coryza produced by the bacillus in pure culture is followed by a resistance which protects against reinfection with culture but only partially protects against

50 infection with exúdate. The injection of exúdate in this case is often followed by a coryza of altered physical characters. An altered state of susceptibility comparable to that attendaint upon recovery from the coryza produced by intranasal injection of the specific bacillus can be produced experimentally by the intraperitoneal injection of living cultures of the bacillus. This resistance is provoked without an intervening inflammatory reaction. A final statement on the etiology of the coryza of rapid onset must be withheld pending a satisfactory explanation of the differences in the course of the coryzas produced by exúdate and by pure cultures of the bacillus and also their failure to cross-protect. The infectious agent responsible for the coryza of slow onset has not been determined with any degree of certainty. Elimination and Ctoss-Infection Experiments with Z^vicho" monads from Fowls, Rats and Man. Robert Hegner and Lydia Eskridge. Amer Jour. Hyg,, XXI (1935), 1, p. 135. (ReL Journal of the Amen Vet Med. Assoc, VoL39, 1935, p. 680.) Trichmonads from fowls, rats and man were used and chicks and rats were employed as experimental hosts. Viscous substances including agar-agar and gum arable, when added to the food of rats infected with rat trichomonads, brought about a pronounced decrease in the number of these flagellates present but did not eliminate them entirely. Chicks infected with fowl trichomonads showed no decrease in the number of these flagellates when psyllium or flax seed was added to the diet. It was demonstrated that 1 per cent copper sulphate is destructive to tricho' monads. Carbarsone in 1 per cent concentration in 1 per cent sodium bicarbonate solution, given to rats in place of water, was effective in about five days in eliminating all of the trichomonads from the experimjent animals. Other intestinal protozoa, amoebae, giardias, Hexamitus and Chilomastix did not seem to be affected by this latter treatment. Carbarsone given to chicks with cecal infections of fowl trichomonads eliminated the flagellates in from one to seven days; it was possible to reinfect the chicks when treatment was discontinued. Äspergillosis of wild Curkeys reared in Captivity. A. J. Durant and C. M. Tucker. University of Missouri, Columbia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol.86, 1935, p.781. The evidence indicates that A. fumigatus from infected feed was responsible for the epizootic among the wild turkey poults. The report suggests the importance of using freshly prepared feeds, especially during the highly susceptible period of growth. Avian malaria: Plasmodium gallinaceum n, sp. of the domestic fowl. E. Brumpt. Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL, Paris,Vol.200, 1935, p.783. Ä plasmodium pathogen first found in the domestic fowl at Nha- trang, French Indochina, in 1910 is described as new under the name P. gallinaceum. This form, rarely met with, appears to have been recorded first by Prowazek, who in 1912 reported its occurrence in the domestic fowl of Deli, Sumatra.

51 ^* On the disinfection of poultry"houses by means of fite-guns. H,J. Stafseth and F. Camargo. Joun AmenVet Med. Assoa, VoL 86,1935, p. 162. In testing the value of the so-called " fire gun ** as a means of disinfection of poultry houses, it was found that colon bacilli, staphylococci, and streptococci repeatedly survived an exposure of 15 sec, to the flame. Salmonella pullorum in artificially infected droppings was recovered after exposures of 2.5, 10 and 15 sec. The authors conclude that desinfection of poultry houses in this way is impracticable and very inefficient Vaccinating Eggs. Feathered World, Aug. 2,, 1935. It has always been regarded as impossible to hatch an egg after the shell has been pierced before incubation. But according to a report from the Pacific North-Western Veterinary Medical Association Con- vention, Dr. C. C. Hoefflin, formerly of Berne University, has drilled holes in eggs, introduced vaccine with a hyperdermic syringe, sealed up the orifice with collodion, and hatched the eggs successfully. It is claimed that the chicks from these eggs were healthier and almost twice as large as chicks from untreated similar eggs. The vaccine has been produced after some ten years* research, and it is claimed that it renders chicks immune from most diseases. PARASITES COCCIDIOSIS Zhe occurrence of Eimeria truncata in the United States. E-A^ Allen, Joun ParasîfoL, 20, 1933, No.l, p. 73. The occurrence of E. truncata infesting the intestines and kidneys of 4- to 6-year-old goslings at Washington, D. C, in June 1932 is reported. The record by McNutt of its occurrence in goslings at Ames, Iowa, in 1929 is referred to. Zhe pathogenicity of Eimeria mitis Zyzzer, 1Q2Q, to ymonth- old chickens. E- A. Allen, Jour. ParasîfoL, 20, 1933, No. 1, pp. 73, 74. The author reports having found seven of nine chickens that had been used for experimental infection with tapeworms, in which an outbreak of coccidiosis occurred, to have had a pure infection of E. mitis, the other two having a mixed infection of E. mitis and E. tenella. **SÍx of the seven chickens having a natural infection of E. mitis also were infected with the nematodes or cestodes, or both. One of the two chickens having mixed infections of E. mitis and E. tenella had a few tapeworms and a few Ascaridia; the other bird had no worm parasites. Five of the chickens, having no coccidia other than E. mitis, were heavily infected with this coccidium. Three of the five birds evidently recovered from the infection, since at the time of necropsy only a few oocysts of E. mitis were found in the small intestine of each bird. One of the two that did not recover was killed when nearly dead; it had no other parasites. The birds which had heavy infections of E. mitis were weak and passed blood during the highest peak of the infection ; one of them died. "The writer believes the severe hemorrhages and diarrhea observed

52 in this group of seven chickens were due to coccîdîa, E. mifis, since past experience has shown that intestinal hemorrhages, causing bloody diarrhea, are not associated with infections of nematodes or cestodes. These observations indicate that E. mitis is pathogenic to chickens.** Z>he use of certain Chemicals in the Control of Coccidiosts in Chickens experimentally infected. — Preliminary note. E- A* Allen, Poultry Science, 12,1933, No* 5, p. 324 This is an abstract of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association in August 1935. In the experiments conducted, in which vinegar of several commercial brands was used, the acetic acid content ranging from 4 to 5 percent, it was found that in addition to reducing the morality vinegar also decreased the amount of hemorrhage and apparently prevented the formation of a cheesy mass in the ceca of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. The number of oocysts was considerably less in the cases receiving vinegar and, of those produced, a considerable percentage of the oocysts appeared unable to sporulate after being passed by the chicken. In the experiments reported, drinking water which contained vinegar 1 part in 79 parts of water was given to chickens experimentally infected with pure strains of E. tenella and to others infected with mixed strains of ooccidia, including E. tenella. In the first three experiments vinegar was given on five successive days, on the sixth day sodium bicarbonate was substituted for the vinegar in the same proportion, and on the seventh day vinegar was again resumed and was continued for about a week longer. Judging from the amount of hemorrhage and oocyst production, it was found that sodium bicarbonate was of no value and that zinc acetate was apparently harmful; therefore, only vinegar was used for treatment of chickens in the fourth experiment. Coccidiosis in Russia. Zur Hühnerkokzidiose in Rußland. U.S.S.R. II. III. Dr.W.L.Yakîmoff, W^RGouseff and E* F* Rasfegaieff, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Leningrad, Zenfralblaff fur Bakteriologie, Originale, VoL129, p-21, VoL132, 1934, p,214. Conclusions : The Eimeria kinds, E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. maxima, described by Tyzzer in the United States in 1929 and confirmed by Henry in 1931 also occur in Russia. Iodine milk and coccidol had no curative action but chickens treated with chinosol recovered. Coccidiosis is extensively spread over the U.S.S.R. It occurs high in the north (Leningrad) and far to the South (Turkestan—Trancaucasus). It is of importance to ascertain what species of coccidi are found there. Eimeria maxima does not occur in Aserbaidschan. Some practical results of experiments on coccidiosis in chickens. R* L. Mayhew» Louisiana Sta* Circ» 7,1934, p»4, A brief practical account of control measures for avian coccidiosis. Experiments at the station show that "birds which have had a severe attack of the disease never become profitable because (1) they do not attain normal weight within 5 to 6 mo. after the attack, (2) they do not begin to lay until 6 ^/o weeks older (on the average) than uninfected birds, and (3) they lay only about one half as many eggs as the uninfected birds.

53 "Numerous and careful experiments show that during the 3 mo. following the attack of coccîdiosis there is an actual loss in profits to the poultryman of from 10 to 40 percent due to the slower rate of growth. In one of these lots at the time the 25 cockerels weighed 2 lb. each. This loss was 14 percent of the profit and the total loss from the epidemic, including loss by death, amounted to $ 3.50, a considerable part of the feed costs for the lot** In an experiment conducted birds that had been severely affected laid only 54.5 percent as many eggs as those not affected. Sexual maturity was also delayed 6 '^¡2 weeks in the severely attacked group, which necessitated extra feed and labor expenditures before laying began.

Studies on Coccidiosis, Zteatment with powdered Butter- milk. R^L^Mayhew* Journal of Parasifology, VoL20, 1934, p,230^ Weight is the most definitely measurable difference between chickens inoculated with coccîdia and their controls. Data are presented on 349 birds reared from twelve lots and in seven different groups. There are no beneficial results obtained on the weights by the use of a 40 percent buttermilk mash in the treatment of coccidiosis. The percentage difference between the weights of the diseased and control birds is a measure of direct economic loss resulting from a severe epizootic of coccidiosis. Studies on Coccidiosis VIIL Immunity or Resistance to infection in Chickens. R^L^Mayhew, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Agn Exp* Station^ Journal of the Am. Vef» Med Ass.,Vol38,1934, p.729. Summary : 1. Evidence is presented which sugges-ts the possibility of isolation of families or strains highly susceptible or slightly susceptible as indicated by the relative number of deaths and cases of hemorrhage. 2. The results of the inoculations of birds with previous history of infection indicate the lack of development of a protective resistance which can be made use of in a practical manner at the present time. 3. That an age immunity or resistance is not acquired is indicated by the development of typical cases of coccidiosis in birds inoculated at various ages between four and 40 weeks.

Zhe effect of Diet on the course of experimental Coccidiosis Infection in the Chicken. E. E. Jones, Boston, Mass. Dep. of Comp. Path. Med. School, Harvard Univ., Journal of the Am. Vet Med Ass., VoL85, 1934, p. 193. Summary : Chickens were maintained on diets differing in their protein and vitamin-A content, and the effects of infection with Eîmerîa tenella were noted. No differences in the course of E. tenella infections were observed which could be attributed to the vÍtamÍn-A content of the diet. Chickens on high-protein diets maintained their weight at a level nearer that of their uninfected controls than chickens on a low-protein diet. High-protein diets may thus be considered as furnishing a reserve which prevents undue loss of weight as a result of coccidial infection.

54 Chickens on hîgh-proteîn diets developed immunity to reinfection more slowly than birds on low-protein diets. Oocyst production on the basis of number of oocysts per gram of fecal material was greater in chickens on high-protein diets than among birds on low-protein diets, and was still greater on the basis of total counts. The amount and duration of hemorrage and the mortality were not consistently correlated with diet in these experiments. Vfie administration of heated oocysts of Eimeria tenella as a means of establishing resistance and immunity to cecal coccidiosis. H, A» Jankîewîcz and R» H* Scofield, Jour. Amen Vet Med. Assoc, 84,1934, p. 507. The authors have found that chicks become effectively resistant and in some cases totally immune to further infection with E. tenella, the cause of cecal coccidiosis, through the capsule feeding of three doses of oocysts at 5-day intervals. ** Oocysts exposed to temperatures slightly below the lethal death periods exhibit atypical segmentation, resulting in formation of two, three, five, or more atypical sporoblasts, as well as the usual number of four sporoblasts. Oocysts heated at 46° C. for 15 min. yield very few such atypical forms, while oocysts heated for 10 min. at 48° yield over 10 percent such abnormal forms. *'Ä dose of 100 UNH. [unheated] E. tenella oocysts, if fed 5 to 9 days previous to a dosage of 500 E. tenella oocysts, prevents the slight hemorrhage which ordinarily follows initial feedings of the latter dose. This fact makes possible the use of increasingly larger successive feedings in the immunizing procedure. **The virulence of oocysts kept at room temperature, of those heated before their segmentation, and of those heated after their sporulation differ considerably. Unheated oocysts are the most virulent. Oocysts heated before their segmentation are the least virulent, while those heated after their sporulation are intermediate in virulence. Furthermore, sporulated oocysts of these heated cultures can be fed in greater numbers than unheated cultures without the appearance of hemorrhage, other clinical symptoms, or deaths. This fact makes them desirable for use in initial inoculations. **Ä initial inoculation of 649 oocysts of E. tenella heated after their sporulation for 15 min. at 48°, a second dose of 1,100 such oocysts, and a final dose of 3,300 such oocysts administered in capsules and fed at 5-day intervals leave chicks either resistant to heavily established later infections or totally immune parasitologically to E. tenella. The chicks are completely protected against death or the usual symptoms of cecal oocdldiosis. "The original feeding of 649 oocysts of E. tenella heated after their sporulation, followed at 5-day intervals by a second feeding of 560 unheated oocysts, and a final feeding of 1,800 UNH. oocysts, confers a resistance against cecal coccidiosis just as effective as that outlined [above]. No deaths or severe symptoms result from subsequent tests with E. tenella in mass dosage. Ä portion of the chicks develop a complete parasitological immunity, entering sporozoites being unable to reach the oocyst stage. The remaining chicks are sufficiently resistant to prevent an established heavy reinfection. ** The sole feeding of sporulated oocysts of E. tenella heated prior to their segmentation for 15 min. at 48" does not yield complete immunity

55 or resistance to cecal coccîdiosîs, although such a feeding does lower the mortality appreciably. Clinically, however, this is far from satisfactory. An 18,000 single dosage of such oocysts initiates a moderate hemorrhage and lowers the mortality of chicks tested 34 days later from the expected 62.5 percent to 16.7 percent. Ä 4,000 dosage of such oocysts causes slight hemorrhage, and the mortality of such chicks tested 34 days later was 23.1 percent. Increasing the number of H.B.S. [heated before sporulation] dosages to three, giving a first feeding of 658 such oocysts, a second feeding of 1,170 such oocysts, and a final feeding of 3,200 such oocysts at 5-day intervals did not improve the subsequent immunity. Twenty- four percent of chicks so inoculated died with acute cecal cocçidiosis when tested, and symptoms of infections were present in many of the survivors. *'Most of the chicks died during the fifth day after testing. None died before the fourth day or after the eighth day of the test. A great majority of these experiment chicks died while the coccidia were still in the large schizont stage and hence de not pass oocysts prior to their death.** A list of 15 references to the literature is included. Survival of coccidia of the chicken in soil and on the surface of eggs. T>. E, Warner, Poultry Science, 12, 1933, p, 343^ In experiments in Connecticut aimed at determining the period that coccidial oocysts may survive in soil, it was found that **material taken from poultry ranges and houses and fed to chicks produced infections at intervals up to 49 days but not at 81 and 370 days after exposure to infected chickens. Soil from experimental plats heavily seeded with oocyts produced infections in chicks at all periods up to 197 days after such seeding, but failed after 217 and 231 days.'* In experimental tests for the survival of oocysts, it was found that washings of eggs from various sources, some fresh and some after 18 days in incubation, failed to infect chicks. "Washings of eggs dipped in a solution containing large numbers of oocysts and then incubated failed to infect chicks after 10 and 14 days of incubation. The view that ooccidiosis may be transmitted via the egg during incubation is not supported by results obtained in this investigation. The attempt has not been made to ascertain differences with respect to the survival time of oocysts of the various species of Eimeria of the chicken.*' Coccidiosis of the chicken. W» T» Johnson, Oregon Sta- BuL 314, 1933^ This is a practical account of coccidiosis of the fowl and means for its control in Oregon, where it is the most widespread infectious disease in specialized flocks, causing losses in both brooder and mature stock. Studies on the viability of Eimeria tenella in soil. F^D.Paffer- son, Cornell Veterinarian, 23, 1933, No^3, pp* 232-249, fig.l. Tests were made of the viability of E. tenella under the different conditions here reported. The details are given in tabular form. Soil with a 20 percent moisture content, allowed to evaporate without restoration and held at atmospheric temperature, failed to infect birds after 10 weeks. Soil saturated with moisture, restored when necessary and held at atmospheric temperature, soil with a 20 percent

56 moisture content and refrigerated at l"" C, and soil saturated with moisture and refrigerated at 7° all caused infection of birds for 23 weeks, or the maximum period tested. Soil under natural conditions of weathering and shaded from direct sunlight caused infection of birds for 21 weeks, or the maximum period tested. Soil under natural conditions of weathering exposed to direct sunlight caused infection of birds for 10 weeks, the maximum period tested. When the surface of soil in Petri dishes was exposed to direct sunlight infection of birds was caused after 9 hours* exposure. All infections resulting from material exposed for 7 hours and more were recognized only at autopsy. Apparently this indicates either that many oocysts had been destroyed or that attenuation of their virulence had occurred. Soil with a 20 percent moisture content and either intermittently or continuously frozen, and soil with 10 percent lime all caused infection of birds for 12 weeks, or the maximum period tested. Feces drying in the absence of direct sunlight and feces decomposing in sealed flasks each failed to infect birds after 3 weeks. Ceca putrefying in sealed flasks failed to infect birds after 2 weeks. Cross infection Experiments with Coccidia of Birds. F» D» Patterson, Cornell Veterinarian, 23, 1933, No, 3, pp, 249-253, In cross-infection experiments with coccidia of the chicken, pheasant, and quail, Eimeria tenella failed to infect turkeys, ducks, pheasants, and quail. E. mitis, E. acervulina, and a mixed culture of E. mitis and E. maxima failed to infect quail. E. phasiani and E. dispersa failed to infect chickens. Cross-Infection Experiments on Parasite-free Chicks with Intestinal Coccidia from the Rabbit. K, B. M. Crooks, JounParasitoL, VoLXX, 1934, p,277. Measurements were made on 353 oocysts obtained from rabbits that had died from coccidiosis. The species Eimeria media, described by Kessel and Jankiewicz in 1931 from California rabbits, has been identified in Virginia rabbits. Baby chicks fed large single doses of sporulated oocysts of rabbit coccidia dit not show any evidence of coccidial infection. Baby chicks, fed daily with small doses for three consecutive days, showed no evidence of coccidial infection. A baby chick fed large doses of rabbit coccidia on three successive days showed no evidence of being infected.

BLACKHEAD treatment for Blackhead, Zryparsamide tried in Somerset. H.RDuckett, Feathered World, July 20, 1934 In the years 1932-1933, were treated 1254 turkeys at the age of 3-12 weeks. 170 died before treatment, 30 after treatment. Injections are being given again this season with as good results as previously. 71 turkeys received a very small injection as a preventative and although these birds ranged on Blackhead infested land, there were no deaths.

57 Infectious Enterohepatitîs of Zur keys. L. H. Schwarte, Iowa State College, Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 84,1934, p.184. Description of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Symptons, Anatomical changes, Differential Diagnosis. Treatment, Control Measures. Loss of virulence in the ptotozoon of "blackfiead", a fatal disease of turkeys, and the immunizing properties of attenuated strains. E, E. Tyzzer, Science, 78,1933, p. 522* The author finds that the protozoan agent of blackhead (Histo- monas meleagridis) upon being propagated outside of the body of the bird gradually loses virulence, remaining infective for young turkeys and other birds but no longer producing serious disease. ** Young turkeys infected through inoculation with attenuated strains are protected against virulent strains of the protozoan which are almost 100 percent fatal to unprotected birds. Once vaccination is accomplished, continuous exposure to virulent infection furnishes the most complete protection. Under long cultivation, the immunizing properties of a strain of Histomans may in turn be lost. While our evidence is by no means complete, there is much to show that the immunity resulting from infection with attenuated strains of Histomonas is brought about by slight and transient invasions of the host tisúes, which are not sufficiently progressive to produce the gross lesions of disease. Under continued propagation on culture medium, there is evidently a further loss in the invasive properties of the protozoan, and it may now fail to immunize completely. While it is possible that these results may lead to a method of vaccinating turkeys against blackhead, there are at the present time serious practical difficulties that prevent the adoption of the procedure for commercial purposes."

Distribution of Zetrameres americana in New Jersey. F» R» Beaudeffe, J* J. Black, and C* B* Hudson, Jour. ParasitoL, 19, 1933, No. 4, p. 302. This contribution from the New Jersey Experiment Stations, after referring briefly to the observations of T. americana by Cram, reports upon its occurrence in New Jersey. What appeared to be T. americana was encountered by the authors September 25, 1931, in 1 of 2 turkeys that came from an original flock of 140 at Allentown, N.J., which at the time of examination had been reduced by losses to 95. Both of the birds examined showed typical blackhead lesions of the liver and ceca, and in addition 1 showed a single female T. americana parasite in the proven- triculus. The turkeys were running with chickens which would serve as a source of infection for both blackhead and the parasite in question. **In the examination of 6.042 chickens (of 2 weeks of age or older), 81 turkeys and 22 quail between January 1, 1950, and December 31, 1931, 86 birds were found to be infested with T. americana. In addition to the single infestation in 81 turkeys, 1 infested quail was found in the 22 examined. The remaining 84 infested birds were distributed as follows : 4 in 2.389 birds (both sexes) from 2 weeks to 3 months old; 68 in 3.028 pullets (3 months to 1 year old) ; 3 in 108 cockerels (3 months to 1 year old) ; 8 in 497 hens and 1 in 20 cock birds." Examinations made of fowls in various counties in the State, conducted with a view to determining the distribution and the percentage

58 of infestation, are reported upon. No infestation was found in four southern counties ; neither did examinations of 279 birds originating in seven neighboring States show any infestation. Studies on histomoniasis, or ''blackhead" infection, in the chicken and the turkey. E- E, Tyzzer, Amen Acad. Arts and Sei. Proa, VoL 69,1934, No. 5, pp. 189-264, pis. 6. Following a brief introduction, part 2 of this contribution deals with experimental histomoniasis in young turkeys and chickens, with observations on various forms of typhlitis (pp. 193-212), part 3 with Histomonas meleagridis in the avian carrier, in culture, and in the cecal worm Heterakis gallinae (pp. 213-242), and part 4 with loss of virulence in H. meleagridis in culture and the immunizing properties of an attenuated strain (pp. 243-262). Part 5 consists- of a bibliography (pp. 262-264). Experiments with Blackhead. C. Menzani. La Clínica Veferinaria,VoL56, 1933, p. 508. A literary review is given in the first part. Various experiments are described in the second part from which it appears that it is caused by a kind of Blastocystes. Trichomonades were never found in the liver. They were however found in the blind gut. The writer considers this a saprophite. Blackhead. G.Mayall. The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 89,1933, p. 482. The disease is caused by parasites of which the cysts are eaten, after which they enter the nematodes Heterakis gallinae in the blind gut. The parasites come from here into the liver. Blackhead in turkeys^. N. Dobson. Eggs, July 4th, 1934. Stabilarsan was used to test its value in the prevention of this , disease. The results appear to show that it has some value in the prevention of this disease. Ä Study of Egg-Production, Fertility and Hatchability of a Flock of Zur key s with cecums occluded. C. F. Schlott- hauer. F.C.Mann and H.E.Essex. The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Journal of the American Vet. Med. Association, Vol. 85, 1934, p. 455. Conclusion: Occlusion of the cecums of the turkey, in regard to the protection from blackhead, does not appear to affect egg-production, fertility and hatchability. WORMS Combatting Worms in Poultry. Die Spulwurm- und Band- wurmkrankheit der kleinen Haustiere und ihre Be- kämpfung mit Nemural und Äskaridol "Bayer". Dr. BeydemüUer, Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1934, p. 43. Descriptions of the various kinds of worms in poultry, the symptoms and methods of combatting. The combination ascaridol with nemural is best recommended. The action was favourable in thousands of birds. Both preparations can be easily administered. 59 Zhe geneva Hetetakis and Pseudaspidodera in Indian hosts. R A, Maplesfone, Indian Jour. Med. Res,, 20,1932, p. 403. This confribufion reports upon idenfificafions made of nemafodes collected over a period of several years from birds dying in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens and from 100 domestic fowls purchased in the Cal- cutta market. Thirty of the domestic fowl were found harboring one or more species of Heterakis. The findings, the details of which are presented in tabular form, include 12 species of Heterakis, of which 2 are described as new, and 3 species of Pseudaspidodera, of which 1 is described as new. Experiments with Zape Worm of Pigeon. Untersuchungen über den Entwicklungskreis des Zaubenbandwurmes Äporina delafondi (Railliet, I8Q2). R.Wefzel, Han- nover, Deutsche TierarztL Wochenschrîff, No, 31, 1934, p,500. Summary : 1, There Is no development or maturation of the onchospheres of A. delafondi outside the body of the primary host 2, An abbreviated life cycle or direct development of A. delafondi can be exclused with considerable assurance. The present experiments demonstrate with a high degree of likelihood the necessity of an intermediate host, 3, Tailliet*s statement that Agriolimax agrestis serves as intermediate host of A. delafondi could not be confirmed by feeding experiments.

Further feeding experiments with Arion empiricorum, Cepaea nemoralis, Arianta arbustorum, Helicella spec, Tenebrio molltor (both larvae and imagines), Calatus fuscipes and C. erratus gave only negative results. Some observations on the effect of dietary deficiency on infestation of chickens with the nematode Heterakis gallinae. P. A, Clapham. Joun HelminthoL, 12, 1934, p. 123, In the experiments reported it was found that the mineral matter of the diet significantly affects the fate of H. gallinae infestation in chickens. Davaiania Proglottina and Diseases in Fowl. Zhe patho'^ genicity of the common poultry parasites. F, L, Taylor, The Veterinary Journal, Vol 89, 1933, p, 500-504. The question still remains as to whether, when many tape-worpms (Davainea proglottina), are found in hens, these parasites are the cause of symptoms of disease. If a hen is sent for postmortem and if, as the only deviation, a large number of these tape-worms are found, then one is inclined to regard these parasites as the cause of death. Taylor has made experiments in which he fed a number of 12 days old chicks with snails which had been obtained at a farm where a severe infection of tapeworm was present among the poultry. These snails were therefore infected with the intermediate stage (cysticercoid) of tapeworms. Symptoms of paralysis appeared in some of the chickens so infected. These symptoms however also appeared in two of the three

60 confrol chicks, so that this deviation was in no way connected with the tapeworm infection. The number of tapeworms found in the infected chicks was often very large. In two chicks the numbers even reached 5400 and 3900 scoUces of tapeworms. This was eight weeks after the infection by the snails. The tapeworms were slowly eliminated and disappeared after 22 weeks. This process took place gradually however as for instance in one chick 1900 specimens of Davianea proglottina were found 18 weeks after the infection by the snails had taken place. Taylor remarks that in this experiment the continual re-ÍnfectÍons are missed, as these take place in the natural course of events, and it is perhaps just these re-infections which aid in calling up the symptoms of disease. In any case it is desirable that further investigations should be made in this field so that by infections of varying degrees it might be ascertained in how far these tapeworms are able to cause symptoms of disease in poultry. Combatting Worms. La Lutte contre les Helmintfioses des Volailles. Dr» K* J* Skriabîne and Dn R» S» Schulz, Insfifuf d'Helmînfholique de rU,S,S»R- Bullefîn de rOffîce înfernafîonal des Epîzoofîes, VoL 8, 1934, p. 379-414 Extensive description of worms in poultry. Contents : 1. The part played by worms in causing diseases and the damage fo poultry keeping. 2. The various kinds of worms in poultry. 3. Combatting worms. 4. Remedies against Nematodes, cestodes and trematodes. 5. Com- batting worm diseases in the II.S.S.R, Irritation of the Pancreas by Worms. Gibt es eine Pankreas-^ Irritation bei Wurmbefall der Hühner"? G» R* Hermann, Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL 50,1934, p» 81, 100 pancreas glands of hens were examined. Changes were found which agreed with the changes caused in human beings by diabetes. These changes were not found in cases of ordinary inflammation of the bowels. They occur in infection by Davainea, round worms and coccidi. They are accompanied by a decrease of the sugar content of the blood, weakening of the muscles and cramp. The weakening of the muscles would appear therefore to be connected in some way with disturbances of the sugar metabolism. Naphthaline as a Remedy for Intestinal Parasites. Note sur l'emploi économique d'un vermifuge chez les volailles. Granouillet, Revue Vétérinaire, VoL 85, 1933, p»388* Granouillet, who practices in Cochînchina, uses naphthaline dissolved in oil to free poultry from parasites in the intestines. After the naphthaline has been ground to a powder, 4 grams (about the weight of a naphthaline ball), is dissolved in a tablespoonful of oil. This is mixed with rice. The smell of the naphthaline scares the hens at first but later the rice is eaten with pleasure. According to the writer good results are achieved. Notes on Cestodes of poultry. M. F. Jones, Jour, ParasitoL, 20, 1933, No. l,p, 66, The author reports that the California valley quail Lophortyx californica was found to be a host of the poultry tapeworm Hymenolepis

61 carioca at Winsfon-Salem, N. C. The ground beetle Celia muscula was found to be an additional host for the guinea fowl tapeworm Raillietina magninumida. Two naturally infested beetles were collected, and an additional specimen was infested after having been fed segments of the tapeworm. Ä chicken and a turkey remained free from tapeworms after being fed tapeworm cysts from C. muscula. A guinea fowl given cysts on June 10 and June 30, 1952, was passing gravid segments of R. magninumida on July 28. This bird was killed on January 13, 1933, at which time four specimens of this tapeworm were recovered. Zhe parasitic worms of poultry, and the diseases which they cause. E. L. Taylor, Agr. and Livestock in India, 3,1933, p^475. Ä brief practical account. ühe Worm Echinoparyphium Paraulum in Pigeons. Zum Wirt-Parasitverhältnis des Saugwurmes Echinopary'- phium paraulum in der Zaube. ProL Dr» R^WefzeL Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL 41, 1933, p.772. Summary : 1. E. paraulum can be found throughout the small intestine. Adherence is caused by the intestine villi being drawn into the sucker. 2. E. paraulum thrive on the living substance of the pigeon. The food consists of cell-elements of the intestine villi which have torn loose and blood. 3. E. paraulum acts mechanically on the intestine. It causes wounds in the pituitary membrane, with hemorrhage and general intestinal catarrh. Extensive infection causes death. Adult animals can be cured. Ä new Parasitising Nematode, Capillaria Bursata, in Brazilian Hens, de Freitas, J^F^Texeira, de Almeida, J.Lins. InstXruz, VoL28, 1934, p. 273. (ReL Zentral- blatt für Bakteriologie, ReiVoLlló, 1935, p. 134) The parasite is described and 2 tables are given. On the Filaria from the Formosan domesticated Birds. M, Sugimoto. Veterinary Laboratory, Taihoku Imperial University, Formosa. Journal of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, Vol. 13, 1934, p. 261. In Northern Formosa subcutanous tumors occur among young ducks, mostly on the chin, thigh etc. In the connective tissue of these tumors the author observed a nematode parasite, Oshimaia taiwana. Äs this species does not agree with any other species belonging to superfamily Filarioidea therefore Oshimaia was established as a new genus of the family Philometridae Baylis and Daubney. Also are given in this paper a description and figures of a micro- filaria found in the blood-stream of a hen. Author thinks that this micro- filaria has something to do with Oxyspirura Mansoni Cobbold, 1878.

Cause of Crematode Disease of Hens, Ducks and Geese. Weitere Beobachtungen über das Vorkommen und die

62 Biologie von Prosthogonimus pellucitus, dem Erreget der ürematodenkrankheit der Legehühner bei Enten und Gänsen in Ostpreußen. L, Szîdat. Zentralblaft für Bakteriologie, I Abt^ Orig.VoL127, 1932, p.39Z The parasite, which up to the present has only been found in hens, was discovered by the writer in water fowl and it also caused serious inflammation of the oviduct in the latter. The parasite does not therefore only occur in hens and it is quite possible that the duck plays a part in the transmission to hens. Losses among wild Ducks due to Infection with Sphaeridio- trema Globulus. E.W. Price- Proc, Helminth, Soc, of Washington, 1934, p, 31, (ReL Journal Am, Vet Med Ass„ VoL38, p,80L) Three outbreaks of a fatal disease of ducks, the species in each instance being the lesser scaup (Marilla affinis) were investigated. The postmortem lesions of birds from the three outbreaks were similar. Ä section of the small intestine, about 20 cm. in length, 15 to 20 cm. anterior to the cecums, was completely filled with a cast composed largely of fibrin and blood. The mucous membrane was highly congested and hemorrhagic and showed numerous small ulcerated patches. Numerous small trematodes were firmly attached to these ulcers. They were identified as Sphaeridiotrema globulus. The author concludes that the trematodes were the primary cause of the enteritis which resulted in the death of the birds, since they were found only in the inflamed portion of the intestine. Zhe small Zapeworm (Davainea proglottinaj. Der kleinste Bandwurm als Krankheitserreger bei unseren Hühnern. F,Kern, JugosL Vet Glasnik, 1934, No,4 (Ret Zentral- blatt für Bakteriologie, Ret VoLlló, 1935, p. 1320 The tapeworm was found in 15 hens but caused only small changes in the small intestine. The proglottides die and are dissolved in the large intestine. This explains their regular expulsion and their absence in the morning faeces. Parasitic Zyphlitis Nodularis in a Pheasant. L^Montroni* La Nuova Veterinaria, VoL 11, 1933, p* 55* The worm Heterakis isolonsche is given as the cause and described. Experimental studies on the transmission of Gapeworm fSyngamus trachea) by earthworm. P* A^ Clapham, Proced of the Royal Soc^ B., VoL 115, 1934, p^ 18-29. Of the two species of earthworms which are able to transmit Syngamosis, Eisenîa foetida seems to be the principle. The other earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, is of less importance in this connection. By means of Eisenia foetida Clapham was able to infect chicks with Syngamus trachea obtained from pheasant, partridges, rooks and chickens. It was also possible to transmit Syngamus merulae to chicks* The larvae of Syngamus trachea can be found in the muscles of earthworms. They He there in a thin hyaline cyste. Contrary to other investigators the author never found these larvae in the intestinal channel.

63 The larvae îs not much further deveioped in the muscles of earthworm than in the eggs of the Syngamus trachea when they are fully developed therein. It appears therefore that the earthworm only serves as a safe place of storage for the larvae of Syngamus trachea ; in this intermediary host they are safeguarded from drying up and are in the so-called 3rd larvae stage ; they have however divested themselves of the old cuticula. This latter, which serves to protect the larvae from harmful influences, is no longer necessary once they have entered the earthworm. When examining earthworms it must not be forgotten that there are various other nematodes which encyst themselves in the column and muscles of earthworms. These are however all easily distinguished from the larvae of Syngamus trachea, especially if one pays attention to the typical shape of the wall of the pharynx. In general it is assumed that only newly born chicks are sensitive to infection by earthworm ? Clapham proved however that 10 weeks old chickens could also be infected, provided they were given a diet poor in vitamin Ä or minerals, especially lime. The control-chicks, which were fed normally, remained free from Syngamus trachea. Syngamus in Poultry. Luftröhrenwütmer bei Geflügel. W» Lampe* Kleînfîer und Pelztier, VoL 10, p. 257. Description of a case at a poultry farm where many birds died. The worm is spread by crows, starlings and other birds. The following are recommended as remedies: benzine or turpentine oil (1 drop) or 5 o/o salicylate of sodium solution (1 ccm.) in the trachea. Some observations on gape-worm in poultry and game birds. D. O, Morgan and P. A. Clapham. Jour. HelminthoL, VoL12,1934, p.63. The authors have obtained Syngamus trachealîs from '*the rook and pheasant, in both of which there were very heavy infestations, and from the starling and partridge, in which the infestations were lighter. Infections to chickens were attempted from all these sources with varying degrees of success. Ä great variety of doses were given, but only occasional can be recorded with the rook and pheasant material, while wholly negative results were obtained with the partridge and starling material. No infections were obtained from feeding eggs of S. merulae from blackbirds to chickens. Much greater success has, however, been obtained by feeding earthworms with eggs of S. trachealis and then feeding these earthworms to chickens. It is not merely that the gapeworm has been passed to chickens, but the actual disease, with all its attendant symptoms, has been produced.*' Experimental trichinosis in chicks. D, L. Augustine, Science, 78,1933, No. 2035, p. 608. In the study briefly reported mature Trichinella spiralis larvae have been demonstrated consistently in the musculature of chicks fed infective material. This is said to be the first time, so far as the author is aware, that the development of muscle larvae from oral infection has been observed. The results indicate that a large number of larvae are destroyed in the gizzard of birds. Experiments were also conducted in which four 11-day-old chicks were etherized, and over a thousand Trichinella larvae liberated from their cysts by the ingestion method were injected directly into the lumen of the jejunum of each. From examinations of these chicks, one of which

64 he Control of intestinal Worms of Poultry. J. Biely. University of British Columbia. Canada Poultryman, Dec. 1934. From a knowledge of the life cycle of intestinal parasites, their method of propagation, "age immunity** of the host, relation of parasitism to nutrition, etc., the following considerations suggest themselves: 1. The greater the concentration of fowls on a given area of land, the greater the opportunity for infection with parasites. 2. Since worms do not multiply in the body of the fowl, infestation or reinfestation of fowls with intestinal parasites can be prevented or controlled through sanitation, i. e., use of clean ground or proper rotation of yards. 3. Worm eggs to become infective must go through certain stages of development which extend over a period of at least 8 to 10 days. Non- embryonated eggs are incapable of developing into roundworms. Hence removal of droppings and contaminated litter at short intervals would check the development of the eggs into the infective stage. In the case of tapeworms preventive measures should be directed against intermediate hosts: slugs, snails, flies, etc. 4. Since birds over three months of age seem to develop an "age immunity**, every effort should be directed to protect chicks against infection with worm parasites during the most susceptible period of their life, i. e., during the first three months. 5. Birds that are well nourished, i. e., fed a balanced ration which contains an abundance of all the required vitamins, are better able to

65 5 withstand and rid themselves of worm infestation than birds that are improperly nourished. 6. Since intestinal parasites affect the physiological condition of the bird, worm infestation may pave the way for the development of other diseases. Conversely, birds that are subject to various contagious diseases may become an easy prep for worms. 7» Adult birds which are infected with small numbers of worm parasites apparently do not suffer from their presence. Since the highly bred layer is a very delicate piece of mechanism, the presence of a few worms may, however, lower the efficiency of the egg producing birds without any obvious sign of disease. 8. The living material (the tissues) of the parasitic worms is of the same nature as that of the fowls in which they live and both are poisoned by the same chemicals. AH worm medicines which are of any value are therefore essentially poisonous and must be handled with great care. Drug treatment must be regarded as a temporary measure, pending the introduction of sanitary conditions. 9. Young and old birds which are heavily infested with intestinal parasites should be treated with reliable worm remedies in order to expel all the worms or reduce their numbers. Individual treatment with worm capsules brings about immediate relief. 10. Following treatment, immediate measures to prevent reinfestation should be adopted. 11. Since complete eradication of worm parasites in many instances is quite impossible, the prevention of multiplication of worms bevond dangerous numbers should be possible to achieve. Attempts should be made so to manage the flock that parasites do not become too numerous. Ordinary sanitation will accomplish this. 12. Clean chicks, clean brooder houses, clean litter, clean feeding, clean ground, clean management, are the only lasting means of controlling worm infestation. Effect of concentrations of Nicotine on growth and develop^ ment, — //, Growth and development of chicks as influenced by the addition of ground tobacco to the ration. J» E* Hunter, D. E, Haley, and H, C, Knandel, Poultry Science, 13, 1934, p. 91. Continuing this study at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, the results showed that the feeding of ground Nicotiana rustica, a strain of tobacco having a nicotine content equal to 5 percent of its dry weight, at levels up to 1.2 percent of the ration had no injurious effect on the growth of chicks. A ground cigar leaf tobacco with a nicotine content of 0.9 percent when fed at levels of 4.7 percent or more retarded the growth of chicks and increased the mortality. Nicotiana rustica at a 0.4 percent level was effective in controlling an artificial infestation of roundworms and practically as efficient in controlling a natural infestation, but was ineffective in controlling a natural infestation of cecal worms. Pyrethrum as an anthelmintic for Äscaridia lineata. R* E. Rebrassîen Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, Vol. 84,1934, No. 4, pp. 645-648. In experimental work at the Ohio Experiment Station powdered pyrethrum in doses of 200 mg, containing 0.8 percent pyrethrin, was administered to 30 adult chickens to determine the efficiency of the drug in removing A. lineata. '*The droppings of each bird, voided over a period

66 of 72 hours following freafmenf, were examined for Ä. lineata. These birds were then killed and examined for the presence of Ä. lineafa. Twenfy-four birds eliminated all Ä» lineata following treatment, and only 1 bird failed to pass worms. Five birds passed Ä. lineata but did not completely eliminate them. The efficacy of pyrethrum against Ä. lineafa, based on a worm total, was found to be 95.14 percent.** Some observations on the response of chickens to infestation with Heterakis gallinae. P. A. Clapham^ Jour» Helmin- thoL, VoL12, 1934, p.7L The author found the eggs of H. gallinae can remain viable in the soil for a considerable time, and that they are able to produce an infestation at least 12 mo. after reaching the infective stage.

OTHER PARASITES Zrichomoniasis in Pigeons. V. Mond-- en Keeltrichomoniasis (Flagellaten diphtheric). K. Bos» Tydschriff voor Dier-. geneeskunde, 1934, p»64 Summary : In pigeons diphteritic affections are seen with fibrinous inflammations and with necrosis in mouth, throat, larynx, first part of oesophagus and the surrounding muscular tissue and sometimes in the traachea. Trichomonads were regularly encountered and also cultivated from these affected organs in pure culture. In pigeons the typical symptoms of trichomoniasis could be produced by inoculating into the buccal sub- mucosa material taken from these diphteritic affections or pure cultures of trichomonads cultivated from this material. Pigeons infected by scari- fication of the skin developed foci of trichomoniasis and no pox lesins, so there is no relationship with pox-virus. Bacteria and moulds could also be excluded. Morphologically no difference was seen with the trichomonas formerly determined as being responsible for foci of tl^e liver. With material from foci of the liver and with pure cultures of Hfer-trichomonads the typical diphteritic symptoms and reactions of the skin could also be produced. The occurrence of diphteria due to pigeon-pox-virus may be possible; mixed infections of pox-virus and trichomonads were encountered. In turkeys, with pigeon-trichomonads trichomoniasis of mouth and jaw and infection of the liver and ventriculus could be experimentally produced. In pigeons fibrinous diphteritic affections of mouth and throat are seen which are caused only by trichomonads ; this is the same trichomonas which is responsible for trichomoniasis of the liver. Diphteria caused by flagellates is of much more occurrence in pigeons than pox-dÍphterÍa. The author suggests that this disease should be called mouth-and throat trichomoniasis or flagellate-diphteria. Zrichomoniasis in Pigeons. IV. Über Zrichomoniasis bei Zauben. IV. Mitteilung. Pathogenität von Zrichomonas cotumbae für Mäuse. A. Bos* Zentralblaft für Bakterio- logie, OrÍg*VoL132, 1934, p.453. In experiments with bacteria-free liver broth of trichomonas it was proved that these parasites are also pathogène for mice.

67 5* Ä description of the pafhological-anafomical changes in the mice is given, Generafions which were apathogen for pigeons were still pathogen for mice. The trichomonades were transferable from mouse to mouse in 6 generations. Effect of mercurial ointment on hatcfiability. A. Deakin and G* Robertson, Poultry Science, 12, 1933, p. 378» In work at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, the authors have found that the embryos in eggs set under hens treated with mercurial ointment die before the third day of incubation. Eggs were set under treated hens for 48, 36, 24, 12, and 2 hours, respectively, then transferred to the incubator. There is a gradation of mortality that is complete for eggs set under treated hens for 48 hours, but not apparently affecting those set under treated hens only 2 hours. Eggs were treated with * light* and 'heavy* doses (the size of an alfalfa seed and twice this amount, respectively) of mercurial ointment directly, then artificially incubated. Ä few embryos survived this treatment, indicating a resistance either on the part of the embryo or egg membranes to the poison. It is concluded that mercurial ointment should not be used on breeding stock during, and probably 2 or 3 months previous to, the breeding season. Parasites of Wild Geese. Christenson, The North American Veterinarian, Nov* 1932» The author discovered various diseases among wild geese which had been kept in captivity i. a. aspergillosis, helminthiasis of the lungs (cyathostoma bronchialis) and of the gizzard (Amidostomum anseris). Killing Parasites in Poultry Houses. Ungeziefer in Hühner- ställen. Ein sicheres Mittel es zu beseitigen. K* Friede- richs, Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, VoL42, 1934, p.284 Xylamon îs mentioned as an excellent means of killing parasites in poultry houses. Zhe Control of Poultry Lice, Mites and Worms. W^M.Vernon, K.W^Stouder and R.L. Cochran, Iowa State College of Agriculture, Extension Service Bulletin No* 155, 1931* Contents : 1. Lice, Effective control measures. 2. Mites, Common red Mites, Depluming Mites, Scaly Leg Mites, Feather Mites, Other Mites. Bedbugs. 3. Worms, Roundworms, Tapeworms, Treatment for internal Parasites, Proper Proceedure of handling worm infestation in the flock. Äcarus epidermoptes in Scurvy. J^Poenaru, Archiva Vete- rinaria, VoL24, p»71» (ReL Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p. 105.) The author describes three kinds of scurvy viz. I. Foot mange caused by Sarcoptes mutano, 2. Body mange caused by S. Caevîs gallinae and 3. Dermoptes mange caused by Epidermoptes bilobatus.

68 Pediculosis in Pheasants. G.Vianello. La Clínica Veterinaria, Vol.56,1933, p.596. Description of a case of infection with Menopon productum. The parasites preferred the head, neck and legs as gathering places. They caused intense itching and elephantiasis of the legs. The following remedies were used: — salve containing 30 o/o to 40 o/o fluor-acid natrium or a waterbath of 1/2 0/0 solution of this salt. The salt is also mixed with 2-3 parts of lime and spread in the feathers. Control of the Northern Fowl Mite. Liponyssus sylviarum. yfj. E-Whitehead and W. A. Maw. Scientific Agriculture, V0LI5, 1934, p.126. A mixture of naphthalene flakes one part and vaseline two parts, has given 100 0/0 control on birds and on perches. The naphthalene should be thoroughly ground up in order to facilitate mixing and application, and than stirred into the vaseline. Ä small amount was applied around the tail and vent, as mites invariably congregate in this area; it was also applied to the perches, in which case none was placed on the birds. Black Leaf 40 (nicotine sulphate) has been used on perches in the control of the northern fowl mite, but its action is slower than either that of naphthalene or dichloricide. The fumes of naphthalene are apparently not as lethal to lice as t\xQy are to mîtes. Some intestinal parasites in the duck from Japan. S, Iwata and O. Tamura, Annot. ZooL Japon., 14,1933, p. 1. (Ref• Exp. Sta. Record, VoL 71,1934, p. 106.) In an examination of the intestines of ducks 50 percent were found to harbor parasites. They have been found to represent 11 species, of which 1, a cestode, is described as new to science under the name Raillietina osakensis. Ä list is given of 16 references to the literature. Strategy for war on poultry parasites. E* B. Cram, East, States Coop., 10,1934, p. 4. This is a practical discussion illustrated by several figures which include a diagram showing the route by which eggs or larval forms of parasites leave the body of an animal and, subsequently, the route traversed before they again enter the body of a susceptible animal. (Ref. Exp. St. Record, Vol.71, No.2.) Campaigns against poultry parasites. E.B.Cram, U.S. Egg and Poultry Mag., 40, 1934, p. 30. This is a practical account based in part upon the contribution above noted. Internal parasites of poultry. E. B. Cram, East. States Coop., 9,1933, No.l2. A practical account. Zhe Relationship of Parasitism to the Poultry Industry. A. B. Wick ware, Ottawa. Scientific Agriculture, Vol. 15, 1934, p. 178. General survey of the damage caused by parasites to the poultry industry. 69 TUMORS Camors in Poultry. Geschwülstbildungen beim Haus-- geflügel. Eber and Marke, Zeifschriff für Krebs- forschung, VoL36, 1932, p^l78. Of 16,460 head of poultry examined af Leipzig 2.38 o/o were found to be suffering from tumors. Tumors are rare In pigeons and water-fowl. The majority of tumors in poultry have a dangerous character (sarcoma, endothelioma, carcinoma). Sarcoma occurs oftener than carcinoma. The last named occur most frequently in the ovary. On the Matute of the Zumots induced in Fowls by In- jections of Zar. J» Mclnfosh, British Journal of Ex- périmental Pathology, VoL14, 1933, p.42Z Tumors of sarcomatons type can be induced readily in the fowl by intra muscular injections of Tar and lard. Four tar-induced tumors have been transmitted in series in fowls by injections of tumor emulsion jand, of these, three have been transmitted also by means of cell free filtrates (Berkefeld). Tar induced sarcomatous tumors of the fowls, con- forming closely in morphological and biological characteristics with the naturally occuring sarcomatous tumors of the fowl. The results are capable of interpretation in a number of ways: 1. Tar injections initiate cell proliferation, resulting in leukemia or sarcoma. 2. proliferation effects, due to one single pleomorphic virus, which may at one time result in leukemia, and in another in fibrosarcoma, etc. 3. a specific factor derived from the tissue cells affected by injury determines the type of proliferation. t>he action of Snake Poison on Sarcoma de Rous, De l'action des Venins et Änavenins de Cobra et de Vipère sur le Sarcome de Rous des Poules et les Mélanoines des Mammifères. F. Grasset M^ des Ligneris, Comptes rendues de la Société de Biologie, VoL 117, 1934, p. 386* After a number of hens suffering from sarcoma de Rous had been given an injection of snake poison it was observed that the growth of the tumors was retarded. This did not, however, happen regularly. It appears that the action is not specific. Primary Myxosarcoma of Chickens. C, Olson, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL 84, 1934, p* 112» Author presents first a review of literature, followed by a description of a case in a chicken with mysiosarcoma of the ovary and peritoneal implantations. Familial Incidence of Lymphocytoma in three Generations of the domestic Fowl. R» Fenstermacher, Saint Paul, Minn, University of Minnesota, University Farm, Journal of the Am, Vet Med Ass,, VoL 84, 1934, p,863. Summary and conclusions : 1. A total of 755 chicks was hatched, of which 494 were raised beyond six months of age. Of this number, 15.9 per cent of the birds developed lymphocytoma. 70 2. The incidence of the disease was materially reduced in the second generation as compared to what occurred in the first-generation birds. 3. The disease was not transmissible by artificial inoculations. 4. The disease was not transmitted by contact. 5. Only one case of fowl paralysis developed. 6. No data were obtained to show that lymphocytoma and fowl paralysis are manifestations of a single disease. SUNDRIES Diseases of poultry—their nature and control. L. van Es and J. F. Olney. Nebraska Sta. Bui. 290,1934, pp. 110, figs. 31. This practical account of the diseases and parasites of poultry replaces Bulletin 195. Poultry Diseases in Germany, ye Zagung der Fachtierärzte für die Bekämpfung der Äufzucfitkrankfieiten in Bonn vom 25-28. Mai ÍQ34. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, VoL 42,1934, p. 417. During 1933, 15,888 chickens and young hens were examined at various institutions in Germany. This is 14 o/o less than in 1932. Pullorum disease has decreased. Opinions differ regarding the rapid-blood-drop-test and serum agglutination. Coccidiosis is considered more important than pullorum. Hygienic measures are the best treatment. Laryngotracheitis occurs and was brought to Germany by American, hens. Marek Paralysis is continually spreading. The disease is contagious and can be transmitted by eggs. Leucosis is also increasing. Staphylo- cocoosis and septicemia caused by swine erysipelas bacilli were also found. 838 geese and 768 ducks were examined. Ä lot of gizzard worm disease was found in geese. Intestinal and kichey coccidîosîis also occurred. Bact. enteritidis Breslau and Gärtner bacilli were found in intestinal diseases* Bact. pullorum and Staphyloooccosis were found in ducks. 167 turkeys were examined and coccidiosis was frequent. 297 pigeons were examined. Death was often the result of Bact. enteritidis Breslau. Combatting Poultry Diseases in Germany. Erforschung und Bekämpfung von Geflügelkrankheiten. Berliner Tier- ärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, ^.TIl. The annual report for 1932 includes reports from 14 institutions which occupy themselves with the study of combatting poultry diseases. A total of 13,185 head of poultry were examined of which 5,360 were young birds. Tuberculosis occurred in 6.3 o/o cases. Paratyphoid in small birds was in practically every case caused by Bact. enteritis Breslau. Pullorum infection occurred in 23 o/o of the chickens. A few cases of infection of the laryngo-tracheitis occurred. Leucosis increased again and was found in 13.9 o/o cases. Neurolymphomatose occurred in 5.8 o/o of the cases. Blackhead was very prevalent among turkeys. Recently coccidiosis of the appendix has occurred in 4-6 months old hens. Among metabolic diseases gout was most in evidence.

71 Combatting Poultry Diseases in Germany, Erforschung und Bekämpfung von Geflügelkrankheiten. Zeîfschriff für Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, VoL 45, 1935, p^ 152. The number of cases of tuberculosis found among the birds sent fo the 14 research institutions increased from 1 ^¡o to 6,3 o/o. Besides in hens tuberculosis was found in ducks, pigeons, turkeys, peacocks and pheasants. Tuberculosis occurs chiefly on peasant farms. Friedmann and B. C. G. vaccin were non-active. 101 cases of paratyphoid were divided as follows : hens 12, ducks 8, geese 10, pigeons 46 and small birds 24. Paratyphoid is most frequent among pigeons. Special attention is drawn to the danger of paratyphoid for human beings, in chamber birds. The chief cause appears to be Bact. enteritis Breslau. B. enferitidis Gärtner was found in 4 geese and still another kind of paratyphoid bacteria was found in a duck. Leucaemia shows an enormous increase, especially in certain provinces. Leucosis is attributed more to intensity of breeding methods and to feeding than to infection. The disease occurs mostly in the winter months, during the period when rich albumen foods and little green food is given. It is possible that albumen waste products play a role. Sanitary Supervision of Poultry Stock in Germany. Die Organisation der gesundheitlichen Überwachung un- serer Geflügelbestände. Prof. Dr. K. Beller, Archiv für Geflügelkunde, Vol. 8, p.l38. Summary : Suggestions have been put forward for the supervision of the health of German poultry stock. Such supervision should not be limited to the prevention and cure of diseases, but increase in production should be stressed. The promotion of German poultry production, therefore, is part of the programme, and this, too, is the aim of the German Poultry I^rmers* Association. t^he transmission of Disease from Hen to Man. W. P. Blounf. Chanticleer, Nov. 1934, p. 236. Contents : Diseases acquired by eating diseased. Birds. Tuberculosis. Other bacterial Infections (S. Aertrycke, S. Enteritidîs Gaertner, B. Morganiî). Diseases contracted by handling Birds. (Favus, Thrush and Aspergillosis.) Report of the special Committee on Poultry Diseases. E.L.Sfubbs, J.R. Beach, C.A.Brandly, H. J. Sfafsefh, H. van Roekel. American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Proceedings of the 75st Annual Meeting, New York, August 14-16, 1934. Journal of the Am.VetMed. Assoc.,Vol.85,1934, p.517. The Committee feel that the cloacal method for vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis may be attended vitth considerable danger and orge the greatest possible care in its use and the exercise of the utmost caution against spreading the disease by such a method. Pullorum disease testing continues on a large scale. The tube test continues to be the test most used. The whole-blood test is increasing in use but must be considered experimental until sufficient reliable testing

72 data are presented in regard to the rapid test under carefully controlled conditions. Recent investigations concerning slipped tendons and fowl paralysis call attention to the genetic influences operating for the production of disease. Report of the Ministry s Veterinary Laboratory, 1933. Wey- bridge England* During 1933, 182,210 agglutination tests were carried out for the detection of B. W. D. carriers. Post-mortem examinations, 4,010. Fowl pox vaccine, 427,356 doses were sold. Fowl typhoid vaccine, 16,000 doses. Influence of Breed and Food on Diseases. C. Barile» II Nuovo Ercolanî, Vol 39,1932, p. 201, 221. Description of several cases of leucaemia. Advising the improvement of breeds and of hygienic conditions. Report of work in New Hampshire in avian pathology and infectious abortion. New Hampshire Sfa, BuL 280,1934* Referring to the work of the year reference is made to the new poultry disease known as epidemic tremor or trembling chick disease, which in some cases may have been confused with the so-called "crazy chick" disease, by E. E. Jones of the Harvard Medical School and C. A. Bottorf f, T.B.Charles, C.L.Martin, F. D. Reed, A. E. Tepper, and S. R. Shimer ; adult mortality in poultry and fowl pox increase, both by Martin and Bottorff ; pullorum disease controlled by short interval testing and the rapid whole-blood and the standard tube tests for pullorum disease compared, both by Bottorff ; inoculation not practical for coccidiosis, by Martin, Bottorff, and Charles ; the results obtained in control studies of infectious abortion, by Martin ; the testing of one-fifth of the poultry population of the State for pullorum infection, by Bottorff ; and results of autopsies of over 3,000 head of poultry, by Martin and Bottorff. Report of work in animal pathology at the Iowa Station. lowaSfa^Rpt 1933^ The work in animal pathology under way during the year, here briefly referred to, includes that with infectious laryngotracheitis i>^' chickens, by F. D. Patterson and H. L. Wilcke ; so-called range paralysis in chickens and transmission of so-called range paralysis in chickens through the egg, both by C. Murray and associates ; breeding for resistance to fowl typhoid in poultry, by W. V. Lambert and N. F. Waters. Report of work in animal pathology by the Massachusetts Station. Massachusetts Sta.BuL305,1934 Included in this account of the work of the year are findings under the poultry disease elimination law and routine examinations, pullorum disease investigations, including (1) cause of doubtful reactions, (2) infectivity of droppings, and (3) viability of Salmonella pullorum, both by H. van Roekel and associates ; and infectious laryngotracheitis field experiments, distribution and epizootiology studies of infectious laryngotracheitis, the desiccation and preservation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and acute avian paralysis or neurolymphomatosîs, all by C. S. Gibbs.

73 Diseases of the higher bronchial canals of Hens. Neuere Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Krankheiten der oberen Luftwege bei Hühnern. .O. Seîfrîed» Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 84, 1933, p.505. Roup symptoms occur in four different diseases : L '*Ä** avitaminosis, 2. Infectious laryngo-tracheitis, 5. A distinct form of diphtheria, 4. the real coryza contagiosa. These four are described. Zhe Nature of Cannibalism occurring among adult domestic fowls. C.H.Weaver, Poultry Path. Lab. Health of Animals Branch, and S.Bird, Exp. Farms Branch Federal Dep. of Agr., Ottawa, Canada. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass.,Vol.38, 1934, p. 623. Discussion : The evidence leaves little doubt of the cannibalism having been in the nature of a complex as to cause. A large part of it undoubtedly was induced by the subnormal physical condition of the killed subjects* In such a case this natural culling should tend to an improvement of the health status of the flock in subsequent generations. It has been shown, however, that the opposite prevails in that an ascending mortality is recorded. A mostlikely explanation of this reversal of an anticipated result is that certain factors, environmental or otherwise, resulting in the undermining of the health of the fowls leading to their killing, were so overwhelmingly greater influences than the beneficial results made possible by the culling as to render them quite negligible. The important recording is the fact that the production of the cannibalized fowls as a group was less than the normal fowls with the calculations made on a bird-day basis. This may be taken as being indicative of a subnormal state of the individuals comprising the group. Combatting Bumble Foot. Die Fußballengeschwülste des Huhnes, ihre Entstehung und Bekämpfung. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, Vol. 37, 1933, p. 5. Causes : mechanical penetrations, hurts caused by perches, stones in the ground etc. It is a pus containing inflammation caused by pus bacilli and necrosic bacilli. It must be cured by operation. Ä note on so-called quail disease. E. H. Barger, S. E.Park, and R. Graham. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, Vol. 84, 1934, No. 5, pp. 776-783, fig. 1. The so-called "quail disease** which appeared suddenly in Illinois during the summer of 1932 on a quail farm that had been in operation less than 9 mo. is dealt with. The presence of a filtrable virus could not be demonstrated in the tissues of fatally infected quail. ** Streptococci, diplooocci, and E[scherichia] coli were isolated in direct culture from quail tissues. S[treptoooccus] aertrycke was isolated from, one spontane- ously fatally affected quail via inoculation of tissue emulsion into susceptible animals. Bactériologie examination and animal inoculation of 56 quail eggs from the breeding flock failed to yield any evidence of the presence of a pathogenic virus. The immeasurable environmental factor or factors, such as confinement per se, as well as hatching, rearing, and feeding quail on restricted range, might obviously culminate in disturbed or altered physiologic functions. In such quail it is reasonable to assume that nonpathogenic agents might assume a pathogenic role.*' 74 Diseases of Poultry. Zheir Nature and Control. L. van Es and J,F. Olney, Exp» Station, Lincoln, Nebraska, BulL 290, July 1934, Preface : This publication replaces Nebraska Experiment Station Bulletin 195 which, after five issues and a total distribution of 50,000 copies, is now out of print. Several sections of Bulletin 195 have been incorporated in the present text along with more recent information. The new material also includes descriptions of certain disorders which, since the last revision of Bulletin 195 in 1930, have assumed an economic importance to Nebraska poultry producers. Like its predecessor, the present bulletin deals only with disorders having an economic importance. Poultry- disease problems are viewed from a flock point of view to the exclusion of mere individual disorders and injuries. In the preparation of the text current literature has been freely consulted but the need of economy in space as well as printing costs made the omission of bibliographic references necessary. Contents : Introduction. Hygiene, Sanitation, and Management. The Control of Transmissible Diseases. Sanitation. Avitaminoses. Favus, Tuber- culosis. Fowl Cholera. Fowl Typhus. Bacillary White Diarrhea. Roup. Infectious Bronchitis. Pox and Canker. Fowl Paralysis. Infectious Leukosis. Blackhead in Turkeys. Coccidiosis. Parasites and Pests. Flukeworms. Tapeworms. Roundworms. Worms and disease. Control and treatment of worms. Lice. Flies, gnats, mosquitoes, bedbugs, mites. Red mites. Harvest mite or chigger. Scaly leg mite. Depluming mite. Air-sac mite. Flesh mite. Poultry Ailments, by W,P*Blount, Published by Poultry World, 5s^ Part I deals with the pathological side, describes the anatomy of the hen, and the functions of the various organs. Part II deals more, specifically with disease, its prevention and treatment. The whole book is written in concise language, it is comprehensive, and yet sufficiently simple for the ordinary poultryman to understand. A careful study of Part I will enable readers to clearly follow many points on which they may have been doubtful, and so to prevent much trouble with their flocks. There is a very full glossary, and the book is well indexed and profusely illustrated. List of Contents: Part one: Introduction—Rearing with Nature—Culling—Poultry Dietetics The Digestive Tract—The Heart and Blood Circulation—The Respiratory System—The Ovary and Oviduct—The Eyes—The Endocrine System of Birds—Post-Mortem Reports—Transmission of Disease from Poultry to other Animals—Disinfection. Part two : Diseases of Poultry, their Diagnosis and Treatment— Research Work—Glossary—Index. Poultry Diseases in Greece. Les Maladies des Volailles en Grèce. M, Stylianopoulos and G» Debonéra, Revue Generale de Médecine Vétérinaire, VoL 43, 1934, p* 193, The principal diseases in Greece are : choiera, pullorum, spirochetosis, diphteria, typhoid, roup and parasites. Vaccination against cholera and typhoid are not of much value at present.

75 Poultry Diseases. J. F. Craig. The Veterinary Record, Vol.14, 1934, p. 53. Description of : Tuberculosis, Pullorum Disease, Typhoid, Diphferia, Coccidiosis. Poultry Diseases. N* Dobson* The Veterinary Record, VoL14, 1934, p. 332. Description of : Cholera, Blackhead, Pullorum disease, salmonella, Infection of ducklings, Newcastle disease. Poultry Diseases, T.Dalling. The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 89, 1933, p. 44L Description of : Pullorum Disease, Fowl Pox, Coccidiosis, Cholera, Cholera bacilli were found in the blood and nose-mucus of various birds, without their having shown any symptoms of disease. Recent advances in our knowledge of poultry diseases. [IJ-III, RRBayon, Veterinary Record, 3,1933, pp.655- 669, 773-782, 940-947. This contribution consists of three lectures delivered at the Imperial College of Science, in the first of which management and nutrition in relation to the pathology of fowls, the minute duodenal tapeworm Davainea proglottina, and research on fowl paralysis and allied conditions are considered. The second lecture deals with the significance and importance of vitamins in relation to poultry nutrition and hygiene, and the third with fowl pox and fowl canker and coccidiosis. Diseases of Water-Fowls. Krankheiten des Wassergeflügels. G. Fleischhauer, Kleintier und Pelztier, 1934, p. 53. Faulty feeding and hygiene are most prevalent among water fowl. Cholera, paratyphoid, flu and botulismus are among the infectious diseases described. Parasites also play a great part. Zhe Common Poultry Diseases. C. Murray, College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts. Ames. Iowa. Bull. No. 156, 1931. Contents. Healthy stock and Introduction of Diseases. Visitors a source of danger. Effect of soil drainage. Poultry House. Effect of Malnutrition. Some suggestions of Controlling Contagious Diseases. Diseases of the Respiratory system. Diseases of the Digestive System. Diseases of the Reproductive System. Generalised Diseases. Some Poultry Diseases. J. S. Garside. Veterinary Record, Vol.14, 1934, p. 882. Description of Bacillary White Diarrhea, Fowl Typhoid, Tuber- culosis, Fowl-Pox, Coccidiosis and Blackhead. Curing Rachitis. F. Pistelli. La Clinica Veterinaria, Vol. 56, 1933, p. 487. The writer obtained good results with **EndoneutralÍn**, (neutral citric acid natrium). Pathological Histology of the Pancreas. Contributo alio Studio isto-patologico del Pancreas nei Gallinacei.

76 C.Orlandini. Giorn. Batter., Vol.13, 1934, p. 269. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Ref., Vol. 116, p. 327.) The pancreas of hens which had suffered from various diseases were examined. It was proved that this organ reacts in very dissimilar ways and that no special conclusions regarding the various diseases can be drawn therefrom. Ä Note on Strychnine Poisoning in Pigeons. N^S^Barron» The Veterinary Record, VoL 14, 1934, p. 424* The musculature of the breast was found to be of a remarkably deep mahogany colour, the whole of the carcass being similarly affected. Strychnine was present in the crop contents in sufficient quantity to be readily detectable. Poisoning with Zelio-Gvain. Vergiftung durch Zelio-Körner beim Geflügel. Schneider, Bakteriologisches Institut der Oldenburg. Landwirtschaftskammer. Deutsche Tier- ärztUche Wochenschrift, Vol. 41, 1933, p.2403. The feeding of 100 grains of zelio-corn caused symptoms of poisoning in hens. Death occurred after 40 hours. Pre and post death symptoms are described. Phosphorous poisoning in poultry. F. R. Beaudette, C.H. Hudson, and Ä.L.Weber. North Amer.Vet., VoL14, 1933, No. 7, pp. 39-42, 5L In this contribution from the New Jersey Experiment Stations the authors give reports of 16 cases of phosphorus poisoning involving poultry and 1 case of a cat, encountered during the preceding 9 yr. Two of the cases occurred on the same farm, and in all 24 birds and 1 cat were examined. It is said that while some of the cases of phosphorus poisoning were accidental and occurred through chickens eating rat poison, the majority of the cases investigated resulted from intentional poisoning. There was sufficient phosphorus present to be detected by the characteristic odor, and in most cases phosphorus fumes escaped from the crop or gizzard or from both. Phosphorus Poisoning in Ducks. Vlaamsch Diergenees- kundig Tydschrift. Vol. 3, 1934, p. 46. Ten years ago the American Department of War held shooting practice near Chesapeake Bay using a certain kind of shells which contained large quantities of Phosphorus. This phosphorus became mixed with the mud at the bottom of the bay and appears to be still present. Since the shooting practice was held more than 50,000 wild ducks have died there, as a result of phosphorus poisoning. The Department of War have now promised to have the bay dredged in order to remove the poisoned mud, which has already cost so many birds their lives. The work will probably be done by unemployed. Arsenic Poisoning in Poultry. P.G.Barber and E^B.Hubster, Veterinary Medicin, Vol.28, 1933, p.500. (ReL Jahres- bericht Veterinär-Medizin, Vol.54, 1934, p.303.) The experiments were carried out on 22 hens. Small doses of 0.006 grs. can be withstood over a long period until, by accumulation,

77 symptoms occur, which however, disappear again. The fatal dose begins at 0.25 gr. Arsenic causes a drop in temperature. If big doses are given death occurs after 18-24 hours. Anatomical Alterations by Arsenic-Poisoning. Zur Kennt- nis der anatomischen Veränderungen bei der Arsenik- Vergiftung des Haushuhns. H» Honîgmann, Disser- tation, Veterinär-pathologisches Institut der Universi- tät Leipzig» (ReL Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p»104) The changes of the crop are described. The changes in the gizzard are characteristic, in which it is seen that the ceratinoid layer has become loose. The mucous membrane of the stomach is considerably changed, the cells die off and an ensudate is given off. The muscles are free from these changes. Ä study of punctate stippling as found in the lead poisoning of wild ducks. F.M.Johns. Jour.Lab. and Clin.Med., 19, 1934, p. 514. In the course of a survey of wild fowl in Louisiana to determine the occurrence and extent of lead poisoning from ingested shot, in which a careful blood survey was added to the routine pathologic examination, numerous specimens showing all degrees of stippling were encountered. The presence of nucleated erythrocytes in fowls enables a direct determination of the degree of poisoning necessary to produce such stippling. Ä list is given of 11 references to the literature relating to the subject. Experiments with grain containing Mercury. Fütterungs- versuche an Hühnern mit Getreide, das mit quecksilberhaltigen Mitteln gebeizt ist. H. Gilch, Dissertation, Pharmacological Institute University, Leipzig. (Ref. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p. 104.) Wheat was treated with various kinds of mercury containing substances (Uspulum U 564 and Ceresan). Given in normal quantities it did not harm the hens. Abnormal quantities cause symptoms of poisoning to appear. A Mote on experimental Salt Poisoning in Ducks. J. P.Torrey and R.Graham. Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Hygiene, University of Illinois, Urbana. The Cornell Veterinarian, VoL25, 1935, p. 50. Summary : Pekin ducks fed shelled corn that had been previously immersed in saturated sodium chloride brine remained healthy. The lethal dose of sodium chloride for half-grown Pekin ducks apparently lies in a range of four consecutive daily doses of 4 to 6 grams. Pekin ducks withstood 1 to 2 grams of sodium chloride daily for a period of 29 days. The results of these studies suggest that duckis are more susceptible to sodium chloride poisoning than are chickens, as judged by reports of sodium chloride tolerance of chickens by different investigators.

78 Z^he üoxicity of certain species of Cvotalaria Seed for the Chicken, Quail,Zur key and Dove. E.F.Thomas» Gaines- ville, Florida Agrie. Exp. Station. Journal of the Am. Vet Med. Ass., Vol. 38, 1934, p. 617. Conclusions : 1. Crofalaria spectaibilis Roth seed are toxic for chickens, quail and doves, when fed or eaten in considerable numbers. 2. Chickens will eat C. spectabilis seed under natural conditions and sickness and death may be produced. 3. Quail did not eat C. spectabilis seed placed before them ; neither did they eat them in the field. 4. Turkeys were not poisoned by as many as 1,000 C. spectabilis seed. 5. C. striata D. C, C. grantiana Harvey, C. incana L., and C. inter- media Klotschy seed were not toxic when force-fed in 5- and 10-gram doses to chickens and quail. Poisoning by Corn-cockle seeds. Kornradevergiftung beim Geflügel und ihre Einwirkung auf die Legeleistung. Dr. Schneider, Archiv für Geflügelkunde, Vol. 7, p. 131. Summary : 1. Young poultry (chickens up to 4-6 months old) is highly sensitive against the poison of corn-cockle (agrostemma githago) — seeds. 2. Noxiousness consists in death, bad development, reduction of egg-production. 3. Already 0.005-0.01 g corn-cockle seeds daily produce poisening in such young poultry. 4. It was observed, that farm-hens ate the seeds volontarily. 5. The saponin-poisening brakes resistence against fowl pox (diphtheria avium), coryza contagiosa and coccidiosis. 6. The symptoms of poisening are sleepiness, rough feathers, hanging wings, visual-, moving-, and conscience disturbences, salivation and indigestion. 7. Obduction : negativ ; or gastroenteritis (haemorrhagica) swelling of the mucosa of the stomach (pars glanduralis), degeneration hepatis, and haemolysis. 8. Corn-cockles seeds keep their poisenous quality at least for 30 years. 9. Food for young poultry should not contain corn-cockle seeds at all. 10. The microskopical proof of these seeds in the contents of the intestines of dead fowl is often very difficult on acount of the swift passing of the shells though the body. Poisoning by Erysimupikron. Die Giftwirkung des Bitter-- Stoffes Erysimupikron. R.Völker, Hannover. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1934, p. 232. Hedge mustard (Erysimum crepidisoHum) is readily eaten by geese and has often killed off a whole flock in a few hours ("Goose death")). Restlesness, staggers, trembling, attacks of cramp, symptoms of paralysis, occur within a few minutes after consumption. Vegetable bitter is also poisonous for other small animals; it considerably increases blood pressure, not by contraction of the blood vessels but as a result of the

79 systolic tonus increase of the heart muscles. Death from consumption of large quantities of the poison may cause stoppage of circulation as a result systolic heart failure. Report of work in avian pathology at the Rhode Island Station, Rhode Island Sfa-Rpt, 1933, pp-74, 75, 92-94 Brief reference is made to the progress of work with coccidiosis, blackhead, and, by J. P. Delaplane and H. O. Stuart, with rhinitis, a respiratory disease of chickens. Spontaneous gout in turkeys. QF^Schlotfhauer and J*L*Boll- man* Jour* Amen Vet Med* Assoc*, 85, 1934, No.l, pp. 98-103, figs*3* The authors give a brief description of cases of spontaneous gout observed in five flocks of turkeys in April and May 1935. Diseases on small Farms. Kippenziekfen op kleine, on-- hygienische Bedtijven. Dn J.Jansen, Tijdschriff voor Diergeneeskunde, 1934, p. 185. Summary : The Institute for Parasitic- and Infectious Diseases at Utrecht received in 1932 about 1000 fowls for examination; nearly all were sent by large modern poultry farms. By the application of hygienic measures and by combatting the diseases, some diseases disappear almost totally ; e. g. tuberculosis was only exceptionally met with. Most big Dutch poultry farms are to be considered as tuberculosis-free. In contrast herewith on the small old-fashioned and unhygienic farms all kinds of diseases still occur. In 500 fowls from these farms the following diseases were encountered : 18 X aspecific enteritis ; 12 X aspecific peritonitis ; 14 X rupture of the liver ; 50 X peritonitis, salpingitis ; 16 X rachitis ; 17 X gout ; 35 X leucaemia ; 27 X tumours ; 23 X davaineasis ; 19 X coccidiosis ; 25 X diphtheria ; 38 X coryza inf ectiosa gallinarum ; 80 X chronic pullorum disease ; 124 X tuberculosis. Visceral Gout of Fowls. J.D.W. A. Coles, Onderstepoort, Journal South African Veferînary Medical Association, Vol.5, 1934, p.41. In South Africa the disease has been prevalent and known for at least ten years. Ä record has been kept of outbreaks dealt with at Onderstepoort since 1931 and this paper deals with these outbreaks and attempts to draw certain conclusions from them. The percentage of available protein in the diet seems definitely not to be association in any way with the disease. Treatment should be directed towards relieving the acidosis. We do not know the cause. Normal and Abnormal Gizzards. G. Mayall, The Veterinary Journal, Vol.90, 1934, p.52. Description of the normal gizzard and cases of death caused by cinders, sharp pieces of glass, undipped oats, foreign bodies. The author has hardly seen any cases of pure and true inflammation of the gizzards. Misbranded poultry remedies. H.E.Moskey, Poultry Sei., 13, 1934, No.l, p.23. This is a discussion of the subject as related to requirements of the Federal Food and Drugs Act and the Insecticide Act. 80 An instrument for Holding Hens for Examinations. Ein Halter zur Untersuchung und Operationen von Hüh- nern und anderen Vögeln. O» Seifried, C. B-Cain and H.Wulf, Archiv für Tierheilkunde, VoL67, 1934, p.277. Description with illustrations, of a kind of metal operating fable on which the hens can be made fast in various positions for examination and operation. The instrument can also be used for pigeons, pheasants and ducks. Protecting poultry from predacious birds. W,L. McAfee, as. Dept Agr. Leaflet 96, 1933, pp.[2]+ 6, figs.7. Ä practical account of methods of protecting poultry against hawks and owls. Anaesthetics for Hens. Wie betäube ich ein Huhn? P. CoUignon. Chlorethyl can be used as a local anaesthetic by laymen. Aether is recommended as a general anaesthetic. Poultry Disease distinguishable by Post-Mortem. Die durch Obduktion feststellbaren Geflügelkrankheiten. Dr. A. Eber and Dr. R. Pallaske-Eber, Verlag M. and H. Schaper, Leipzig, Price M. .21. Post-mortems carried out at the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases at the University of Leipzig over a period of 20 years are discussed by the writers and when dealing with the diseases they call special attention to the pathologic-anatomical changes.

Deaths in Poultry occasioned by Bee Stings. H. P. Hamilton, The Veterinary Journal, Vol.90, 1934, p.266. Four of 10 pullets had died. The cause of death was bee stings. From one of the birds that had died author extracted 167 stings. The heads were swollen as a result of the stings.

Spontaneous Gout in üurkeys. C. F. Schlotthauer and J. L. Bollman. The Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minne- sota, Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 85, 1934, p. 98. Description of cases of spontaneous gout observed in several groups of turkeys. AH of the turkeys that were observed to have definite tophy were found to have inceased amounts of uric asid in the blood. The fertility of the eggs from the flocks with gout was greatly diminished and there was a high death-rate among the poults which were hatched from these eggs. Eggs obtained from hens with increased uric acid content of the blood had increased amounts of uric acid in both the whites and the yolks. Disinfection of Poultry Houses by means of "Fire Guns". A Preliminary Note, H. J. Stafseth. Est Lansing, Mich. Mich. State College, and F. Camargo, Mexico, D. F.,

81 6 Mexico Institute of Vet. Med. Journal of the Am. Vet- Med. Ass., Vol.84, 1934, p.923. Experiments carried out on a large poultry farm in Mexico, with the latest model of a so-called **fire-gun'*, showed that such organisms as the colon bacillus, staphylococci, streptococci and Salmonella pullorum survived an exposure to the flame for ten and fifteen seconds. This does not speak well for any attempts at disinfecting poultry-houses with fire, If an exposure of 20 seconds would kill these organisms, it would take about eleven hours to disinfect just the floor of a house 20 x 100 feet. When it comes to the disinfection of perches, dropping-boards and nests (wooden), the fire-torch becomes entirely unsatisfactory, since it is impossible so to manipulate it as to reach all surfaces, corners and crevices. The claim made in poultry magazines that a house 12 feet square can be disinfected in ten minutes by this method is, therefore, without any scientific foundation whatever. A possible new respiratory disease of chickens. W» J^ Pisfor, R A. Hoffmann, and J.R. Beach, CalifXult, 80, 1933, No. 17, p. 357, (ReL Exp. St Rea, VoL69, p. 865,) A disease involving the respiratory system, sinuses of the head, and the eyes that resembles infectious laryngotracheitis in some respects but with some marked differences, which appeared in a flock of 1.100 5-month-old pullets in Sonoma County, Calif., in March and in two other flocks in April, is described. Pullett mortality. D, C. Kennard, Poultry Science, ^2, 1933, No. 5, p. 335. This is an abstract of a contribution from the Ohio Experiment Station presented at the annual meeting of the Poultry Science Asso- ciation in August 1933. In a 12-year survey of the mortality of certain groups of pullets made at the station, in which tests no birds were removed as culls, the findings were as follows: **The principal causes of mortality, 1921 to 1928, were colds, roup, and bronchitis ; whereas the primary causes from 1928 to 1933 were paralysis, leucosis, fowl typhoid, and cholera-like disease. The average yearly mortality of pullet layers, 1921-25, was 13.2 percent ; 1925-29, 38.4 percent ; and 1929-33, 55.5 percent. During the first 4 years, hens were, for the most part, used for breeders. From 1925 io 1932, pullets were largely used as breeders.*' In the first of two tests made in 1931-32 with hens v. promiscuous pullet breeders, the first-year mortality of laying pullets from hens was 35 percent; from pullets, 60 percent. Paralysis in pullets from hens amounted to 12.5 percent; from pullets, 20 percent. In the second test, in 1932-33, the gross mortality in pullets from hens was 40 percent and from pullets 60 percent. There was 16 percent paralysis in pullets from hens and 30 percent in pullets from pullets. In a comparison made of imported pullets from three different sources with the station's pullets, the mortality of imported pullets was decidedly less, and they were practically free of paralysis. The following year, however, when hatching eggs were secured from the same source, the mortality of these pullets as layers was 53.4 percent, due largely to paralysis. This indicated that the diseases causing the high mortality of the station's flocks were contracted, for the most part, during the brooding and growing periods, and that susceptible pullets not exposed to these diseases until after 5 months remained resistant or immune.

82 **Ä four-point program followed by the sfafion proved successful in the rearing of ready-to-lay pullets in 1933. 1. Use of hens for breeders ; that is, the survivals free of, or resistant to, the diseases which caused 40 to 60 percent of their sisters to die before the end of their pullet laying year. 2. Elimination of pullorum reactors. 3. Ample room for chicks and growing pullets (1 sq. ft. floor space per chick). 4. Hen- way brooding—heated hover with cool brooder room (40° to 60° when weather permitted). Results to 20 weeks of age : Mortality 8 percent, practically no paralysis. In contrast to this, during the 3 years preceding, there was heavy mortality of chicks and growing pullets ; also paralysis appeared at an early date and was responsible for heavy losses among the growing pullets. **In many instances it would seem that, temporarily, the simplest way to avoid the losses due to paralysis, leucosis, fowl typhoid, and cholera-like diseases would be to discontinue brooding and growth of pullets and instead to purchase pullets 5 to 6 months of age, which are supposed to be free of such complications. For a permanent solution of the problem, breeding, selection, and management to produce birds resistant or immune to such diseases seem most promising." Pullet mortality. T>. C. Kennard and V* D^ Chamberlîn, Ohio Sta, Bimo. Bui 169, 1934, p.l37^ Continuing the previous discussion, the results are reported of 4 years* tests with pullets grown in confinement, on contaminated range, and on fresh range. The results showed that young chicks develop a tolerance or resistance to certain contaminations if exposed at rn early age. Such chicks, where carried along through the pullet laying year, showed a lower mortality than chicks that had been raised under more sanitary conditions. Pullets hatched from eggs laid by hens that had survived from flocks which suffered a high rate of loss during their pullet year from paralysis and other causes of mortality had a total loss of 29 percent, 7 percent of which was due to paralysis, as compared with a mortality of 34 percent, 18 percent of which was due to paralysis, among pullets hatched from pullet eggs. Ä few of the methods of preventing pullet losses are discussed, such as adequacy of ration, special management, and special breeding. Alarming Mortality—only in America? Deutsche Landwirt- schaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 10. Jan* 1935. Dr. Juli of the American Ministry of Agriculture reports : the mortality at 38 farms in California with flocks averaging 1651 was more than 20. In State recognised poultry farms the mortality was as follows : (inpercents) ; Connecticut : young hens 17.4, old hens 12.9 ; Massachusetts total 23.3, New Hampshire 16.9; Delaware 28.8-for young hens and 20.6 for old hens ; Maryland 36.7 young hens 38.2 old hens ; Rhode Island total 15.4 Michigan 18.93; Ohio (in 1932 to 1933) young hens 60, old hens 35. The lowest death rate was in the purely agricultural State Nebraska, namely 11 o/o. These are the first official figures published by the Ministry after extensive investigation. These losses do not include chickens but concern only young hens. Jull reports that as far as mortality among chickens is concerned, little difference is noticeable between those from hens with good or those with poor egg production. However, many young hens from good layers died, chiefly from tumors in the ovaries.

83 6* ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY Zhe relation of the Preen Gland to Rickets in the domestic fowl. H, R. Knowles, E- B* Hart and J» G^ Halpin* Univ, Wisconsin, Madison» Poultry Science, 1935, VoL 14, p. 39. If is possible with ulfravîolef irradiation or cod liver oil to prevent rickets whether the preen gland has been removed or not.

Uses of Preen Gland and dermal Oil. üheir Relation to Hatching, Rickets an Laying Capacity. N- D. Kay. Poultry, June 8,1935. Äuthor*s experimenits have tended to substantiate the idea that the lower surface or breast of the fowrs body does possess certain rudiment- ary glands capable of secreting a true dermal oil when the hen is broody^ Author has experimentally proved that the preen oil is fairly rich in the growth-promoting vitamin A. It is possible that the preen gland is also part of the fowFs general storage mechanism for holding reserves of the fat soluble vitamins.

Zhe effect of the thyroid on the formation of the hen s eggs. V. S. Asmundson and P. Pinsky, Univ. California, Davis. Poultry Science, 1935, Vol. 14, p. 99. There was a decrease in the weight of yolk, due to a slower rate of growth of the ovum, after feeding desiccated thyroid to laying hens. The birds themselves also lost weight and production fell. The weight of the egg shells, however, increased slightly.

Bile acids and carbohydrate metabolism. '5% Liver-glycogenesis due to administration of constituents of hens' eggs and cholic acid. T.Fukase. J.Biochem., Tokyo, 1935, 21, 111-117. (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5,1935, p. 138.) The liver glycogenesis due to ingestion of egg white by starved rabbits is increased by administration of Na cholate or of extracts of egg yolk ; large amounts of the latter, however, depress liver glycogenesis.

84 Zhe significance of phosphatase estimations in the adult fowl. D* W* Auchinachie and A. R* G* Emslie* Rowetf Res, Inst, Aberdeen, Biochemical Journal, 1934, VoL 28, p,199X The values for plasma phosphatase of strictly normal, mature fowls very only slightly ; they fall during fasting. The phosphatase activity of the shell gland of the oviduct is very low, whilst there is a definite phosphatase activity in the small ** white ** ovules. It appears that the enzyme has an important role in the primary stages of yolk formation. There is no significant difference between the values for plasma phosphatase of the strictly normal laying and non-laying hens. Under suboptimum conditions the plasma phosphatase is greater in laying than in non-laying birds, but increase in the plasma phosphatase is not related to laying intensity alone. Feeding of toxic amounts of vitamin D may lead to a slight decrease in plasma phosphatase activity.

Z>fie Hydrogen-ion Concentration of the Digestive Cract of the Fowl. Roy L, Mayhew, Baton Rouge, La. Louisiana Agricultural Experiment St. Journal of the Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol.39, 1935, p. 148. Data are presented on the hydrogen-ion concentration of the various regions of the digestive tract of the fowl as follows : On five male and five female adults, on seven birds ten to eleven weeks old, and on seven that were 13 to 17 weeks old. The digestive tract was found to be, in general, fairly acid, averaging approximately 5.0 in the crop and decreasing to the neutral point in the region of the cecums. The oecums were found to average approximately neutral. The acidity of the posterior portion was much higher in the birds ten to eleven weeks old than in the older individuals.

Available Methods for Examination of the Blood of the Fowl. C. Olson* Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, VoL 39, 1935, p. 474. Five methods recommended for the enumeration of erythrocyfes and leukocytes, two methods for the enumeration of thrombocytes, and four methods recommended for the estimation of the quantity of hemoglobin were studied in a comparative manner for the purpose of determining a suitable procedure for the examination of chickens* blood. These methods were applied to chickens* blood and their accuracy and relative merits determined. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. The five methods of counting erythrocytes were found to yield nearly the same counts and had nearly the same degree of accuracy. The method proposed by Wiseman was slightly more accurate and consistently gave slightly higher erythrocyte counts. The method of counting leukocytes that utilizes ToÍsson*s solution as a diluent gave more consistent results than the other two direct methods, and when used on normal blood was considered the method of choice. Of de two indirect methods, the Wiseman was considered more suitable. For abnormal blood, as that in erythroleukosis, the direct methods are not applicable. The indirect methods will more nearly approximate the true number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood of this type.

85 The two methods for the counting of thrombocytes gave results which were not significantly different. The photo-electric and Newcomier hemoglobinomefers were in close agreement on measurement of the hemoglobin of the chicken. Although the values as read on the scale were different, the difference was consistent. Äs certain errors in the process of making hemoglobin determinations have been established by others, and as in theory and practice the photo-electric hemoglobinometer appears to be applicable to the measurement of chicken hemoglobin without alteration, translation equations for conversion of the readings of one instrument to the other are given. The Dare and Tallqvist hemoglobinometers were not considered to be applicable for the accurate measurement of the hemoglobin of the chicken.

Investigation of the inheritance of blood group antigens in fowls. Trans^ O* Thomsen, Heredîtas, VoL 19, 1934, P.24X (ReL Exp^ Sfat Rea, VoL 72, p. 603.) Studies of blood groups in fowls by interagglutination experiments between offspring and parents immunized to the blood of other birds revealed a multiple number of blood groups in fowls. The agglutînogens in the blood of the progeny were generally completely removed by reaction with the blood of both parents. Three exceptions are cited.

Studies of total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of fowls.— I, Repeated erythrocyte and leucocyte counts. E. L Palmer and J. Biely. Folia Haemafologica, Leipzig, VoL53,1935, p.143. The studies here reported were conducted with a view to determining the degree of variation that may be expected in consecutive total red and white cell counts of fowls. The following consecutive counts were made and the results tabulated: (1) Repeated counts on the same sample of oxalated blood from 4 birds (15 counts); (2) duplicate counts of 50 birds; (3) 4 to 5 daily counts of 12 birds (54 counts) ; and (4) 4 to 7 hourly counts of 12 birds (72 counts). The results of the first of four experiments reported have shown that the technic devised by A. T. Shaw in 1930 provides a satisfactory method of counting erythrocytes and leucocytes in the same chamber, and, further, that the technic used was sufficiently standardized to secure a reasonably accurate count. It is pointed out that while variations have been found in both the erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of normal birds, the daily consecutive counts and hourly counts of individual birds fluctuated around a certain level characteristic of the individual. The normal range of fluctuation in red cells appears to be about 15 per cent.

Studies of total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of fowls.— //, Effect of 48-hour starvation on total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts. E» L Palmer and J, Biely- Jour. Amen Vet Med Assoa, Vol.86, 1935, p.594. In the authors' studies, the details of which are given in three tables, " erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were made of three groups of

86 birds previous and subsequent to 48 hr. of starvation. In 31 out of 39 birds an increase in the erythrocyte counts was found, while in 8 there was a decrease. With 1 exception, all birds showed a decrease in the leucocyte counts. The percentage decrease for the three groups was 23.1, 27.7, and 28.3, respectively. ** It is concluded from the data that, in making blood counts, the time interval between the last feeding and the time the counts are made should be taken into consideration. To avoid an obvious source of fluctuation, resulting from partial starvation, a standard procedure with regard to time of feeding and making erythrocyte and leucocyte counts should be followed in the study of normal or diseased fowls/* Phosphorus compounds in the blood plasma of laying hens. Über die Phosphorverbindungen im Blutplasma der Legehenne. M* Laskowskî» Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1935, VoL 275, p,293. In the non-laying hen the total plasma P averages 12.2 mg. per 100 ml., the acid soluble P 3.8 mg. and the lipoid P 9.0 mg. In laying hens plasma P increases to 36 mg. and lipoid P to 22.2 mg. while acid soluble P increases only slightly. In non-laying birds plasma P is equal fo the sum of the lipoid and acid soluble P, but durinig egg production this relationship no longer holds, owing to the appearance of a new phosphorus fraction. Various experiments are described which show that this is a phosphoprotein.

Phosphorus partition in the blood serum of laying hens. R. R* Roepke and J, S- Hughes, Kansas State ColL Agrie* and AppL Sei,, Manhattan, J, BioL Chemie, 1935, V0LIO8, p,79. Both the total and lipoid P contents of the serum of laying hens are about three times the values obtained in non-laying hens and cocks, while the ultrafilterable inorganic P fraction is only about half the value in the two latter. The serum of laying hens also contains a phosphoprotein having properties similar to those of vitellîn. Serum Ca values were taken as an indication of whether a hen was laying or non-laying.

Zhe component glycerides of hen body fats. T*P, Hilditch and W* J, Stainsby. Biochemical Journal, 1935, VoL 29, p-599- The chief component glycerides are 40 per cent (mol.) of mono- palmitodi-*'oleins" with nearly 30 per cent (mol.) each of mainly unsaturated tri-Ci8-glycerides and of di-Qe-mono-Cis-glyoerides. Fully saturated glycerides (mainly tripalmitin) only form about 2 per cent of the fat. Stearic acid (about 7 per cent is present) may occur as monostearo- glycerides in either of the three groups. The hen body fats are differentiated from the oorresponding fats of pig, sheep and cow by their unusually large proportions of trÍ-Ci8(unsaturated)-glycerÍdes and, especially, of the mixed semi-unsaturated dî-Cis-glycerides. Zhe variation in the calcium level of the blood of the domestic fowl. W. R. Knowles, E- B» Hart and J* G^

87 Halpîn» Wisconsin Agrie, Exp, Sfaf,, Madison, Poultry Science, 1935, VoL 14, p. 83, The level of calcium in the blood of laying birds is shown fo vary with the stage of egg formation, a low level corresponding to the period of shell formation and a high level to the absence of a fully formed egg in the shell gland. These extreme levels, however, do not occur regularly nor are they constant even in the same bird, and an attempt is made to explain this in terms of the varying degree of activity of the parathyroid gland and the more constant removal of calcium for the formation of an egg. In the shell gland during the deposition of egg shell the calcium content of the arterial blood was found to be almost twice that of the venous blood, while the level of blood calcium could be rapidly raised by the subcutaneous injection of parathormone.

Calcium distribution in chicken blood. H, Paul Proc, Oklahoma Acad, Sci„ 1934, 14, 32-34, (Nufrifion Ab- stracts and Reviews, Vol, 5,1935, p, 113,) Serum Ca occurs as ionic 20 per cent, protein bound 30 per cent, and adsorbable Ca 50 per cent of the total. The egg laying period is marked by an increase, notably of protein bound and total adsorbable Ca, and a decline in filterable adsorbable Ca. Non-filterable adsorbable Ca is associated with shell formation. EGGS AND TABLE POULTRY

WHITES Zhe effect of shaking on the quality of eggs. H,J. Almquist, B.O.Nelson, and F.W.Lorenz. U.S. Egg and Poultry Mag.,Vol.40, 1934, p.l3. The California Experiment Station undertook a study to determine the effect of shaking on the candling appearance of eggs. Eggs were candled for estimation of yolk shadow and air space, and then packed in a small box with flats and fillers. The box was fastened to the center of a 3-ft. board, hinged at one end. The other end of the board was slowly raised and dropped suddenly 1 in. at the rate of 48 times per minute for 1 hr. The eggs were then recandled. Eggs given a shaking treatment sufficient to cause marked deforma- tion of air spaces and significant increases in yolk shadows did not undergo liquefaction of the white. When the firm white layer was ruptured after shaking, eggs had a significantly lower percentage of firm white and a much greater increase of yolk shadow than did eggs in which the firm white layer was not ruptured. The increased shadow resulting from shaking may have been due to a relaxing of physical structures which tend to hold the yolk in a central position in the egg,. Variation in the White-to-Yolk Ratio of Fresh Eggs. H.P. Morris, F.B.King and R.B.Nesfler. J. Home Econ., 1935, 27, 33-35. (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, 1935, p.47.) Three samples of eggs were used. The first was obtained from a wholesale dealer while the second and third were one day old eggs from hen and pullets respectively. The weight of the yolk was greater in the commercial sample than in the fresh eggs from hens, due it is thought to a transfer of moisture from white to yolk. The yolks of pullets' eggs weighed less than those of hens. The three samples, however, did not differ significantly in the weight of the whites. Zhe Refractivity of heat-denatured Egg Albumin. H.A. Barker. Jour. Biol. Chem., Vol.104, 1934, p. 667. The author reports measurements indicating that the refractivity of egg albumin increases with heat denaturation in alkaline solution. This increase is interpreted as a structural rearrangement within the protein molecule, and a brief summary of the literature also shows that "all of the properties which would be expected to be most sensitive to structural changes in the egg albumin molecule (in particular the optical

89 properfies) actually are altered» The unaltered properties are those which should be less sensitive to structural rearrangement**. The specific refractive increment of egg albumin was found to be 0.00185^0.00002. Effect of Changes in pH on the rate of Detoxification of Egg White by Heat. H, T* Parsons, E, Kelly and E» Yearick* Univ. Wisconsin. J. Home Econ., 1934, VoL26, p.523. (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., VoL4,1935.) Alteration of the pH of fresh egg white over a range from 8 to 4.8 by the addition of either lactic or hydrochloric acid lengthened the time of heating necessary for detoxification. VOLKS Zhe Effect of several Cypes of Lights and Candles on the Visibility of Egg Yolks, L. A. Wilhelm, L. R Payne. State College, Kansas. The U. S. Egg and Poultry Magazine, March, 1934, p. 28. Summary : In this study both the frosted and red bulbs enabled the candler to classify the eggs before the candle slightly more efficiently than did the plain bulb. There seemed to be no significant difference in all grades between candles number 1 and 2. Candle number 2 gave slightly less variation in the first two grades than did number 1, and less total variation in all instances. Candle number 3 with the plain bulb gave the greatest variation. The intense white light caused a great many eggs to be classified in the upper two grades which should not have been there. Using frosted and red bulbs eliminated much of this error. Eggs can be graded for yolk visibility (color-shadow) rather efficiently by an experienced candler, but this classification is found to be closely correlated with the depth of color when the eggs are broken into a dish. Olive yolks. G. D. Shaw. Journal of the Dept. Agrie. W. Austral., 1934, Vol. 11, p. 557. Dept. Agrie., W. Australia. The author claims that there are two distinct types of **olive" yolked eggs, namely **olive coloured** yolk and "olive yolk'* or diseased yolk. The former, caused by feeding a diet rich in green pigment, is olive in colour from the beginning ; the latter is normal in colour when laid, but deteriorates on keeping, and after about 5 days shows definitely green against the light. It is possible to differentiate between the two only by keeping the eggs for about 14 days when the diseased yolk has developed a deeper gray colour. Factors influenzing the Utilization of the Iron and Copper of Egg Yolk for Hemoglobin Formation. W. C. Sherman, C. A. Elvehjem and E. B. Hart. Univ. Wisconsin, Madi- son. Journal of Biological Chemy, 1934, Vol.107, p. 289. Experimental work indicated that the incomplete haemoglobin regeneration which takes place when egg yolk (which contains 100 per

90 cent available Fe) is used as sole source of supplement Fe and Cu, is probably due tot the formation of CuS which is unavailable. If extra Cu is fed, normal haemoglobin regeneration takes place. SUNDRIES Proteins of the egg shell. H. J. Almquist. Poultry Science, Vol.13, 1934, p. 375. An investigation at the California Experiment Station yielded evidence to prove that the protein of eggshell matrix was different from that of the membranes. The matrix exhibited the general properties of the collagen class of proteins. Studies on the specific gravity of hens' eggs : Ä new method for determining the percentage of shell in hens' eggs. N^ Olsson» Leipzig: Off o Harrassowifz, 1934, pp.16, figs. 5. No significant correlation was found between the total weight and specific gravity of new-laid eggs produced under similar conditions, but there was a significant positive correlation between the total weight and volume of the eggs. After the eggs had cooled to room temperature the volume of the air cell was positively correlated with the weight (volume) of the egg, the coefficient of correlation being 0.51^0.06. A high positive correlation was found between specific gravity and the percentage of shell weight of the total weight of the egg immediately after being laid. On this basis specific gravity was a good measure for the percentage of shell. With a normal percentage of shell, in a population of eggs the mean of the eggs' specific gravity lay between 1.085 and 1.09 when calculated immediately after laying.

Zhe structure of the Hen's Egg Shell. G. F. Sfewarf. Cornell Univ., Ifhaca, RY. Poultry Science, 1935, Vol. 14, p. 24. The five essential parts of the egg shell of the hen are discussed. In over 1000 samples the thickness of the shell ranged from 0.23 - 0.46 mm. The average chemical composition of an egg shell was: CaCOs 93.7 per cent, MgC03 1.39 per cent, P2O5 0.76 per cent and organic matter 4.15 per cent. Effect of malvaceous Seeds on stored-egg Quality. F» W. Lorenz and G.J. Almquisf. Univ. California, Berkeley. Indusf. Eng. Chem., 1934, 26,1311-1313. (Ref. Nufrifion Absfr., Vol.4, 1935.) Two per cent of cottonseed oil was fed to a group of hens. Soon after, both the depot fat of the birds and the extracted yolk fat of the fresh eggs reacted to the Halphen test for cottonseed fat. Eggs from the birds when stored for 3 months developed **pink white** condition. A survey was then made of the family to which cottonseed belongs, and it was found that in every case the fat of those plants gave a positive reaction to the Halphen test. Chesseweed and California windbreak seeds were then included in the diet of laying birds and the eggs reacted to the test. They developed "pink white** on storage as in the case of eggs from birds fed cottonseed.

91 Ä nutritional disease demonstrating a feed deficiency in dried eggs. W. C^ Tully and K» W. Franke, Poultry Science, Vol 13, 1934, p. 343, In tests at the South Dakota Experiment Station a pellagralike syndrome appeared in chicks fed 15 per cent of dried whole egg plus 5 per cent of dried buttermilk as animal protein supplements in a ration thought to be otherwise complete. The addition of 3 or 5 per cent of Yeast-Foam tablet powder or 5 per cent of similar yeast plus 3 per cent of meat and bone scraps to the above ration did not prevent this trouble. On replacing the dried whole egg with meat and bone scraps the symptoms did not appear.

Biological Storage of Halogens in Eggs and in tfie animal Organism, 3. Fluorine. Über die biologiscfie Speiche-^ rung der fialogenen Elemente in Hüfinereiern und im tierischen Organismus. ^. Fluor. B, Purjesz, L^Berkessy, KL Gönczi and M, Kovâcs-Oskolâs, Med- Clin*, Roy, Hung. Univ. Szeged. Archiv für experimentelle Patho- logie und Pharmakologie, 1934, VoL176, p.578. (ReL Nutrition Abstr., VoL4, 1935.) In hens, intravenous injection of sodium fluoride led to the appearance of fluorine in the liver and blood and in traces in the brain and in the eggs. Administration of "fluorine" eggs to patients with Graves* disease caused a marked reduction of pulse and temperature, a moderate fall of the basal metabolic rate and increase in weight.

Correlation between Composition and Size of Hen Eggs. Correct Price of Eggs of different Sizes. Jak souvisí si ozzenî slepicího vejce s jeho velikostí. K otázce spràvné ceny ruznych vähovych trtd trídenych vajee. J. Krizenecky. Zootech. Res. Inst. Brno. Vest. csl. Akad. Zemêd., 1934, Vol.10, p. 581. (Also in German.) (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., Vol.4, 1935.) From a determination of the percentage of white, yolk and shell in eggs purchased in the open market and ranging in weight from 35 to 73 g. it is shown that, for all practical purposes, the percentages of these three components is constant and independent of the weight of the egg. If eggs are to be sold according to nutritive value they should, therefore, be sold by weight.

Effect of Race of Fowl and Weight of Egg on Egg Composi- tion. Der Einfluß der Hühnerrasse und des Eigewichtes auf die Zusammensetzung der Eier. G. Mészâros. Franz Josef Univ. Szeged. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel, 1934, Vol. 68, p.548. From examination of about 100 eggs, Leghorn, Rhode Island and mixed market eggs, it appears that Rhode Island whole eggs had the lowest and mixed eggs the highest dry matter content, but the shells of Rhode Island and Leghorn eggs were lighter. Eggs of 50-55 g. weight

92 had the highest fofal dry matter and yolk dry matter content. Those weighing over 55 g. had a lower dry matter and still lower yolk dry matter content than those of 50-55 g. weight. TABLE POULTRY Bacteriological Studies on dressed Poultry. L Preliminary Investigations of bacterial Action at chill Zemp er atures. A. G. Lochhead and G- B- Landerkîn* Scientific Agri- culture, 1935, pJ65. Summaf y : The deterioration of dressed poultry at 30° and 32° F. to the point where the birds acquire a noticeable odour is essentially a surface spoilage. The first odour noticeable is due to the development of bacteria on the skin surface, and reaches an extent which may be objectionable before there is any significant de composition of, or notable increase of bacteria in, the muscular tissue. The first signs of surface odour are apparent when the bacteria count on the skin has exceeded approximately 2,500,000 per square centimetre. From the bacteriological point of view birds held at 30° F. remain approximately one week longer before reaching the initial stage of spoidage than those held at 32° F. The predominant types of bacteria developing on the skin during storage were representative of the genera Micrococcus, Flavobacterium and Äckromobacter, six species being described, all cold-tolerant rather than cold-loving. Differences in bacterial development at 30° and 32° F. were quantitative rather than qualitative. üfie Analysis and Composition of the Flesh of the domestic Fowl. R Holcomb and W* A* Maw, Macdonald Coll McGill University, Quebec* Canadian Journal of Rese- arch, 1934, Vol. 11, p. 613, (ReL Nutrition Abstracts, VoL4, 1935.) The average percentage composition of 32 chickens (edible portion minus giblets) taken from fattening trials was found to be as follows : moisture 65.33 ; fat 13.99 ; ash 0.89 ; protein 19.79 ; nitrogen 3.30. Though the chickens were all of approKimately the same age, and had been fed almost similarly in the trials, there was great individual variation in composition. The percentage moisture ranged from 54-72, and the fat from 6-29. Variations in ash, protein and nitrogen centent were much less marked. An inverse relationship between the percentages of fat and moisture was noted, the correlation coefficient being 0.962. Analysis and Composition of Meat of Domestic Fowl. R. Hol- comb. Canad. Chem. Met., 1934,18,182. (Nutrition Ab- stracts en Reviews, Vol.5,1935, p»37.) The percentage of H2O, protein, fat and ash of the combined edible portions (less the viscera) of chickens varied widely in spite of uniformity in age. Digestion with HCl is superior to other methods for the determination of fat.

93 Experiments in Zahle Poultry Production. Bulletin No, 91, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. London. Publi- shed by His Majesty's Stationery Office. Price l/^net. This bullefin is a report of the work which has been done af the Southern Table Poultry Experiment Station during the years 1925-32. The report is divided into three sections. Section 1 is a summary of the work carried out from 1925 to 1928. During this period the investigations were mainly concerned with the best methods of feeding and marketing table poultry as a by-product of commercial egg farms, and the value for table purposes of the breeds most generally used by egg farmers, as compared with breeds and crosses generally regarded as the best for table purposes. Six breeds and cross breeds were used and the results are summarised in tables. Section 2 reports the results of work done during 1929-30, when the object of the experiments was to compare wet mash feeding with dry mash feeding. The main object of the experimental work during the period 1931-32 was to investigate the possibility of cheapening the cost of the fattening ration by reducing the milk content, and using barley meal and maize meal as partial substitutes for Sussex ground oats in the ration. This work is reported fully in Section 3. Comprehensive tables which give details of growth rate, food consumption, fattening, marketing, and costs are an outstanding feature of the bulletin. Zahle poultry production. A.J.Macdonald and M.R.Mac Murray. Harper Adams Agr. Col. Bui. 10,1934. The results of experiments are reported, involving a total of 5,474 chickens, on methods of brooding, rearing, feeding, and fattening table chickens. Crosses of Brown Sussex x Light Sussex, Rhode Island Red X Light Sussex, and Bresse X Light Sussex were used in this work. There was no significant difference in the fertility and hatchability of the eggs produced by the three crosses^ but the rate of growth and the quality of the carcasses of the first two crosses were superior to the last cross. There was no significant difference in the fattening results with chickens reared by the different methods. In the fattening tests there was no appreciable difference in the price obtained per pound between trough-fed birds and those that had been trough-fed and crammed. Cramming is recommended only where highly skilled labor is available. Further Results of Zahle Poultry Experiments. C. C. Rhodes. Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture, Uni- versity of Stellenbosch. Farming in South Africa, Jan. 1932. Contents : Housing and Runs. Feeding. Marketing. Profit and Loss Account. General Observations.

Zhe cold Storage of Poultry, l. Gas Storage of Chickens. E. C. Smith. 2. Chemical Changes in the Fat of gasstored Chickens. C. H. Lea. Low Temp. Res. Stat. Cambridge.

94 J. Soc. Chem. Indust, 1934, VoL53, p.345T. (ReL Nutrition Abstn, VoL 4,1935.) 1, A high concentration of carbon dioxide (70-96 per cent) was necessary to keep down mould and bacterial growth for the required minimum of 4 months* storage at 30-31° F. This did not prevent auto- digestion and ** greening " of the belly wall and caused swelling of the crop and protrusion of the vent, all of which detracted from the market value of the birds, and rendered the method unsuitable for commercial purposes. 2. Storage in carbon dioxide practically eliminates hydrolysis of skin fat by suppressing the growth of moulds, etc. The induction, period is doubled when the oxygen concentration is less than 4 per cent of normal, but oxidation finally sets in unless there is nearly 100 per cent carbon dioxide. Zable Poultry Experiments. Interesting Conclusions from Investigations at Newton Uigg. M. B. Smithson» Eggs, June 19th, 1935. 1. The rearing of table chickens during the " out of season " period holds promise of being profitable, and can yield a quick turnover to the egg farmer. 2. Although no charge has been made for rent, depreciation, etc., these will be proportionately low, as on most poultry farms, incubators and rearing equipment are lying idle at these periods of the year. Where labour is employed, the autumn and the early winter are slack periods, and so it will rarely be necessary to employ any additional help. 3. The Light Sussex will cross well with most heavy egg-laying breeds, yielding a big proportion of birds with white flesh and legs. The purchase of good male birds of this breed is, therefore, suggested for consideration in the organising of a farm of this type. 4. In the Lake District there is little demand for table chickens after the holiday season. It is therefore essential that a definite market should be obtained in the first place. 5. The prices received for both wholesale and retail sales cannot be described as good, but the results suggest that poultry keepers might usefully consider the hatching and rearing of table poultry during the late summer.

95 GENERAL

REPORTS ANNUAL Report of work in avian pathology, etc., at the Iowa Station. Iowa Sta. Rpt 1934, pp.60, 61, 142, 143. The work of the year briefly referred to includes studies of so-called ** range paralysis ** in chickens, by C. Murray, C. D. Lee, F, D. Patterson, H. L. Wilcke, and E. W, Henderson ; the influence of various nutritional factors on blindness and range paralysis in chickens, by Wilcke, Henderson, and Patterson ; transmission of so-called range paralysis in chickens through the egg, by Murray, Lee, Patterson, and Wilcke ; breeding for resistance to fowl typhoid in poultry, by W. V. Lambert and N.F.Waters; and genetic investigation of resistance and susceptibility to disease in laboratory animals, by Lambert.

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AUSTRIA. OESTERREICHISCHE LANDWIRTSCHAFT- LICHE GEFLÜGELZEITUNG, Heiligensf ädf er- sfrasse 137, Wien 19. OESTERREICHISCHE TIERARZT. Braun- gasse, Wien 17. AUSTRALIA. THE AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOUR- NAL, University of Sydney, Faculty of Veteri- nary Science. AUSTRALASIAN POULTRY WORLD, 78 a Victoria Str., Melbourne. THE JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Victoria Square, Adelaide. POULTRY, Sydney, N. S.W. 32. BELGIUM. AVISELECT, Tervurenlaan 254, S.P. Woluwe. BULLETIN OFFICIEL, Les Colombes, Heide Calmpthout. HET VLAAMSCH DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJDSCHRIFT, Brusselschesteenweg 625, Gent. HET VLAAMSCH PLUIMVEEBLAD, Tervurenlaan 254, S. P. Woluwe. CANADA. THE CANADA POULTRYMAN, 618 Homer Street, Vancouver. THE CANADIAN POULTRY REVIEW, 184, Adelaide Str., W., Toronto. SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, Can. Society of Technical Agriculturists, 306 Victoria Building, Ottawa. CZECHO-SLOVÄKIÄ. PRAGER TIERÄRZTLICHES ARCHIV, Prof. Dr. L. Freund, Hygienisches Institut, Preslova?, Prag XI. PUBLICATIONS CLINIQUES DE L'ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES VETERINAIRES, f^fSST'ilrl A/ rjT"nO SBORNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, Dr. J. Krizenecky, Zeme- delska3, Brno. VESTNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, Dr. Eduard Reich, Prague. Slezska?, Prague XII. ENGLAND. CHANTICLEER, Chilworth, near Guildford, EGGS, Rudgwick, Sussex. [Surrey. THE FEATHERED WORLD. 9, Arundel Street, Strand, London, W. C.2. HARPER ADAMS POULTRY JOURNAL, Newport. THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, 10, Whitehall Place, London. LANCASHIRE UTILITY POULTRY SOCIETY'S REPORT, 22 Chapel Walks, Preston, Lancashire. MEMOIRS UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Department of Agriculture, Cambridge. NATIONAL POULTRY JOURNAL, Milford. Surrey. POULTRY, 71 Fleet Street, London, E. C. 4. POULTRY WORLD, Dorset House, Stamford Street, London, S. E. 1. POULTRY RECORD, Official Organ of the Nat. Utility Poultry Society, 53, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. FRANCE. LA REVUE AVICOLE, 34 Rue de Lille, Paris. L'UNION AVICOLE, Benoit Vilquin, Chéreng (Nord). GERMANY. ARCHIV FÜR GEFLÜGELKUNDE, Forsthaus Schönwalde b. Berlin, Kreis Niederbarnim. DEUTSCHE LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE GE- FLÜGELZEITUNG, Steinmetzstr.2, Berlin. GEFLÜGEL-BÖRSE. Perfhesstr. 5, Leipzig. DER KLEINTIERHOF, Sfeinmetzstr. 2, Berlin W 57. KLEINTIER UND PELZTIER, Deutsche Ge- sellschaff für Kleinfier- und Pelztierzucht, Nikolaistr., 28/32, Leipzig, C.l. NORDDEUTSCHER GEFLÜGELHOF. Nord- strasse 5, Oldenburg i. Olbg. SÜDDEUTSCHE TIERBÖRSE, Ulm a.d. Donau. ZÜCHTUNGSKUNDE, Nikolausberger Weg 9. Göttingen. HOLLAND. BEDRYFSPLUIMVEEHOUDER. Misset, Doe- tinchem. DE KLEINVEEWERELD, Parkweg 180, Voor- burg. SCHÄKELS, Maasstraat 106-11, Amster- dam (Z.). TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE, Prins Mauritslaan 9, Den Haag. HUNGÄRIÄ. STATISTIKAI HAVI KOZLEMENYEK, Keleti Kàroly, U.7, Parterre 14, Budapest. INDIA. THE INDIAN POULTRY GAZETTE, 2 Fancy Lane, Calcuttau THE INDIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, P. Srinivasa Rao, Madras. IRISH FREE STATE. JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Dublin, C.17. ITALY. RIVISTA DI AVICULTURA, Via AureHo Saffi, 26, Bologna. RIVISTA DI ZOOTECNIA, R. Instituto Superiore Agrario e Foréstale, Cascine, Firenze. JAPAN. JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, Prof. Naoshi Nitta, Faculty of Agriculture, Imperal University, Komaba, Tokyo. JUGO-SLÄVIA. VETERINARSKI ARHIV, Savska Cesta 16, Zagreb. NETHERLANDS-EÄST-INDIA. LANDBOUW EN VEE- TEELT, Petjenongan 72, Bafavia-Centrum. NED. BLÄDEN VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE, Bafaviascheweg 54, Buitenzorg, Java. NORWAY. TIDSKRIFT FOR FJAERFAEAVL, Raadhus- gafen. 9 III, 10-3, Oslo. NORTHERN IRELAND. MONTHLY REPORT OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Stormonf, Belfast PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PHILIPPINE POULTRY JOUR- NAL, 357-359 R. Hidalgo, Quiapo, Manila. POLAND. DROB POLSKI, VI. Kopernika 30, Warsaw. LA REVUE AGRONOMIQUE UKRAI- NIENNE, Dr. E. Chraplywyj, Rynok 10/11, Lwow. RUMANIA. AVICULTURA, Instituí National Zootehnic, Stradu M. Kogalniceanu, No. 63, Bucuresti VI. SCOTLAND. THE SCOTTISH JOURNAL OF AGRICUL- TURE, Dept. of Agriculture, His Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh. SOUTH AFRICA. BOERDERIJ IN SUID-AFRICA, Land- bouw Department, Pretoria. THE JOURNAL OF THE S. A. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Dr. Curson, Onderstepoort, Pretoria. THE S. A. POULTRY MAGAZINE, Whiteco House, Box 286, Bloemfontein. THE ONDERSTEPOORT JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Direkor of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry P. O. Onderstepoort, Pretoria.

SPAIN. MUNDO AVíCOLA, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. SWEDEN. SVERIGES FJÄDERFÄAVELS FÖRENINGS TIDSKRIFT, Agronom Sune Traskman, Vasa- gatan 5, Stockholm. SWITZERLAND. DIE TIERWELT, Buchdruckerei Zofinger Tagblatf, Zofingen. L'ELEVEUR SUISSE. Case Postale 90, Lau- sanne-Gare. DER GEFLÜGELZÜCHTER, F.Siegrisf, Post- fach 20, Buchs 9. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CACKLE AND CROW, New England's Poultry Newspaper, Guilford, Conn. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, O. C. INTERNATIONAL BABY CHICK NEWS, 3223 Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. NEW ENGLAND POULTRYMÄN, 4 Park Street, 2, Boston, Mass. THE NEWS LETTER, College of Agriculture, Moscow, Idaho. OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BIMONTHLY BULLETIN, Wooster, Ohio. POULTRY SCIENCE, Dr. J. Hohnes Martin, 730 Rose Street, Lexington, Ky. POULTRY SUPPLY DEALER, 1230 West Washington Boulevard, Chicago. POULTRY TRIBUNE. Mount Morris, IlÜnois. U. S. EGG AND POULTRY MAGAZINE, 110 North Franklin Street, Chicago. OFFICERS Honorary Past Presidents—Dt* Sir Edward Brown, FX.S., 60 Castellain Mansions, London W. 9, England, Mr. F. C Elford, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Mr. W. A. Kock, Lykkevej 9, Charlottenlund, Denmark. President—^toi. A. Ghigî, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italie. Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for America—Prof. J. E. Rice, Cornell Universitv, Ithaca, N.y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for Europe—V^toL S. Castelló, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain. Vice-Presidents—Prof. Dr. K. Beller, Yûksek Ziraat Eustitûsû, Ankara, Turkey. Mr. P. Francis, Ministry of Agriculture, 10 Whitehall Place, London. Mr. CS.Th. van Gink, Voorburg, Z.-H., Holland. Mr. J. J. Jordaan, Dep. of Agriculture, Union Buildings, Pretoria, South Africa. Prof. Chas. Voitellier, 89 Rue Erlanger, Paris 16 ème, France. Secretary for Continental Europe—Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, State Serum In- stitute, Rotterdam, Holland. Editor Internationaf Review of Poultry Science: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam« MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AUSTRALIA Mr. J. B. Merrett. AUSTRIA Dr. Otto Hühner. BELGIUM Mr. T. K. Chrispeels. Prof. J. F. Frateur. Mr. K. de Rycke. BULGARIA Prof. George S. Chlebarofi Dr. P. Hadjidimitroff. Mr. Ivan Tabakoff. CANADA Mr. W. A. Brown. Prof. W. R. Graham. Prof. F. K Marcellus. CZECHO-SLOVAKIA Prof. F.Krai. Dr. J. Krizenecky. DENMARK Dr. J, Traberg. EGYPT Dr. M. Askar Bey. ENGLAND Capt. E. T. Hainan. Mr. T. Newman. FRANCE Prof. P. Lesbouyries. Mr. René Caucurte. GERMANY Dr. J. Filler. Mr. K. Vetter. Dr. L. Weinmiller.

8 HOLLAND Prof. Dr. L. de Blieck, Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe. IRISH FREE STATE Miss Mary Hennerfy. ITALY * . Prof. E. Giacomini. Prof. Ä. Pirocchi. JAPAN Prof. K. Kimura. NEW ZEALAND Mr. F. Brown. PALESTINE Mr. Alexander Livshufz. POLAND ♦ Dr. Laura Kaufmann. SCOTLAND Miss A. Kinross. Miss Macleod. SOUTH-AFRICA Mr. W. A. Bartletf. Miss D. Pybus. SOUTHERN RHODESL4 .... Mr. H. Le Garde Mercier. SWEDEN Mr. M. de Wachenfelt. SWITZERLAND Mr. M. K. Kleb. Mr. E. Mosimann. TURKEY Prof. Cevaf Rûstû. UNITED STATES ProL J. G. Halpin. Dr. M. A. JulL Prof. W. F. Kirkpafrick. Prof. J. H. Martín. Prof. L. F. Payne. URUGUAY Prof. E. Llovef.

Editor INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE: Dr. B. J. C, te Hennepe, Rotterdam. PATRONS AUSTRALIA. The Secreíary. Department of Commerce, A. M, P. Cham- bers, 419 Collins Street, Melbourne. CANADA. Department of Agriculture of Canada, Ottawa. ENGLAND. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.I. IRISH FREE STATE. Department of Agriculture, Government Buildings, Dublin, C. 17. SCOTLAND. Department of Agriculture, York Buildings, Queen Street, Edinburgh. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Office of the High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa, Trafalgar Square, London, England.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES CANADA. Canadian National Poultry Record Association, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Poultry Science Association. Prof. W. Ä. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec. DENMARK. Danmarks Fjerkraeavler forening, Gl. Kongevej 31, Copen- hagen V. ENGLAND. National Poultry Council of England and Wales, Avenue Chambers, 4 Vernon Place, London, W. 1. Scientific Poultry Breeders Association, Rudgwick, Horsham, Sussex. FRANCE. Société Centrale d'Aviculture, 34 Rue de Lille, Paris. GERMANY. Reichsverband Deutscher Kleinfierzûchter, Berlin SW11, Haf enplatz 5. RUMANIA. Federatia generala avicola din Romania, Bucarest. Prof. G. K. Constantinescu, Directorul Instit. National Zootehnic, Str. Mihail Kogalniceanu Nr. 63, Buccuresti VI. SWITZERLAND. Schweizerischer Geflügelzuchtverein, Riehen-Basel. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. International Baby Chick Association, 400—402 B. M. A. Building, 215 Pershing Road, Kansas City, Missouri. Poultry Science Association. Prof. W. Ä. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

10 MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING, JAN. 1 sf. 1936

Honorary Life Member—ProL Salvador Castello, Ärenys de Mar, Barcelona. Dr. H.J. Lovînk, 36 Brugsche Straaf, Scheveningen, Holland. Hon. H. R. Motherwell, Ottawa, Canada. Dr. Raymond Pearl, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Ä. ALGERIA. Miss Jeanne Bernard, Ecole Ménagère agricole. Jardin d'Essaie, Alger.

AUSTRALIA. Mr. E. Hadlington, Dept. of Agriculture, Sydney, N. S.W. Mr. G. W. Lavender, Editor "Poultry", Sydney, N.S.W., Coulboure Sie, Major G. D. Shaw, Poultry Advisor, Dep. of Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia. The Secretary, Poultry Advisory Committe, Dept. of Agriculture, Bris- bane, Queensland. AUSTRIA. Dr. Ing. O. Eckstein, Penzinger Strasse 107, Wien XIH. M. O. Engelskind, Landstrasse-Hauptstrasse 102, Wien HL Dr. O. Hühner, Mitterndorf a. d. Fischa. Baron A. von Kubeck, Gut Kammerhof, Blindenmarkt, N.O. M. Andreas Rakowitsch, Villa Brauner, Kroisbach b. Graz. Ir.R. Warton, Eierfarm Gut Edla, Amstetten.

BELGIUM. Dr. A. Beulens, Kasteel de Heester, St. Lenaarts. Mr. Carlo Boddaert, Rue du Pont de Malte 117, Gand. Ing. J. Camerlinckx, Platte Lootsraat 48, Kesseloo, Leuven. Mr. F. K. Chrispeels, Tervurenlaan 254, S. P. Woluwe. Mr. Achiel Comhaire, Asper. Mr. P. Crahay, Pluimveebedryf van Groot Peeteren, Alken. Prof. J. L. Frateur, Minderbroederstraat 40, Leuven. Prof. L. Geurden, Eendrachtstraat 69, Gent. Mr. W. P. van den Heuvel, Postbox 12, Merxem, Antwerpen. Mr. V. Hostens, Noordstraat 204, Roesselaere. Mr. M. van Hollebeke, Hooglede. Mr. Alfred Keymeulen, Heide-Calmpthout. Dr. R. Willems, Ecole Vétérinaire, Brussels. Mr. E. Magerman, St, Martens-Laethem. Mr. K. de Rijcke, Station, Gavere. Mr. O. de Rijcke-Cornelis, Machelen, Deinze. Dr. Geo Vandevelde, Gravenstraat 18, Na-zareth, O.VI. A. Vervaecke, Rîgo Broedery, Komen. Mr. Joseph Verhaeghe, Vichte.

11 BULGARIA, Prol a S, Chlebaroff, Postfach 227, Sofia, Dr. P. Hadjidimifroff, Bulev. „Nikolai Nikolavifsch 15**, Sofia. Mr. Iwan Tabakoff, Universifäf, Sofia. CANADA. Mr. Jos. D. Barbeau, Department of Agriculture, Quebec. Mr. W. A. Brown, Dominion Life Stock Branch, Ottawa. Mr. F. C. Elford, Experimental Farm, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa* Mr. A. P. G. Emslie, Central Exp. Farm, Ottawa. Mr. W. H. Fairfield, Experimental Station, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Prof. W. P. Graham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Prof. A. Gratton, Institut Agricole D'Oka, La Trappe, P. Q. Mr. C. M. Harvey, 105 Symons Street, Mimioo, Ont. Prof. J. P. Landry, Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotîa. Prof. F. N. Marcellus, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Prof. W. A. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec. Miss Helen I. Milne, Poultry Department, University, Edmonton, Alta. Mr. H. F. Murwin, Experimental Station, Harrow, Ontario. Mr. Abel Raymond, 2 Chauveau Avenue, Postal Box 516, Quebec. Mr. George Robertson, Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Mr. G. A. Robertson, Box 275, St Catharines, Ontario. Mr. L. E. O'Neill, Ontario Poultry Assn. Parliament Bids. Toronto. Mr. R. V.Wiloox, Salmon Arm, B. C Brother Wilfrid, Oka Agricultural Institute, La Trappe, Quebec. Mr. H.F.Williamson, Box 675, Weston, Ontario. Mr. Jas B.Woodyatt, 355 St. James Street, West Montreal, Que. CUBA. Colonel L. de la Torriente, 17 esquina a 6, Vedado, Habana. CZECHO-SLOVAKIA. Mr. Josef Drabek, 4, Ulice EHsky Krásnohorské, Prague 1. Dr. J. Hlouska, Vyzkumne ustavy zemedelske, Praha XIX. Prof. Dr. Fr. Krai, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Prazská 67, Emo. Dr. J. Krizenecky, Cerna Pole, Brno. DENMARK. Mr. H. Folden, Ostbanagade 11, Copenhagen. Mr. Verner Hagerup, Brobyhus Poultry Farm, Snekkersten. Mr. J. Kr. Hansen, Fiona, Ravnebjerg pr. Holmstrup. Mr. E. Hansen, Vester Voldgade 7 and 9, Copenhagen. Mr. A. Hogsbro Holm, Agricultural Council of Denmark, Copenhagen. Honse og Svinefoderfabrik A/S, Esbjerg. Konsultant W. A. Kock, Lykkevej 9, Charlottenlund. Miss Inger Larsen, Hojagergaard, Femhoj. Mr. H. Mortensen, Dansk Andéis Aegexport, Esbjerg. Mr. Oluf Nielsen, Dr. Margrethevej 12, Roskilde. Dr. J. Traberg, Storehedinge. Mr. Per Ulrik, Trondhjems Plads 4, Copenhagen. Mr. C.Wildner-Christensen, Tebbestrup Kjaer, Randers. EGYPT. Dr. Ahmed Fareed Bey, Director, Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agri- culture, Cairo. Dr. Mohamed Askar Bey, 10 Madrasat-Wali-el-Ahd Str., Abbassiah, Cairo.

12 Dr. Ibrahim Fahmy Salem, Sub-Director, Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo. H. E. Kamel Bey Ibrahim, Minister of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

ENGLAND. The Hon. Florence Amherst, 1 Kinnerton Studios, Wilton Place, Lon- don S. W. 1. Mr. J. Amsden, Sevenoaks, Weald, Kent. Mr. A. Arbuthnot, Sinah Warren, Hayling Island, Hants. Mr. R. H. Axworthy, Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring. Mr. W. Barningham, Beach Mount, Bowden Road, Altrincham, Cheshire. Mr. T. D. Bell, Oakhurst, Fifers Lane, Old Catton, Norwich. Mr. W. P. Blount, East Sussex C. C, County Hall, Lewes. Mr. F. C. Bobby, Send Manor Estate, Riply, Surrey. Dr. Sir Edward Brown, F. L. S., 60 Castellaln Mansions, London, W. 9. Mrs. G. A. Brown, Shrub Farm, Haughley, Suffolk. Mr. J. Brundrett, Beach Mount, Bowden Road, Altringham, Cheshire. Mr. H. F. Burdett, Bradninch Hall, Castle Str., Exeter. Mr. A. E. Cope, County Agrie. Institute, St Mary's Gafe, Derby. Dr. Ethel M. Cruickshank, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. Mr. J. H. Dowden, Heydown Farm, Heathfield, Sussex. Major C. H. Eden, Cranborne, Wimborne, Dorset. Mr. W. D. Evans, The Kibworth Hatcheries, Kibworth, Leicestershire. Mr. Percy A. Francis, 10 Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 1. Mr. G. E. Garner, The Lawn Poultry Farm, Weedon, Northants. The Right Honorable Lord Greenway, Stangrove, Edenbridge, Kent Mr. F. H. Guernsey, 12 Prudential Bldgs., 36 Dale Str., Liverpool. Captain E. T. Hainan, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. Mr. H. P. Hamilton, The Laboratory, Goring, Reading, Mr. Wm. Hamnett, Myrtle Poultry Farm, Marton, Blackpool. Mrs. P. J. Hannan, The Mount Farm, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire. Mr. Cl. A. Herbert, Heydown Farm, Heathfield, Sussex. Mr. A. E. Holman, British Oil & Cake Mills Ldt. Stoneferry, HulL Miss E. E. Kidd, Millers Mutual Assocn, 40 Trinity Square, London, E. C. 3. Miss D. E. Kitchin, Saxlingham, Norwich. Mr. H. Kunzer, 60 Drayton Gardens, London, S. W. 10. Mr. E. B. Lomax, Barton House, Paulton-le-Fylde, Lanes. Mr. G. A. Longden, Draycotf Lodge near Derby. Mr. J. B. Lunt, Meadowcroft, Hale Barns, Altrincham, Cheshire. Dr. Harold H. Mann, Woburn Exp. St., Aspley Guise, Bletchley. Mr. J. B. Merrett, 102 Denbigh Str., Victoria, London, S. W. 1. Miss Vera C. Milner, Agricultural Departement, Castle Str. Exeter. Miss M. R. McMurray, Nat. Inst. Poultry Husbandry, Newport, Salop. Mr. C T. Monck-Mason, Stonestile, Charing, Kent. Mr. Tom Newman, Pitfield, Rudgwick, Sussex. Mrs. T. Newman, Pitfield, Rudgwick, Sussex. Mr. C. B. Parish, Quaker Oats Ltd., 11 Finsbury Square, London, E. C. 2. Mr. M. F. Phelan, Northam, North Devon. Mr. W. Rice, 3 Ludgate Broadway, London, E. C. 4. Mr. T. R. Robinson, 53 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S. W. 1. Mr. R. B. Shaw, Midland Agrie. College, Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough. Mr. A.W.Sizer, Cornwall Str., Wilmington, HulL Mr. M.W. Slade, Mallards Court, Stokenchurch, High Wycombe, Bucks. Mr. Gordon Stewart, Send Manor Estate, Ripley, Surrey. Mr. H.L. Tabor, 29-31 a, Leadenhall Market, London, E. C. 3. Mr. E. Thompson, The Laurels, Bedford Road, Rushden, Northants.

13 Mr. H. Walker, Marley Brow, Bingley, Yorks. Mr. y.Watanabe, Suma Poultry Farm, Hatchford, Cobham, Surrey. Mr. C. y. WilHams, The Elms, Kelsall, Chester. Mr. Keith Wilson, National Inst. of Poultry Husbandry, Newport, Salop. Mr. J. Worthington, 10 Great George Street, Westminster, London, S. W. 1. FINLAND. Prof. G. von Wendt, Animal Husbandry Department, University, Helsingfors. FRANCE. Mr. G. Andrieu, Ferme d*Aviculture, Saints (Seine et Mame). Mr. C. A. Best, Lafayette Poultry Farm, Nangis (S. & M.). Mr. Raymond Boîvin, Pontanevaux, Saône et Loire. Miss L, Bouges, Vieilles Barzelles, Poulaines, Indre. Mr. René Caucurte, Moulin de la Madeleine, Samois-sur-Seine (S. & M.). Mr. H. Collet, 18 Rue Berlioz, Nice, A. M. Mr. Cournault, St Chîebaut à Méréville par Flavîgny sur Moselle (Meurthe et Moselle). Mr. A. Chéron, Villers les Thilliers en Vexin (Eure). Comte Delamarre de Monchaux, 6 Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Mr. A. Duquesne, Montf ort, Eure. Mr. Achille Fould, 92 Avenue Henri Martin, Paris, XVI ème. Mr. M. Heubes, Institut Pasteur, La Faisanderie, Villepreux (Seine et Oise). Mr. E. Huault, Villers les Thilliers en Vexin (Eure). Prof. P. Lesbouyries, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Alfort. Dr. G. Lissot, Vétérinaire, Pacy-sur-Eure (Eure). Miss J. Martin, Ecole Nationale Professionelle, Bourges (Cher.). Institut Pasteur, Service des Vaccins Vétérinairs, 25 Rue Dutot, Paris. Mr. M. Petit, Elevage St. Marthe, Vigneux-sur-Seine. Mr. Pierson, 42 Rue de Trévise, Paris 9 me. Station d*Etudes sur la Pathologie des Animaux de Basse-Cour, Alforf. ProL Chas.Voitellier, 89 Rue Erlanger, Paris, XVI ème. Mr. Wîltzer, Député, 15 rue de la Gendarmerie, Metz (Moselle). GERMANY. Mr. L. Bartmann, Geflh. Beeck, Wegberg (Rhld.). Prof. Dr. O. Bartsch, Forsthaus Schonwalde (Kr. Niederbarnim). Prof. Dr. K. Beller, Yüksek Ziraat Eustitüsü, Ankara, Turkey. Dr. Julius Beyer, Falkenberg (O.-S.). Dr. A. von Burgsdorff, Garath bei Benrath a. Rhein. Mr. Paul Collignon, Koblenzer Str. 40, Bonn a. Rhein. Mr. J. Eickel, Landwirtschaftskammer, Saarlandstr. 28, Hamm (Westf.). Mr. H. Engel, Lohbrüggerhöhe, P. O., Bergedorf bei Hamburg. Mr. H. Esser, Neusser Str. 56, M.-Gladbach. Dr. R. Fangauf, Geflügelzucht-Lehranstalt, Kiel-Steenbek. Dr. J. Filier, Buchenau, Post Hersfeld-Land. Geflügel-Börse, Perthesstr. 5, Leipzig C1. Mr. B. Grzimek, Brückenallee 18, Berlin NW 87. Mr. Fritz Henze, Quickborn (Holst.). Mr. W. Hoening, Nettelbeckstr. 25, Hannover. Hygienisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Berlin. Institut für Tierzucht und Milchwirtschaft der Universität, Hansa- strasse 25, Breslau. Dr. H. Lang, Oberer Hardthof, Giessen. Prof. Dr. Franz Lehmann, Bürgerstr. 21, GÖttingen.

14 Prof. Dr. med. Dr, phiL Ernst Mangold, Invalidenstr. 42, Berlin N 4. Prof. Dr. H. Miessner, Tierärztliche Hochschtile, Hannover. Mr. E. Morstadt, Stef anienstr. 45, Lahr (Baden). Dr. Mühlberg, Klusstr. 10, Osnabrück. Mr. Fritz Pfenningstorff, Steinmetzstr. 2, Berlin. Prof. Dr. R. Reinhardt, Zwickauer Str. 57, Leipzig, Mr. Ä. Riedel, Groß-Kölzig (N.-L.). Mr. Richard Römer, Kaiserallee 23, Berlin-Wilmersdorf. Mr. F. C. R. Schünemann, BiUbrookdeich 42, Hamburg. Mrs. von Treuenfels, Damerow bei Karow, Mecklenburg. Mr. K.Vetter, Wanfried a. d.Werra. Dr. L, Weinmiller, Erding bei München. Prof. Adolf Walther, Panz (Markt Schwaben), Baihof. Prof. Dr. W. Zwick, Frankfurter Str. 87, dessen a. d. Lahn.

HOLLAND. Kon, Ver. Avicultura, Bronovolaan 30, Den Haag. Mr, Jos. Bannet, Zeist. Mr. H. Bonda, Boompjes 46, Rotterdam. Mr. B. H. Berteis, Omval, Weesperzijde, Amsterdam. Ir. H. Blankenberg, Kennemerlaan 70, IJmuiden. Prof. Dr. L. de Blieck, Biltstraat 168, Utrecht. Mr. C. Dijkstra, Voorthuizen. Mr. Oscar Feigl, Hunnenweg, Voorthuizen. Mr, C, S. Th. van Gink, Parkweg 80, Voorburg (Z.-H.). Baron G. J. A. A. van Heemstra, Driebergsche Weg 20, Zeist. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, State Serum Institute, Rotterdam. Mr. K. von Henning, *t Heidehuis, Wezep. Mr. D. de Jongh, Petersime Incubators, Ameide. Mr, H. O. Köhler, Benoordenhoutsche weg 109, Den Haag. Dr. F. Lubberink, Oranjestraat 3, Heimond. Mr. J. Mantel, Huís ter Heide. Mr. H. van Overhagen, Oud-Beyerland. Prof. van der Plank, Veterinary Highschool, Utrecht, Ir, N, H, Siewertz van Reesema, p, a. N, V, Mij, tot Expl, der Oliefabricken Calvé-Delft, Delft, Jhr. P. J. H. Röell, arts, Soest. Mr, J. Sluis, Weesperkarspel. Ir. J. G. Tukker, Beekbergen. N. V. Veemesta, Coolsingel 79, Rotterdam. Dr. B. K. van Veen, fa. Misset, Doentinchem. Mr. C. J. J. G. Vosmaer, Rapenburg 83, Leiden. Mr. B. Wilton, Huize Eemwyk, Voorburg.

HUNGARY. Mr. J. Winkler, Ullöi-ut 25, Budapest IX.

INDIA. Mr. P. H. Michael, P. O. Box 32, Calcutta.

IRISH FREE STATE. Miss J. Bennett, Munster Institute, Cork. Miss J. Costello, 82 0*Connel Street, Limerick. Miss K, M. Doyle, Court House, Lifford, Co. Donegal. Miss J, Doyle, Western Arms Hotel, Monaghan.

15 Miss M. Golden, Knockcliff, Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford. Miss M. Hennerfy, Dep. of Agriculture, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Miss L. Jones, Dept. of Agriculture, Government Bldgs., Dublin. Miss Ita O.Keeffe, Clare Co. Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Ennis. Miss M. Liston, Sandfield House, Ennis, Co. Clare. Mr. Denis Philpott, Departement of Agriculture, Dublin. Miss K. Sheil, Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin, Dublin. Miss E. A. Spratt, 82 O'Connell Street, Limerick.

ITALY. Conte A. Anguissola, Casalbuttano, Milano. Prof. E. Avanzi, Istituto Agrario, S. Michèle alFAdige, Trento. Fratelli Babini, Russi, Ravenna. Mr. C. Belloro, Direttore Stabilmento Avicolo di Maccarese, Roma. Dott. M. Bonavita, via Broletto, 36, Milano. Ing. Dott. Chiaruttini, Mortegliano, Udine. Prof. F. Clementi, Via Flaminia 43, Roma. Consorzio Provinziale Allevamenti Bassa Corte di Udine presso la Unione Provinciale Fascista degli Agricultor!, Via Poscolle 8, Udine. Dr. E. Cortis, Ministero delFAgricoltura, Roma. Prof. A. Cugnini, Istitudo di Zootecnia della R. Université, Bologna. Conte Giancarlo, Connestabile Della Staffa, Montemelino Maggîone, Perugia. Aw. E. Crema, Villa Crema, Cavallermaggiore, Cuneo. Barone di Carpinello, PoHzzi Generosa, Palermo. Conte Domenioo di Velo, Direttore del Pollaio Provinciale, Vicenza. Ing. A. Dubini, v. Morone 1, Milano. Aw. C. Faravelli, Soriasoo, S. Maria della Versa, Pavia. Prof. N. Fotücchia, Istituto Superiore Agrario, Portici. Comm. R. Garzia, Moglie, Lecce. Con. G. Geronazzo, Via Cervignano 2, Milano. On. Prof. A. Ghlgi, Istituto di Zoología della R. Univ., Bologna. Prof. E. Giaoomini, v. Belmeloro 4, Bologna. Istituto Zootécnico di Pavia, Certosa di Pavia. Prof. S. Jovino, Preside del R. Istituto Técnico Agrario, Lecce. Prof. A. Lanfranchi, Vlale Q. Fllopantî 5, Bologna. Prof. F. Maiocco, Alessandria. Comm. G. Massarani, v. Tarina 10, Torino. Prof. Dott. A. Pirocchi, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 28, Milano. Comm. N. Pretî, Stabllimento Avicolo Industriale Tenuía Valdrua, Rîvalta Bormida. Dott. M. Rlghl, Stazione Provinciale di Avicultura, Cortlcella, Bologna, Doit. A. Ruggeri, Direttore del Pollaio Provinciale Ganzlrri, Due Torrl, Messina. Dott. T. Savino, Sansvero, Foggia. Fratellî Sovera, Avicultura Industriale, Mogliano Véneto, Trevlso. Dott. O. Stein, Lungotevere Mellinl 24, Roma. Dott. N. Stlgliano, Direttore del Pollaio Provinciale, Istituo Zootécnico per la Lucanîa, Bella, Potenza. Dott. Alula Taibel, Vice Direttore della Stazione Sperimentale dî PolH- cultura, Rovigo. Prof. A.Vecchi, Istituto dl Zoología della R. Univ., Bologna. On. Prof. V. Vezzani, Istituto Zootécnico e Casarío per 11 Pîemonfe, Luoento, Torino. Mrs. E.Visone-Bezzo, Via Bernardo Vittone 5, Torino.

16 JAPAN. Prof. Kazunobu Kimura, Imperial Zootechnical Experiment Station, Chibishi. LETTVIA. Mr. V. Talce, Department of Agriculture, Kalpaka Bulv. 6, Riga. MOROCCO. Mr. Lefevre, Directeur de TAgriculture, Rabat. NETHERLANDS-EAST-INDIA. Vecartsenykundig Institut, Buitenzorg, Java. NEW ZEALAND. Mr. F. G. Brown, chief Poultry Instructor, Department of Agriculture, Wellington. Mr. T. H. Evans, Spurway Poultry Farm, Hill Road, Manurewa. Mr. J. H. Kissling, Massey Agrie. College, Palmerston North. Miss J. Milne, Massey Agrie. College, Palmerston North. Mr. A. E. Salisbury, The Hutt Valley Poultry Co Ltd., Box 25, Upper Hutt, Wellington. Miss M.Watson Stewart, c/o Wm. P. Bell, Cambridge Road, Tauranga. NORTHERN-IRELAND. Miss M. J. Sheedy, Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Belfast. NORWAY. Mr. Ingebr Five, Ski, Oslo. PALESTINE. Mr. Z. Ben Adam, Superintendant, Poultry Station, Acre. Mr. N. Fiat, Agricultural School, Mikveh-Israel, Tel-Aviv, P. O. B. 185. Dr. Sh. Grasowsky, Veterinary, P. O. B. No. 25, Jaffa. Mr. A. Jofe, Agricultural School for Girls, Nahalal. Dr. A. Komaroff, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Mr. Kurt Lewy, Kfar Zanoar, Ben Schemen near Ludd. Mr. A. Liveshutz, Dep. of Agriculture, Stud Farm, Acre. Mr. J. Sheftelowitz, Poultry Instructor, Kerkur. Mr. Taran, Poultry Attendant, Stock Farm, Acre. Mr. David Uri, Agrie. Exp. Station, P. O. B. 121, Tel-Aviv. POLAND. Dr. M. S. Gutowska, Université Agricole, Warsaw. Dr. L. Kaufmann, Gov. Institute of Agricultural Research, Pulawy. Prof. Dr. Z. Moczarski, The University, Solacka 10, Poznan, RUMANIA. Prof. Dr. G. K. Constantinescu, National Animal Breeding Institute, Bucarest. Dr. P. Popa, Ministry of Agriculture, Bucarest. Dr. G. Rusu, Ministry of Agriculture, Bucarest. Dr. D. Rusu, National Animal Breeding Institute, Bucarest. SCOTLAND. Mr. A. Ewing, Buttercup Poultry Farm, 380-382 Easter Road, Leith. Mr. R. I. Hislop, c/o Forrest, 108 Buccleugh Str., Glascow, C. 3. Captain A. M. Holm, Hazelden Poultry Farm, Newton Mearns.

17 2 Miss E. L. Ireland, East Balmirmer, Ärbroath. Miss Agnes Kinross, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Kilmarnock, Miss M. M. Macleod, Department of Agriculture, Queen Street, Edinburgh, Miss H. F. Newbigin, East of Scotland College of Agriculture, 13, George Square, Edinburgh. Mr. Ä. M. Prain, Eastwood, 79, Colinton Road, Edinburgh, SOUTH AFRICA. Mr, H, S, Barnes, P. O. Boskop, Transvaal. Mr. W, A. Bartlet, Box 7499, Johannisburg, Mrs. R. C. Bristow, Masbaba Ranch, P. O. Louis Trichardt, Tvl. Mr. J. J. Coetser, Wolwas, Winburg, O. F, S. Mr, R. Heiman, Dalmore Poultry Farm, Retreat, Cape Province. Mr. D. Jacobs, Electric Poultry Farm, 70 Walton Road, Germiston, Trans- vaal. Mr. J. J. Jordaan, Dep. of Agriculture, Union Buildings, Pretoria, Mr, M. S. Letty, School of Agriculture, Glen, O, F, S, Mr, E. T, Lombard, Poultry officer, c/o Egg Circle, East London, Mr, M. Macfarlane, 161 Ninth Avenue, Sydenham, Johannesburg. Mr. C. A. Pereira, School of Agriculture, Potchef stroom, Transvaal, Miss Dora Pybus, P, O, Box 286, Bloemfontein, Mrs, E. H. Rivett, Carnac, Brandeston, Fort Brown, Grahamstown. Mr. G. J. Visagie, Omega Poultry Farm, P. O. Vijfhoek, Potchefstroom, SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Mr. H. Le Garde Mercey, Bulawayo. SPAIN. Mr. J. J. Beloqui, Granja Avícola Beotibar, Igueldo, San Sebastian. Prof. Salvador Castello, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Prof. Salvador Castello Jr., Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Mr. Ricardo de Escauriaza, Estacción Experimental Agrícola, La Coruña. Mr. H. Enriquez de la Orden, Los Peñascales, Torrelodones, Madrid. Don Jorge de San Simón, Tauste, Zaragossa. Don Jose M. Tutor, Vétérinaire, Calle de Cadiz 6, Zaragossa. SWEDEN. Mr. H. Fors, Wallingatan 37, Stockholm C. The Library of the Agricultural College of Sweden, Ultuna, Uppsala. Capt. Theo Näßtröm, Österede. Mr. Nils Olsson, Poultry School, Hammenhög. Mr. M. de Wachenfelt, 27 Portland Place, London-England, SWITZERLAND. Mr. L. Mr. L. Boiter, Geflügelfarm, Birkenau, Buchs (Kt. St G.). Mr. H. Ebbell, Oberwangen, Bern, Mr. K. Kleb, Küsnacht, Zürich, Mr. F. Kunath, Geflügelfarm, Aarau. Mr. E. Mosimann, President Schw. Geflügelzuchtverband, Riehen-Basal. Mr. G. Selleger, Parc Avicole „le Rossîgnor*, Vandœuvres, Genève. Mr. J, Ph, Stoeckli, Châteauneuf, Sion. TURKEY. Dr. Kadri Bilgemre, Tavukçuluk Enstitüsü Müdürü, Ankara. Dr. Süreyya Aygün, Hifzissihha Enstitüsü, Yüksek Ziraat, Ankara.

18 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Prof. V. S. Asmundson, Poultry Division, University of California, Davis, CaL Mr. Samuel Althouse, Poultry Item, SellersviUe, Penna. American Poultry Journal, 536 So. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. F. E. Andrews, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mr. H. G. Barott, Poultry Technologist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Experi- ment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. Earl W. Benjamin, Pacific Egg Producers Inc., 178 Duane Street, New York City, New York. Dr. P. O. Bilz, Bureau of Animal Industry, P. O. Box 327, Harrisburg, Pa. Prof. H. E. Botsford, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Dr. Theodore C. Byerly, Physiologist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. T. B. Charles, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hamp- shire. Prof. Cora Cooke, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Mr. P. C. Coombs, Monroe County Farm Bureau, 528 Mt. Hope Av., Rochester, N.Y. Mr. W. F. Dove, Maine Agr. Exp. Station, Orono, Maine. Dr. S. Eriksen, Dr. Salbury*s Laboratories, Charles City, Iowa. Mr. F. S. Gammack, Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton Institute, Virginia. Mr. A. B. Godfrey, Junior Poultry Husbandman, U. S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. J. C. Graham, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massa- chusetts. Dr. W.J.Hall, Veterinarian, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. Dwight E. Hale, Lock Box 216, Glen Ellyn, 111. Prof. J. G. Halpin, Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin. Dr. H. M. Harshaw, Assistant Biochemist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Ex- periment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. E. W. Henderson, Iowa State College, Ames, Jowa. Mr. W. A. Hendricks, Junior Biologist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Mr. Burt Heywang, Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona. Dr. M. A.Jull, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Dr. B. T. Kaupp, Dr. Salzbury*s School of Poultry Diseases, Charles City, Jowa. Dr. O. B. Kent, 141 W., Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Roy A. Keute, Bellport, Long Island, New York. Mr. L. B. Kilbourne, 43-47 South Water Market, Chicago, Illinois. Prof. D. F. King, Albama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. Prof. W. F. Kirkpatrick, Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Connec- ticut. Dr. C.W.Knox, Poultry Geneticist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. H. M. Lamon, Adams Center, New York. Mr. J. E. Layton, Rural Route 3, Seattle, Washington. Mr. Alfred R. Lee, Associate Poultry Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, U. S. A. Mr. H. R. Lewis, Davisville, Rhode Island. Mr. W. S. Malloch, Kimber Poultry Breeding Farm, Niles, Cal.

19 2'' Prof. D. R. Marble, State College, Pennsylvania. Mr. Stanley J. Marsden, Associate Poultry Husbandman, U. S. Range Livestock Experiment Station, Miles City, Montana, II. S. A. Prof. J. H. Martin, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Prof. C. L. Morgan, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson College, South Carolina. Dr. R. T. Parkhurst, National Oil Products Co., Harrison, New Jersey. Mr. Marlow W. Olsen, Junior Biologist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Ex- periment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. L. J. Parks, c/o J. W. Eshelman & Sons, Lancaster, Pa* Prof. L. F. Payne, Kansas Agrie. College, Manhattan, Kansas. Prof. A. G. Philips, Allied Mills, 3400 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. J. P. Quinn, Chief Scientific Aid, U. S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. James E. Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. A.L.Romanoff, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Mr. Carl H. Schroeder, Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit, Michigan. Prof. Ross M. Sherwood, Texas Agr. Exp. Station, College Station, Texas. Mr. H. J. Shrader, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture, Washington. D. C. Prof. A. C. Smith, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota. Mr. L. W. Steelman, R. D. 1, Lansdale, Pennsylvania. Mr. L. J. Sutton, Puritan Poultry Corporation, Atascadero, Calif. Mr. L. W. Taylor, Poultry Division, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California. Prof. Wm. D. Termohlen, Poultry Sektion, Agricultural Adjustement Ad- ministration, Washington, D. C. Prof. R. B. Thompson, Oklahoma Agricultural College, StiUwater, Okla- homa. Prof. W. C. Thompson, New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Dr. Harry W, Titus, Biological Chemist, U. S. Animal Husbandry Ex- periment Farm, Beltsville, Md.

URUGUAY. Prof. Eduardo Llovet, Calle Cuareîn 1565, Montevideo.

WALES. Mr. G. A. Caseby, Dept. of Agriculture, Little Darkgate, Aberstywyth. Mr. H. E. Davies, Padeswood Hall Demonstration Centre, Mold, Flintshire. Mr. H. R. Jenkins, Madryn Castle Farm School, Bodfean, Carnarvonshire. Mr. H. Powel Evans, Werna, Tragaron, S. O.

2C VP^ World's Poultry Congress Berlín and Leipzig 1936 July 24 th to August 2»d

preface Worlö Poultry Congrcôeeô roerc côtablîôhco by the Worlö'ö Poultry Science Äooociation for the purpoee of bringing together thoee intereeteö in all phaeee of poultry roorh, ano to etimulate frienöly international relationô/ ano to inöicate the lateet methoöe aöopteö concerning the üariouö fielöö of poultry breeöing in all parte of the rcorlO. Aleo to öieeeminate information ae to ecientific reeearch ano eöucation in poultry breeöing ano maintenance ano to encourage proöuction by lecturee, öiecueeione, ano national e^hibitione, inclueioe of the öieee« mination of better breeöe by öieplaye of forcle from all countriee. SimuU taneouely, to promote traöe in poultry proöucte ano the lateet ano moet ueeful apparatue ano equipment for poultry breeöing ano proöuction. The COngreeeee are helo eoery three yeare. The firetWorlö'e Poultry Congreee roae helo in Hollanö, 1921 ; the eeconö Congreee roae helo in Spain, 1924; the thirö roae helo inCanaöa/1927; the fourth inEnglanö, 1930; the fifth in Italy, 1933; ano the mth Congreee roill tahe place in Germany, juet before the Olympic Gamee. The original intention to holö the VI th Worlö'e Poultry Congreee in Berlin haö to be abanöoneö on account of the öieaetroue fire rohich öuring the broaöcaeting ejehibition öeetroyeö the troo halle prooiöeö for the eïhibitione of the Worlö'e Poultry Congreee. Äe theee halle roill not be rebuilt in the olö ehape eeeential for euch eyhibitione they are no longer euitable for our Congreee. In oröer to houee the Worlö'e Poultry Congreee properly, Leipzig the international centre of the Sample ano Technical Faire hae been choeen ae the oenue of the Congreee. Leipzig ie particularly euiteö for thie purpoee on account of ite central eituation in Germany ano the eneting excellent exhibition grounöe ano Congreee builöinge. Prooieion hae been maöe that the Congreee participante amone other numeroue poeeibilitiee of inetruction ano entertainment roill haoe the opportunity of Dieiting the German capital. There roill aleo be epecial traine for the Official opening of the Olympic Gamee. Tichete roill be prooiöeö if they are oröereö beforehanö.

21 Patrons: R.Walfher Darre, Reîdismînîsfer für Ernährung und Landwirfschaff Frhr. v. Neurafh, Reîdbsmînîsfer des Auswarfîgen Dr. Fr ick, Reîdismînîsfer des Innern Dr. Rusf, Reîdismînîsfer für Wîssensdiaff, Erziehung und Volksbildung

Honorary Committee: Mutschmann, Reidissfaffhalfer in Sadisen, mif der Führung der Gesdiäffe der Landesregierung beauffragf, Gauleifer Dr. Meißner, Dr. Lippert, Meinberg, Sfaafssekrefär und Chef Sfaafsraf, Sfaafsraf, Reidisobmann der Präsidialkanzlei Sfaafskommissar des Reidisnährsfandes der Sfadf Berlin Dr. Lammers, Graf Helldorf, Dr. Reischle, Sfaafssekrefär und Chef Polizeipräsidenf Sfabsamfsführer der Reidiskanzlei der Sfadf Berlin des Reidisnährsfandes Backe, Dr. Goerdeler, Frhr. v. Kanne, Sfaafssekrefär im Reîdis- Oberburgermeisfer Verwalfungsamfsführer minisferium für Ernäh- der Sfadf Leipzig des Reidisnährsfandes rung und Landwirfsdiaff Schaumburg, Prof. Dr. Krüger, Körner, Generalleufnanf und Rekfor Landesbauernführer Kommandanf von Berlin der Universifäf Leipzig in Sadisen

Presidents and Vîce-Presîdenfs of the Congress: President: R, Waif her Darré, Reichsminisfer für Ernährung und Land- wirfschaff und Reichsbauernfûhrer. Vîce-President : ProL Älessandro Ghîgî, Präsident der Infemafio- nalen Vereinigung für Geflûgelwissenschaff, Bologna (Italien). Managing President: Karl Vetter, Präsident des Reichs verb andes Deutscher Kleintierzüchter, Mitglied des Reichstages und des Reichsbauernrates, Generalinspekteur des Reichsnährstandes, Deputy Managing President: Dr. J. Filier, Geschäftsführender Präsi- dent des Reichsverbandes Deutscher Kleintierzüchter.

22 General Committee: Dr. Ä.Moritz, Ministerialdirektor im Reichsministerium für Er- nährung und Landwirtschaft / Dr. E. Böse, Ministerialdirigent im Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft / F. Küthe, Oberregierungsrat im Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirt- schaft / Dr. H. Luthge, Oberregierungsrat im Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft / Dr. F. Brummenbaum, Reichshaupt- abteilungsleiter II im Reichsnährstand / P.Beer, Stabshauptabteilungs- leiter im Reichsnährstand / R.Schulze, Verwaltungshauptabteilungs- leiter im Reichsnährstand / K. Motz, Stabshauptabteilungsleiter im Reichsnährstand / J. van Swinderen, Stabsleiter der Vorbereitungs- stelle für Kundgebungen im Reichsnährstand / Geh.-Rat Professor Dr. F.Lehmann, Vorsitzender des wissenschaftlichen Beirates des Reichsverbandes Deutscher Kleintierzüchter / H.Salz we del, Ge- schäftsführender Präsident der Reichsfachgruppe Landwirtschaftliche Geflügel- und Herdbuchzüchter / Prof. Dr. K. F. Beller, Regierungs- rat und Mitglied des Reichsgesundheitsamtes / F. Pfenningstorff, Verleger / Dr. B. J. C. te Henne pe, Ehrensekretär, Geschäftsführer der Internationalen Vereinigung für Geflügelwissenschaft, Holland.

Congress Committees: Finance and General Purposes Committee: Prof. Dr. K. Be Her / Dr. J.Filler / F.Küthe / J. van Swin- deren / K. Vetter.

Committee for the Scientific Congress Work : ProL Dr. O.Bartsch / Dr. Th. Brandt / Dr. R.Fangauf / Dr. J. Gerriets / Dr. H.Hartwigk / Dr. L.Heck / J.Jaeger / Prof. Dr. F.Lehmann / Prof. Dr. M. Lerche / Prof. Dr. E.Mangold / Prof. Dr. K.Meyer / Prof. Dr. H. Mießner / Prof. Dr. H. Nachts- heim / Prof. Dr. H.Reiter / Dr. W. Rust / Dr. Th. Schulz / Dr. J.Weiß / Dr. H. Uhlendahl / ProL Dr. W. Zorn / Dr. W. Zunker. Exhibition Committee : Dr.W. Clauß / L. Fraustadt / ProL Dr. M.Klimmer / Dr. L. Herrmann / W. Hoening / F. Krumbiegel / E. Nickel / A. Riedel / H. Salzwedel / Dr. F.Weber / G.Wolanke / Dr. Zietzschmann.

Press and Propaganda Committee: F. Braun / Dr. W. Clauß / Fr. Janecke / Dr. F. Lorz / K.Motz / F. Pfenningstorff / Dr. J. Schaf fer / E.Schmidt / R. Schulze / Dr. H.A. Schweigart / Dr. J.Stock.

Entertainment and Reception Committee: Dr. B.L.Baer / P.Beer / Dr. A. v. Burgsdorff / K.Franke / W. Dietze / R.Haake / O.Hahner / Dr. L.Herrmann / Dr. A.Knapp / Dr. H.Krohn / Dr. H.Lüthge / J. Münichsdorfer / F. Pfenningstorff / G. Reichart / A. Röder / H. Salzwedel / Frau E. Schultz / Frau von Treuenfels.

23 Secretary General: Berlin W 9, Vosssfrasse 17. Telephone: Al Jäger 0049, From June 1st Leipzig C 1, Windmûhlenstrasse 1-5- Tel, 27342. Secretariat of the Congress : Dr. W. Kupsch.

Delegates and Members: Official Delegates are representatives of governments who are appointed through the diplomatic channels to represent the various countries. Delegates of organizations are those representatives appointed by larger corporations, companies, societies, etc. Members are those persons who enter as members of the Con- gress. These, as well as the delegates, will have the right to participate at all conferences of the Congress, to attend all receptions which are arranged in honour of the members of the Congress. Admission to the exhibition is free. The publications and reports of the Congress will be issued to delegates and members free of charge. Wives of members enjoy the same privileges as the members, but will not be entitled to receive publications. Members of Council of the World's Poultry Science Association are considered as equal to the official delegates.

Registration Fees: The registration fees amount to ^M 16.— for delegates and members who apply on or before June 30th, 1936, and after this date they amount to ^M 20.—. Members of the World's Poultry Science Association will receive a reduction of 10 o/o on these fees, by applying up to June 30th, 1936^ The registration fees for wives and relatives of the members amount to ^M 8.— upon application and payment up to June 30th, 1936, and to mJi 12.— thereafter. All application should be made through the committees of the respective countries (National Committees). The registration fees have to be paid in the foreign currency of the respective countries. Address for payments will be found on the last page. Languages: The languages of the Congress will be German, English, French, Italian and Spanish. Papers may be read in anyone of these languages* There will be a sufficient number of interpreters provided at all meetings of the Congress. The summaries of the papers will be published in the above-named five languages. Technical apparatus of translation Siemens system ^vîU be installed for the general papers. Participants will thus be enabled to follow the lectures in the language that suits them best.

24 General The VIfh World's Poultry Congress will be held af Leipzig and partly also in Berlin from July 24th to August 2nd. The "Reichsmini- sterium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft" (National Administration for Food and Agriculture) cordially invites all persons who are associated with poultry and rabbit breeding to participate at this Congress. The German Foreign Office has issued invitations to all nations to take part in the Congress and to form National Committees» These committees are requested to maintain relations with the Secretariat of the World's Poultry Congress in Berlin W 9, Vossstrasse 17, so that the cooperation may be facilitated. The Congress is organized by the "Reichsministerium für Ernäh- rung und Landwirtschaft". It will begin shortly before the Olympic Games and will end on Friday, 31st of July. The exhibition will close on Sunday, August 2nd. The "Deutsche Bücherei" (German Library), a monumental building, which records in numerous volumes, the intellectual life of Germany in the last twenty years, has been chosen as the venue of the Congress. The "Deutsche Bücherei" intends to organize a special exhibition for Congress visitors which will give a survey of the literature on poultry and rabbit breeding during this period. The numero js meeting-rooms of the "Deutsche Bücherei" are particularly suited for the reading of section papers. For technical reasons the general papers will be read in the auditory of one of the exhibition halls where several hundred persons can be seated. As mentioned before technical apparatus of translation, Siemens-system, will be installed in this auditory. Participants will thus be enabled to follow the lectures in one of the 5 languages of the Congress which they may choose. The various exhibitions will be held in halls 8 and 9 of the exhibition grounds. These are quite near to the "Deutsche Bücherei". General Reports and Reports of the Section The Congress will comprise the following six sections : Section 1: General, instruction, organization. Section 2: | Physiology of the egg. I Physiology and Feeding of poultry. Section 3: Hatching, Rearing, Breeding and Heredity. Section 4: Hygiene and Disease. Section 5: Questions of Economics. Section 6: Rabbit Breeding. The general reports and the reports of the sections will record the work of the Congress. In each section, only questions related to its special branch will be dealt with. Every section will have a Chairman who wiU be relieved alternately by a participating representative of the respective countries. The general reports have been transmitted by the National Committees to experts and will indicate the steps taken in later years with reference to their own experimental work. The number of general reports must not exceed 16. The subjects and the names of the authors of the general reports are indicated as follows : 1. International Laying Contests by a Committee consisting of Prof. Ghigi (Italy), Dr. Taussig (Austria), Dr. teHennepe (Holland). 2. International Efforts and Prescriptions of Veterinary police in Relation to Infectious Poultry Diseases by Prof. Dr. H. C. L. E. Berger (Holland). 25 5. Infernafional Dictionary by Dr. von Burgsdorff, Garafh (Germany), 4. The Organization of Poultry and Small Stock Keeping in Germany by Karl Vetter, President of the German Union of Small Stock breeders, Berlin (Germany). 5. Nutritive Value of Protein Supplements by Dr. J. L. St John, J. S. Carver, O. Johnson, Dr. Brazie, Washington (U. S. A.). 6. The Rôle of Minerals in the Nutrition of Poultry by Capt. E. T. Hainan, Cambridge (England). 7. The importance and the rôle of vitamines in the nutrition of Poultry by Prof. H. Simonnet, Alfort (France). 8. The Utilization of the various Poultry Feeds by Prof. Dr. Mangold, Berlin (Germany). 9. Keynotes of Progress of Artificial Incubation by Prof. A. L. Roma- noff, Ithaca N.y. (U.S.A.). 10. The Effects of Controlled Illumination on the Reproductive Activities of Birds by Prof. Dr. Wm. Rowan, Alberta (Canada), 11. The Virus Diseases in the Domestic Poultry by Dr. J. R. Beach, Berkeley California (U.S.A.). 12. Infectious Diseases of Chickens and fheir Treatment by Prof. Dr. Miessner, Hannover (Germany). 13. The Importance of Poultry Diseases for the Control of Victuals by Prof. Dr. Beller, Berlin (Germany). 14. A Comprehensive Breeding Program in Developing High Laying Strains by Dr. M. A. Jull, Washington (U.S.A.). 15. Genetics of Various Hereditary Ailments of Fowls and Rabbits compared with similar diseases of human beings (with film) by Prof. Dr. Nachtsheim, Berlin (Germany). 16. Influence of oeoological conditions on poultry breeding in Italy by Prof, s sa Anita Vecchi (Italia). In addition to the general reports, reports of the section on special fields will also be issued. The decision for the acceptance of these papers will be made by the presiding committee of the Congress. The object is to accept only such papers and reports as offer a contribution in the dissemination of up-to-date knowledge, on the special lines as far as possible. It will be necessary to limit the section contributions so that there will be a total of not more than 100 papers in order to find the time needed for discussions. The completed papers of the general reports as well as the section papers must be in the hands of the Secretary General by February 29th, 1936, so that the translations and printing may be completed in due time. General reports should not exceed 10 typewritten pages of aproxi- mately 6.200 syllables. The section papers should not exceed 4 typewritten pages at the most, or 2.000 syllables. The papers must be submitted with a copy of the same, be written upon one side only, and should include a summary of the contents at the end. The summary of the general reports should not exceed 600 syllables at the most, and that of the section papers 300 syllables at the most. Pictures or drawings, duplicates of which should also be submitted, will as far as possible be published, provided that the photo picture material is kept within moderate limits. Papers received by the Secretary General after February 29th, 1936 cannot be published. General reports or section papers can only be submitted by members of the Congress. Questions concerning national economical or financial policy must not be mentioned in the papers.

26 The National Exhibitions The purpose of the national exhibitions is to show the state of poultry farming in the participating countries. As far as possible attempts will be made to demonstrate the development and the importance of this economical branch as fully as possible. The National exhibition will be held in hall 9 (page 16), a spacious dome-shaped hall with an area of 14,000 sq. meters. The main entrance, a stately portico, decorated with flags, leads to a terrace permitting to survey the entire exhibition. After a few steps through an avenue bordered by trees and opening to a flowerbed visitors come to the imposing instructional show organized by the **Reichsnährstand** and to the German scientific instructional show, comprising the following special branches : Breeding and Heredity Diseases Economic Questions Instruction Hatching and Rearing Organization Feeding Rabbits. Visitors then proceed to the national shows of the various countries arranged in form of a broad central walk and ending in a symbolic show. Parallel to the National exhibitions, but at a certain distance, the foreign fowls and rabbits will be housed, while the industrial show will be installed in the stands being arranged laterally along the inner wall of the hall. The line of these stands will be interrupted by instructional shows demonstrating poultry and rabbit keeping on farms and small holdings. There will also be practical demonstrations such as cooking and making the most of eggs, poultry and rabbit meat Live poultry and rabbits, with the exception of those needed for examination purposes, are ineligible for inclusion in the national exhibits. These are not to be used for publicity. Live animals must be entered in the live-stock exhibits (page 31 )> No sales at all are to be made in the rooms of the national exhibits. As mentioned before the central part of hall 9 has been reserved for the National exhibitions. It has, as a whole, 20 stands 6 m deep and 9.5 m wide with a total area of 57 sq. meters each. The rent for the whole stand amounts to 3ÏM 855.— while the rent for a half- stand amounts to ^M 500,—. The stand rent has to be paid in the foreign currency of the respective countries. Payment can also be made after the arrival of the hirer in Germany at the Show Cashier*s Office before the opening of the exhibition. All payments have to be made to the following bank account : Reichskreditges. A. G., Berlin W 8, Behrenstrasse 21/22, fur Konto VI. Weltgeflügelkongress. The participating governments may rent either one or more stands. Applications for the number of stands should be made as soon as possible, the number of bays being limited, and on special application blanks which will be forwarded on request. The Management of the exhibition will endeavour to fulfill the wishes of the National Committees as far as possible in distributing the stands. Machines and other apparatus with motor power may be displayed. The permission, however, of the exhibition direction must be obtained

27 Ground floor of HäII 9 with National Exhibition. The arrow starting from the entrance-hali indicates the direction through the central walk towards the final monumental show The places to the right and to the left from the arrow will be reserved to the groups of the German scientific instructional show (Stands D 1 to D 10). Just behind the flowerbeds begins the broad central walk dominating the hall and bordered by stands. The National Show consisting of stands L 1 to L20 will reflect the methods adopted concerning the various fields of small stock breeding m all parts of the world. Parallel to the National Exhibition, but at a certain distance the foreign fowls and rabbits will be housed, bordered by sidewalks running parallel to the long-side of the hall. Next to these 23 continuous industrial stands will be placed to the north (12 to 146) and 5 industrial stands (11 to 19) to the south. ^^ T :-™ === ^ L 1 IliiinitiiillllUlllll 1 '• . • ■• _' ■■;•.''-;■ 1 1 1 1 O 1

Front view of a stand of the National Exhibition.

Each stand, being 6, m deep and 9.50 m wide, has a total area of 57 sq. meters. The height of the rear wall will be of about 3 m that of the side walls of about 2.50 m. The rear and side walls will be covered with gray material. The seperating pillars will be decorated. The signboards of the exhibiting countries will be of uniform size and attached to the upper part of the side walls, enclosing the hatched spaee.

Front view of a commercial stand.

The commercial stands, being 5 m deep and 4.70 m wide, have a total area of 23.50 sq. meters each. It is very likely that the rear wall will be somewhat higher tban 2.35 m as indicated in the plan, while the height of the side walls, also indicated with 2.35 m will probably not be altered. Rear and side walls be covered with gray material. The signboard of uniform size and types will be fixed above the rear wall as indicated in the plan.

29 beforehand. All necessary electrical installations will be carried out at ^he cost of the exhibiting National Committee by the exhibition committee, and cost of current will be charged to the exhibiting National Committee. Explosives, inflammable material, or other similar material are prohibited in the exposition, as well as noisy apparatus* Exhibits associated with poultry husbandry only will be admitted. The direction of the exhibition is in charge of the arrangements of the stands, if detailed descriptions are submitted. The cost for these arrangements will be charged to the National Committees. Assistance for arrangement of the stands will likewise be provided by the direction of the exliibition at the customary charges. Care of the arrangements of the stands and the stands for the National Committee who are unable to send a representative to the exhibition, but who would desire nevertheless to be represented at the exhibition, will be undertaken provided the costs thereof are paid. The material to be exhibited must be delivered by July 17th, 1936, at the latest, unless it is accompanied by a representative of the National Committee who is responsible for the exhibition thereof. It is advisable to appoint a delegate to direct the decorations and arrangements of the rented space of the National Committee. The official opening of the exhibition will take place on the afternoon of July 24th, 1936. The preliminary inspection by the press will be on July 22nd. Four days after the close of the exhibition, at the latest, August 6th, 1936, the exhibition stands must be cleared. Exhibition goods not removed by this time will be removed at the cost and risk of the exhibitor by the exhibition committee. The assistants of the exhibitors will have free admission to the exhibition only on presentation of the identification card given them upon application. The direction of the exhibition undertakes no responsibility for damage or losses which occur to people, animals (with the exception of those exhibited in the Live-Stock Show) or goods as a result of participation in the exhibition. The exhibitors are advised to insure their exhibits with an insurance company. The direction of the exhibition is prepared to recommend a suitable insurance company. The walls of the bays will be covered with gray material and set off with decorative rims. Ä signboard, bearing the name of the exhibitor, will be furnished by the direction of the exliibition. Ä catalogue of the exhibition will be issued, containing a short description of the bays. The representatives of the National Committees are therefore asked to forward to the Secretary General by the 15th of June 1936 at the latest a short description of the exhibition stand of about one type written page. Descriptions received after this date cannot be published in the catalogue. The various birds and rabbits, arranged according to their breed and country with the names of the exhibitors will also be indicated in this catalogue. The regulations for the renting of stands and details about the transport may be noted from the application blanks which will be forwarded to the National Committees on request.

30 Live-stock Show Conditions for birds and rabbits from abroad only (Conditions for the German Poultry and Rabbit Show will be printed seperately.) Ä. Live-stock exhibits will be grouped on a national basis and include the following groups: Group I : Geese and turkeys (1 male and 1 female). Group II : Ducks (1 male and 2 females). Group III : Fowls, big and heavy breeds (1 cock and 2 hens). Group IV : Fowls, medium-sized breeds (1 cock and 2 hens). Group V : Fowls, light breeds (1 cock and 2 hens). Group VI : Bantams (1 male and 2 females). Group VII : Guinea fowl and ornamental birds (1 male and 1 female). Group VIII : Pigeons (1 male and 1 female). Group IX : Rabbits (single specimens only). The respective groups should be indicated on the application form. In order to increase the interest and the beauty of the exhibition, an aviary (pen) in the size of 2x3 to 3x4 meters will be placed af the disposal of the countries at the beginning of each National Exhibition. In these aviaries the undermentioned birds may be displayed : 1. Fowls : 1 cock and 6 females together with 3 pairs of pigeons of the same breed and colour, o r 2. 12 chickens, or 3. 6 pair of pigeons, always of the same breed and colour. The various nations will thus be enabled to make an impressive display of a particular home breed. Close to each aviary a table of 3 to 4 square meters will also be provided for the respective countries, for the purpose of distributing propaganda material. A delegate of the respective foreign section may be stationed there to give information to the visitors of the exhibition. The fees for the aviary amount to 3ÎM 20.— including table. No propaganda material may be fastened to the cages. Applications should be made by the various countries which will forward the collected applications of all the exhibitors, to the Secretary General. The fees in the foreign exchange of the respective country should be paid at the same time to the following account : Reichskreditges. A.-G. Berlin W 8, Behrenstrasse 21/22, Konto VI. Weltgeflügelkongress 1936. The Congress Committee will be obliged to return personal and individual applications to the National Committee of the countries concerned. The exact address of the Central Offices charged with the collecting of the applications should be given without delay to the : ** Generalsekretariat VI. Weltgeflûgelkongress 1936, Berlin W 9, Vossstrasse 17. " The fees are as follows : Group I 31M\%— Group II-VII 3ÏM ^,— Group VIII and IX 'AM 5.— for a pen (aviary) . AM 20.— (one pen only is to be exhibited by each country). These prices include the rent for the cages supplied by the direction of the committee, cost of food, and veterinary assistance during the entire exhibition, as well as cost of insurance.

31 Applications for the Live-stock exhibition and the forwarding of the fees should be effected not later than March 1st 1936. Applications can be made for the animals either to be sold or to be auctioned. It is intended to hold the auction on one of the days when the German poultry breeders will arrange special entertainments in connection with the World's Poultry Congress and an increased visit of the Show may be expected. The selling price must be stated in the currency of the respective countries (the equivalent in ihz German exchange will be indicated on request). The direction of the exhibition reserves the right to refuse applications in case of overcrowding. B. Veterinary Rules (for the import of birds and rabbits from abroad only) 1. Foreign consignments of Live-stock must be accompanied by an import-licence. Import applications should be made as soon as possible to the ** Generalsekretariat des Weltgeflûgelkongresses, Berlin W 9, Vossstrasse 17 ". 2. Live-stock must be accompanied by a certificate of health, and a certificate showing its origin. The following items should be stated in the certificate of origin : Locality of origin, locality in which the stock has lived for the last 3 months, name and address of the owner, species, sex and breed, number of the live-stock, special marks as legrings etc., German frontier station and German destination. The certificate of origin should be filled out by the local authorities. Consignments should be accompanied by a special certificate, indicating the German destination and the German frontier-station, if these are not mentioned in the certificate of origin. Crates or baskets etc. which are used for seperate consignments should be provided with a flap for the purpose of sealing. They should also be constructed in a manner to avoid dropping of excrements, of food and litter and to prevent the removal of the live-stock without removing the seals. Consignments which require an entire waggon may be accompanied by an attendant. In case that such consignments are made without attendant, the waggon should bear the customs-seal. On receipt of the applications for live-stock exhibits, the General Secretary will forward the blanks for the certificate of health and for the certificate of origin to the respective countries in due course. 3. All live-stock exhibits will undergo a veterinary examination at the frontier-station. Birds and rabbits which are suspect of disease, epidemical or other infectious disease will be refused at the frontier. 4. On the arrival at destination, the live-stock will be examined by a veterinary official. The removal of the live-stock from the station grounds is not allowed until the veterinary examination has taken place. It is in the interest of all the exhibitors that only such animals are admitted to the exhibition halls which have been proved to be healthy. The decision of the veterinary official will be final. Such birds and rabbits as cannot be admitted to the exhibition on account of his decision will be isolated in special rooms outside of the exhibition and remain under veterinary supervision. Birds and rabbits which are suspect of epidemic disease, such as fowl cholera or pestilence, will be destroyed. No compensation can be given for live-stock which has been destroyed by order of the veterinary official. 5. These regulations also refer to live-stock which has been imported by air-mail except, that the veterinary examination for

32 Model of Certificate of origin and Certificate of health for the import of birds and rabbits to Germany for exhibiting purposes at the VI*^-World's Poultry Congress

L Certificate of Origin Country and locality of origin: Name and address of the owner and of the exhibitor:

Number of birds and rabbits (indicating the spedes) : Sex: Breed: Special marks (legrings etc.) : German frontier-station : German destination : Leipzîg-Stotteritz. This is to certify officially the correctness of the above-mentioned statements and to confirm that the above-named live-stock has been, for the last 3 months, without change of the locality of origin*

th, 1936 Official stamp or seal Signature of the Local authorities:

IL Certificate of Health from the official veterinary This is to certify that the above-mentioned live-stock and the stock of origin has been examined by the official veterinary 3 days before being sent to Leipzig and has been proved to be sound. This is to testify at the same time that within the last four weeks no epidemic or infectious disease of poultry and rabbits (fowl cholera or pestilence) has occurred in the locality of origin or in the vicinity of origin and that the crates, baskets etc. which are used for the consignment of the live-stock, are either new or have been cleaned and disinfected before use«

th, 1936 Official stamp or seal Signature of the official veterinary : Not to be detadhed. — Only given as model.

33 such oonsignments will not take place at the German frontier station but at the German airport. The removal of the live-stock exhibits from the aviation grounds is not allowed until the veterinary examination has taken place. 6. Costs for the import licence and the veterinary examination will be at the charge of the exhibitors. The fees for the import licence and the veterinary examination have been fixed uniformly for Germany. The import fees amounting : For turkeys, geese and ducks to Mi 0.03 per head, at the minimum ^JC 10.—, for fowls (cocks and hens), pigeons and other small stock to MJÍ 0.01 per head, at the minimum MM 5.—. The fees for the veterinary examination have been fixed as follows : For geese, ducks and turkeys at MM 0.05 per head, at the minimum MM 2.—, for the rest of the poultry a) up to a weight of 50 kg s at MM 1.—, b) for every following 50 kgs* weight at MM 0.50. 7. In the case of sales, where the live-stock displayed would remain in Germany, the instructions of the veterinary police must be observed. 8. No veterinary import licence will be necessary for the import of rabbits, nor are these animals subject to a veterinary examination at the frontier-station. On their arrival at destination they will also be examined by an official veterinary surgeon and their admission to the exhibition will depend on his decision. In case there would be ob- jections with regard to the health of any of the rabbits, these would also be isolated, the same as for poultry. C. Delivery and Transport regulations Foreign exhibitors are asked to send all live-stock carriage paid and free of charges to the exhibition halls. When the duplicate of the application form will be returned to exhibitors, they will receive at the same time the transport regulations, way bill and application blank for the transport back, carriage paid. Each consignment must be accompanied by an express way bill and application form for the transport back to the German frontier station, both filled up, to be used for the return of the goodst. These forms should be attached to the way bill used for delivery. The consignments should be addressed as follows : An die Leipziger Messe- und Äusstellungs-Ä.-G. (VI. Weltgeflügelkongress 1936) Gruppe Geflügel (Poultry) [or Kaninchen (rabbits)] Station Leipzig-Stötteritz Anschlussgleis Ausstellungsgelände (Germany). Birds and rabbits should be forwarded by express and carriage paid. The transport of the live-stock from Leîpzig- Stötteritz to exhibition hall 9 and back will be effected by the German State Railway. The cartage from Station Leipzig-Stötteritz to hall 9 and back will be of ^^^0.30 per way bill without prejudice to the number of live-stock. The transport will be made very quickly in busses and waggons owned by the state. In cases where a consignment of birds and rabbits will require an entire waggon, this waggon can go on from station Leipzig-Stotteritz to hall 9 by junction rail at the cost of MM 5.85.

34 The cost of cartage for live-stock arriving by aîr-mail will also be greatly diminished. Immediately after arrival at the air-port Leipzig- Stotteritz they will be sent on to hall 9 in carriages belonging to the air-mail. The live-stock exhibits should not be delivered before July 20th and not later than July 22nd, 12 o'clock a. m. Each crate or basket etc should be provided with a card indicating number of catalogue, breed and the name of the exhibitor in order to avoid mistakes when the live-stock is returned. These cards will be forwarded to the exhibitor by the General Secretary. D. Sale and removal Throughout the entire exhibition an information office, and a sale- office, will be installed in the halls of the exhibition. General information on shipment, railway tariffs, and costs of transport can be obtained from these offices. Ä fee of 10 o/o will be charged on every sale and deducted from the selling-price. Removal of the live-stock without written permission of the direction of the exhibition is prohibited. The live-stock which has not been sold will be handed over on the 3rd and 4th of August. All live-stock exhibits which have not been removed on August 5th by 12 o'clock a. m. will be sent back to an Agency in order to be returned to the owners at their expense.

£. Insurance Live-stock exhibits which have been sent to the World's Poultry Congress will be insured against the undermentioned damages at the following conditions: Transport-Insurance and other Insurances The insurance includes the entire territory of Germany. The particular clauses which are in force for exhibition goods and exhibition insurances will be applied with the following additional con- conditions : The insurance covers all live-stock (including consignment crates and baskets etc.) which has been sent to the Vlth World's Poultry Congress. The risk of ordinary loss occurred on the transport or during the exhibition will be covered as well as losses resulting from the escape of pigeons as far as these escape from the hands of the judges or of the person charged to put them into the cage while they are taken from or put into the cage. The insurance covers the time during which the live-stock and the crates etc. will be in the exhibition halls during the exhibition, including the time of erecting and removal. During this time the insurance will cover damages caused by burglary, ordinary theft, robbery, fire and damages by water, inundation or smoke from stoves up to a maximum amount of ^J¿ 30.— per head of live-stock and of ^Ji 10.— per crate or basket etc. Exhibitors will not be entitled to any higher indemnity resulting from these or other causes. Damages resulting from disease, epidemic infection or natural death will be excluded from the insurance.

35 J* Exclusion from the Insurance Live-sfock which has been badly packed will not partake of the privileges of the insurance. Unless each exhibition number (stock or pair) is packed seperately, and airy but solid crates and baskets are used for the consignments, the packing would be considered as being unstiitable. Claims Claims for damages caused by fire or occurred on the transport should be made without delay thitrough the agency of the exhibition direction. Claims must be submitted in duplicate to the VI. Weltgeflûgelkongress 1936, Generalsekretariat, Abteilung Ausstellung, Leipzig Cl, Windmûhlenstr. 1-5 and should contain: a) A detailed description of the case. If possible, the claim should be accompanied by a certificate from the police, the postal or the railway authorities, according to the nature of the damage. b) In case of robbery or burglary a report of the local police office which has directed the investigations should be attached. c) The characteristics of the live-stock concerned and the address of the exhibitor, the application blank and the respective catalogue should also be attached. Non-observation of the preceeding conditions will involve loss of time on account of the necessary inquiries and will endanger the satisfactory settlement of the claim. Indemnity The compensation for live-stock and crates etc. will be fixed according to value but will not exceed ^M 30.— for live-stock and ^M 10.— for crates and baskets etc. No insurance fee will be charged to exhibitors or the exhibiting countries for the above-mentioned insurances.

World Championship Prize for Poultry and Rabbits Quite a new idea is the awarding of the World Championship Prize. This prize which has never been given at any of the previous Poultry Congresses has been newly created for the Vlth World's Poultry Congress. It is very likely that also in future this prize will only be awarded during the World Poultry Congresses and is therefore of particular importance and incontestable value. Conditions for awarding the World Championship Prize for particular breeds and colours or groups at the International Poultry and Rabbit Show of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress Leipzig 1936. The World Championship Prize will be given to the best stock which will be shown of a certain breed, colour or variety at the Inter- national Show of Poultry and Rabbits of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress. Turkeys 1,1, Geese 1,1, Ducks 1,2, Fowls 1,1, Rabbits 1,1, pigeons 1,1. The figure before the comma indicates the number of males, the figure behind the comma that of females. Only breeds which are internationally accredited will be admitted to the competition i, e.

36 a) breeds or colours if there are entries from 5 different countries. b) breeds for which in all the colours there will be in the whole 5 entries from different countries. c) breeds not being filled so well will also be admitted if there are entries from 2 different countries. In this case the World Champion- ship Prize will be awarded once to each of the following groups. 1. turkeys and geese 2. ducks 3. fowls, heavy breeds 4. fowls, medium-sized breeds 5. fowls, light breeds 6. bantams 7. pigeons 8. rabbits, big breeds 9. rabbits, medium-sized breeds 10, rabbits, small breeds 11. rabbits, long-haired and short-haired (rex) Groups for which there are more than 15 entries will be divided. d) breeds or colours for which three complete entries have been made by different countries can also be admitted to this competition on the request of special clubs. Application Only such stock will be admitted as will also be shown at the International Show of Poultry and Rabbits of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress, Birds which are provided to compete for the World Championship Prize should not be entered later than 1st of June, 1936, The application should be addressed to : "Ausstellungsleitung der Internationalen Geflügel- und Kaninchenausstellung des VI. Welt- geflûgelkongresses, Leipzig.** Applications can be made : 1. by a country 2. by special organizations or special clubs 3. by individual breeders. Entry fee The entry fee will amount to dïM 10,— for each stock and has to be paid in advance with the application not later than July 1st 1936 to the following bank account "Konto VI.Weltgeflûgelkongress 1936 bei der Reichskredit A.-G., Berlin W 8, Behrenstrasse 21/22." Payments have to be made in the currency of the respective countries. In case that the competition for the World Championship Prize will not take place on account of insufficient entries, entry fees will be returned after deduction of the postage. Judging The judging will take place during the International Show of Poultry and Rabbits of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress from July 24th to August 2nd 1936. The competing animals will be inspected by a jury, consisting of representatives of the competing nations. The birds will be judged according to the standards of the respective countries taking into consideration the characteristics of the breed. In cases of deviating standards the animals will be judged according

37 to the characteristics of beauty particular to their breed and in consideration of the ideal type for utility breeds. Each participating country will be entitled to name a judge. Out of this number 5 judges will be selected for the various cases. Each of the judges will have to indicate the order of the competing stocks. The World Championship Cup, a porcelain cup of first class German quality, and a certificate established by the Worlds Poultry Congress will go to the best stock. Meihod of Judging Stocks competing for the World Championship Cup must also be exhibited at the International Show of Poultry and Rabbits of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress. During the judging (several hours) the competing birds and rabbits will be brought into a special room. If at all possible the judging will take place in the first days of the World's Poultry Congress. The test finished a list of champions will be issued which will be forwarded to the special press of the participating countries as well as to exhibitors. The World Championship Prize will be handed over after the close of the Show to those exhibitors who will be present. Otherwise it will be sent to the winners at the charge of the Direction of the exhibition. Particular prices from special organizations and clubs will be very welcome. Entries for the World Championship Prize should not be made on the general application blank but on special blanks which will be forwarded with the exhibition papers. AH other conditions for the import of birds and rabbits as well as veterinary and police prescriptions and the sale and insurance conditions will be the same as indicated in the fírst part of the respective paragraphs of the exhibition conditions. Commercial Exhibits Only material relative to the Poultry Industry will be admitted to the exhibition. General material or material being but slightly connected with the Poultry Industry will be exhibited in special stands, indicated by the management of the exhibition. In cases where exhibitors will be desirous not only to show but to sell such material they will have to pay to the exhibition direction an additional sum of MM 50.— to the stand rent. Live-stock with the exception of very young chickens are not permitted. Explosives, inflammable material or other dangerous matter are prohibited from the exhibition. Electric installations can be carried out by the direction of the exhibition at the expense of the exhibitors. The side-stands in the ground floor of hall 9 (plan, page 16) have been provided for the specialised commercial exhibition. The position of the stands as indicated on the plan cannot be considered as being absolutely definite. In case of overcrowding of the Poultry and Rabbit Show it may become necessary to move the stands close to the sidewalls of Hall 9. There are: 28 stands with an area of 5 X 4.70 -= 23.5 sq. meters each The rent of these stands, amounting to 9ÏM 423.— (i. e. 3ÏM 18.— per sq. meter), has also been considerably reduced. A further reduction will take place for double stands which will be particularly suited for bigger industrial houses, the price of a double stand with a total area of 47 sq. meters amounting to 3ÏM 700.— instead of S^IM 846.—. 38 This price includes the uniform construction of the stands, consisting of a rear wall, side walls and a signboard bearing the name of the firm. The amount must be paid to the direction of the exhibition by 1st of June, 1936. Floor coverings will be supplied, if desired, and charged for. Place reservations must be addressed to the Secretary General by the 1st of May, 1936 at the latest. Hirers are only entitled to their stands after punctual payment of the rent. If the rent is not paid in time (for conditions of payment see terms, last page) the management of the exhibition will be entitled to dispose of the respective stand. Exhibitors are advised to forward the payment if possible with the order for the stand. The direction of the exhibition will endeavour to fulfill the wishes of exhibitors with regard to place reservations as far as possible. The direction has, however, the right to refuse or to limit the place or to transfer the stand into another hall without any explanation. It is very likely that in case of overcrowding of Hall 9, to a certain extent the adjacent Hall 8 will also be provided for the Commercial Ex- hibition. The withdrawal of an application is not permitted. Payments already made will not be returned. The exhibition material should not be delivered later than July 18th, 1936. The construction of the stands should be carried out by a representative of the exhibitor, if possible. The exhibition stands must be cleared within two days after the close of the exhibition, thus on the 4th August at 'the latest, by 8 o*clock p. m. Exhibited material which is not removed by the time stated will be removed by the direction of the exhibition at the cost and risk of the exhibitor. Foreign exhibitors must pay the rent in the currency of their country by 1st of June 1936. The payment can also be made after the arrival in Germany before the opening of the Congress if the National Committees in question have previously given a written guarantee. All payments must be made to the following account : Reichskredit-Gesellschaft Ä.-G., Berlin W 8, Behrenstrasse 21/22 für Konto VI. Weltgeflûgelkongress 1936. Legal conditions for the renting of stands may be noted from the application blanks which can be obtained from the Secretary General, Berlin W 9, Vossstrasse 17. Acceptation of the renting conditions in- volves the obligation to acquire at least one copy of the exhibition catalogue (price ^M 1.—). Assistants employed by the exhibitors will have free admission to the exhibition only on presentation of the identification card., which will be given him upon application. In the case that the exhibition would have to be adjourned or does not take place, the direction of the exhibition will not be responsible to exhibitors for any costs or damages resulting from this cause. The direction of the exhibition will not be responsible for injury, damage, or loss of goods arising from the participation at the exhibition. Exhibitors are advised to insure themselves against all possible risks. The direction of the exhibition is prepared to recommend a suitable company.

39 Travelling facilities The German State Railway offers to visitors of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress special facilities (besides the usual travelling facilities), thus enabling interested persons to participate at the Con- gress and at all events connected therewith.

The Journey to Germany The German State Railway will grant a reduction of 60 o/o on the tariff in force to all passengers arriving from abroad for circular-tour tickets, available on all their lines which may be obtained from the Mitteleuropäische Reisebüro MER (Tourist's Agency of Central Europe) for journeys up to the 31st October 1936 (latest term for return 51st October 1936 at 24) at the following conditions : (When going by long-distance express (FD) or by saloon-train the respective addition to the tariff must be paid in full height). The permanent residence of the passenger must be abroad (proof by passport will be sufficient). The journey to any German place (for coming and going back, for détours and zigzag journeys) as well as journeys through Germany must begin and end at a German frontier station or a German frontier port. The journey on the lines of the German State Railway must begin on the first day of validity of the ticket. If the begin of the journey will be changed, the ticket-book must be presented at the first frontier station for alteration of the date. The passenger must remain in Germany at least four whole days i. e. he can only leave on the 5th day. The MER tickets for Germany on which the reduction of 60 o/o will begranted can only be bought abroad in one of the tourist Agencies of the Mitteleuropäische Reisebüro (MER) (Tourist's Agency for Central Europe). Exception : Travellers from abroad arriving by steamer (or by Zeppelin at the first German air port) can buy the tickets at the booking office on board the ship or, after having landed, at a MER tourist's Agency of the respective German landing port. These tickets cannot be paid in German currency. When arriving by aeroplane the railway stations of the German air ports will be considered equal to the frontier stations. Ticket books at reduced fare cannot be bought with register mark. Children from 4 to 10 years pay half of the reduced fare. Ticket-books will be issued for first, second and third class carriages, but they can also contain tickets of the different classes. As a rule ticket books will be available for two months, for passengers residing in north, central or south America they will be available for three months. The ticket-book must be composed of uninterrupted German Railway lines from frontier-station to frontier-station, the journey can be broken at any place on the German lines. The list given below containing the principal German frontier stations will give an idea of the fares in Germany for journeys to and from Leipzig considering the reduction of 60 o/o including additional price for express etc.

40 Leipsíg, The yDeutsdie Bücherei'' (German I,ibrary) where the Congress will be held. This building is quite near to tlic exhibition grounds where the various shows will take place

t *- -/'v ^ -c •

Photographs of German poultry farms, which will be inspected on an excursion or on the tour through Germany. 1 Krefeld-Großhüttenhof, 2 Halle-CröUwitz, 3 Düssel- dorf, 4 Erding, 5 Hohenheim, 6 Wensickendorf, 7 Garath Photograph taken by: 1 EMInger, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Scherl Photographs of beautiful landscapes which will be visited on the tour trough Germany („Deutschlandfahrt") 1 Nuremberg, Dtlrer's house, 2 Nuremberg, Castle, 3 Munich; Town hall, the famous „Frauenkirche" in the back ground, 4 Garmisch, market place with view of the Waxenstein, 5 Heidelberg, Castle, 6 Frankfurt-on-Main, market-lane with Bartholomäus church Photographs taken by: 1 Landss-Verk.-Verb. Rheinland, 2, 4, 6 Scherl, 3 Rieger, 5 Rhein. Verkehrs-BiJro Photographs of beautiful landscapes which will be visited on the tour through Germany („Deutechlandfahrt"). 1 Godesburg, Castle on the Rhine, 2 The Rhine and „Deutsches Eck" at Koblenz, 3 Rhine with Ehrenbreitstein fontress, 4 The Rhine bridge in Cologne, 5 The Rhine, Cologne with Cathedral, 6 Düsseldorf, part of me basin Cost of tickets for journeys to and from Leipzig (in Reichsmarks available for express trains considering reduction of 6O0/0) fare second from: via frontier-station : class North sea Hamburg ^¿M 22 —

Bremen M 23- Holland Bentheim n 21 — Elten n 37 — Kaldenkirdien n 34 — Belgium Aadien-Sûd *> 34 — (Aix-la-Chapellc-South) Luxemburg Karthaus „ 34,- France Saarbrücken „ 33- Kehl „ 33 — Sdiwitzerland Basel (Bale) Bad. Bf. „ 38 — Sdiaffhausen „ 37 — Konstanz „ 37- Austria Kufstein „ 32- Salzburg „ 34- Passau „ 26 — Czechoslowakia Bodenbach/Tetsdhien n 11 — Oderberg „ 30 — Poland Beuthen „ 30,- Neu-Bentsdien „ 21,- Firdiau ^ 27,- Gr.-Boschpol „ 33,- Lithuania Eydtkuhnen „ 47,— Tilsit »» 46,— Baltic Stettin „ 18,- Lübeck „ 26,- Sweden Saßnitz „ 25,- Denmark Warnemünde „ 23,- Harrislee „ 31,- For passengers from abroad participating în the Post Congress Tour through Germany (**Deutschlandfahrt") the ticket-book which should be bought at one of the booking-offices (ticket-offices) of the MER Tourist's Agency will be differently composed. The reduction of 60 0/0 will only be granted for tickets bought abroad as circular or passage tickets from frontier to frontier. Parti- cipants will thus have to buy not only the ticket from the frontier to Leipzig but also a circular ticket for the Post Congress Tour through Germany ('* Deutschlandfahrt") running as follows: Nuremberg, Munich, Garmisch, Munich, Stuttgart, Heidelberg, Frankfurt-on-Main, Koblenz, Cologne, Düsseldorf. The route from Düsseldorf to the frontier must also be contained in the circular ticket. Any frontier- station can be chosen for return. (For details see page 53.) Journeys by aeroplane saving much time the Agencies of the Mitteleuropäische Reisebüro MER (Touristes Agency for Central Europe) will also be prepared to provide tickets available for the aeroplanes of the **Deutsche Lufthansa". Journeys within Germany (Available for foreigners and inland residents) Week-end tickets: The German State Railway will issue return-tickets, so called Week-end tickets for places up to 150 km within reach from Leipzig. Week-end tickets, available for four days, can be obtained at a reduction of 33V3^/o. For quick, express and long-distance express

41 (FD) trains the respective addition to the tariff must be paid. Week- end tickets must be stamped for return at a special office of the exhibition grounds. Besides these week-end tickets within a reach of 150 km from Leipzig there will be issued week-end tickets to a number of places at a greater distance from Leipzig. This accommodation will include the following most important German towns : Berlin, Braun- schweig, Bremen, Breslau, Eisenach, Frankfurt-on-Oder, Hamburg, Han- nover, Kassel, Nuremberg, Stettin, Uelzen, Wittenberge, Wurzburg. HoHday tickets: A reduction on the tariff will also be granted for Tourist-tickets to Leipzig from all German places when they are at least at 200 km from Leipzig (single route) and for a stay in Leipzig of at least six whole days i. e. seven days if the day of arrival is included. Holiday tickets are available for 2 months. The reduction will be granted on the following scale : for distances of at least 200 km to 400 km = 20 % „ the following 200 km, i. e. 401 - 600 km == 30 o/o „ „ „ 200 „ , i. e. 601— 800 „ =40% „ „ „ 200 „, Î. e. 801—1000 „ =50% „ partial distances of more than 1000 km = 60 % The first and last day of validity are indicated on the holiday-ticket. The journey can only begin on the first day of validity, return cannot be effected before the seventh day. The journey must be ended at the last day of validity at midnight. Journey can be broken once for coming, three times for returning. Connections, détours : Holiday tickets can only be issued to stations for which ordinary tickets are provided. Holiday tickets are available to return by a détour, if the détour does not amount to more than a third of the route. Quick, express, long-distance express (FD, FFD) and saloon-trains (L) can be used if the addition to the tariff is paid in full height. Holiday tickets must be ordered five days in advance at the station of departure. The exact date of departure must be indicated. This term should be observed on account of difficulties connected with their calculation. Holiday tickets may be issued at a later date, but no guarantee can be given to obtain tickets in time, if they are only ordered a short time before the leaving of the respective train. Journeys from East Prussia : Special reductions will be granted for travellers to and from East Prussia* East Prussia return tickets will be issued for journeys to and from East Prussia to all places in Germany for distances of at least 200 km (in one direction) — as for instance to Leipzig — at the following reduction ; for distances up to 800 km 40 o/o for the following 200km i.e. from 801-1000km 50o/o for partial distances of more than 1000 km . . 60 o/o East Prussia return tickets will be available for 2 months, the first and last day of validity being indicated on the ticket. Return at any date, the journey must be ended on the last day of validity at midnight. Journey can be broken once for coming, three times for returning but only on the German lines (not on the Polish transit lines). East Prussia return-tickets can only be issued to stations for which ordinary tickets are provided. These tickets are available to return

42 The German State Railway will issue week-end tickets available for four days for places up to 150 km within reach from Leipzig at a reduction of 331/3O/0. Besides the places within a reach of 150 km from Leipzig, week-end tickets will be issued to the following German towns: Berlin, Braunschweig, Bremen, Breslau, Eisenach, Frank- furt-on-Oder, Hamburg, Hannover, Kassel, Cologne, Nuremberg, Stettin, Uelzen, Witten- berge, Wtirzburg.

by a détour, if the détour does not exceed a third of the route^ Journey by steamer via Swinemunde, Warnemunde and Trave- mûnde. Combined tickets are issued which enable a journey to be accomplished partly by rail and partly by steamer. For instance one may go by rail for coming and enjoy a delightful trip back by steamer or vice versa« Almost the same reduction will be granted for these combined tickets* Quick, express, long-distane express (FD, FFD) and saloon-frains (L) can be used if the addition to the tariff is paid in full height. East Prussia return-tickets should be ordered five days in advance at the station of departure. The exact date of departure must be indicated. This term should be observed on accound of difficulties connected with their calculation. The tickets may be issued at a later date, but no guarantee can be given to obtain the tickets in time, if they are only ordered a short time before the leaving of the respective train. Travelling parties : Special reductions on the tariff for journeys to and from Leipzii; will be granted for travelling parties. The reduction will be given for all classes* For 12—24 persons the reduction will be of 33 V3 % „ 25-99 „ „ „ ,. « „ 40«/o „ at least a 100 persons „ „ „ „ 50°/o Free-passages will be granted on the following scale; for tickets being paid for 12-19 persons, one free-passage, for 20-39 persons

43 2 free-passages and for tickets being paid for 40-99 persons 3 free- passages will be issued, for each following fifty persons another free- passage will be granted. Co-operative tours of students and school-children for scientific or instructional purposes (this would include the World's Poultry Congress) can be made at half the fare for ordinary trains (Personen- zug) under the following conditions: There must be at least 6 participants (a teacher and five school-children). If tickets for 12-19 persons are paid 1 additional person may travel free for 20-39 tickets paid, two persons and for each following 50 tickets one person more may travel free. The right of altering conditions for travelling facilities must be reserved» Most of the above-mentioned travelling-facilities are taken from the following booklets: «Deutsches Reisemerkbudi*' (published by the Reidisbahnzentrale fur den deutsdien Reiseverkehr) and »Fahrpreis-Ermäßigung in Deutsdiland" (published by the Reidisbahn-Werbeamt fur Personen- und Güterverkehr, Berlin).

General Hints fo Foreigners Passport and visas. Subjects of this State and persons not being subjects of ' this State over 15 years, passing the frontier of the Reich must have a valid passport establishing their identity. Travellers not being subjects of the German State are strongly recommended to carry the passport about with them during their stay in Germany. Passports of persons over 15 years not being subjects of this State must be visé by a German authority in the country of departure, if this prescription is still in force for the respective country. The Visa is noi required for subjects of the following countries : British Empire, Cuba, Denmark, Danzig, Esthonia, Finland, Haiti, Honduras, Island, Italy, Japan, Jugoslawien, Lettland, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Nicaragua, Holland, Norway, Austria, Panama, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Slam, Czechoslovakia, Hungaria, Uruguay and the Vatikan. Passports will be visé in the countries of departure by the German diplomatic and consular authorities. Citizens of the United States will obtain for journeys to Germany,, as far as they are not taking up permanent residence, a visa valid for one year (fee $ 0.50). The necessary German visum will be given free of charge to subjects of Mexico and Salvador. Visa fees for Egyptian, French, Greek and Palestine subjects as well as for subjects of the Union of Sowjet Russia have been considerably reduced, this regulation, however applying particularly to passports visés by a German authority in a foreign country.

Customs examination of luggage and passporf examination. For travellers going by corridor-train the examination of their luggage and passport will either take place at the frontier station in the train after having stopped or near the frontier in the running train. The same method is partly applied to ordinary trains if they serve for transit purposes. In this case travellers who have only hand-luggage may remain on their seats. Trunks going in the luggage van will be

44 examined at the frontier station either in the luggage van or in the station building, if the Custom's examination will not take place at the custom house of the destination. Travellers must in any case personally attend the Customs examination of their luggage; only sleeping-car passengers are sometimes permitted to have their luggage examined in the presence of the guard (conductor) of the sleeping-car. Money, The foUowing coins and notes are legal tender in Germany : Coins : Gold coins of 20 and 10 marks and small change coins of 5, 2 and 1 ^M (Reichsmarks), and of 50, 10, 5, 2 and 1 .%^ (Reichs- pfennig). The Reichsbank Notes (National Bank Notes) are available in notes of 1000, 100, 50, 20 and 10 ^M, Actual rate of exchange of some foreign currencies : Belgium 1 Belga = 0,42 JM Denmark 1 Crown = 0,55 „ France 1 Franc == 0,16 „ Free City of Danzig 1 Gulden (florin) = 0,47 „ Great Britain 1 Pound sterling = 12,22 .. Italy 1 Lira = 0,20 „ Holland 1 Gulden (florin) = 1,68 „ Poland . . • 1 Zloty = 0,47 ,. Sweden 1 Crown = 0,63 „ Switzerland 1 Franc = 0,80 „ Spain 1 Peseta = 0,34 „ Czedhioslovakia 1 Crown = 0,10 „ United States of America . . , . . 1 Dollar (|) = 2,45 „ Most of the foreign currencies are subjeef fo fluctuations in the rafe of exchange. The above-mentioned values refer to the money market sutomn 1935. Import and export of money. Foreign travellers coming to Germany may fake back the foreign money they have brought info the country. It is, however, indispensable to have the imported amount of foreign money certified at the frontier- station (on coming). These frontier-certificates will be established free of charge by the frontier authorities on request and must be returned on leaving Germany* They entitle the owner to export the money mentioned therein within the Hxed delay which can be extended to three months* The foreign traveller having omitted to ^^t this certificate on arrival in Germany or desirous to export more than he has imported must during his stay in Germany get an autorisation of export for the intended German amount from the respective ** Stelle für Devisen- bewirtschaftung" (Authorities charged with the management of the foreign exchange). It is not permitted to export Reichsmark notes which have been acquired in Germany by exchange of foreign money. In such cases the German money must be reexchanged into foreign money before the departure, no authorisation or registration in the passport being necessary in this case if the first exchange into Reichsmark has been properly indicated in the frontier-certificate.

45 Travellers having received from abroad during their stay in Germany foreign money by the agency of a German Bank may export this money within a month without special authorisation on presentation of the written document of the bank by whose agency the payment has been made. Foreign banks and travelling agencies on account of the "Still- haltevereinbarungen** are entitled to issue travelling cheques offering special facilities with regard to reduction of expense. Reichsmark derived from these travelling cheques, the so-called '*Registermark'* may be spent in Germany only. They are available for payment of travelling, hotel and boarding expense as well as for the daily travelling expense. It is prohibited to use "Registermarks** for the payment of railway tickets for routes abroad (not in Germany) or for purchases not belonging to the daily travelling-expense. Money engagements or debts on goods also cannot be paid in Registermark, To avoid inoonver. jnces when passing the frontier, travellers are strongly recommended before leaving Germany to pay in the remaining Reichsmark amount (Registermark) to the credit of the special travelling-account of the house (foreign bank or foreign travelling-agency) having issued the travelling cheque. The foreign bank or travelling- agency will hold at the traveller's disposal the equivalent in foreign currency of the Reichsmark (Registermark) amounts thus paid in. Information concerning passport and visum, money and import and export of money is given according to the position in November 1935, the right of alterations must therefore be reserved. The greatest part of the chapter concerning „Hints" has been drawn from the booklet „Deufsdies Reisemerkbuch" (published by the Reidisbahnzentrale für den Deutsdien Reiseverkehr).

Accommodafion of Congress Participants in Leipzig The "Wohnungsnachweis des Leipziger Messamts** (Apartment Agency of the Leipzig Fair Offices) is in charge of the accommodation* The offices of the **Wohnungsnachweis** (Apartment Agency) in the Leipzig main station, opposite to platforms 25/26 will be opened to Congress visitors from July 23rd to August 2nd, 1936. For long years this organization has provided rooms for many thousands of visitors of the Leipzig Fairs thus offering the guarantee that comfortable rooms, answering every taste will be provided in sufficient number. These are the charges for Congress participants : 1< Hotel rooms: a) room de luxe with private bath from 7,— to JM 10.— or more b) class 1 „ 5.— to „ 7.— c) „2 „ 3.50 to „ 4.50 2. Private quarters: ^Ji3.— per bed. The charges are quoted per bed and per night including breakfast and tips. Visitors are requested to order rooms in advance. Applica- tion card enclosed.

46 Preliminary Program of the VP*"^ World's Poultry Congress Friday, July 24th 1936. In the morning : Official opening of Congress, open fo all members of the Congress, probably in the New Theatre, Leipzig, address delivered by the National Minister for Food and Agriculture R. Walther Darre. In the afternoon : Official opening of the International Poultry and Rabbit Show by the National Minister for Food and Agriculture R. Walther Darre, Court of Honour, Hall 9, Exhibition Grounds. Saturday, July 25th 1936. In the morning : Scientific Session. (Reading of general papers or section papers.) General papers will be read in the big auditory at the exhibition grounds. Technical apparatus of translation, Siemens system, will be installed. Section papers will be read in the meeting rooms of the '* Deutsche Bücherei'^ (German Library). In the afternoon : Congress participants will have the opportunity to inspect the City in sÍght-seeÍng-omnÍbuses, and to visit at the same time the world-famous monument of the Battle of the Nations. Sunday, July 26th 1936. Sunday will be at the disposal of Congress participants. Ä whole-day-excursion will be arranged to the City of Dresden famous for its art treasures and its beautiful garden grounds. The national garden exhibition will be held at this date. The route goes via Meissen, where the castle and probably the Government Porcelain Manufactory will be visited. In Dresden a sight-seeing-tour will be arranged. The tour will then lead via Pirna to the Königstein stronghold and from there to Bad Schandau on the Elbe. The return to Dresden will be made through Saxon Switzerland. After a short rest return to Leipzig. Another possibility will be an afternoon excursion to the Mûhl- tal (Eisenberg—Klosterlausnitz). Further whole-day or afternoon excursions will be arranged by the "Reisebüro des Messamtes, Leipzig*' (travelling service of the Leipzig Fair Offices) and will be made known in due time* Particulars may be had from the "Reisebüro des Messamtes, Leipzig** being also entrusted with the accommodation. Monday, July 27th 1936. In the morning: Scientific Session (General papers or section papers). Ä visit to the Museum of Applied Arts (Grassi Museum) will be provided for Congress participants not wishing to attend the section meeting. The Grassi Museum contains a collection illustrat- ing the history of art in the last centuries. A visit to the Museum of Ethnography in the same building, offering a particularly interesting geographic collection is warmly recommended. In the afternoon : Instructional excursion for registered Congress participants to Schlobachshof acknowledged government breeding farm, being a most important institution, managed on a large scale, modern Incubator machines for 22,000 eggs. Principal breeds : White Leghorn, Rhode Islands, Light Sussex. Production of chicks about 45,000. A visit will then be paid to a poultry keeping plant connected with an agricultural farm.

47 Tuesday, July 28th 1936. In the morning : Scientific Session (reading of general or section papers)* For Congressists not being desirous to attend the meeting a visit to the Zoological Gardens will be provided. The Leipzig Zoo is particularly famous for the successful breeding of lions and for the holding of animals in open enclosures. Most amusing is the children's Zoo where the children get to know the animals in playing and making friends with baby chicks, young rabbits, young goats, guinea-pigs etc. In the afternoon : Working meeting of the practical poultry and rabbit breeders belonging to the German Union of Small Stock Breeders. Auction of foreign and German birds and rabbits. Opportunity to make an excursion to the Talsperre (barrage) Kriebstein. Drive via Rochlitzer mountain to Waldheim Talsperre (barrage). Circular boat trip on the barrage lake. Wednesday, July 29ih 1936. For registered Congress participants whole-day excursion to Berlin (free of charges). Reception by the National Minister for Food and Agriculture. Further planned : Circular tour of the Capital with inspection of the Excursion to poultry farms near Berlin, probably to Forsthaus (forester's house) Schönwalde and to the poultry farm and educational institution of the "Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflûgel- zeitung" (German Agricultural Poultry Review) in Birkenhof near Wensicken dorf. Forsthaus Schonwalde poultry farm has only been established a few years ago. All modem appliances for first-class breeding (Hochzucht). 2000 breeding and laying hens. Birkenhof poultry farm covers an area of nearly 14 ha, 9 of which are available for agricultural purposes, 3000 breeding birds, of which 2750 Leghorns and 250 Sussex. Capacity of Incubator apparatus 36,000 eggs. All appliances for the breeding and rearing of chicks are of the latest modern type. In the evening: Return to Leipzig. Thursday, July 30Éh 1936. In the morning: Scientific Session (General or section papers). Drive to Leipzig-Meusdorf cottages. These blocks have been built, in accordance with the programme of creating work, for industrial labourers with the purpose of reawakening the working man's sense for the country. Typical poultry keeping on smallest holdings. After this inspection opportunity to visit the Monument of the Battle of the Nations. In the afternoon : Instructional trip of registerd Congressists to Halle-on-Saale. Visit to Halle-Crollwitz, acknowledged government experimental institution for poultry breeding. This world-famous educational institution, existing since long years has lately been enlarged by adding rabbit breeding and breeding of fur-bearing animals. The institution is notable especially for its systematic feeding experiments being made at regular intervals. Thereafter inspection of the "Haustiergarten** (garden for domestic animals) belonging to the Zoological and Dairy institution of the University of Halle. The **Haustiergarten** is connected with a section for the testing of Angora-rabbits. 48 Friday, July 51sí 1936. In the morning : Closing Session of the scientific meeting. Resolutions and wishes in view of the next World's Poultry Con- gress. In the afternoon : Inspection of a poultry farm near Leipzig. In the evening : Official closing of the Congress. Banquet in the banqueting-hall of the Leipzig Zoological gardens. Saturday, August 1st 1936. In the morning: (Organized by the Verkehrsburo des Messamtes [travelling Service of the Fair Offices]). Departure for Berlin of oongressists having ordered tickets for the official opening of the Olympic Games. Tickets for this event and the following festival performance should be ordered by the 1st of June 1936 at the Secretary General of the Vlth World's Poultry Congress (see general application blank). For congressists remaining in Leipzig special excursions will be arranged by the "Verkehrsburo des Messamtes** for this day as well as for other days. The tours are as follows : Whole-day excursions: Thuringia tour: Leipzig—Jena—Weimar (Goethe-residence) — Eisenach (Wartburg) — Ilmenau — Oberhof — Leipzig. Thuringia tour : Visit to the Muhltal via Leuchtenburg — Kahla — Schwarzatal—Schwarzburg—Katzhûtte — Saalfeld (f airy*s grotto). Spreewald tour : touching at Torgau — Lübbenau — Burg including boat trip. Tour to the Goldene Aue via Eisleben — Kyffhäuser-Monument — visit to Barbarossa*s Cave — Bad Frankenhausen. Wittenberg, Martin Luther town. Visit to the places connected with the memory of Luther (castle church, town-church, Augusteum [formerly university].) Half-day excursions: Trip to the Muhltal (Eisenberg — Klosterlausnitz). Talsperre (barrage) Kriebstein. Particulars will be forwarded in due time to travelling parties respectively to National Committees. Sunday, August 2nd 1936. At free disposal. Opportunity will be given for a drive through the Saale valley and a visit to the castles on the Saale (organized by the Fair Offices). Naumburg with its beautiful cathedral and Freyburg noted for the Saale and Unstrut wines will be included in this tour. The cathedral, Rudelsburg castle and Saaleck castle will be inspected. In the evening : Close of the exhibition. Monday, August 3rd 1936. Departure from Leipzig in the morning. Begin of the circular tour through Germany (Deutschlandreise). (Program of the **Deutschlandreise** see page 50-53.)

In addition to the before-mentioned programme a series of receptions will be arranged by the National Minister for Food and Agriculture in honour of the delagation leaders and of the delegates. The City of Leipzig will give a small reception in honour of Con- gressists providing at the same time the opportunity to attend one

49 é of Leipzig's famous festival performances, either a concert by the Ge- wandhaus Orchestra or a play in the Open-Air Theatre "Gohliser Castle **. There will also be special arrangements in honour of the ladies» Receptions, joint visits to the zoological garden and Palmengarten, a dress-parade, very likely in connection with a Soiree, being also planned. (The right of altering the program must be reserved.)

Circular four through Germany (Deutsdilandfahrt) Immediately following the close of the Congress a circular tour will be arranged at considerably reduced charges including the most remarkable German towns. We hope that this tour will give an idea of the development and importance of the principal towns and will explain our national poultry policies and the importance of this branch for our country by the inspection of private and government poultry farms. The Reisebüro Scherl, Berlin SW 19 Krausenstrasse 38-39 is entrusted with the organization of the circular tour (Deutsch- landreise). Applications for the **Deutschlandreise" should be made to the Secretary General on the general application blank. The tour will begin in Leipzig in the morning of Monday, 3rd August. Nuremberg, ancient city of guilds but nowadays also the city of the annual meetings of the National Party (Reichsparteitag) will be the first stop for night. Nuremberg with 420,000 inhabitants being next to Munich the biggest town in Bavaria, is situated on the Main-Donau-canal. Ex- cellent preservation of its mediaeval character. Old patrician buildings, ramparts, the deep moat, churches and the castle with its dominating towers are well preserved. Peter Vischer, Albrecht Dürer, Veit Stoss lived in Nürnberg. Documents of their art will be found not only in the Museum but in many parts of the town. Reception in honour of congressits at the Imperial castle, tower dating from the 11th century. In the early afternoon circular-tour in sight-seeing omnibuses including visit to the annual meeting grounds of the National party (Reichsparteitag). Hereafter excursion to an important poultry farm near Nuremberg. 2nd day (August 4th) On to Munich, capital of the nationalsocîalist movement (736,000 inhabitants). After lunch circular sight-seeing tour with visit to the ** Braune Haus" (Brown House) and the temples of honour, erected in honour of the dead defenders of the movement. The **Braune Haus", head- quarter of the National Socialist German Labour Party, contains also the working rooms of the "Führer". The evening will be at disposal of congressists. The opportunity will be provided to go to one of Munich's famous theatres. The Municipal authorities will also reserve seats in the well- known ** Hof bräuhaus" (Bavarian brewery). Entertainments and artisfic performances will be provided for.

50 From Leipzig during the Congress excursions to Berlin and Halle. After the Closing of the Congress co-operative tour through Germany ending in Düsseldorf

3rd day (August 5fh) Char-à-bancs excursion fo Erding. Inspection of the regional poultry institution for Upper-Bavaria. Institution founded in 1905, containing 2000 fowls most of them being kept for experimental purposes. Feeding experiments and economic investigations. Instruct- ional courses for poultry breeders. The inspection finished, luncheon will be taken at the farm. Return to Munich. In the evening visit of a theatre. 4th day (August 6th) Whole-day excursion from Munich to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, famous for the Olympic Winter Games 1935/36. Note the "Great Olympia Jump" the Olympic Artificial Ice Stadium and the Bob- Run. Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany's most important winter sports centre and climatic health-resort, being known all over the world, is situated at the foot of the Wetterstein mountains, the highest of which, the Zugspitze, reaches an altitude of 2966 m. Garmisch- Partenkirchen offers lovely trips to the splendidly situated Eibsee and Riessersee, to the wild ravines of the Partnach and the Höllental, to Oberammergau etc. Kreuzeck and Wank can be reached by mountain- railways. An opportunity will be given to visit the Zugspitze by the Zug- spitz mountain-railway at reduced fares. Participants will lunch in the Restaurant on the mountain. In the evening return to Munich for night. 5th day (August 7th) Departure from Munich to Stuttgart and in the evening on to Heidelberg for night Stuttgart, the biggest town of Württemberg, has 414,000 inhabitants.

51 The old city has preserved its narrow, crooked streets, while the new part of the town with its broad streets is built on the principle of a theatre, the houses rising in terraces. Upon arrival at the station a short sight-seeing tour will be made, ending in an excursion to the agricultural college in Hohenheim. Luncheon in the hall of castle Hohenheim. After lunch inspection of the Agricultural College and the regional poultry institution belonging to the zoological institute of the Hohen- heim Agricultural College. About 2000 full-grown birds are kept (young ones not being included). The institution having been founded in 1921 is furnished with apparatus of modern and most practical type. It has two sections, the main section having been created for the purpose of obtaining practical economic results, the other for scientific purpK>ses. As in the other government institution the following subjects are taught : Education, general hints, and Scientific Research. In the late afternoon return to Stuttgart and in the evening on to the romantic city of Heidelberg for night. The evening will be free for walks to the ruins of the castle and along the banks of the ^^^^^^' 6ih day (August 8th) After Breakfast circular tour of Heidelberg in sight-seeing omnibuses and visit to the castle. Passing through the Odenwald on to Weinheim on the famous Bergstrasse (Mountain-road), proceeding along the newly constructed government auto road to Darmstadt, old residential town of Hessen, noted for its art treasures. Luncheon. After Lunch drive to the old commercial centre Frankfurt-on-Main for night. Goethe was born here. Congressists will be welcomed by the municipal authorities, dinner will probably be offered in the **Romer** the old Frankfurt town-hall. Opportunity will be given to visit the Goethe House and Museum and the famous Palmengarten, 7íh day (August 9ih) Departure for Rüdesheim, home of the world-famous Rhine wines. From Rudesheim motor-tour to Niederwald shooting box and Nieder- wald Monument. Luncheon. After lunch return including visit to a wine-press or distillery in Rudesheim. A boat trip on the Rhine will follow. Along the banks of the stream excellent views are obtained of the famous castles and of pleasant small towns. Once more the Niederwald Monument can be seen, then Bingen with Klopp castle and the "Mäuseturm** (Mice tower) on an Island in the Rhine will be passed. Castle Rheinstein, Falkenburg ruin, and the ancient little spot Bacharach, noted for its wine trade will delight our eyes. Just before reaching Kaub, famous for Blücher's passage in 1813/14, the Palatinate and the stone Palatine will be seen in the middle of the river. Then we pass rock Loreley 132 m above the stream. St Goar appears with Rheinfels castle, the biggest ruin of the Rhine district, on the opposite side St. Goarshausen with "Katz** and **Maus** Castles. "The Hostile Brethren**, "Liebeneck**, "Marksburg*', "Lahneck** and "Stolzenfels** are other well-known castles further downstream. We leave the boat at Koblenz, at the junction of Rhine and Moselle dominated by the monument of Emperor William I., Ehrenbreitstein fortress being seen on the other side of the stream. Koblenz for night. 8ih day (August lOih) On via Cologne to Düsseldorf. Circular tour by sight-seeing motor- coaches of Cologne, the largest town of the Rhineland (740,000 inhabitants), and visit to the cathedral, Germany*s most famous church,

52 datînê from the 13th century« The total height of the towers which command a famous view over the city is 160 m. The town hall built in the fourteenth century and the old well-known "Gûrzenich" concert- hall will also be visited. In the evening on to Düsseldorf the lively centre of industry and commerce with its gigantic steel-works and chemical manufactories^ The town is noted for its Academy of Art with the Gallery, the Rhine- hall with orrery and its stadium capable of containing about 50,000 spectators, 9ih day (August llih) This day will offer interesting details in the line of poultry breeding, beginning with a motor trip from Düsseldorf to Grosshüttenhof near Krefeld and to the Bergische Kraftfutterwerk (feeding mill). The acknowledged government institution for small-stock breeding Krefeld-Grosshüttenhof has an educational breeding station with fourteen machines and 12 systems. The institution carries out the following tests : At the Rhenish testing farm, containing 70 stocks of 7 hens each (egg laying contest 350 days). At the Rhenish control departmeni:, breeding tests are carried out, including the rearing of the chicks themselves as well of their descendants during a period of two laying years. Thus the trial extends over a period of three years and a half. The egg-laying contests for ducks comprise 6 stocks of 5 ducks each. The Bergische Kraftfutterwerke have devoted themselves to the making of protein concentratives. Note the immense factories and the large bakery connected with experimental poultry and rabbit stations. In the afternoon trip continued to Garath, one of Germany's eldest poultry holdings, where White Leghorns only are bred. In the fenced runs, having a total area of about 25 ha, about 4,000 hens (several years old) and the respective number of selected sires can be kept and on the average about 12,000 pullets. The holding is an acknowledged breeding farm of the District Peasant Corporation "Rheinland**. Return to Düsseldorf. In the evening the municipal authorities of the city of Düsseldorf will arrange a farewell-dinner on the Rhine terraces in honour of Congress participants. The "Deutschlandfahrt'* circular tour of Germany will be terminated on the 10th day (August 12fh). The price of the circular tour of Germany is of MM 192.— per person, including Railway fares (2nd class) boat trips (1st class) motor- coaches, inspections, hotel meals (drinks excluded) accommodation and tips. The fare for the Zugspitz mountain-railway is not included, nor the cost of excursions not mentioned in the circular tour. Foreign Congress participants wishing to enjoy the 60 o/o reduction on fares (see pages 35/36) are reminded that they must buy abroad (not in Germany) the ticket for the "Deutschlandfahrt** (circular tour of Ger- many). For foreigners in possession of a complete ticket-book from Leipzig to Düsseldorf the travelling expense for the circular tour, including accommodation, meals, inspections and tips will be reduced to MM 152.— instead of MM 192.—. This amount can be paid in Registermark. (The right of alterations with regard to Congress Programme and circular tour through Germany must be reserved.)

53 BREEDING

Growth of Chicken-Embryos. Das Wachstum des Hühner- embryos in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Zempera- turen und Feuchtigkeitsgraden im Brutapparat. N-M» Schkljan Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No* 5» Summary : L Ä completely regular and strong growth of the hen embryos is obtained with a temperature of 38.4° C (101.1° F.) and 64 o/o moisture. 2. A temperature of 39.9° C. (103.82° F.) and 62 o/o moisture have a somewhat depressing effect on the developement of the embryos during the first six and last two days of the incubation, an increase in growth taking place on the 16th days. 3. Ä high degree of moisture of 77 o/o and a temperature of 38.3 ° C. (100.9'' F.) prevent growth up to the 18th day, a decisive increase taking place after this date. 4. With a low temperature of 37° C. (98.66° F.) and a moisture content of 63 o/o, the developement of embryos remains noticeably backward, specially during the first few days. Under such conditions, as early as after the sixth day, growth in relation to the control group is delayed by two days. 5. Between the increase in weigth and the developement of embryos, there exists, in an early stage, an inverted ratio of dépendance. 6. The rate of growth of the internal organs is not a process working within itself, but subject to the general conformity to law. 7. The growth of the embryo is not the result of an uninterruped developement, but consists of a sequence of increases and depressions. On the development of the blood vessels in the head of the chick. A.F,W.Hughes* Roy. Soa London, PhîL Trans., Ser. B, 224,1934, No. 510, pp. 75-129, pis. 16, figs. 2. (Ref. Exp. Sf. Rec, Vol.73,1935, p.375.) In this article from the University of Cambridge, England, the author describes the developement of the head vessels of the chick from the stage of 29 somites to that of hatching. The method employed in this study was that of injection of the living embryo, followed either by rendering the tissues transparent in a whole mount or by the preparation of serial sectionsi.

Iron and Copper Metabolism in the developing Chick Embryo. W. D. McFarlane and H. I. Milne. Univ. Alberfa, Edmonton. Journal Biological Chemy, 1934, Vol.107, p. 309. Studies on the Fe and Cu content of the liver of the embryonic chick from the 10th day until hatching, show that the absolute Fe content gradually increases. Cu shows a similar increase until the 17th' day, then

54 remains constant. The percentage of Fe and Cu per unit of dry liver tissue decreases steadily from the 13th day. 50-60 per cent of the Fe in the liver before hatching is present as non-haematin Fe. Haemoglobin Function in the developing Chick. F*G*HalL ZooL Labs,, Duke Univ, Cambridge, Journal of Physio- logy, 1934, VoL83, p. 222, (ReL Nufrifion Absfr,, Vol4, 1935.) It is here shown for chicks, at is has already been shown for different mammals, that haemolysed blood of chick embryos ^delds a solution of Hb. with a higher affinity for O2 than that of adult fowls. There is a progressive shift in the O2 affinity during incubation and the first month after hatching, probably due to the gradual replacement of one type of Hb. by another as O2 requierement changes. Morphological Study of Differentiation of Sex of Chicks. A, L, Romanoff * Poultry Science, Vol. 12, 1933, p, 305, Measurements were made at the [New York] Cornell Experiment Station of the heads and beaks and the weights and dimensions of some of the internal organs of over 200 day-old chicks. These data showed that although minor differences were found they were relatively smalL In general, body weight, size of head and beak, unabsorbed yolk, and internal organs were larger in the male thain in the female, the exception to this being the length of the oecum and the weight of the liver. However, it was also noted that the size of the chick of either sex waiS positively correlated with the size of head, length of cecum, and weight of the liver. Influence of Incubation Zemperature on the Hatchability of Eggs, Postnatal Growth and Survival of Zur keys. A. L, Romanoff* Department of Poultry Husbandry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York» The Journal of Agri- cultural Science, VoL25, 1935, p*318. The exposure of turkey eggs in a forced-draft incubator, during the latter part of incubation, to temperatures ranging from 30.5 to 41.5° C, in intervals of 1° C, showed that: (1) The hatchability was best at temperatures of from 36 to 38° C; then it declined with a greater slope towards high than towards low temperature. (2) The time of hatching was progressively delayed from 1 to 3 days towards high and low temperatures. (3) The weight of birds at hatching was fairly uniform. (4) The number of crippled at hatching progressively increased with decrease of temperature below the normal. (5) The exposure of the eggs to various temperatures produced at least three distinct groups of birds: (a) those hatched at the temperatures of 36.5 and 37.5° C. were marked by good growth and high viability; (b) those hatched at 34.5, 35.5, 38.5 and 39.5° C. were marked by poor growth and high mortality: and (c) those hatched at 31.5, 32.5, 33.5 and 40.5° C. were characterized by absence of growth and early death. Changes in the position of chick embryos after the eighteenth day of incubation. N,F,Waters» Science, VoL82, 1935, p-66- Studies at the Iowa Experiment Station of the position of more than 1.000 live embryos in eggs showed that changes in position normally

55 take place within the e^^ after the eighteenth day of incubation. All embryos examined on the eighteenth day only were in the normal hatching position, whereas of the eggs examined on the nineteenth day of incubation only 7.8 per cent were in the normal hatching position, and on the twentieth day 50.1 per cent were in the normal hatching position. As a result, many embryos dying between the eighteenth and twentieth days of incubation would be considered to be in abnormal positions. Certain so-collad malpositions a natural occurrence in the normal development of the chick embryo. N*F* Wafers. Poultry Science, VoL 14,1935, p. 208, This paper from the Iowa Experiment Station reports the changes and frequencies in position of the live chick embryo occurring after the eighteenth day of incubation. It was found that embryonic changes in position take place within the egg after the eighteenth day, and that certain of the previously described malpositions are but a normal occurrence in the normal development of the embryo. Practically all the embryos examined were in some one of the so-called malpositions about the eighteenth day, and if embryonic death occurred at this time the embryo would not be in a normal hitching position* Many of the malpositions may have been the result of embryonic death rather than the cause. The position head between thighs was approximately normal for nearly all IS-day^old embryos. The cause and origin of the position head rotated away from air chamber was not determined, but was probably due to the fact that these two factors were not properly adjusted. The frequency of the position feet over head was not large and always accompanied one of the other positions. A lot of eggs placed in a horizontal position on the seventeenth day of incubation and turned four times daily to hitching was compared with a similar lot allowed to hatch without turning. In botli cases the eggs pipped with about the same frequency on top, bottom, and sides. The deciding factor as to where an embryo in normal hatching position would pip was determined by the position of the air chamber in the egg. Embryos usually pipped near the lower end of the air chamber, ajnd this position of air chamber and embryo often did not until after the nineteenth day. 'Che orientation of the embryo in the egg of the domestic fowl. M. W. Olsen and T, C* Byerly* Poultry Science, VoL14,1935, p,46- Eggs from White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red flocks were used in a study by the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Animal Industry to determine the causes of malposition in chick embryos at hatching time. Of the embryos in naturally laid hens* eggs 11.8 percent were inverted on the yolks. Eggs that had their large ends caudad, whether naturally laid, manually expressed, or taken from the uteri, had a highier proportion of inverted embryos than eggs similarly obtained that had their small ends caudad. It was felt that formation of the eggs blunt end caudad was probably the chief cause of reversed orientation of the embryo. Naturally laid, horizontally incubated eggs had 3.5 percent of their embryos rotated on their long axis so that the head turned to the left and the body on the left side at 72 hours* incubation. Incubating the

56 eggs with large end up increased the incidence of rotation lo 4»8 percent, white incubation of the small end up produced only 2 percent rotation. Data are presented fo show that torsion was caused by differential growth. Reversed torsion was due fo retardation of growth, and in these tests probably because of adhesion of the blastoderm to the overlying shell membrane. While rotation and the malposition head under left wing were both increased to about the same extent by incubating eggs large end up, there appeared to be no causal relation between the two.

Causes of the embryonic malposition head^under-left-wing, T.CByerly and M-W.Olsen^ Poultry Science, Vol 13, 1934, p. 278. The data reported in this paper were collected at the IL S. D. Ä. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the incidence of the malposition head-under- left-win g in the chick embryo varies inversely with variations in hatchability due to genetic or to nutritional causes, or to causes in the physical environment of the egg. It was probable that many influences that have an adverse effect on embryonic development increase the incidence of the malposition.

Sex ratio and embryonic mortality in the domestic fowl. T, C. Byerly and M.AJulL Poultry Science, VoL14, 1935, p.217. The sex of 17,989 dead embryos which lived to the ninth day of incubation or longer was determined by dissection by the U. S. D. Ä. Bureau of Animal Industry. Of these, 47.56it;0.25 per cent were males. Among the total were 253 chondrodystrophic embryos, of which 54.2^2.11 per cent were males. Among the 2,414 progenies from several breeds and crosses 28,015 individuals were sexed at 10 weeks of age, and 50.1^0.23 per cent were males. With the Rhode Island Red progenies a significant negative correlation was found between the percentage hatch of fertile eggs set and the percentage of males at 10 weeks of age. Among White Leghorns the correlation between these factors was not significant. Sex-linked genes deleterious to hatchability were probably present in the Rhode Island Reds. There was no indication of differential postnatal mortality between sexes. Classification of chick-embryo positions at different ages and malposition as a cause of mortality. W^F^Dove, Jour, Agr. Res. (U-S.), VoL50, 1935, p. 923, A systematic classification of the positions taken by normalhatching chick embryos and by the dead-in-the-shell at the Maine Experiment Station showed that position, as such, was not always and many only occasionally be the real cause for failure to hatch. Positions reported by other investigators have been found to occur in hatchable chicks with a frequency equal to that found in dead-in-shell chicks or were due to a delayed development taking effect prior to the fifteenth day of incubation. Defective embryos in new positions were associated with the nutrition of the dam* Postdiction of the causes of failure to hatch from position of the embryo become apparent only after conditions are resolved into the effects of breeding, feeding, and incubation methods, many of which bring

57 about a delay in the normal shift in position as a secondary aftereffect of the true lethal factor. A position code based upon a combination of independent and mutually exclusive events for the classification of embryos is presented. By the use of this code the position of any embryo may be easily described with four letters. Studies on embryonic lethal characters in the domestic fowl. CW.Upp. Louisiana Sta. BuL255,1934 The types of abnormalities found among 4,180 dead embryos from 16.462 fertile eggs incubated at the Louisiana and Iowa Experiment Stations are described, including the age of the embryos at death and their sex. Of the dead embryos found, 63.79 per cent showed abnormalities of various sorts. The most frequent type observed was chondrodystrophy, which was noted in 6.55 per cent of the dead embryos and 1.79 per cent of all the eggs incubated. Various kinds of hemorrhages were noted in 6.67 per cent and edema in 3.17 per cent of the dead embryos examined. Malpositions constituted 22.94 per cent of all embryos dying in the shell. The method of breeding and the strain were found to bear a definite relationship to the number and character of the abnormalities observed among the dead embryos. The occurrence of abnormalities of the eye and abnormal membranes varied with the season, whereas chondrodystrophy did not show variations in its incidence which could be associated with the season of the year. The sex ratios of the dead embryos did not show significant departures from normal in the different types of matings except in the highly inbred strains of Leghorns, in which dead embryos were only 37.90 per cent males. The abnormal embryos produced by certain sires suggested that some of the males in the highly inbred Leghorn stock were carriers of the sex-linked lethal factor. Several of the sons of these birds were also found to be carriers. The results of specific matings involving the inheritance of dwarfism showed that it behaved as a simple autosomal character. The histological and physiological differences between dwarfism, stickiness, creeper, and chondrodystrophy are mentioned as important for future work. Zhe fertilized bird's egg as a physicochemical system. A. L- Romanoff. Poultry Science, VoL 13,1934, p. 283, In this paper from the Cornell Experiment Station data are presented to show that the development of the egg into a finished embryo consists in the continuous transformation of physicochemical energy with the consequent change of the egg substance from one form into another, from a more or less uniform chemical material into visible complexity and organization. Enzymes in eggs during incubation. Über das Verhalten pon Enzymen im Hühnerei während der Bebrütung. R. Ammon and E. Schüffe. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1935, p.216- During the development of the embryo of the hen*s egg there is a large increase in the content of tributyrînase, methylbutyrase and acetylcholine esterase. Whilst glyoerol extracts of egg yolk showed no dipeptidase activity, embryon and yolk sac extracts were active.

58 Hatchability Studies, i. Zhe physiology and chemistry of the blood of high and low hatching lines, 2. Ä physical study of eggs from high and low hatching hens. J»J»Bronkhorst and G-O^HalL Cornell Univ* Ithaca, RY. Poultry Science, 1935, VoL14, pp.42, 112. 1, No significant differences were found in the number of red cells, or in the haemoglobin, glucose and phosphorus (total, inorganic and lipoid) contents of the blood of low and high hatching hens^ 2. Although to a slight extent the hatching quality of eggs appeared to be related to the length of the resting period of the birds prior to thie hatching season, the relation was not considered significant. Hatchabîlity was not related to the percentage of solids in either the white layers or the yolks. Embryologie Anomaly in a Chick, Abdul Hamid. Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore. Indian Veterinary Journal, Vol.12, 1935, p. 33. A chicken with 4 legs and 4 wings was hatched out from one of the 12 eggs placed under a hen. It is reported that the chick died after half an hour after hatching. Prof. Äggarwala will greatly appreciate if information regarding any other recorded abnormality of this nature is sent to him by the readers of this Journal. Sex Detecting within a pure Breed, Kennkücken innerhalb einer reinen Rasse, Dr. A. L. Hagedoorn. Archiv für Ge- flügelkunde, 1935, Vol. 5. According to the procedure of Prof. Punnet of Cambridge, the author, hatched out a new Barneveld breed whose chickens, immediately after being hatched, can be divided into cocks and hens by various dun colours. He achieved this by crossing the sparrow-hawk factor with the ordinary brown Barnevelder, L e. by pairing a Leghorn cock with a Barneveld hen. Determining the sex of day old chicks, H.E. Alder. Ne- braska Sta. Circ. 51,1935. The technic for determining the sex of day-old chicks is described, together with the expected economic value of segregating the sexes.

High points in chick rearing, D.C.Kennard, V.D.Cham- berlin, and P. R. Record. Ohio Sta. Bimo. Bui. 172,1935. In this article the authors discuss successful methods of brooding, feeding, and management of chicks, based upon certain fundamental principles that have been established by practical experience and experimental evidence. Hemoglobin Studies, 1, In rachitic Chickens : Effect of ultraviolet Irradiations, G. H.Maughan. Cornell Univ. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1934, Vol.32, p.389. (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., Vol.4,1935.) 3 Groups each of 10 White Leghorn chickens were reared in complete absence of sunlight. Group I receiving daily irradiation for

59 2 minutes with ultraviolet light. At 7 weeks blood Ca, Hb. and weight of chickens were all considerably higher in Group I. Groups II and III showed symptoms of severe rickets. Group III was then irradiated daily for 10 minutes, and at the end of 10 days Hb, had increased nearly 2 g, per 100 ml. Two weeks later, birds in Group II were all dead with rickets, and groups I and III gave Hb. values of 10.92 and 11.8 g. per 100 ml. respectively. Diseases of the lower limbs in battery chicks. Erkrankungen der unteren Extremitäten bei in Äufzuchtbatterien ge- haltenen Kücken. K. Solun and Ä. Arsenjew» Res* Insf. Poultry Indusf-, Moscow» Biedermanns ZenfralbL B» Tierernährung, 1934, VoL6, p,498- (Rei Nutrition Ab- stracts and Reviews, VoL5, No-2, 1935, p*557,) Two disorders of chickens, '^enlarged hock'* and **paralysis of the feet", are attributed to faulty nutrition. In advanced stages both may be accompanied by "slipped tendon". Enlarged hock is attributed to excessive mineral content of the ration and the need for accurate control of the proportions of minerals is emphasised. Paralysis of the feet is attributed to deficiency of vitamin Bo, the need for which increases with rising protein content of the dietary. Rations containing wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, casein and fish meal do not cover the B2 requirements of chickens. Irradiated yeast is regarded as a good supplement for both vitamins D and B2. Zhe cost of pullet production 1933" 34- Harper Adams Utility Poultry Journal, 1935, Vol. 20, p.200- Pullets were reared at a lower cost where hatching was ^.arried out on the farm than where day old chicks were bought. Studies on the creeper fowl.—VII, Che expression of vitamin D deficiency {rickets) in creeper chicks as compared with normal chicks. W. Landauer, Amer. Joun Anat, VoL55, 1934, p. 229. Creeper and normal chicks were placed on vitamin D-deficient rations in two experiments. In both experiments larger numbers of creeper chicks showed symptoms of rickets earlier than the normals and the rachitic symptoms were more pronounced in the creeper fowl. Histological study of the bones showed that the creepers were less able to com- pensate for the failure to form dense bone by excess thickening than was observed in the normal fowl.

Studies on the creeper fowl.—VIII, Che effect of bone extract on skeletal growth and the phosphatase content of the bones. W. Landauer, E. Upham, and F. Rubin. Jour. BioL Chem., V0LIO8, 1935, p. 121. Aqueous bone extracts injected during the first 8 weeks of life did not have any effect on bone growth of normal or creeper chicks, and phosphatase activity per unit of weight appeared to be the same in normals and creepers.

60 Studies on the creeper fowl,—IX, Malformations occurring in the creeper stock. W-Landauen Jour» Genet, VoL30, 1935, p»303. Descriptions of 14 malformed embryos showing similar characteristics and produced in very small numbers in creeper stocks are given. In all birds there were defects in one or several extremities, and in all but two cases defective development of the caudal part of the vertebral column was apparent. From the breeding data it appears that the malformations cannot be due to the creeper mutation, to a recessive gene linked with it, or to nongenetic agencies acting on the eggs of creeper hens. The cause is suggested as being due to irregularities of crossing over resulting from the supposed sectional deficiency in the chromosome of creepers. A partial suppression of crossing over may be another factor in causing the low incidence of the abnormality.

Flightless Fowls. R.L.Mayhew. Jour, of Heredity, VoL25, 1934, p. 409- During 1931 a pullet was discovered in the flock of the Louisiana Experiment Station with an entire lack of flight feathers in both wings when she was eight months of age. The feathers moulted during the preceding month. The bird remained in this condition until her death at the age of two years and four manths. A year later, almost all the flight feathers were observed to be lacking in both wings of a cockerel. Special matings were made which indicate that the condition is not inherited as a simple mendelian character. The condition does not seem to be pathological and the description is not identical with that of a similar case reported by Dr. Warren.

A chemical and X-ray study of "flightless" feathers. H.W. Mar low and MJXaldwelL Joun of Heredity, VoL25, 1934, p. 265, Chemical analyses of the feathers from normal and flightless birds at the Kansas Experiment Station, as described by Warren, showed that the cystine sulfur was 22.7 per cent higher in the feathers of norimal birds, while the phosphorus in the normal feathers was less than half that in the feathers of the flightless birds. X-ray examination showed the normal feathers to be well fibered, as contrasted with the slightly fibered flightless feathers. In the normal feather the micelles are very long and narrow and He parallel to each other and to the feather.

Chicks with one Leg. Einbeinige Hühner. Dr, W. Maas, Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No.8, In a breeding this springtime hatched 11 chickens out of 13 eggs with only one leg. Seven of them are now, after 5 months, quite alife. and healthy. The cockerels already beginn to tread the hens. If there is possible to obtain fructification, it will be inquiered wether the defect is hereditary or not.

61 Experiments in Breeding. Untersuchungen zur Zuchtwahl- methodik in der Geflügelzucht. H- F* Krallingen Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No. 8. L Investigation into the statistical variations in the tabulated records of five Silesian poultry breeds shows that the hatching-out time of a 9 chick in one and the same poultry-run may be of decisive importance for its productivity (size and number of eggs) in the first year, 2. Ä rule concerning the influence of the month of incubation on the later egg-laying productivity that would be valid for different years and different runs cannot be laid down, because the rearing of early and late bred chicks is very differently managed. When similarly reared, the later hatched-out hens have the smaller production, but the first year's totale of production of hens of different times of hatching-out may, by means of compensating methods of rearing and feeding systematically applied, be very similar or even identical. 3. In order to compare the productive results of separate birds bred in different years or hatched-out in different months and draw conclusions from the diversity of their productive capacity, it is necessary first to remove from the calculation the influences of year and month that affect these results by making a corresponding re-calculation (standardisation) before a comparison of results is possible that can be useful in judging of the offspring produced» The standardisation of the first year's productions was made according to the following equation: Actual production of P X Average production of Standard production _ all hens hatched-out in the standard month. ^ e ir Average production of all birds hatched-out in the same month as P. 4. It was demonstrated that the influence of year and month of hatching did not affect the second laying year. 5. The second laying year's results averaged twenty per cent less than those of the first year. 6. The standard of several year's productive results was calculated by forming the arithmetical average of the standard result of the first laying year and of the second year increased by twenty per cenf^ 7. Ä new method of the general arrangement of bird numbers was described, in which both the relationship of the separate birds and their standard performances were regarded. For this purpose the basis was the family (the stock of the breed), that is, the cock bird of the breed, the hens allotted to him during the breeding period, and all the female birds derived from the pairing. The graphic representation already described, of the breeding results of one family stock of breed) hat been called "Table of Family Results". 8. For the poultry-run of the near relations of a separate bird, several tables of family results joined together were taken for all cock birds of Breed A. This joining together of the tables of family results of one bird with those of the parents and, if available, also of the four grandparents, has been called "Table of Tribal Results". 9. To save expense it is advisable to furnish the tables of family results with correspondingly arranged supplementary tags, kept according to date of hatching and variety of breed. Father and mother of each separate bird being immediately evident, it is possible to append any desired table of tribal results by taking our the corresponding table of

62 family results clearly fo be seen where the tags are arranged in order one upon another. 10. The tables of family results, arranged in the manner described, enable a rapid view to be had of the structural entirety of a breed*s hereditary composition and an estimate to be made of the pairing results of individual birds, which, by reason of simultaneously surveyable views of standard results in the larger related groups (families and tribes), are more reliable than the hitherto usual methods of estimating results by comparing the genealogical records and the actual productiveness of single birds. Physiological study of some cases of heredity in poultry. F^Carîdroif and V* Régnier» Terre ef Vîe, VoL4, 1934, p. 643. (ReL Exp, St Record, VoL73, 1935, p. 457.) Data are reported on the characteristics of the progeny of crosses between Rhode Island Red males and Blue Ändalusian females, the black- cross of the progeny with a Blue Ändalusian male, the relationship of the gonads to the expression of the various plumage characters, and the cross of a Brown Leghorn male with a White Spotted Ändalusian female. Zhe Influence of the Presence of Cockerels in the Flock upon the Development of Pullets. F.M.Fronda and E. P. Enrîquez. Philippine Poultry Journal, August 1935, p. 3. Summary : The results of observations on the influence of the presence of cockerels upon the growth and maturity of pullets are reported in this paper. These results may be summarized as follows : The average weight of the pullets at the age of thirty-two weeks was 1267.1 grams in lot 1 (no ); 1206.6 grams in lot 2 (50 to 10 ) ; 1189.1 grams in lot 3 (50 to 25 ) ; 1098.6 grams in lot 4 (50 to 60 ). There was, therefore, some indication that the presence of the cockerels in the flock affected adversely the size of the pullets up fo the age of thirty-two weeks. There was also some indication that the presence of the males in the flock delayed the maturity of the pullets. For instance, the pullets in lot 1 matured in 177.36 days ; those in lot 2 in 185.50 days ; in lot 3 in 193.50 days ; and those in lot 4 in 200.24 days. The average weight of the males at the age of thirty-two weeks was found to be 1504.1 grams in lot 2, 1325.5 grams in lot 3 and 1308.6 grams in lot 4. It was observed that most of the pullets in the no-cockerel lot were gentle, healthy and vigerous. The pullets in the other three lots were wild and flighty. The cockerels caused considerable trouble ; this was more marked when they were six to seven months old than at any other time. '541 Eggs in 365 Days Is Record of N. H. Hen. New England Poultryman, March 15,1935. Believed to be the world's champion layer in her breed, a White Rock hen owned by E. H. Rutter, of Derry, laid 341 eggs in 365 consecurive days, F. D. Reed, of the New Hampshire Experiment Station, reported. This was her first year of production. She weighs 6 1/2 pounds. She laid an egg a day for 105 consecutive days.

63 Inheritance of Rate of Growth in domestic Fowl. 3. Com- parative Rates of Growth of Leghorns and Rocks, V, S. Asmundson and L M. Lernen Univ, California, Davis^ Poultry Science, 1934, VoL13, p. 348, The average weights and rates of growth of Barred Plymouth Rocks and White Leghorns are given for different periods up to 24 weeks of age. During the period 2-8 weeks of age, the greatest difference in rate of growth between the breeds occurred, and it is considered that this period is the most suitable for studying genetic factors influencing rate of growth. Inbreeding Poultry. Bulletin No, 83, Ministry of Agriculture London, 1934 -^'^" This Bulletin covers the work done at the Poultry Research Station at Reaseheath. The object of the investigation was to determine whether it was advisable for the average poultry farmer, who was breeding for high egg production, to follow a policy of inbreeding. The results show that, however useful it may be for fanciers, the policy of inbreeding is not one to be adopted by the average commercial poultry breeder. The answer is clear and unequivocal. Two systems of inbreeding were employed, one involving the mating of a selected cock with his own daughters ; in the other method the cock was mated to his sisters and then to his daughters. At the same time outbred controls were kept going. So far as possible fresh blood brought into the flock consisted of good birds, such as any progressive commercial breeder would purchase. The experiments cover three breeds, White Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn ; during the latter years of the experiment, however, the White Wyandotte was the only breed employed. Äs regards the average annual production, that of the control progeny was greater than that of the inbred progeny for each of the breeds in almost every instance. The whole evidence points to the conclusion that the annual production of the progeny of unrelated sires and dams is greater than that of progeny from the same sires mated to their daughters. There was considerable variation in the degree of infertility in different years and no conclusions can be drawn. The control stock had, on the whole, a better hatchability than any of the inbred stock. Likewise the percentage of chicks that were reared was higher for the controls than for inbreds. Other figures relate to age and weight at sexual maturity and mortality in laying houses. Complete tables are given of the various results, which are treated adequately from a statistical standpoint. The whole Bulletin is clearly written in a manner well within the understanding of practical breeders, to whom it can be thoroughly recommended. Crossing production and exhibition of Rhode Island Reds. F* A. Hays. Massachusetts Sta. BuL 316, 1935. The Fi, F2, and backcross progeny from the cross of exhibition and production strains of Rhode Island Reds were compared as to the characteristics of fecundity and plumage. The birds of the production lines excelled in most of the fecundity, persistency, and hatchability characteristics except egg weight, which was greater in the exhibition line.

64 The data on the means for the progeny of the various generations indicate **that hybridization increases body weight, especially in the Fi generation; that early sexual maturity dominates late sexual maturity; that high intensity depends on dominant genes ; that winter pause is little affected by crossing ; that winter egg size is increased ; that hatchability is improved only in the first generation; that broodiness may be increased by hybridization; that persistency is lowered by crossing; that laying-house mortality is reduced only in the first generation cross ; that annual egg production is above intermediate between the two parent stocks in the first hybrid generation and tends to decrease in the F2 generation, but that production can be raised to a high level by back-crossing Fi and F2 females on production-bred males/' An analysis of plumage color of the different groups suggests the dominance of light modifiers. Considerable association was exhibited between dark surface and dark under-colors, and there was some evidence that smut is associated with dark surface color. Smut was more common in males, and sex-linked dominant genes seemed to be concerned with the inheritance of smut. Crossing production and exhibition Rhode Island Reds. R A^Hays. Amer. Nat, VoL67, 1933, No. 713, A genetical is reported of the exhibition and production strains of Rhode Island Reds involved in crossbreeding work at the Massachusetts Experiment Station. The results indicate that early sexual maturity, high intensity of production, and winter pause behave as dominants. The genotype of the exhibition sire employed in the test was Eee'e^'uI^'i'MmAaCcpp, whereas the production dams carried, in general, E, I, and P, the factors foir early maturity, winter clutch size of three or more, and persistency of production. Inheritance of age at sexual maturity in the domestic fowl. DX. Warren. Genetics, VoL19, 1934, p. 600. In studying the inheritance of age of sexual maturity in fowls at the Kansas Experiment Station, strains of Rhode Island Reds were developed from 1926 to 1931 with mean average age at first egg of 222.2¿5.13 and 269.0±3.37 days, respectively. The results of reciprocal crosses between the early- and late-maturing strains suggested the operation of both autosomal and sex-linked factors. Where late-maturing males were used the age at first egg of the daughters was greater than in the opposite cross, but the age of maturity was not as great as in the, matings in which both males and females were of the late-maturing stocks^ Progeny from the backcross of early-maturing males and Fi females from either type of mating were practically as early maturing as the early-maturing strain. It appears that the early-maturing factor is effective in both heterozygous and homozygous conditions. Considering E as the sex-linked factor and E' as the autosomal factor, the mean maturity ages of the various genotypes are suggested as EE' E', 222 days ; ee' e', 269 days ; EE' e', 217 days ; and eE' e', 245 days. Data are presented on the age of maturity of males in the same crosses, but the measure of maturity was less tangible. The operation of a sex-linked factor influencing age of maturity was further indicated in reciprocal matings between Rhode Island Reds and Single Comb White Leghorns. The mean age of maturity of the Leghorns

65 5 was 172.4 days and of the Rhode Island Reds 247.6 days. The progeny of the cross White Leghorn males X Rhode Island Red females matured at 175.9it:2»27 days, and the birds of the reciprocal mating matured at 206.4±3.78 days. Ä second experiment involving this cross gave similar results except that the differences were smaller. Both tests thus indicate that the differences in age of sexual maturity between the Mediterranean and the larger birds are at least partly due to sex-linked factors. In studying the order of the sex-linked genes on the chromosome, Barred Plymouth Rock females were mated with a Brown Leghorn male to produce males heterozygous for rate of feathering, barring, gold-silver, and age at sexual maturity. Among the 295 progeny produced by mating the Fi males to Rhode Island Red hens, the average age of maturity of 121 barred pullets was 200.7±2.31 days as compared with 189.5i:1.80 days for the 174 nonbarred pullets. There were no significant differences between the age at sexual maturity of the early- and late-feathering and the silver and gold groups. In another experiment in which the Fi males from the cross White Leghorn males X Rhode Island Red females were mated to Rhode Island Red females, no significant difference between the age at maturity was obtained in the nonbarred-nonwhite progeny, but a difference of 17 days in the age of maturity was noted between the late- and early-feathering lots and 28 days between the silver and gold lots. From the results in this cross, the following crossover percentages were calculated : Age at sexual maturity and gold-silver, 35.5; age at sexual maturity and rate of feathering, 40.8; and age at sexual maturity and barring, 52.7. The order of these genes is suggested from this and other linkage studies as rate of feathering, gold-silver, age at sexual maturity, and barring.

Comparisons between Pedigree Breeding Station bred pullets and home bred pullets at Stormont laying Zest, ÎÇ34/35' Government of Northern Ireland, Monthly Report, October 1935, In the laying test which terminated on the 8th September last there were 98 pullets entered which were bred at the official Pedigree Breeding Station of Northern Ireland. These comprised 34 White Wyandottes, 54 Rhode Island Reds and 10 White Leghorns. With a view to assessing the performance of these birds, comparisons have been made between them and the home-bred birds of the respective breeds which were entered for the Test. The results show— 1. That mortality in all three breeds has been markedly less amongst the station bred birds than amongst those bred on home farms» 2. That total egg production has been higher from the station birds than from those bred at home. 5. That the size of eggs was better from the station bred Rhode Island Reds than from those of the same breed which were bred at home ; that the opposite occurred in the case of the White Leghorns and that with the White Wyandottes there was little difference. 4. That the percentage of copper ring birds was markedly in favour of the station bred birds in the case of the Rhode Island Red breed, that the station bred White Wyandottes also scored higher in this respect than the Wyandottes which were bred at home and that with the White Leghorns there was no significant difference.

66 Progeny testing in poultry breeding as a means of evaluating the breeding potentiality of an individual. M*A,JulL Amer. Nat, VoL67, 1933, No, 713. In progeny testing of poultry the mean egg production of the daughters of the mating of a given sire and a given dam was found to be the index of greatest value in determining the breeding potentiality of an individual sire or dam, surpassing the value of the records of brothers and sisters as an indication of the breeding potentialities of an individual, Ä flexible, workable poultry breeding improvement program. W.C.Thompson. New Jersey Sfas. Hints fo Poultry- men, Vol.22, 1934 Ä suggested breeding program is given in chart form, providing for operations both at the home farm and away from that farm.

Principles of Breeding in Poultry. C.C.Rhodes. Stellen- bosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Stellenbosch. Farmers Bulletin No. 76. Contents : Fundamental Principles. Inheritance. Environments. Functional Activities. Laws of Breeding. Law of Heredity. MendeFs Law. In- heritance of Fecundity. Law of Variation. Atavism. Bodey Character and Functional Activity. Prepotency. Experiments in animal genetics by the Kansas Station. Kansas Sta. Bien. Rpt. 1933-34, pp.86, 89. Brief reports are given of the following investigations : Inheritance of crooked keel bones in chickens ; heritability of variations in eye color and plumage surface color, under color, and amount of black in the flight feathers of chickens ; linkage tests in which 34 factors were found to be independently inherited except for silky and flightless, and daminant white and crest, which were linked ; inheritance of a new genetic character, **frayed", in poultry; vigor and characteristics of birds produced by mating crossbred Rhode Island Reds and Barred Plymouth Rocks with White Leghorn females; and vigor of hybrids from crosses of various breeds, by D. C. Warren. Experiments in animal genetics in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Sta. (Bien.) Rpt. 1933-34, pp.86,129, 130. Reports by L. Morris and R. B. Thompson on the effect of crossbreeding on hatchability, viability, rate of growth, egg production, and other factors; and by Morris on beak deformities in poultry and the inheritance of open or loose wings in Barred Plymouth Rocks.

Poultry investigations in Maine. W. F. Dove. Maine Sta. Bui. 377, 1934. Experiments yielded data on the uropygial gland of birds and vitamin D assimilation, and determining the time of embryonic mortality from the position of the embryo (domestic fowl).

67 5* Zhe relation of sexual maturity and egg weight in the domestic jowl. E^M.Funk. Joun Agr.Res,, VoL49, 1934, p. 1033. The Missouri Experiment Station made a study of the relationship between age at sexual maturity and date of sexual maturity and mean weight of first 10 eggs laid, maximum mean monthly egg weight, and mean annual egg weight of White Leghorn, White Plymouth Rock, and Rhode Island Red pullets. A significant positive correlation was found between age at sexual maturity and mean weight of the first 10 eggs laid by the Plymouth Rock pullets. Eliminating the influence of body weight at sexual maturity and date of sexual maturity reduced the size of the coefficient of correlation, but it still remained significantly positive. It appeared that young birds did not produce as large eggs at the beginning of the laying period as did older birds of the same body weight. Age at sexual maturity and maximum mean monthly egg weight were not significantly related in the Plymouth Rock pullets. Age at sexual maturity and mean annual egg weight were not significantly related in White Leghorns or in Rhode Island Reds, but were significantly related in Plymouth Rocks. After eleminating the influence of body weight at sexual maturity from this relationship, it was found that age at sexual maturity was related to mean annual egg weight only because it was correlated with body weight. Date of sexual maturity, while definitely associated with the weight of the first eggs produced by Plymouth Rock pullets, did not exert any specific effect on egg size. In Plymouth Rocks and Rhode; Island Reds there was no relation between date of sexual maturity and mean annual egg weight. Mean weight of first 10 eggs laid and mean annual egg weight were closely related in Plymouth Rock pullets. Mean weight of first 10 eggs and mean annual egg weight were both related to maximum mean monthly egg weight. Progeny Zesting at Missouri Station, Philippine Poultry Journal, June 1935* The Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station has initiated the first major change in station procedure in twelve years, with establishment of progeny testing. Incidentally this will be the first progeny testing station in the United States. T. W. Noland, director of the station, said that in all probability progeny testing would supplant the egg laying contests, as under present condition they had about served their purpose. The plans for progeny testing were worked out by Director Noland, assisted by the State Fair Board ; M. A. Jull, Senior Poultry Husbandman of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ; Berley Winton, Extension Specialist, and H. L. Kempster, Head of the Poultry Department of the University of Missouri. An entry in the progeny test consists of 100 eggs* The eggs must be from trapnested and blood tested hens with records of 200 eggs or better. If the entry is pullet eggs, the pullets must be from hens with the above qualifications. Each lOO-egg entry is included separately and a careful record kept of mating, egg weight, infertile eggs, dead germs, chicks dead in shell, deformed chicks, and weight of chick at hatching. Each entry is brooded separately and at the end of eight weeks the cockerels are either sold back to the breeder or sold on the open market.

68 The puUefs will be grown fo maturity at the station and trapnested one year from the time the ñrst egg is produced. The trapnesting will be handled on the same basis that the laying contests are now handled.

Sfud. Book of the National Official Pedigree Breeding Station at New Longton. VoL7, 1935* Lancashire Utility Poultry Society, 22 Chapel Works, Preston, Lanes* England* Contents: Introduction. Breeding Season, 1935. Cost to Owners. Arrangement of the Stud Book. Registration of Sales. List of Breeders and Breeds.

Management of Leghorn hens and pullets with and without artificial lights, L* F* Payne and L- J- Simmons» Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p. 323. The Kansas Experiment Station undertook a study to compare the costs and returns from White Leghorn yearling hens and pullets with and without artificial lights. Four lots of 100 birds, each consisting of two lots of pullets and two lots of hens, were on test through 13 periods of 4 weeks each. One lot of hens was furnish

Comparative seasonal variations in egg production of Cantonese, White Leghorn, and Rhode Island Red chickens under Älabang conditions. T. V- Rigor» Philippine Jour. Anim. Indus., Vol. 1, 1934, p. 57. The Q<§,^ records of the White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and Cantonese flocks at the Alabang Stock Farm for the years 1923, 1930, 1931, and 1932 were used for this study. For all the birds there were marked high and low levels of production. The production in January for Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds was above the average level, and gradually increased to a peak in March. With Cantonese the peak of production was reached in January. After March production declined rapidly until the low level was reached in August, when the curve again rose to December. The decline following the March peak was attributed to the fact that some of the birds began molting as early as ApriL The low production in August was due to the continuous rainy weather which kept the birds confined indoors.

69 Zhe disposition of Leghorn cockerels. D* C. Kennard, V» D» Chamberlin, and P^R, Record, Ohio Sfa. Bîmo, BuL172,1935, p,18. Three methods for disposing of Leghorn cockerels are discussed, namely, selling as broilers when from 10 to 14 weeks of age, selling or destroying when from 2 to 4 weeks of age, and selling or destroying when from 2 to 4 weeks of age, and selling or destroying day-old sexed cockerels. It is pointed out that probably the most economical solution of the problem this year will be to provide adequate equipment and care so that the cockerels may be developed into high-quality, marketable broilers. Ä new Dutch breed of table-fowl. P, A, Francis, Jour, Min. Agr, (GtBrit), VoL40,1933, p,741. The author describes the development and characteristics of the North Holland Blue breed of chickens. Fertility in Poultry. J, Hammond. Rep. 18th Poult Breed. Conf., Harper Adams Agrie. Coll., Aug. 1934 A summary of recent work on the factors which affect (1) the number of eggs laid by the hen (2) the number of eggs which become fertilized, and (3) the number of fertilized eggs which develop normally up to the time of hatching. The effects of increase in length of day on factors (1) and (2) are discussed and illustrated. Dominance in Poultry. M. S. Pease. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1934-35, p. 85. Memoir No. 7, University of Cambridge, 1935. A contribution to a discussion of some experimental results obtained by Dr. R. Ä. Fisher on polydactyly in poultry. Zhe Marans Standards. M.S.Pease. Feath.World, June, 1935, p. 856. The Marans is a breed of poultry recently introduced to England from France. At present it is a very mixed breed : the article points out that by selective breeding from this mixed stock, it would be easy to establish two standard types—silver and gold—which would exhibit auto-sex linkage working on the same principle as the Cambar. Progress of the Cambar. M. S. Pease. Feafh. World, Nov., 1934, p. 719. An account of the improvement so far made in the utility qualities of the Cambar up to the end of the laying season 1934. Ä physiological analysis of the barred pattern in Plymouth Rock feathers. G. Montaienti. Jour. Expt. Zool., Vol. 69, 1934, p. 269. A study of the barred Plymouth Rock feather pattern, in experiments at the University of Chicago and the University of Roma, showed a definite relation to exist between the width of the black and white bars and the actual rate of growth of the feather. The more rapidly growing feathers have the wider bars^

70 The synchronism of the black and white phases in different features of the same tract excludes the hypothesis that barring is determined by endocrine conditions and indicates that it is more probably determined by the direct action of the genes in each follicle. The more rapidly growing feathers showed smaller amounts of white than the slower growing feathers or parts of feathers, indicating the importance of the threshold of reaction. The formation of bars was studied in the feather germ, in which they have different shapes than in the full-grown feather. Since the follicles operate independently, no hormonal action seems directly responsible for the formation of white and black. A linkage between barbule formation and pigment pattern exists in normal conditions, as white bars exhibit larger barbule zones than black barsk Subcutaneous injections of thyroxin induced in the dorsal feathers of the male not only barbule formation but disturbances in the rhythm of the pigmentation process, causing irregular widths of the bandsu It is concluded that the Mendelian explanation of barred plumage pattern is quite satisfactory.

Management of the laying Hen on the general Farm. D, P* Wright♦ The Scottish Journal of Agriculture, April, 1935, p. 13L Conclusion : In the course of this article, much has been written of the technical problems connected with the keeping of fowls on the farm,. Important as these are, they are not perhaps so essential as the type of man behind the undertaking. This is shown repeatedly in the costings kept by our various colleges of farms almost identical in situation and equipment. Some of these have shown a loss of over five shillings per head, and others again a profit of well over that figure. The once popular conception that fowls were only to be kept to supply the wife with **pin money** or to provide work for the son who has failed at everything else, is now fortunately disappearing. Only the man with brains and energy and the necessary knowledge should attempt to go in for poultry farming on a large scale. With such qualificationsi, there is every reason to anticipate success. Goose-Keeping. Ermittlungen über Federertrag, Gewichts- entivicklung und Futter verbrauch bei Junqgänsen. Dr* A.Brauer» Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No,2. 1. The cost of feeding (without green food) for late breeding geese is 9,35 ^M per goose from the first day until Christmas. 2. The weight of the live bird as Christmas was 4408 g and was worth 6,39 ^ii. 3. The bird was plucked four times, the plucking of the dead bird included, and 426 g feathers was the result. When sold for a good price, the feathers covered to a large extent the cost of feeding.

Geese Production Zests. Bericht über eine Gänseleistungs- prüfung in Halle a. d. S.-Cröllwitz. J. Jaeger and E-Rühle. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No, 8. In carrying out the geese-achievement tests of the above variety, extraordinary difficulties occur, as the exploitation is very many-sided.

71 But the decisive factors are subjected every year to very great fluctuations by reason of weather influences etc. A further difficulty consists of the fact that none of the breeds of geese here tested is to be regarded as fancy breeder in every respect ; the raising of breeds of geese has hitherto been carried out only by exhibition-poultry breeders. It is no longer possible to speak either of types or breeds of geese. Every type is a child of its environment, then frequently comes to fruition in another environment, and turns out to be quite a different type from what could reasonably be expected. As regards the number of eggs laid, sitting on eggs and breeding, the Weser geese show the best results. This race still displays, however, considerable possibilities of improvement as regards food-utilization, yield of down, and its value when killed. On the other hand, as a light goosie it is widespread by virtue of its great egg-laying capacity and good fertilization ; this is all to the good. The Pomeranian goose and Crollwitz goose are pronounced fattening geese and unfortunately show bad fertilisation results. They are always in request as fattening geese, especially the Pomeranian variety. As a result of the favourable weight when dead the Pomeranian goose is preferred. When all points are considered, tests give the following sequence of value : 1. Pomeranian geese, 2. Weser geese, 5. Lippe geese, 4. Crollwitz geese.

Zur key raising in the Philippines. C* X* Burgos, Philippine Journal of Animal Industry, 1934, VoL 1, p, 379- Description of turkey raising in the Philippines.

Correlation of Growth and chemical Composition of the Liver in Pigeons. Heterogonisches Wachstum und chemische Zusammensetzung der Leber bei Zauben. L, Kaufman and A.Nowofna, (Sei* Inst Agria Pulawy,) Pflügers Archiv, 1934, VoL235, p.247, (Rei Nufrifion Absfr,, VoL4, 1935.) In pigeons the liver grows more rapidly than the body generally for the first 3 days, equally from the 3rd to the 7th day and thereafter more slowly ; after 6 weeks it diminishes in weight and in the adult has only the weight of a seven day bird. The percentage content of water and protein increases till the 7th day and thereafter decreases ; glycogen increases rapidly after 3 weeks while fat decreases. There are two periods of liver growth, (1) increase in number of cells, and (2) increase in size of cells. During the first the increase in protein and water is greater and that of glycogen much less than during the second period.

Zhe inheritance of yellow-pigmented heads in domestic fowl. A.Deakin and G.Roberfsom Amen Nat, VoL69, 1935, p,378. Fi and backcross matings of Barred Plymouth Rock birds with yellow-pig ment ed heads indicated that the character behaved as a simple recessive to the normal. Symbols "G*' for nonyellow, and "g** for the yellow-headed character, are suggested.

72 Correlation studies of egg production and possible genetic interpretation. C»W,Knox, M^A^JuU, and J^P^Quínn« Jour, Agr. Res. (U.SO, VoL50, 1935, p.573. Results are presented of a statistical study of the recorda of 905 Rhode Island Red and 884 Single Comb White Leghorn pullets, as made in 1928, 1929, and 1930 at the U, S, D. A. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, BeltsviUe, Md,, based on simple, multiple, and partial correlations between the following characters : Date of hatch, date of first egg, sexual maturity (age at first egg), number of eggs first 50 days, number of eggs to March 1, length of winter pause, percentage of egg production to March 1, and number of eggs laid in August and Sptember and during the last 50 days of the year. From the correlation coefficients it was concluded that the percentage of egg production to March 1 and the number of eggs laid during August and September should be included in statistical and genetic investigations of egg production. Four major traits were correlated with total egg production as follows : Sexual maturity —0.272 and —0.296 for White Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds, respectively ; percentage of production to March 1 -[-0.626 and -p0^622 ; number of eggs laid during August and September of the year following the date of hatch -|-0.692 and -j-0.652; and broodiness in Rhode Island Reds —0.342. Date of hatch and date of first egg were found to have an insignificant effect upon egg production for these birds, which were hatched during the 7 or 8 weeks of the regular hatching period. The most probable multiple correlation coefficients for fowls of the universe between total production and the three most important traits— sexual maturity, rate as measured by percentage of production to March 1, and persistance as measured by number of eggs laid during August and September—were 0.866 and 0.886 for White Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds, respectively. No evidence of linkage was found in either breed between the best measure of rate of production, sexual maturity, and percentage of production to March 1. Progeny testing in breeding for Egg Production. M. A* JulL Poultry Science, Vol. 13,1934, p. 44 Based on a discussion of egg production of progeny of selected sires and dams at the II. S. D. A. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, BeltsviUe, Md., it is pointed out that the daughters of different sires varied significantly, whereas the daughters of other sires did not show significant differences. In other matings the sires* progeny differed as regards this performance, depending on the dam to which the sire was mated. Other variations in the egg records of related individuals were noted, and the importance of repeating matings which have given highproducing progeny is emphasized. Further data on the inheritance of Dwarfism in Fowls. C.W.Upp. Poultry Science, Vol. 13, 1934, p. 157. An analysis is reported of the inheritance of dwarfism in fowls which appeared at the Louisiana Experiment Station. The matings made to work out the inheritance of this characteristic were somewhat involved with the appearance of the character **stickiness'* in one pen, but the results indicated that they were separate and distinct characters. The ratios of normals and dwarfs produced by 55 dams and 10 sires were

75 464 normals and 123 dwarfs as compared with an expected number of 441 normals and 146 dwarfs îf this character is due to a single autosomal recessive factor. Hens which did not carry the factor produced no dwarf young when mated with male carriers. The normal condition was not completely dominant as some heterozygous carriers of dwarfism could be recognized. Variation of Sex Difference in Chick growth. S, Bird and R a Gufteridge* Scientific Agriculture, VoL14, 1934, p. 433, Data obtained at the Central Experimental Farm, Canada, indicated that the normal sex difference in growth rate and absolute growth of chicks may be markedly influenced by environmental conditions. In the control lot one sex was quite severely affected by these conditions, while the opposite sex, subjected to identical treatment, was only slightly if at all affected. This sex difference response would not have been apparent if the data had been treated as being from a mixed population and completely obscured if conversion factors had been used. Since similar or reversed conditions have been found in the data of other workers, it is concluded that mixed or converted growth data in fowls may be misleading and should not be used. Effect of Artificial Light on Winter Egg Production. N, Tortorelli, Rivista di Zootecnia, VoL 11, Ï934, p* 448, Thirty minutes artificial light daily (8 to 8.30 p.m.) with a supplementary meal (25 g. cereal per hen) quintupled the egg yield, without detriment to the subsequent egg production. Hens V. pallets. J^M, Moore, E,H,Pfabler, and CG^Card* Michigan Sta. Quart BuL, 17,1935. Mortality was found to be about the same in a lot of pullets and in a lot of hens in similar tests conducted for 2 yr. More birds were culled from the pullet lot, which tended to reduce the mortality for this group since several were culled because of low vitality. The production per bird was practically the same in both lots:. Hens laid 76.5 percent large, 15.2 medium, 8.3 checks and dirties, and 0 percent of pullet eggs as compared with 44.9, 39.1, 7.2, and 8.8 percent, respectively, for the same grade of eggs for the pullets. Pullet production was higher in the fall and lower in the winter than hen production. Both groups reached their peaks of production during the spring months, but gradually declined in the late summer. The feed cost per bird and per dozen eggs was practically the same in both groups. These results show that when it is not possible to raise enough pullets for the replacement of the entire flock, good production can be obtained from flocks of selected mature hens. Ä method for determining the ash content of the leg bones of chicks with slipped tendon. T*T. Milby. Poultry Science, VoL 14, 1935, p. 247. At the Iowa Experiment Station 10 lots of chicks fed 6 different rations were used as a source of material for making a more complete and detailed examination of the methods of collecting data and analyzing the ash content of the leg bones of chicks.

74 The results showed no significant difference in the ash content of femurs, tibias, or metatarsi of chicks on various rations which were afflicted with slipped tendon and the ash content of the corresponding bones of chicks on a control ration at the same age. Tbe ash content of the femurs of chicks receiving a ration containing 3 percent of magnesium carbonate was significantly lower than that of the femurs of chicks on a control ration, but not as low as is usually found in rachitic chicks. It appeared desirable to make determinations at intervals during course of an experiment in which calcification may be disturbed. This procedure makes it possible to detect as small a difference with replications as with an equal number of individuals on a single test.

Zhe time factor in egg formation. D^C* Warren and H*M, Scoft Poultry Science, Vol. 14, 1935, p. 195, White Leghorn females in their first or second year of production were used at the Kansas Experiment Station to make a comprehensive study of the time element in egg formation in the domestic hen. The birds were killed or anesthetized at varying intervals following the production of the first egg of the clutch. Ovulation was observed in 12 anesthetized birds, and in only two cases was the ovum released directly into the infundibulum* In the other cases the ovum was dropped into the cavity about the ovary and later picked up by the infundibulum. The mean lapse of time between expulsion of the previous egg and ovulation was 30.7 min., with a range of from 14 to 75 min. However, it was felt that ovulation was regulated by the sequence of maturation of the ova and not by the expulsion of the previous egg. The grasping of the follicle by the infundibulum was random and not a causative factor in ovulation. The time spent by the egg in the various parts of the oviduct was as follows: Infundibulum 18 min., magnum 174 min., isthmus 74 min., uterus and vagina 20 hr. 40 min., a total of 25 hr. 6 min. No relationship was found between the rate of passage through the first three parts of the oviduct and the rate of egg production. The period between expulsion of the previous egg and ovulation appeared to have no relation to rate of laying. The variations in time spent in the uterus were probably responsible for most of the differences in interval length in birds. Interrelationship of Body Weight, Production, and Egg Weight. G.W.Knox, Jr. Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p.227. This statistical analysis was based on the records of 914 White Leghorn pullets and 365 generalpurpose pullets (Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and Wyandottes) from the fifth Georgia egg-laying contest and the second, third, and fourth Louisiana egg-laying contests. Ä significant correlation was found between initial body weight and average egg weight, indicating that the heavier the bird in the fall the larger was the average egg weight for the year. The same correlation was found between average body weight during the pullet year and average egg weight. A significant negative correlation was found between initial body weight and total number of eggs laid in one group of White Leghorns, but in no other case were these characters significantly associated. The relationship of yearly egg record and average egg weight was not significant. None of the correlations had any value for predicting egg production of Leghorn or general-purpose pullets.

75 Zhe Relationship of anatomical Measurements to Egg Pro- duction. M. W* Miller and J^ S, Carver* Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p. 242. Measurements were taken on hens near the end of the first producing year at the Washington Experiment Station to determine the relationship of certain head and body measurements to egg production. This was done with the idea that a method for selecting hens for egg- producing qualities might be developed, doing away with the necessity of using trap nests. Both White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red hens were measured. No significant relationship was found between anatomical body measurements and egg production of either breed. Small and fairly significant negative coefficients of correlation were obtained between head measurements and production of Rhode Island Red hens, but these factors were not related in White Leghorns* Ä multiple correlation coefficient of 0.391+0.056 was found between the head measurements of the Rhode Island Reds and their egg production. It was concluded that culling score cards place too much emphasis on the anatomical characteristics of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red birds.

Relation of juvenile Plumage to Growth and sexual Maturity. D.R Marble. Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p. 195. Analyses at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station of data on 90 Single Comb White Leghorn females and 73 males from 1 day old to 20 weeks of age showed two peaks of body molt and one complletfe wing and tail feather molt following the original growth of these feathers. There was no significant change in the rate of body growth during these peaks of body plumage development. However, there were significant positive correlations in both sexes between the body weight at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age and the amount of body molt completed at the respective ages. Analyses of data obtained on White Leghorn pullets (79 in 1930 and 308 in 1932) showed that it was not possible to predict the date of first egg on the basis of primary feather development examination at 8 or 10 weeks of age. There was a tendency for early-maturing pullets to carry over one or more chick feathers during the first laying year.

Zhe Feasibility of Sex Segregation in day-old Chicks. M. A. JulL Poultry Science, Vol. 13, 1934, p. 250. The results are reported of an examination of several thousand chicks ranging from about 12 to about 35 hr. old by four technical investigators at the U. S. D. Ä. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md., to determine the practical aspects of segregating sexes among day-old chicks.

Sexing baby Chicks. C. S. Gibbs. Poultry Science, Vol.13, 1934, p. 208. In this article from the Massachusetts Experiment Station the author describes the principles and practices of differentiating sex in living baby chicks.

76 Fertility studies in poultry. C. Nico laides. Poultry Science, Vol.13,1934, p. 179. Studies were conducted at the Massachusetts State College to throw light upon the problem of fertility in the domestic fowL Fertility results were obtained from single controlled matings and from a direct comparison of fertility under stud mating and pen mating with Rhode Island Red birds. The data showed that fertilization may take place in the upper end of the albumin-secreting portion of the oviduct of the hen. The time elapsing between mating and the appearance of the first fertile egg varied from 19.5 to 238 hr., with an average of 66.2 hr. Ordinarily a fair percentage of fertile eggs was obtained the day following mating. From 1 to 14 eggs were fertilized from a single mating, and there was a tendency for the more intensive layers to show a higher fertility. The average duration of fertility from a single mating was 14.8 days with a maximum of 29 days. Of the 68 single matings, 58 produced fertile eggs and 82 percent of the total eggs were fertile, indicating that in sfud mating, mating after each egg was not required. There was no significant difference in fertility resulting from stud mating and pen mating. Relationship between Age, Fecundity, and Hatchability. J»H* Martin and W.M.Insko. Poultry Science, VoL13,1934,

In this paper from the Kentucky Experiment Station the egg production of White Leghorn hens, selected on the basis of a 200-iegg production during the pullet year, over a period of 7 yr. is reported. The hatching records of the birds over this same period are also presented. There was a slight tendency for fertility to decline with agei Relation of Zime of laying to Hatchability. E^M^Funk, Poultry Science, VoL13,1934, p,184 The Missouri Experiment Station made a study of the hatching results of 16,839 eggs laid at different times of the day during the hatching seasons of 1931, 1932, and 1933. Eggs laid in the afternoon had a statistically significant increase in hatchability over eggs laid in the morning. Holding eggs in an incubator at 101° F. for 6 hr. immediately after laying and before the eggs were cooled did not significantly increase hatchability. During 1933 an extremely cold week caused a wide variation in hatching results with a significant decrease in hatchability of eggs laid before 9 a. m. Increasing the length of day by the use of lights decreased the difference in hatchability of eggs laid at different times of the day during 1933, but had no apparent effect in 1932. Management of early hatched Pullets. L.M.Black* New Jersey Stas. Hints to Poultrymen, VoL21, 1934, No. 4. Practical suggestions are given for the feeding, housing, and management of early-hatched pullets. Studies of individual Layers. D. C. Kennard and V. D» Cham- berlin. Ohio Sta. Bimo. BuL 170, 1934, p. 186. Preliminary results of a study of individual laying birds and their signifiance are discussed.

77 Production of Ohio Record of Performance Flocks. G*S. Vickers* Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p*155» The author has continued a fabulation of the results of the Ohio Record of Performance flocks»

Reproductive ability and viability of progeny in relation to tfie age of sires and dams. M» A«JulL Poultry Science, VoL14, 1935, p. 105. In this study by the U. S, D. Ä. Bureau of Animal Industry with White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red birds the results showed that sires that gave good results as cockerels gave similar results when bred as yearlings. The same was true of dams when bred as pullets, yearlings, 2-year-olds, and 3-year-olds. The number of laying pullets per dam alpLve at the end of the first laying year was determined largely by the average number of eggs laid during the breeding season by the dams of different ages.

Progeny of inbred and non-inbred Rfiode Island Red males, R A. Hays. Poultry Science, Vol 14, 1935, p. 122, At the Massachusetts Experiment Station a study of all the Rhode Island Reds bred for high fecundity during the period 1930-32 showed that in general the daughters of individual inbred males exhibited little consistent reduction in variability of different characters that could be traced to the degree of inbreeding of their sire. There was a slight reduction in variability for such characters as sexual maturity, body weight, and egg weight, but no difference in the variability of winter and annual egg production. Both of the latter factors were significantly lowered by the use of inbred males. Head type in relation to annual egg production and egg weight. L. C^ Clevenger and G. O» HalL Poultry Science, VoL14, 1935, p,54 A study of 12 head measurements was made on 262 White Leghorn pullets at the [New York] Cornell Experiment Station in an effort to determine whether there was any correlation between head type, as revealed by anatomical measurements, and egg production and egg weight. It was also planned to determine whether laying birds could be classified into different production groups by the use of head type as a composite character. No linear correlation was found between the head measurements and production. A decided curvilinear trend was found between these factors, indicating that selection for egg production by head measurements may be made up to a certain point, beyond which there is a decrease in egg production with an increase in head size. A low but consistent negative correlation was found between major head measurements and hen load, the ratio of the total weight of eggs laid to the hen*s body weight. A moderate and consistent positive linear correlation was found between head measurements and egg weight. The significant physical differences in head types were accompanied by a significant difference in egg production, indicating that it was possible and practical to classify laying hens into definite production groups by studying the head as a composite character.

78 Egg size in laying trials. Storrs Sta» BuL 199,1934. The results of weighing eggs individually on breeding for increase in size are reported.

Relation of body weight and egg weight in the domestic fowl. E.M.Funk. Poultry Science, VoL14, 1935, p. 232. The Missouri Experiment Station found in White Plymouth Rocks a significant correlation between body weight at sexual maturity and the mean weight of the first 10 eggs, even after eliminating the influence of age and date of sexual maturity. Body weight at sexual maturity and mean annual body weight were also significantly correlated with mean annual egg weight, but the coefficients were reduced by eliminating the age and date of sexual maturity. Maximum mean monthly egg weight and body weight the same month were found to be correlated.

Ä vapid method of finding the costs of egg production. W. C. Thompson. New Jersey Sfas. Hints to Poultrymen, Vol. 22, 1935. A chart is presented by means of which a reasonably accurate estimate of the costs of egg production may be readily determined.

Zhe effect of temperature and position in the incubation of turkey eggs. J. H. Martin and W. M. Insko. Poultry Science, Vol. 14,1935. In tests with a sectional incubator at the Kentucky Experiment Station, the highest hatchability with turkey eggs was obtained when the average temperature was 100.5°, 101.4°, 102.6°, and 103° F. the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, respectively. A temperature of 101° throughouÉ did not give as high hatchability, and a temperature above 103° the last week increased the embryo mortality for that week. Hatching turkey eggs large end up in a forced-draft incubator did not increase the hatchability and required extra labor at hatching time to save the poults. There was no advantage gained by utilizing only half the space in hatching trays of a forced-draft incubator when eggs were resting on their sides.

Shall the Layers be ranged or confined? D. C. Kennard and V.D.Chamberlin. Ohio Sta. Bimo. Bui. 171, 1934, p. 192. Continuing these investigations, a series of nine tests was conducted. Egg production was in favor of the layers on range. There was no significant difference in the rate of mortality between the confined layers which received a complete ration and those on a good range. On bane contaminated yards the egg production was lower and the mortality higher than with either of the above lots. Free range on good ground was not practical for commercial poultry keeping on a large scale, and in such cases the use of cinder sun yards or wire sun porches offered many of the advantages of range with little danger from contamination.

79 Zhe inheritance of sexual maturity, rate, and persistence of laying in the domestic fowl. M, A« JulL Poultry Science, VoL13, 1934, p. 286- This paper from the U* S, D. Ä. Bureau of Animal Industry presents data to show that the characters sexual maturity, rate, and persistency of laying are affected by a relatively large number of genes, some of which probably influence more than one character.

Interrelationship of body weight, egg weight, and age at sexual maturity. E» W^ Callenbach» Poultry Scîejipe, VoL13, 1934, p. 267- Data obtained in investigations at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station with 803 White Leghorn and 282 Barred Plymouth Rock pullets showed that for the strains of birds considered there was no relation between pullet chick weight and subsequent body weights at 3, 8, and 16 weeks of age or at sexual maturity. There was no relation between pullet chick weight and the weight of the pullet's first egg. Ä large and highly significant positive correlation was found between weight at 3 and at 8 weeks of age, a moderate positive correlation between weights at 3 and 16 weeks, and a moderate positive correlation of questionable significance between weights at 3 weeks and at sexual maturity. The correlation between weights at 8 and 16 weeks was large and highly significant, and between weights at 8 weeks and weight at sexual maturity it was fairly large and highly significant. Ä large and significant positive correlation was observed between weight at 16 weeks and age at sexual maturity, while a moderate and significant positive correlation was found between weight at sexual maturity and weight of first egg. The correlation between weight and age at sexual maturity was large and highly significant, while the correlation between weight of first egg and age at sexual maturity was a moderate significant positive correlation for White Leghorns and a large and significant positive correlation for Barred Rocks. Apparatus for studying the effect of increased atmospheric pressure upon the developing hen egg. B» Cunningham* Science, V0L8O, 1934, No. 2065, In this article the author describes an apparatus for studying the effect of increased atmospheric pressure upon the avian egg.

80 NUTRITION VITAMINS VITAMIN A VitaminÄ determination! Relation between the biological, chemical, and physical methods of test. K. C. Lafhbury. Biochem. Jour., Vol.28, 1934, p.2254. This invesfigafion, conducted in the Physiological Laboratories of The British Drug Houses, Ltd., was undertaken because of doubt cast by some investigators, notaby Coward et al, on the value of the Carr- Price color test, which is used by the British Drug Houses in describing the potency of their products. Six samples of crude liver oils or concentrates and a sample of the international standard were compared for their content of vitamin A by feeding experiments on rats, the Carr- Price test, and the spectrophotometric test. The results obtained, which are presented in detail, are considered by the autor to be consistent. "The limited number of cod^Hver oils that we have examined have shown a constant ratio to the Carr-Price figures, using the Smith and Hazley method, and also to those obtained by the spectrophotometric method. Especially we have found that purified vitamin Ä concentrates give a constant ratio between the results of the biological, chemical, and physical methods, and there seems to be no reason to doubt that the three are interchangeable.**

VITAMIN B Pathogenesis of green diarrhoea in avitaminotic pigeons. Sul meccanismo patogenetico delta diarrea verde del piccione in avitaminosi. G. Renosfo» InsL Gen. PathoL, Univ. Padua. Boll. Sic. Ifal. Biol. sper., 1935,10, 297-299. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p. 357.) Ten colonies of B. coli, isolated from each of three pigeons with symptoms of polyneuritis, after a diet of polished rice, showed increased fermentative capacity for a number of sugars, power to produce H2S, and an increase in the number of haemolytic strains, when compared with B. coli similarly isolated from normal pigeons. Green diarrhoea in depleted pigeons is therefore referred to increased virulence of the bacteria in the intestine.

Changes in testis and ovary in experimental avian beriberi. Sul comportamento del testicolo e dell'ovaio nel beriberi sperimentale aviario. G. Solarino. Inst. Gen. Pathol., Univ. Messina. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper., 1935,

81 ß 10, 306-308. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2. 1935, p.356.) The hisfological changes in the gonads of pigeons deprived of vitamin Bi, resembled those produced by inanition and are attributed to this cause. Oryzatoxin and experimental beriberi in the pigeon. "Orizo-- tossina" e beri-beri sperimentale del Colombo. G^So- larîno. Quad. Nutrîzîone, 1934-35,1, 375-412; BolL Sia itaL BioL Spen, 1935,10,11-14 (Inst BioL Chem., Univ. Messina.) (Rei Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5, No.2,1935, p.3560 The author's results are published in much fuller detaiL Intramuscular or oral administration of an alcoholic extract of polished rice, autoclaved wheat or starch, produced polyneuritic symptoms in starved pigeons, and more slowly and only with larger doses of extract, in pigeons fed on maize. Pigeons fed on polished rice, extracted with alcohol or with alcohol and ether, developed polyneuritis more rapidly than those fed on non-extracted polished rice. A similar effect was obtained when pigeons were fed on autoclaved wheat, as compared with alcohol extracted autoclaved wheat. The supposed action of oryzatoxin in promoting vomiting in pigeons fed on polished rice is further discussed. Beriberi quotient of fowls on rice diet. Sul "quoziente beri- b er ico" nelV alimentazione orizanica del polli. G. Mar- tino. Inst BioL Chem., Univ. Messina. Quad. Nutri- zione, 1934-35, 1, 413-423. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p.356.) The beriberi quotient for the fowl was found to be nearly the same as for the pigeons, but the fowl has the advantage for experimental work, that it does not vomit the polished rice diet and is not subject to gastro-intestinal disturbances. Young growing cockerels, 90 to 105 days old, showed a beriberi quotient 3 or 4 times higher than adult birds, which is attributed to their larger reserve of vitamin Bi or their better utilisation of it. Consumption of antineuritic vitamin by different birds on rice diet. Sul consumo del fattore antineuritico nella alimentazione orizanica di vari uccelli. G. Martino. Inst. Biol. Chem., Univ. Messina. Boll. Sic. ital. Biol. sper., 1935, 10, 300-302. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p.357.) The beriberi quotient was determined for the partridge, the duck, the goose and the guinea fowl and was found to be lower than in the pigeon. These birds are not affected by the digestive disturbances which are produced in the pigeon by an exclusive diet of polished rice, and the difference in the value of the beriberi quotient is attributed to this cause. Studies of avitaminosis, üoxic substance extracted from polished rice. Contributo alla conoscenza delle avita-^ minosi. Sopra una sostanza tossica estratta dal riso brillato. L. Tocco and B. Sanna. Inst. Pharmacol, and

82 Therap,, Unîv* Sassarî« BolL Soc. îtaL BîoL sper., 1935, 10, 67-68. (Ret Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. 5^ No.2, 1935,p.357.) A substance extracted from polished rice with acidulated water, when injected subcutaneously into pigeons often caused death in 6 to 12 hours, with symptoms resembling polyneurifis. ** Vitamin B**, prepared from yeast or rice poHshings, modified the onset of symptoms of in- toxication. Pigeons fed on rice from which the toxic substance had been extracted generally died sooner than control birds receiving non- extracted rice. Oxidation-reduction processes in experimental deficiency conditions, i. Alteration of the capacity of the tissues to reduce 2:6''dichlorphenolindophenol in avian beriberi, I processi di ossido-riduzione nelle avitaminosi sperimentali. i. Modificazioni delta capacita di alcuni tessuti di ridurre il 2-6-diclorofenoloindofenolo nel beriberi aviario. M. Mitolo. Inst. Physiol. Univ. Rome. Arch. Fisiol., 1934, 34, 102. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p.355.) In avian beriberi the capacity of tissues to reduce 2:6-dichlorphenolindophenol is reduced in all organs and particularly in the lungs and intestine. Foot-diseases of Chicks reared in Batteries. Erkrankungen der unteren Extremitäten bei in Äufzuchtbatterien ge- haltenen Kücken. A. Solun and A. Arsenjew. Physio- logisches Laboratorium des wissenschaftlichen For- schungs-Instituts für Geflügelindustrie Moskau. Bie- dermanns Zentralblatt, Abt. B, Tierernährung, Vol. 6, 1934, p.498. There are to differ two kinds of foot-diseases of chicks being caused by nutritional troubles : 1. enlarged hock and 2. nutritional paralyse of the feet. In procedeed stages of their development both these illnesses may be accompanied by a dislocation of the tendon (slipped tendon), a condition, which is not to be considered as a disease for itself alone. The enlarged hock is caused by too high a content of minerals in the food; therefore it is absolutely necessary the mineral content of animal feed being controlled. Nutritional paralyse of chicks is the consequence of a lack of vitamin B2 in the ration, i.e. the appearance of B2-hypovÍtamÍnosÍs. The chicks* want of vitamin B2 increases with the protein quantity in the ration, a fact, which confirms the relation of vitamin Bo to the protein metabolism of animals. Rations containing wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, casein, and fish meal, do not cover the requirements of the growing chicks* organism for Vitamin B2- Therefore these rations must be supplemented by feeds rich in vitamin B2. The use of irradiated yeast as a source of vitamin D is especially important in this relation because such yeast besides its antirachitic effect compensates the lack of vitamin Bo. Vitamin Bo does not seem to be identical with the antipellagric vitamin.

83 (5* VITAMIN D Comparative Investigation on Rats and Chickens dealing with the Identity of the artificial antirachitic Vitamin {irradiated Ergosterol) and the natural Vitamin D of cod liver oil. Vergelijkend onderzoek op Ratten en Kuikens over de Identiteit van het Kunstmatige antira- chitische vitamine {bestraald ergosterol) en het nafuur- lijke Vitamine D uif Kabelfauw-levertraan. Dr» M» J» L* Dois, Thesis. Agricultural High School, Wageningen. 15 March, 1935» 1. Under our test conditions 2o/o cod liver oil sufficed to protect chickens against rickets. 2. A quantity of irradiated ergosterol in rat units of vitamini D equivalent to 20o/o cod liver oil is not sufficient to prevent rickets in chickens. 5. No single fact points to the presence of another factor in cod Liver oil being indespensable besides vitamin D to protect chickens against rickets. 4. A quantity of the non-saponifiable matter of cod liver oil, just is a quantity of the irradiated cholesterol, just as a quantity of a concentrate from tunny liver oil, all in rat units of vitamin D equivalent :o 2 o/o cod liver oil, were within the limits of experimental error equally efficient in protecting chickens against rickets. 5. Crystalline irradiated ergosterol is not identical with vitamin D ::rom cod liver oil. 6. The provitamin D in cholesterol, activated antirachitically by ultraviolet irradiation, is not ergosterol. 7. Under our test conditions the need for vitamin D in chickens during the period of the first till the fifty-seventh day, either in the form of cod liver oil or of the tunny liver oil concentrate or of irradiated cholesterol was 250 international units per 100 gm. of ration, i. e. an average of di 80 international units per diem per chicken. 8. To determine rickets in chickens, the radiograph is sometimes a more minute criterion than the post-mortem examination of the skeleton. The average of the ash content of the tibiae proves to be no reliable criterion for the comparison of the antírachitic efficiency of vitamin D ]3reparations in chickens.

Zhe relation of the preen gland to rickets in the domestic fowl, H. R. Knowles, E- B» Hart and J* G» Halpin* Poultry Science, VoL 14,1935, p. 33^ In order to test whether there was any relation between the ííecretion of the preen gland and the metabolism of vitamin D, the Wisconsin Experiment Station conducted an experiment with four lots of 3-day^ld White Leghorn chicks fed the same basal ration. In three lots preen glands were removed when the chicks were 10 days old. The lots received varying amounts of irradiation or cod-liver oil. The lots in which the preen glands were removed grew as well as the controls and developed skeletons with normal ash content. It was demonstrated that when a sufficient source of the antirachitic factor was furnished the preen gland wa,s not necessary for calcium metabolism in the chick.

84 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY Ä useful method for anatomical studies in poultry nutrition research. A. V. RolL U- S. Egg and Poultry Mag*, VoL40, 1934, p.18. In this article the author describes a procedure by means of which the effect of feeds upon the vital organs of poultry may be determined. The method consists of solidly freezing the birds as quickly as possible after they are killed and picked, cross sectioning the frozen carcass, and keeping the specimens frozen until the studies are completed. On a false Masculine Hermaphrodite in an avian Hybrid. N^F.Vîljoen and J»H, de Bruîn» The Onderstepoorf Journal of Veterinary Science, VoL 5, 1935, p* 351» Description with photos of a false masculine hermaphrodite with male glands and feminine appearance* Z>he Inheritance of skeletal Dimensions in the domestic Fowl. A. J, G. Maw. Scientific Agriculture, VoL 16,1935, p. 85. 1. The bone dimensions of the appendicular skeletons and skulls of parental, Fi and F 2 generations from reciprocal crosses of Light Brahmas and Golden Sebright Bantams were measured and analysed statistically. 2. The Fi and F 2 progenies were, on the average, slightly smaller than intermediate between the parents. 3. The Fi females from the reciprocal crosses displayed wide differcences in the length of the bones of the leg and wing!. 4. The variability in bone dimensions was considerably less than that in body weight. The coefficients of variability in the F 2 were slightly greater than those in the Fi. 5. In the proportions of the parts of the skeleton, the Brahma and Sebright Bantam breeds were found to differ significantly in shape of skull. 6. The coefficients of correlation between all parts of the skeleton were high. Slightly lower values were obtained in those cases involving cranial measurements. 7« Linkage was found to exist between factors for size and two sex-linked characters, plumage colour and rate of tail feathering. It is

85 concluded that a sex-linked factor is present in this cross which brings gbout a reduction in size of the skeletal dimensions. 8. The evidence relating to cranial dimensions indicates that the skull is influenced by special factors.

Individuality of the Blood in higher Animals. A. S* Wiener. Zfschn Induktive Absfam. u. Vererbungslehre, VoL 66, 1933, p. 3L The differences between the types of blood of man, cattle, and poultry are briefly reviewed, with special consideration of the agglutin- cgens present in the blood of different families of fowl described by Todd.

Individuality of the Blood in higher Animals.~lL Aggluti- nog ens in red blood Cells of Fowls. A. S.Wiener, Jour. Genet, Vol.29, 1934, p. 1. An analysis of Todd*s data, noted above, on the serological reactions of three large families of chickens suggests that a relatively small number of different sharply-defined agglutinogens were present and that all were inherited as simple Mendelian dominants.

Innervation of the Intestine in Birds, i. Vagus nerves. 2. Coeliac and mesenteric nerves. 3. Remak's nerve. Les Nerfs extrinsèques de l'intestin chez l'oiseau. 1. Les nerfs vagues. 2. Les nerfs coeliaques et mésentériques. 3. Le nerf de Remak. Archive internationale de Physio- logie, 1934, Vol.39, pp-113, 165, 227. (Ref. Nutrition Abstr., V0I.4, 1935.) The anatomical arrangement of the nerves to the intestine in birds is not the same as in mammals. Nevertheless, records obtained from balloons within the gut show that stimulations of the vagus and of the nerve of Remak has a motor action, the vagus action extending throughout the small intestine, while the pure motor action of the nerve of Remak is confined to the caudal part of the gut. The resemblance to the parasym- pathetic action of the vagus and pelvic nerves in mammals is obvious. The sympathetic action is less easily determined. There seems to be both a motor and inhibitory action on the gut, possibly due to the presence of two types of nerves in the sympathetic outflow,

PHYSIOLOGY the Effect of the female Hormone on the Egg-laying Capa- city in Fowls. T.Vacek. Revue Vétérinaire Slave, Vol.II, 1935, p.64. This experiment was undertaken on young chickens 6 weeks old and continued for 15 months. The female hormone was injected every s(îcond day during the whole period of the experiment. The egg-laying period of the experimental fowls was in the average riîtarded. The average of the number of eggs of the experimental fowls was lower than that of the normal ones. The weight of the eggs, however, was in all cases higher.

86 DISEASES INFECTIOUS DISEASES PULLORUM Effects of different Brooding Zemperatures on Pullorum Disease. W. L. Mailmann. Vef. Med., Vol. 29, 1934, p. 254. The author found the loss of chicks from pullorum disease in infected and mixed lots to be six or seven times as high in chicks brooded at 72° F« as in those brooded at 96°. The transmission of the disease from the infected to the uninfected stock was much higher at the unfavorable temperatures of brooding. The information obtained is considered to emphasize the extent to which unfavorable conditions lower the vitality of chicks and render them more susceptible to pullorum disease. Whole blood testing for pullorum disease. R. E. Lubbehusen, J» R» Beach und E» R- TemperlL Nulaid News, VoL 12, 1935, p.26- The authors conclude that the efficiency of the whole blood (stained antigen) test will not permit of its exclusive use in a program of pullorum disease eradication. By retesting with the whole blood method at short intervals the number of puUorum-infected birds may be reduced to a low percentage, and the flock in this way be prepared for accreditation or certification as pullorum disease free on the basis of the more highly efficient tube test. Official recognition of flocks as pullorum disease free should be reserved to the tube test results until the whole blood test has been improved to the point that its efficiency equals that of the tube test. Z^he whole Blood Agglutination Zest for Pullorum Disease. H» van Roekel and M» K» Clarke- Agrie. Exper» Station, Amherst, Mass. Bull 323, July 1935. Summary : The whole blood agglutination test was not as efficient as the standard tube agglutination method. Factors such as proper and constant temperature, adequate light, and an effective and constant whole blood— antigen dilution influence the sensitivity and efficiency of the whole blood agglutination test. Great variation was observed in the whole blood-antigen dilution. The lack of constancy in this dilution exerted a perceptible influence on the degree of agglutination and played an important role in detecting low-titre birds. Delayed weak reactions occurred in a few instances with blood obtained from birds that harbored S. pullorum. The standard tube test detected infected birds which failed to react with the whole blood test.

87 The adoption of the whole blood fest as the sole diagnostic means for establishing and identifying ptiUorum-disease-free flocks seems in- expedient at the present time. Hats and Pullorum Disease. Die Empfänglichkeit der Ratte für den Erreger der Kückenruhr (Bakt. pullorum). Von Dr. R Schulze. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, Nr. 5. Summary : Rats do not sicken and die after being copiously infected through their food or subcutaneously with bakt. pullorum. After being repeatedly infected, the bakt. pullorum could, in the case of some of the rats experimented on, be found present in the excrements as long as twenty- four hours later. Three days after food infection no trace of the chicken diarrhoea microbe could be bacteriologically proved present in any organ of the rat*s body. After subcutaneous infections the chicken diarrhoea microbes were traceable in single organs at the earliest four days, but :tiot longer than thirteen days later. When it is considered that rats under iotatural conditions cannot absorb such large quantities of bacteria as when experimented upon, and in view of the result of this experiment, any importance in spreading chicken diarrhoea cannot be attributed to rats. Serological studies on adult carriers of pullorum disease. R. E. Greaves, R. S. Dearsfyne, and H. C. Gauger. North Carolina Sfa. Tech. Bui 48,1935. A study of the fluctuating character of the antibody content of the serum of certain types of bird carriers of pullorum infection, resulting in the so-called '*intermittent'' reactor, and of the relationship of 1;he delivery of infected eggs of the carrier birds to their respective serum liter is reported upon, the details being given in table and graph form^ In the course of the work, serological studies were made of 53 adult leactors to the macroscopic agglutination test for Salmonella pullorum infection obtained from groups of birds tested from 2 to 6 yr. at bimonthly intervals. "Of the 53 birds under test, 40, or 75.5 per cent, of these leacted intermittently to the tç.sU one or more negative tests being secured during the periods of study. The general tendency as observed in these studies was for an increase in mean serum titer of the reacting birds 2is they aged, with a corresponding reduction of the percentage of negative tests secured. In the 3,060 tests run on the 40 reactors showing inter- riittency in reaction, 233 negative phases were encountered, these ranging from 1 to 15 consecutive negative tests. "No correlation could be established between delivery of infected eggs and mean serum titer. Likewise, no relationship could be established tetween appearance of positive or negative phases or as to their duration. The results of bacterial tests of 14,053 eggs delivered by carrier birds are noted. Of these, 1,900, or 13.1 per cent, showed the presence of Su pullora. The tendency of this study indicates a reduction in percentage of positive eggs delivered by carrier birds as they age." A list is given of 12 references to the literature. Blood studies of strains of the domestic fowl differing in resistance to pullorum disease. J* H» Quîsenberry, E^ Roberts, and L. E^ Card* Poultry Science, VoL 14, 1935, p. 63. Counts of the erythrocytes, leucocytes, and polymorphonuclear

88 neutrophiles of the blood of chicks of susceptible and resistant strains made in the course of a study of the possible causes of the difference in their resistance to infection by Salmonella pullorum are reported. The findings in inoculated and unînoculated chicks 3 to 9 days old are! given in tables. It is thought that the difference between the percentage of neutrophiles of the inoculated susceptibles and résistants may be of use as a measure of the difference in resistance of the two strains of chickens^

Prevention of pullorum disease in Sao Paulo. J. and A* S» Reís. Arch. Inst BioL (Sao Paulo), VoL5, 1934, p. 51. (Ref. Exp. Sf. Rec, Vol.73, p.396.) Eradication and control work with pullorum disease in Sao Paulo is reported upon.

Partial or doubtful Reactors to the whole Blood stained Antigen Cest for Pullorum Disease. J. P. Torrey and R.Graham. Cornell Vet, Vol.24, 1934, p. 156. Ä report is made of work with a group of 25 partial or doubtful reactors to the whole blood stained antigen test in the field which was repeatedly tested by the whole blood stained antigen, rapid plate, and tube agglutination tests. **Ä total of 12 of the 25 became consistent reactors to 1 of the 5 tests : 4 to the whole blood stained antigen, 3 to the plate, and 4 to the tube test. The tube and whole blood stained antigen gave repeated similar results in only 1 fowl. Twenty-one fowls gave inconsistent agglutination reactions to the whole blood stained antigen, 22 to the rapid plate, and 19 to the tube. None of the 25 showed gross ovarian lesions of pullorum disease, while 1 mîelded positive S [ almonella] pullorum in direct cultures of ovarian and liver tissues."

Biology of the Salmonella pullorum-S. gallinarum group. G. Pacheco and C. Rodrigues. Compf. Rend. Soc. BioL, Paris, Vol.119, 1935, p. 888. In the first of two contributions the authors report upon hydrogen sulfide production by the group; in the second contribution on their sugar fermentation characteristics. t>he rapid whole blood agglutination test for the detection of pullorum disease carriers. J. Biely. U. S. Egg and Poultry Mag., Vol. 41, 1935, p. 21. The value of this test is dealt with in a practical way.

Ä case study of subacute pullorum disease. H.C. Ganger, Poultry Science, Vol. 14, 1935, p. 236. The author reports a case study of subacute pullorum disease in which the clinical symptoms and post-mortem findings were similar to those often found in subacute typhoid infection. The case is considered of particular interest because of the consistency with which Salmonella pullorum was recovered from the feces each day from April 20, 1934, the day following receipt of the fowl, to May 8, the day preceding its death.

89 EGGS AND TABLE POULTRY

EGGS A.n Analysis of Egg Faults. E^T^ Hainan and H.D.Day» Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, VoL42, 1935, p. 326. Consists of an analysis of egg faults occurring in 164,831 eggs laid in the West Suffolk Egg-laying Trials. The egg faults of most frequent occurrence are meat spots, large air space, watery whites, deformed or thin shells and dropped yolks. Egg faults occur most frequently during the summer months but the reason for this was not established. The assumption that high producing birds produce more faulty eggs than low producing birds was not supported by the evidence of this analysis. Feeding and management conditions were shown to be a secondary rather than a primary cause of egg faults. The occurrence of egg faults was shown to be associated with individual birds, and It is suggested that the intelligent use of the candling lamp by breeders, followed by rejection as breeding stock of all birds proved to lay faulty eggs should go far towards eliminating faults in eggs produced in this country. Ammo-acid composition of the move important dietary Proteins. 4. Hens eggs. 5. Optimum amino-acid composition of dietary protein. A. Scharpenak, O. N. Bala- schova and E- M* Solovieva. J* PhysioL U. S- S. R., 1934, V0LI7, pp,788, 799. (ReL Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL5, No. 2, 1935, p.328.) The white and yolk of 2 day old eggs (from 2 year old White Leghorns) contain respectively : Glycine and alanine 0.406, 0.710, valine 0.(302, 0.797, leucine 1.232, 1.415, phenylanaline 0.464, 0.571, glutamic acid 3.643, 5.046, aspartíc acid 1.042, 1.208, arginine 0.872, 1.339, histidine 0.191, 0.332, lysine 0.416, 0.825, cystine 0.279, 0.302, tyrosine 0.421, 0.723. tryptophane 0.276, 0.408, and NH3 0.175, 0.273 per cent. Zhe enzymatic hydrolysis of raw and heat-treated egg white. E. W. Cohn and A. White. Univ. Denver and Yale Univ., New Haven. J. BioL Chem., 1935, VoL109, p. 169. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p. 383.) Data are presented concerning (1) the comparative rates of digestion of raw and heat treated egg white in vitro, and (2) the extent of hydrolysis of both types of substrate by pepsin and trypsin acting both individually

90 and successively« Hydrolysis of raw egg white by trypsin is slight but is increased by preliminary incubation of the protein with pepsin which does not inself, however, appear to have marked activity. Preliminary periods of heating, up to 30 minutes in length, increase the degree of tryptic hydrolysis, and the experimental results support the view that a thermolabile entitryptic agent exists in raw egg white. Decomposition and preservation of hen eggs. Über die Zer- setzung und Haltbarmachung der Hühnereier. A* Janke and L^Jirak^ Agria ColL, Wien, Zfschn Untersuch. Lebensmiffel, 1935, Vol 69, p-434 The authors use the difference between the refractive index of the yolk and that of the white as a measure of how the eggs have kept during preservation. Using this value they have compared various methods of preservation, e. g. untreated but kept in cool rooms at different temperatures, pckled in various solutions, preserved dry after coating with various materials. The advantages of the different methods are discussed. yOLKS Carotinoid content of Yolks. Beitrag zum Studium der Schwankungen des Farbstoffgehaltes im Hühnereigelb. Dr. XRadefL Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No. 2. In the preceding work the author has studied the carotinoid content of the yolk of eggs, which have been laid from always the same hen, during a certain period. The results of the analyses showed that the eggs, which have been produced after the interval of several days, possessed a greater amount of carotinoids, as these, which have been laid before the interval. The amount and the percentage of carotinoids varied much stronger, than the weight of the eggs and the yolks. Vitamin Ä-active substances in Egg-yolk. A. E. Gillam and I. M. Heilbron. Univ. Manchester. Biochem. Journal, 1935, Vol.29, p. 1064. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p.340.) Egg yolk fat obtained from hens, receiving a diet mainly of maize, was examined spectroscopically to elucidate the cause of its growth promoting power. After saponification and the removal of sterols, the unsaponifiable matter was fractionated by the phase method, the carotene and xanthophyll fractions thus obtained being further analysed by Chromatographie methods. Vitamin Ä (0.05 to 0.10 mg. per 100 g. of yolk) was obtained from the xanthophyll fraction free from carotenoids and its presence confirmed by observation of the 328 mjLi. and 618 mju. bands. The chief pigment of the petroleum phase fraction was cryptocanthine (0.19 mgr.) which was present in much greater amounts than carotene (0.015 mgr.). The total carotenoid content and vitamin Ä content of the yolk fat could be raised by feeding grass to the hens. Zhe vitamin D content of egg yolk. H.D.Branion, T.G.Drake and F. F. TisdalL Ontario Agrie. Coll., Guelph. Cañad.

91 Ned Assoa J., 1935, VoL32, p. 9-12, (ReL Nufrifion Abstractfs and Reviews, VoL5, No, 2,1935, p,349,) Addition of vitamin D as cod liver oil or as vîosferol fo the hen's diet increased the vitamin D potency of the egg yolk. Daily irradiation of the hens with a mercury vapour quartz lamp was much less effective. Little variation was found between the vitamin potency of summer and winter eggs, purchased in the open market, and commercial storage up to 10 months had no appreciable effect. Vitamin D content of egg yolk. 2. Che influence of various sources of vitamin D on the antirachitic value of egg yolk. 3. Che antirachitic value of market eggs. H,D, Branion, T* G, H, Drake and F, F, TîsdalL U, S, Egg and Poultry Mag,, 1934, VoL40, No,8, No, 9. The results of these co-operative studies showed that egg yolksi were a good source of the antirachitic vitamin. Addition of 1 per cent of cod liver oil to the ration of hens increased the antirachitic potency of yolks 6 to 8 times. Large quantities of irradiated ergosterol were transferred to the yolk with relative inefficiency, although massive doses increased the atirachitic potency some 600 times and medium doses about 35 times. Small doses of ergosterol were transferred to the yolk as efficiently as cod liver oil. Irradiation of birds with ultraviolet light for 20 min. daily, or exposure to sunshine during the summer months, caused only a slight increase in the antirachitic value of the eggs. Cold storage for 8 to 11 months had little or no effect on the vitamin D content of eggs. TABLE POULTRY Pullet and broiler productions costs. P. F. Aylesworth. Quart. Bull. Mich. Agrie. Exp. Sfat., 1935, Vol. 17, p. 136. (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 1935, p. 554.) Cost of pullet production has been worked out at the above Station for 100 poultry farms in the neighbourhood and shows wide variations according to management, etc. In 20 of the best farms there was an» average profit of 8.0 cents per lb. of poultry produced while in 20 of the high cost farms there was a loss of 1.3 cents per lb. The average profit for the 100 frams was 4.5 cents per lb. Chemical analysis of the Flesh and Viscera of Poultry and Rabbits. Änalisi chimiche delle carni e dei visceri di volatili e di coniglio. G^BalbonL Quad» Nufrîzîone, 1934-35, VoLl, p. 450. Nat Inst Pharmacol Serono, Rome- (Ref. Nufrifion Absfracfs and Reviews, VoL5, No.2, 1935, p.3190 Tables are given showing the chemical composition of the muscle flesh and viscera of the pullet, hen, pigeon, turkey, goose, duck and rabbit, tlie analyses comprising moisture, total N, protein, fats, sugars, extractives other than sugar, and ash. Data are given also for yolk and white of the hen*s egg.

92 GENERAL

International poultry guide for flock selection. L^F* Payne and H^ M» Scoff, Kansas Cify, Mo,: InfernafL Baby Chick Assoc, 1934, p, 140- This treatise was prepared to furnish a simple guide for hatcherymen, poultry improvement organizations, commercial poultrymen, and farm flock owners in the classification of breeding flocks» Che Study of avian Biology in Relation to scientific Progress: H, P. Bayon, The Journal of Comparafive Pafhology and Therapeufics, VoL47,1934, p,302. Contents : Embryology. Comparative anatomy. Physiology of Digestion. Cellular Respiration. Cerebral and cerebellar Physiology. Genetics. Bacteriology. Experimental Medicine. Vitamins. Oncology. The Development of the Knowledge of the Functions of the Blood or Haematology. Circulation and Heart Functions. Blood Coagulation. Respiration or Oxygénation of the Blood. Blood Transfusion. Blood Morphology. Blood Generation and Regeneration. New information about Livestock and poultry. C* L Bray, M^G.Snell, C^W^Upp, and R,H. Lush» Louisiana Sfa. BuL262, 1935. This bulletin summarizes 6 years* results of experimental work with beef cattle, swine, sheep, mules, poultry, and dairy cattle. Germany. In Germany about 64 per cent of the total egg consumption in the country was last year supplied by home production. This compares with 68 per cent in 1933, and 60 per cent in 1928. Of the total imports of eggs, amounting to 14.6 million marks in value, 11.5 million came from Denmark, Holland and Belgium (against 9.6 in 1933), while 2.9 million were taken from the Eastern suppliers, Bulgaria, Finland, Rumania, Jugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and Sweden. This compares with 2.1 million marks purchase value from these countries in 1933. Zurkey management in Hawaii. C. M. Bice. Hawaii Sfa. Cira 10, 1935, The author discusses the management of turkeys under Hawaiian conditions, including breeding, feeding incubation, fattening for market, diseases, and production costs. Commercial poultry farming. T. B. Charles and H. O. Sfuarf. Danville, IlL: Infersfafe Pfg, Co., 1934 This treatise was designed to give the practical poultryman information relative to established and dependable practices on incubation, hatching, brooding, feeding, man agement, breeding, housing, and disease control of poultry.

93 Zhe Policy of the New Jersey Egg laying Contests. C.S. Platt New Jersey Stas, Hints to Poultrymen, 21, 1934, No,6. The purposes and benefits of the New Jersey egg-laying contests are described in this publication.

Studies with livestock in the Southern States. Assoc* South» Agr.Workers Proa, VoL33, 1932, pp.46, 120. The following papers were presented at the thirty-third annual convention of the Association of Southern Agricultural Workers held at Birmingham, Ala., February 2-4, 1932. The Effect of Antecedent Egg Production upon the Hatchability off Eggs, by C W. Upp; Mineral Requirements for Chicks, by R.M.Sherwood; The Effect of Varying the Amounts of Protein in the Poultry Ration on Chick Growth and Subsequent Egg Production, by L. Morris, R. B, Thomson, and U. G. Heller. Lighting the Houses. Stallbeleuchtung während der ganzen Nacht. Harald EbbelL Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No. 2. Keeping the pens Ht up all night has proved effective in causing backward late brooders to speed up with their egg-laying. Their consumption of food was much larger and their production rapidly increased. It is true that the devouring of their eggs, which at the beginning of the experiment was not so frequent, soon became prevalent owing to the close confinement and the strong light. The free corn meal food supplied to them throughout the experiment stood the test admirably.

Numbers of Live Stock in Northern Ireland. Agricultural Statistics 1934-35, Government of Northern Ireland, Ministry of Agriculture, Stormont, Belfast, 1935, Turkeys 407,175 453,869 —46,693 —10,3 Geese 147,149 149,610 —2,461 —1,6 Ducks 525,220 534,567 -9,347 —1,7 Ordinary Fowl 9,004,065 9,153,865 —149,800 —1,6 Total Number of Poultry 10,083,609 10,291,910 — 208,301 — 2,0 Following upon the increase in the number of poultry which occurred between June, 1933, and June, 1934, this year's poultry figures show a slight decline of 2 per cent divided among all classes of poultry.

Experiments in Heating the Houses and Drinking Water. Versuche über die Einwirkung der Stallheizung und der Erwärmung des Trinkwassers für Legehennen. Dn R, Fangauf and M. Harken, Dr* Weinmiller and Voigt and Prof* Dr* Bünger* Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1935, No* 8* General Summary : The effect of roost-heating and giving of warmed drinking water during the winter months was tested out in two experiments with laying hens. The mild winter of 1934/35 was not well adapted to the experiments, as we had winter weather only temporarily. Both experiments, therefore,

94 agree that under the weather conditions obtaining during the experiment, the heating of the roost and the giving of warmed drinking water had no effect, or that if a slight increase in the capacity was to be observed, this was too slight to justify the expense involved» Summary Dr. R. Fangauf: It was desired to find out from 4 breeds each of 4.42 Italian young^ hens whether the warming of roosts or of drinking water in winter had a, favourable influence on egg4aying activity in winter. Two roosts were warmed and 2 troughs heated by a ** Grudeglucke ** from November to February. Unfortunately the mild winter spoilt the experiment. The amount of food eaten, laying activity, weight of egg, success of hatch and weight of body were ascertained and the utilization factor calculated. The results showed unanimously that the heating of roostes does not have any appreciable effect, at any rate, not during a mild winter in the North-German climate. The warm-water breeds laid a few more eggs. The difference was not large enough to justify a conclusion. Both breeds drank roughly lOo/o more water, so that it would appear that the warming of the water induced a larger consumption. This difference was, of course, caused partly by the evaporation of warm water. Summary Dr. Weînmîller : Altogether 180 white Leghorn hens of the hatch of May 1934 were kept from November 1954 till February 1935 partly in heated, partly in unheated roosts. In the unheated roosts, partly warm and partly cold water was given. The giving of warm or cold water made no difference to the egg-laying capacity and food-consumption. In the heated roosts, the feeding costs per egg were 0.5 Pf. less than in unheated roosts. The difference is not enough to enable the heating of hen roosts in general to be described as economical.

Egg production costs and returns in Michigan in 1934. K. T. Wright. Quart. Bull. Mich. Agrie. Exp. Stat., 1935, Vol.17, p. 130- (Ref. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2,1935, p. 554.) An analysis was made of the cost of production records of 90 poultrymen who cooperated with the Farm Management Section of the above Station. A table shows the average results together with those for 18 of the lowest cost flocks and for 18 of the highest cost flocks. Over the whole 90 flocks egg production for the year averaged 155 per hen with a variation from 176 to 155. Food, etc., charges averaged | 2.55 per hen with variation from $ 1.95 to $ 2.80. The average profit per hen was I 0.15 ranging from a profit of $ 0.55. Various! | 0.76 to a loss of factors influencing egg production, e. g. feeding efficiency, use of lights, etc., are discussed. Poultry Notes. E* Hadlington* Department of Agriculture, RS.W., June, 1935. Contents : The Hatching Season. Hatch according to Brooder Capacity. Improve the Rearing Conditions. Chicken Sexing. Its Use in other Countries, What does the commercial Poultry Farmer gain. Improved rearing results. Does sexing cause Injury. Effect on Table Poultry Market. Arguments against sexing. Conclusions as to sexing.

95 Ctaining of Girls in Poultry-Keeping, Dairying, &c. Govern-- ^ ment of Northern Ireland, Ministry of Agriculture, Monthly Report, October 1935. The Ministry has two schools, the North West School and the Ulster Dairy School, which provide for the training of girls. The North West School is situated at Strabane, County Tyrone, and has accommodation for 24 pupils. The courses of instruction are designed to afford a sound practical training in modern economical methods of dairying, poultry-keeping and rural housewifery. Admission is by scholar- ship given by the County Committees of Agriculture, which includes free tuition, board and residence. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the Secretary of the Committee of Agriculture for the county in which the applicant resides. The Ulster Dairy School is situated at Loughry, Cookstown, County Tyrone, and has accommodation for 50 pupils. It provides the most up- to-date training in all matters connected with women's sphere in farm life, including poultry-keeping, dairying and rural house-wifery. Girls who show special ability are selected for a further period of training with a view to qualifying as Instructors under the Schemes of Agricultural Edu- cation. The fees, for the ordinary school course of three terms, are only £ 3 : 3 : 0 per term. Ä survey of the poultry industry in the north of England. D, H» Dinsdale» Armstrong ColL, Newcastle-upon Tyne, Agria Progress, 1935, VoL12, 152-163* (ReL Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL 5, No* 2,1935, p. 553,) Tables are given to show the wide range in the profits and costs per laying bird on different farms, and how these costs are related to size of flock, production per bird, and selling price. It is shown that profits do not depend so much on price received and production per bird as on good all round management. Zhe economic value of poultry on the farm. A^CRuston, Univ, Leeds, J. Roy, Agrie. Soc. EngL, 1934, VoL 95, p. 73, (ReL Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, VoL 5, No, 2, 1935, p, 553,) From a 15 years* survey of Yorkshire holdings it appears that the output from poultry has been greatly increased in relation to that of other products, and has helped to contribute to success in farming during the period of depression. This has been partly on account of the fact that prices of eggs and poultry have been maintained at a higher level than those of many other agricultural products, but the increase in production per bird due to earlier incubation, better housing and modification in methods of feeding has also play a part.

VeranfworfUdi: fur die Redaktion: Dr. B. J. C. fe Hennepe in Rotterdam (Holland), fur die Anzeigen: Fritz PfenningsforfE in Berlin W. 57. — D.-Ä. 1934: 1000. Druck: G. Usdfcimann in Weimar USE ANTI- DIPHTHERIN THE ORIGINAL VAC- CINE AGAINST FOWL DIPHTHERIA and POX (ROÜP)OFTHE INVEN- TORS PROF. DE BLIECK and Dr. VAN HEELS- BERGEN, UTRECHT (Holland) This is the vaccine which gives COMPLETE IMMUNITY during more than one year. It also checks the outbreak of the disease and may even cure infected hens, but it is the PREVENTIVE VACCINATION that counts and ANTIDIPHTHERIN de Blieck - van Heelsbergen is the right vaccine to use if you want full security. Pamphlets in different languages, giving a description of fowl diphtheria and pox and the control of the disease, are to be had free of charge. For full particulars apply to the General Agents: Kon. Pharm. Fabrieken v/h. BROCADES-STHEEMAN & PHARMACIA at MEPPEL (Holland) or to the agents in the countries mentioned below: ENGLAND : Willows, Francis, Butler & Thompson, Ltd., 89^, Shacklewell Lane, London, E.8. GERMANY: Bayerisches Serumwerk G.m.b.H., München 25. BELGIUM: Dr. Edmond van Hertsen, 49/51, rue Locquengthien. Brussels. FRANCE: Dr. G. Lissot, Pacy-sur-Eure (Eure), France. ITALY: AUevamento Italo-Belga, 449, Strada di Chieri, Torino (126). SCHWEIZ : Bakteriolog. Laboratorium und Seruminstitut Dr. Gräub, Bern SPAIN : Dr. Salvador Castelló, Arenys de Mar (Barcelona). Der Bismark-„Rolan(l"-Bríiter als erprobt und preiswert anerkannt, sichert beste Erfolge in der künstlichen Brut. Derselbe wird in Größen bis zu 8000 Eier Fassungsvermögen hergestelit. Ausführliche Angebote mit Prospeicten, Preislisten und Re- ferenzbiättern auf Anfordern. Ausgestellt auf demWelt-Gef lügel- KongreB Leipzig vom 24. Juli bis 2. August 1936, Stand J 2, Ab- teilung Industrie. Schnell & Kaune, Bismark Prov. Sachsen (Germany)

Verlag Fritz Pfenningstorff Berlin W 57, Steinmetzstraße 2

Archiv för Geflfigelkunde lUustrierfe Monatssdiriff zur Forderung der Zusammenarbeit von Wissensdiaff und Praxis auf dem Gebiete der Geflügelzudit Mit Unferstufzung des Reidisverbandes Deufsdier Kleînfierzûditer und des Reîdismînîsterîums für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft herausgegeben von Prof^ Dr* O. Bartsdb, Berlín Bezugspreis halbjährlidhi 6,40 ^iM Einzelhefte, soweit vorhanden, 1,50,^^. 1.—Q.Jahrgang in Einzelheften je 12,— ^é, in Halbleder geb» je 16,— JM