Doç. Dr. Yonca KÖKSAL3 ÖZET
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THE UNIFIER KING and the RESCUE of the JEWS from UNIFIED Bulgariapage 1 of 200
THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIAPage 1 of 200 THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIA (ON THE ROLE OF KING BORIS III OF THE BULGARIANS DURING THE YEARS OF THE HOLOCAUST) Contents: БЪЛГАРС Two statements contradicting a third one (Foreign The "it was all Hitler's fault" argument BULGARI Minister and Prime Minister vs. President) The "it wasn't our jurisdiction" argument The issue and the response of official Bulgaria The impediments to a solution STARTING Why is it to the best Bulgarian public interest to What could the Prime Minister do today? POINT FOR name the culprits? Bulgarian Civil Society as a savior THOSE WIT Is there a place for Boris among the saviors? A magic formula: "Nothing could be done in NO PREVIOU The credit that goes to Boris Bulgaria without the King's involvement" KNOWLEDG The Government's responsibility The role of Bulgaria's diplomacy today ON THE The arguments in favor of Boris Who was saving the Jews from whom? SUBJECT The "they were not Bulgarian citizens" argument What is of greater importance - the label or the policy? ↓ The real saviors ☼ Two statements "The King must have obviously shown great ingenuity in negotiating with the contradicting a third Nazi leaders to substitute the internal administrative and police measures one (Foreign Minister for the deportation. A policy act of the magnitude of the revocation of the and Prime Minister vs. deportation, which had already begun, couldn’t be done without the support of the head of state." [...] "At the same time my compatriots deployed lots of President) efforts, alas, unsuccessful, to save 11000 Jews – who were not Bulgarian citizens – from Aegean Thrace and Macedonia, where, notwithstanding the Bulgarian military presence, the highest authority were the Nazis." Excerpts from the statement of Foreign minister Solomon Passy at the OSCE conference on anti- Semitism in Vienna, 19 June 2003 "We mourn, of course, the fate of those who could not be saved. -
During the Second World War
DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR _______________StK______________ SK MARSHALL LEE MILLER Stanford University Press STANFORD, CALIFORNIA I 975 Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 1975 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America is b n 0-8047-0870-3 LC 74-82778 To my grandparents Lee and Edith Rankin and Evelyn Miller Preface SOS h e p o l it ic a l history of modern Bulgaria has been greatly ne T glected by Western scholars, and the important period of the Second World War has hardly been studied at all. The main reason for this has no doubt been the difficulty of obtaining documentary material on the wartime period. Although the Communist regime of Bulgaria has published a large number of books and monographs dealing with the country’s role in the war, these works have been concerned mostly with magnifying the importance of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) and the partisan struggle. Despite this bias, useful information can be found in these works when other sources are available to provide perspective and verification. Within recent years, German, American, British, and other diplo matic and intelligence reports from the wartime years have become available, and the easing of travel restrictions in Bulgaria has facili tated research there. As recently as 1958, when the doctoral thesis of Marin V. Pundeff was presented (“Bulgaria’s Place in Axis Policy, 1936-1944”), there was very little material on the period after June 1941. It is now possible to fill in many of the important gaps in our knowledge of Bulgaria during the entire war. -
S Jews in World War II
The Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews in World War II ON FEBRUARY 13, 1998, Bulgarian President Petar Stoyanov accepted on behalf of his ex-Communist nation the Courage to Care Award, which the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) had bestowed upon Bulgaria in recognition of the heroism of its people in saving Bulgarian Jews during World War II. Speaking at a meeting of the League's National Executive Committee in Palm Beach, Florida, the ADL National Director Abraham Foxman presented this prestigious award to President Stoyanov with words of deep gratitude: "Today I am here to say thank you — thank you to a people and a nation that unanimously said 'no' to the Nazi killing machine, 'no' to the deportation trains and concentration camps, and 'yes' to its 48,000 Jews."[1] He praised the Bulgarian people who heroically saved the local Jews by preventing their deportation to Hitler's death camps, even though the Bulgarian government was allied with Nazi Germany during World War II. According to Mr. Foxman, this miraculous salvation of Bulgaria's Jewish community was made possible by the courageous leadership of Bulgarian King Boris III, "whose personal defiance of Hitler and refusal to supply troops to the Russian front or to cooperate with deportation requests set an example for his country."[2] Thanking his host for this high honor, President Stoyanov replied with some modesty, "What happened then should not be seen as a miracle. My nation did what any decent nation, human being, man or woman, would have done in those circumstances…. The events of World War II have made the Bulgarian Jews forever the closest friends of my people."[3] On March 11, 2003, Bulgaria's international image got an even bigger boost, when the U.S. -
Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle
Nominalia of the Bulgarian rulers An essay by Ilia Curto Pelle Bulgaria is a country with a rich history, spanning over a millennium and a half. However, most Bulgarians are unaware of their origins. To be honest, the quantity of information involved can be overwhelming, but once someone becomes invested in it, he or she can witness a tale of the rise and fall, steppe khans and Christian emperors, saints and murderers of the three Bulgarian Empires. As delving deep in the history of Bulgaria would take volumes upon volumes of work, in this essay I have tried simply to create a list of all Bulgarian rulers we know about by using different sources. So, let’s get to it. Despite there being many theories for the origin of the Bulgars, the only one that can show a historical document supporting it is the Hunnic one. This document is the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, dating back to the 8th or 9th century, which mentions Avitohol/Attila the Hun as the first Bulgarian khan. However, it is not clear when the Bulgars first joined the Hunnic Empire. It is for this reason that all the Hunnic rulers we know about will also be included in this list as khans of the Bulgars. The rulers of the Bulgars and Bulgaria carry the titles of khan, knyaz, emir, elteber, president, and tsar. This list recognizes as rulers those people, who were either crowned as any of the above, were declared as such by the people, despite not having an official coronation, or had any possession of historical Bulgarian lands (in modern day Bulgaria, southern Romania, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece), while being of royal descent or a part of the royal family. -
Collaborative
TEACHING THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNISM TEACHING THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNISM Published by: Hannah Arendt Center – Sofia 2013 This is a joint publication of the Centre for European Studies, the Hannah Arendt Center - Sofia and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. This publication receives funding from the European Parliament. The Centre for European Studies, the Hannah Arendt Center -Sofia, the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung and the European Parliament assume no responsibility for facts or opinions expressed in this publication or any subsequent use of the information contained therein. Sole responsibility lies on the author of the publication. The processing of the publication was concluded in 2013 The Centre for European Studies (CES) is the political foundation of the European People’s Party (EPP) dedicated to the promotion of Christian Democrat, conservative and like-minded political values. For more information please visit: www.thinkingeurope.eu TEACHING THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNISM Editor: Vasil Kadrinov Print: AVTOPRINT www.avtoprint.com E-mail: [email protected] Phohe: +359 889 032 954 2 Kiril Hristov Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Teaching the History of the Communism Content Teaching the History of the Communist Regimes in Post-1989 Eastern Europe - Methodological and Sensitive Issues, Raluca Grosescu ..................5 National representative survey on the project: “Education about the communist regime and the european democratic values of the young people in Bulgaria today”, 2013 .......................................................14 Distribution of the data of the survey ...........................................................43 - 3 - Teaching the History of the Communism Teaching the History of the Communist Regimes in Post-1989 Eastern Europe Methodological and Sensitive Issues Raluca Grosescu The breakdown of dictatorial regimes generally implies a process of rewriting history through school curricula and textbooks. -
Amchamyearbook2011web
R AES Corporation One click to a World of Emerging Market Data. Introducing Emerging Markets: delivering hard-to-get information, intelligence and data on emerging markets through a suite of award-winning products. Our products include: EMIS, ISI Emerging Market’s flagship product, delivers news, company and financial data direct from more than 80 global emerging markets. DealWatch is the most comprehensive source of information on M&A and ECM transactions in the Emerging Markets. IntelliNews is the Editorial Arm of ISI Emerging Markets offering market-moving daily electronic newsletters and industry research from ISI’s on-the-ground analysts. CEIC Data is the gold standard in emerging market time series data that delivers accurate and timely economic sector and financial data from around the globe. IFIS is the forst and finest Islamic Finance information database that delivers accurate and timely economic sector and financial data from around the globe. Internet Securities Bulgaria 24A, Acad. Metodi Popov Str. ISI EMERGING MARKETS 1113 Sofia A Euromoney Institutional Investor Company Phone: (+359) 2 8160404 [email protected] To access our services please visit www.securities.com . American Chamber of Commerce in Bulgaria Yearbook 2011 Business Park Sofi a Mladost 4 Area, Building 2, Floor 6 1766 Sofi a, Bulgaria Phones: (+359 2) 974 27 43, (+359 2) 974 27 44 Fax: (+359 2) 974 27 41 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.amcham.bg Contents Contents Letter from AmCham Bulgaria President Peter Lithgow . .17 Letter from H.E. James B. Warlick, U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria . .18 Letter from U.S. -
Theoretical Debates in Bulgaria During the Great Depression Confronting Sombart, Marx and Keynes
Theoretical Debates in Bulgaria during the Great Depression Confronting Sombart, Marx and Keynes Nikolay Nenovsky* The main purpose of this article is to understand how Bulgarian economists interpreted the Great Depression, by reviewing the theoretical models they used and the solutions they advocated. In particular, this means: (i) clarifying what made them gradually realise the structural characteristics of the crisis and (ii) identifying the main channels and the main theories underlying the analysis of crises and depressions. The paper comprises six sections. The first section offers a brief survey of the Bulgarian economy and political developments prior to the Depression. Section two presents Bulgarian economic thought on the eve of the Depression according to five intellectual currents. Section three identifies and discusses the two main models of interpretation of the Great Depression—a cyclical and a structural model. The next two sections explain the evolution of economic thinking following the main phases of the crisis (deflation/agrarian crisis and monetary/banking crisis). Section six focuses on Marxist interpretations of the crisis. The last section offers a few concluding observations. Keywords : Great Depression, Balkan economies, Bulgaria, Marxism, agrarianism, crises, Keynes Débats théoriques en Bulgarie durant la Grande Dépression. Une confrontation entre Sombart, Marx et Keynes L’objet principal de cet article est de comprendre comment les économistes bulgares ont interprété la Grande Dépression, c’est-à-dire, de mettre en évidence les modèles théoriques qu’ils ont utilisé et les solutions qu’ils ont ∗ University of World and National Economy (Department of Finance), Sofia; University of Orléans (Le STUDIUM) and ICER. -
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Sofia Municipality Historical Urban Core Central Urban Area Inner City Peripheral City Surrounding Area
INTRODUCTION 1 I NTRODUCTION The Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan 2019 – 2035 for Sofia Municipality has been elaborated under the project “Modernized trams for the City of Sofia” co-financed by Switzerland in the framework of the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and was adopted by the Sofia Municipal Council with Decision No.379 at Session No.78 dated 27th June 2019. http://swiss-contribution.bg/ 2 INTRODUCTION Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Spatial structure and demographic development of Sofia .............................................................. 15 1. Spatial structure .................................................................................................................. 15 2. Population ........................................................................................................................... 17 Analysis of the current situation ..................................................................................................... 19 Specialized survey .................................................................................................................. 20 1. Pedestrian traffic ................................................................................................................. 25 2. Bicycle traffic...................................................................................................................... 31 3. Public transport -
BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS Stephen Fischer-Galati, Editor. the Communist Parties of Eastern Europe. New York
BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS Stephen Fischer-Galati, editor. The Communist Parties of Eastern Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. 393 pp. $22.50. This volume contains eight chapters by different authors on the communist parties of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia.The editor has allowed the contributors wide latitude in selecting and arrang- ing their material, and so the chapters vary considerably in both content and organiza- tion. Since the authors have been allowed to choose their own format, the individual sec- tions are generally of high quality. However, the volume does not, as its jacket claims, "encompass... the historical and political evolution of the communist parties of Eastern Europe." The chapter on Romania by Trond Gilberg, for example, concentrates on the Ceausescu era, describing (quite effectively, to be sure) the major features of his leader- ship in the last fifteen years, but making no attempt to survey the history of the Roman- ian party. M. K. Dziewanowski, in his essay on Poland, provides a fascinating portrait of Gomulka over the years, and deals extensively with Polish-Jewishrelations; his contribu- is a series of observations on the Polish rather than a tion, however, thoughtful' party concise history. The'editor's decision to permit the authors such freedom has produced some excellent surveysof the evolution of certain parties. Paul Shoup, for example, clearly and succinctly describes the complexity and uniqueness of Yugoslvaia.In addition, his essay is compara- tive : he not only gives an overviewof the history, organization, and operation of the Yu- goslavparty (LCY),but also contrasts Yugoslavia'sexperience with the "norm" in Eastern Europe. -
The Power of Civil Society Booklet
The Power of Civil Society: The fate of Jews in Bulgaria during the Holocaust Bulgaria saves its Jewish community from the Nazis By Dr Albena Taneva, Centre for Jewish Studies, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” Besides its present, every people has its past. many train stations in various Bulgarian cities under a puzzling veil To create its present, it must know its past. of secrecy. Their destination, however, was not the usual. They had To have a future, it must understand its past. been ordered to deport thousands of defenseless civilians from Bulgaria so they could be murdered. Every single person born into This motto is the most synthesized expression for the need for the world as a Jew merely by fate, had suddenly become a victim mentioning and returning to the topic of the Holocaust and the of the murderous policies of Hitler and Nazi Germany. historic rescue of the Jews in Bulgaria. What was actually happening? March 10, 1943 was a day like any other. The weather was typical At that time in Europe, Nazi Germany’s plan for the so-called Final for March: chilly and at times even cold. In some places it was Solution to the Jewish Question was being carried out in full force sleeting. A few days earlier, freight trains had begun arriving at –the murder of Jews wherever they could be found. At the infamous Wannsee Conference, the Nazis made a list that included the Jewish population of every country in Europe. This number in Bulgaria was 48,000. According to Hitler’s plan, not one person from that list was to escape extermination. -
Selected Muslim Historic Monuments and Sites in Bulgaria, 2010
SELECTED MUSLIM HISTORIC MONUMENTS AND SITES IN BULGARIA United States Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad 2010 UNITED STATES COMMISSION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF AMERICA’S HERITAGE ABROAD Warren L. Miller, Chairman McLean, VA Members: Michael B. Levy Linda L. Addison Washington, DC New York, NY Rachmiel Liberman Ned W. Bandler Brookline, MA Bridgewater, CT Harley Lippman Ronald H. Bloom New York, NY Beverly Hills, CA Michael Menis William C. Daroff Inverness, IL Washington, DC Larry Pressler Tyrone C. Fahner Washington, DC Evanston, IL Jonathan J. Rikoon Emil Fish Far Rockaway, NY Pasadena, CA Harriet Rotter Jules Fleischer Bingham Farms, MI Brooklyn, NY Lee R. Seeman Martin B. Gold Great Neck, NY Washington, DC Lawrence E. Steinberg Peter Hawryluk Dallas, TX Zionsville, IN Robert Zarnegin Andrew M. Klein Beverly Hills, CA Parkland, FL 1400 K Street, N.W., Suite 401 Washington, DC 20005 Tel.: (202) 254-3824, Fax: (202) 254-3934 [email protected] !"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,! -./*'0$%12%3%*+, 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 5! -#'6+&!78,&96:;%<&"*1&=%>':+44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?! @8,+':8."$&A"./2:'6*1&'*&A6$2":8"B,&C6,$83,44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 D! !<>%,&'(&C6,$83&C'*63%*+,&8*&A6$2":8" 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 E! )'*.$6,8'*,F&982*8(8."*.%&'(&C'*63%*+,&G8,8+%1 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 -
Industry Report Specialised Construction Activities 2016 BULGARIA
Industry Report Specialised construction activities 2016 BULGARIA seenews.com/reports This industry report is part of your subcription access to SeeNews | seenews.com/subscription CONTENTS I. KEY INDICATORS II. INTRODUCTION III. REVENUES IV. EXPENSES V. PROFITABILITY VI. EMPLOYMENT 1 SeeNews Industry Report NUMBER OF COMPANIES IN SPECIALISED CONSTRUCTION I. KEY INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDUSTRY BY SECTORS SECTOR 2016 2015 2014 The Specialised construction activities industry in Bulgaria OTHER BUILDING COMPLETION AND 3,073 2,886 2,725 was represented by 10,414 companies at the end of 2016, FINISHING compared to 10,171 in the previous year and 9,880 in 2014. OTHER SPECIALISED CONSTRUCTION 2,248 2,178 2,077 ACTIVITIES N.E.C. The industry's net profit amounted to BGN 188,814,000 in PLUMBING, HEAT AND AIR-CONDITIONING 1,144 1,186 1,157 2016. INSTALLATION ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 1,013 1,021 1,018 The industry's total revenue was BGN 3,177,212,000 in 2016, OTHER CONSTRUCTION INSTALLATION 713 714 720 down by 17.57% compared to the previous year. JOINERY INSTALLATION 706 695 685 SITE PREPARATION 422 418 408 The combined costs of the companies in the Specialised FLOOR AND WALL COVERING 418 400 398 construction activities industry reached BGN 2,955,502,000 ROOFING ACTIVITIES 206 190 187 in 2016, down by 16.50% year-on-year. PLASTERING 141 157 163 PAINTING AND GLAZING 135 136 156 The industry's total revenue makes up 3.43% to the DEMOLITION 100 90 83 country's Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016, compared TEST DRILLING AND BORING 95 100 103 to 4.31% for 2015 and 3.98% in 2014.