DOCSLIB.ORG

Document De Recherche

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Document De Recherche Document de Recherche n° 2010-27 « Bulgarian Economists during The Great Depression » Nikolay NENOVSKY Laboratoire d'Economie d'Orléans – UMR CNRS 6221 Faculté de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion, Rue de Blois, B.P. 6739 – 45067 Orléans Cedex 2 - France Tél : 33 (0)2 38 41 70 37 – 33 (0)2 38 49 48 19 – Fax : 33 (0)2 38 41 73 80 E-mail : [email protected] - http://www.univ-orleans.fr/DEG/LEO BULGARIAN ECONOMISTS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION. NIKOLAY NENOVSKY LE STUDIUM, Associated Researcher at LEO (University of Orleans) and ICER E-mail: [email protected] June/September 2010 Orleans/Sofia . The paper was written during my stay in Orleans, Le STUDIUM (2010). Parts of the earlier versions were presented and discussed at Intenrational conference in Corfu, Greece, organized by Alpha Bank, September 2010, and at University of Orleans reserche seminar in Ocrober 2010. The discussions and comments with many researchers were very fruitful and helpful for completing the study. Summary: The history and analysis of the theoretical discussions and policy interpretations of Bulgarian economists during the Great Depression has rarely been an object of study. I present my views on two main issues. The first deals with the question of how the Bulgarian academic community interprets the Great Depression, in what theoretical models Bulgarian economists think and the practical solutions they offer. The second issue is concerned with identifying the main channels, the main factors leading to the formation of these models and of the Bulgarian knowledge of crises and depressions. The paper is organized in six chapters. The second one offers a brief survey of the Bulgarian economy prior to the Depression. The third, respectively, presents the Bulgarian economic thought on the eve of the Depression grouped in five intellectual traditions. In the next chapter we present two main models of interpretation of the Great Depression (cyclical and structural), as well as different forms of the structural model (“German planning”, “Keynesian discretion”, or “Marxian revolution”). The last two sections explain the evolution of economic thinking following the main phases of the crisis (deflation and agrarian crisis; monetary and banking crisis, and, finally, administrative economy within the German zone). In the final section we discuss the specificities of the Bulgarian interpretations of the Great Depression and provide some concluding observations. Résumé: L'histoire de la pensée économique bulgare des années trente, l’analyse des débats théoriques et de la politique économique pendant la Grande Dépression ont rarement été l’objet d'étude. Dans ce papier je présente mes réflexions sur deux questions principales. D’abord, de savoir plus sur comment la communauté universitaire bulgare a interprété la Grande Dépression, dans quels modèles théoriques des économistes bulgares ont pensé et quelles solutions pratiques ils ont offert. Ensuite il s’agit d'identification des canaux et facteurs principaux conduisant à la formation de ces modèles théoriques. Le document est organisé en cinq chapitres. La première offre un bref aperçu de l'économie bulgare avant la Dépression. Le second, respectivement, présente la pensée économique bulgare à la veille de la Dépression, regroupée en cinq traditions intellectuelles. Dans le troisième chapitre, je propose deux principaux modèles d'interprétation de la Grande Dépression (conjoncturels et structurels), ainsi que les différentes sous-variantes du modèle structurel («la planification à l’allemande», «discrétion keynésienne», et «révolution marxistes»). Les deux dernières sections expliquent l'évolution de la pensée économique en fonction des principales phases de la Depression (la déflation et la crise agraire, la crise monétaire et bancaire, et, enfin, l'économie administrative au sein de la zone allemande). Finalement, dans la conclusion, je discute les spécificités des interprétations bulgares de la Grande Dépression. Key words: history of economic thought, Great Depression, Balkans economies, Bulgaria JEL codes: B 10, B 20, B30, N13, N14, G01 2 I Introduction The history and analysis of the theoretical discussions and policy interpretations of Bulgarian economists during the Great Depression has rarely been an object of study. There were some researches during the socialist period within the confines of the so-called Marxist political economy which, although useful, are for their greater part marked by certain ideological clichés (see Nathan and Berov, 1958, chapter XI; Grigorov, 1960; Nathan, 1964; Nathan and al, 1973). In the post-communist period Rumen Avramov (2007) analysed different aspects of Bulgarian economic thinking when analysing Bulgarian economy in a long-run historical perspective and Martin Ivanov (2001, 2005) when discussing the interwar economic history and foreign debt issues. The only especially dedicated publication on Bulgarian economic discussion of the Great Depression is by Stefan Kolev (2009) who addresses the main points of discussions and shows the main protagonists in them. His article gives a range of starting points for new research and new interpretations. Stefan Kolev draws a parallel with the theoretical discussion in Bulgaria today, stressing, however, the higher training and lore of Bulgarian economists of that time and their detailed and original analyses as compared to the almost missing or very poor analyses of Bulgarian scholars today1. My ambition is to elaborate and present my views on two main issues. The first issue deals with the question of how the Bulgarian academic community interprets the Great Depression, in what theoretical models Bulgarian economists think and what practical solutions they offer. And most importantly, what makes them gradually realize the structural characteristics of the crisis, and what is the socio-economic model in which they see the future state of the economy. This is achieved by elaborating typical elements leading to their theoretical and practical models and emphasizing the specific Bulgarian interpretation of depression and the contribution of the Bulgarian economists. 1Although this is a topic for a different discussion, I hold to say that I fully share this opinion, and so we are at least two of us. A comparative analysis of the debates on the crisis during the Great Depression and today’s depression is made by Nenovsky (2009). 3 Second, to identify the main channels, the main factors that lead to the formation of these models, of the Bulgarian knowledge of crises and depressions. The first channel touches primarily on the role of the economic and social reality, the economic, political and social problems of the Bulgarian economy in that period. The second main channel concerns the sources of intellectual and theoretical concepts that form the theoretical baggage of Bulgarian economists, the schools and ideas that influenced them, and how this happened. Such theoretical investigation could give information and ideas of how economic knowledge is formed in general and in peripheral countries in particular. This could help us judge about the value of knowledge and the role of small and peripheral countries for the development of economic science. Of course, that would require a huge archive, as well as considerable historiographic and analytical work. To begin with, in my view it makes sense to distinguish between two basic, figuratively speaking, inward information channels or driving forces that shape the Bulgarian economic thought in this period. The first one we could call a channel of the socio- economic reality and problems facing Bulgaria and world economy, which is external to scientific thought. The second – a cognitive channel – relating to the evolution and transmission of economic thought itself. In the first case, economic theory either forestalls or lags behind the needs of a historical period, of economic problems and tasks. In the second case, it is a self-regulating system with its own internal diffusion and evolutionary mechanisms, or it has to do with the formation and dissemination of knowledge as such2. Within the second, or cognitive channel, we can differentiate between two sub-channels, which shape the Bulgarian economic thought, namely, one – coming from the past – from the inertia of economic knowledge and theories of crises already presented in Bulgaria (mainly classical, Marxist, and subjectivist school), and yet another – coming from outside 2 One note is appropriate here. The indicated scheme of the two major channels clearly reveals some similarities with Marx’s idea about the dialectics of the base (production or economic relations) and the superstructure (economic theory is part of the superstructure), with the base playing a leading role and the superstructure having some autonomy, etc. All the more so that a number of studies on thought place a different stress on “the role of economic environment on economists” (Gide and Rist (2000 [1944]), IX), or the opposite direction of influence – of economists’ ideas on economic environment (Keynes is one such example), and of a more complex view – Schumpeter (1983 [1954]). The above differentiation holds also similarities to the methodological interpretation of Riccardo Faucci’s History of Economic Thought, who distinguishes external (exogenous) interpretation, from the perspective of environment, and internal (endogenous) history, through the perspective of theory itself. Both views on thought have their weak points. With the first, one could fall into relativism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE UNIFIER KING and the RESCUE of the JEWS from UNIFIED Bulgariapage 1 of 200
    THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIAPage 1 of 200 THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIA (ON THE ROLE OF KING BORIS III OF THE BULGARIANS DURING THE YEARS OF THE HOLOCAUST) Contents: БЪЛГАРС Two statements contradicting a third one (Foreign The "it was all Hitler's fault" argument BULGARI Minister and Prime Minister vs. President) The "it wasn't our jurisdiction" argument The issue and the response of official Bulgaria The impediments to a solution STARTING Why is it to the best Bulgarian public interest to What could the Prime Minister do today? POINT FOR name the culprits? Bulgarian Civil Society as a savior THOSE WIT Is there a place for Boris among the saviors? A magic formula: "Nothing could be done in NO PREVIOU The credit that goes to Boris Bulgaria without the King's involvement" KNOWLEDG The Government's responsibility The role of Bulgaria's diplomacy today ON THE The arguments in favor of Boris Who was saving the Jews from whom? SUBJECT The "they were not Bulgarian citizens" argument What is of greater importance - the label or the policy? ↓ The real saviors ☼ Two statements "The King must have obviously shown great ingenuity in negotiating with the contradicting a third Nazi leaders to substitute the internal administrative and police measures one (Foreign Minister for the deportation. A policy act of the magnitude of the revocation of the and Prime Minister vs. deportation, which had already begun, couldn’t be done without the support of the head of state." [...] "At the same time my compatriots deployed lots of President) efforts, alas, unsuccessful, to save 11000 Jews – who were not Bulgarian citizens – from Aegean Thrace and Macedonia, where, notwithstanding the Bulgarian military presence, the highest authority were the Nazis." Excerpts from the statement of Foreign minister Solomon Passy at the OSCE conference on anti- Semitism in Vienna, 19 June 2003 "We mourn, of course, the fate of those who could not be saved.
    [Show full text]
  • Models of Architecture from the Middle Ages to Present on the Valley of Struma River
    MODELS OF ARCHITECTURE FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO PRESENT ON THE VALLEY OF STRUMA RIVER Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria Brestovo Monastery “St. Archangel Michael”, Municipality of Simitly, Bulgaria Pirin village, Bulgaria Melnik, Bulgaria Serres, Greece Blagoevgrad is the largest city in Southwest Bulgaria, the administrative center of Blagoevgrad District and Blagoevgrad Municipality. It is situated at the foot of the southwestern slopes of the Rila Mountain, in the valley of the Struma River, 100 km south from the capital Sofia. The city is located on the two banks of the Bistritsa river, just before its inflow into the Struma River. Besides the clear waters of the river, important factors for the development of the city were the mineral springs and the favorable central location of the city, situated between Sofia and Thessaloniki, Kyustendil and Razlog. About 35 km away from the city, in the upper course of the Bistritsa River, is located the ancient Parangalitsa forest - one of the most valuable reserves in Bulgaria. In 1973, it was proclaimed by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve. The history of Blagoevgrad dates back to 10th century BC. The Thracian settlement Skaptopara (Upper Market) was founded around the mineral springs around 300 BC. This settlement has been associated with the Thracian tribe Denteleti who inhabited the upper valley of the Struma River. In the 1st century AD the Thracians were conquered by the Romans. A Roman settlement from 3rd-5th century has been discovered in 2017, near the village of Pokrovnik, about 3 km from Blagoevgrad. The establishment’s location did coincide with the planned route of Struma highway and it has been destroyed, with only a few of the excavated buildings being moved away from the road.
    [Show full text]
  • During the Second World War
    DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR _______________StK______________ SK MARSHALL LEE MILLER Stanford University Press STANFORD, CALIFORNIA I 975 Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 1975 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America is b n 0-8047-0870-3 LC 74-82778 To my grandparents Lee and Edith Rankin and Evelyn Miller Preface SOS h e p o l it ic a l history of modern Bulgaria has been greatly ne­ T glected by Western scholars, and the important period of the Second World War has hardly been studied at all. The main reason for this has no doubt been the difficulty of obtaining documentary material on the wartime period. Although the Communist regime of Bulgaria has published a large number of books and monographs dealing with the country’s role in the war, these works have been concerned mostly with magnifying the importance of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) and the partisan struggle. Despite this bias, useful information can be found in these works when other sources are available to provide perspective and verification. Within recent years, German, American, British, and other diplo­ matic and intelligence reports from the wartime years have become available, and the easing of travel restrictions in Bulgaria has facili­ tated research there. As recently as 1958, when the doctoral thesis of Marin V. Pundeff was presented (“Bulgaria’s Place in Axis Policy, 1936-1944”), there was very little material on the period after June 1941. It is now possible to fill in many of the important gaps in our knowledge of Bulgaria during the entire war.
    [Show full text]
  • S Jews in World War II
    The Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews in World War II ON FEBRUARY 13, 1998, Bulgarian President Petar Stoyanov accepted on behalf of his ex-Communist nation the Courage to Care Award, which the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) had bestowed upon Bulgaria in recognition of the heroism of its people in saving Bulgarian Jews during World War II. Speaking at a meeting of the League's National Executive Committee in Palm Beach, Florida, the ADL National Director Abraham Foxman presented this prestigious award to President Stoyanov with words of deep gratitude: "Today I am here to say thank you — thank you to a people and a nation that unanimously said 'no' to the Nazi killing machine, 'no' to the deportation trains and concentration camps, and 'yes' to its 48,000 Jews."[1] He praised the Bulgarian people who heroically saved the local Jews by preventing their deportation to Hitler's death camps, even though the Bulgarian government was allied with Nazi Germany during World War II. According to Mr. Foxman, this miraculous salvation of Bulgaria's Jewish community was made possible by the courageous leadership of Bulgarian King Boris III, "whose personal defiance of Hitler and refusal to supply troops to the Russian front or to cooperate with deportation requests set an example for his country."[2] Thanking his host for this high honor, President Stoyanov replied with some modesty, "What happened then should not be seen as a miracle. My nation did what any decent nation, human being, man or woman, would have done in those circumstances…. The events of World War II have made the Bulgarian Jews forever the closest friends of my people."[3] On March 11, 2003, Bulgaria's international image got an even bigger boost, when the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria in EU's Mirror SINCE 1990
    z z z z EVENTS ANALYSES INTERVIEWS Issue 2(173) CO%86,1(66 NNECT March-April 2017 $ආൾඋංർൺඇ&ඁൺආൻൾඋඈൿ&ඈආආൾඋർൾංඇ%ඎඅ඀ൺඋංൺ Bulgaria in EU's Mirror SINCE 1990 WITH ACCESS TO 100 COUNTRIES 21 000 LAWYERS 160 LAW FIRMS AT HOME WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL & COMPANY LAW COMPETITION & ANTITRUST MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS ENERGY & RENEWABLES ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LITIGATION & ARBITRATION & PUBLIC PROCUREMENT BANKING & FINANCING LAW TAXATION & LABOR TRADEMARKS, PATENTS IT, MEDIA & TELECOMMUNICATIONS & LICENSING Legal: 500: Chambers Europe: Chambers Global: IFLR 1000: “Excellent, comprehensive “More western than others” “Innovative and practical, “They are the best and responsive services” “One of the best in Bulgaria” entirely client & business when it comes to advising investors, “Excellent – prompt, oriented” they know how the law works…” efficient and extremely knowledgeable of the local environment” e-mail: [email protected] ∙ www.penkov-markov.eu ∙ telephone: (+359 2) 971 3935 executive's remarks 1 Bulgaria needs more EU A stable government and more European integration are a must if we want to have predictable political environment in Bulgaria. “No more business as usual” sounded as the main message of the Transatlantic week in Brussels where 37 representatives from 23 AmChams exchanged views on advocacy and ways to cooperate. The 25th anniversary of the EU Single Market and Bulgaria’s 10 years of EU membership provided the chance to draw up a balance sheet. GDP has increased by nearly 70% in nominal terms during that period and, according to Euro barometer, Bulgarians are happier now than before. Some 70% of Bulgarian exports are destined for the EU; a similar percentage goes to the countries at the “fastest” EU speed – Germany, France, Italy and the Benelux.
    [Show full text]
  • The North American Forest Sector Outlook Study 2006-2030
    Projections for the United States and Canada to 2030 have been made with a global model to account for concurrent changes in other countries. Three The North American Forest future scenarios were investigated: two IPCC-based scenarios assuming the rapid growth of wood-based energy, and one IPCC-based scenario without this assumption. The model, under the IPCC scenarios, accounted for trends Sector Outlook Study in population, income and land use along with emerging technology and predicted changes to consumption patterns for wood products and bioenergy. Markets for wood products, which mainly are destined for the construction 2006-2030 sector in North America, are projected to recover by 2015 under all three scenarios examined. Projections suggest that, in spite of declining use of paper for media, other paper and paperboard for packaging and miscellaneous uses will continue to enjoy strong global demand. United Nations publication Sales No E.11.II.E.4 ISSN 1020-2269 USD 22 http://www.unece.org/forests/outlook/welcome.html ISBN 978-92-1-117057-3 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva — GE.12-20601 — March 2012 — 1,671 — ECE/TIM/SP/29 Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations GENEVA TIMBER AND FOREST STUDY PAPER 29 The North American Forest Sector Outlook Study 2006-2030 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations Note The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • First Investment Bank AD Points for Servicing Customers of the 'Corporate Commercial Bank'
    First Investment Bank AD Points for servicing customers of the 'Corporate Commercial Bank' Points for Type of Customers Name of Business hours (Monday servicing Address servicecash/ Individual/ branch/office through Friday) customers non-cash Corporate Asenovgrad Asenovgrad Asenovgrad 4230, 3, Nickolay Haytov Sq. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Balchik Balchik Balchik 9600, 25, Primorska St. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Bansko Bansko Bansko 2770, 68, Tzar Simeon St. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Bansko Bansko Municipality Bansko 2770, 12, Demokratziya Sq. 9:00 - 12:00 + 13:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Bansko Strazhite Bansko 2770, 7, Glazne St. 9:00 - 22:00 (15.12-30.03), cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. 9:00 – 17:30 (01.12-14.12 и 31.03-15.04), 9:00 - 13:00 + 14:00 - 17:30 (16.04-30.11) Belene Belene Belene 5930, 2, Ivan Vazov St. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Blagoevgrad Blagoevgrad Blagoevgrad 2700, 11, Kiril i Metodiy Blvd. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Blagoevgrad GUM Blagoevgrad 2700, 6, Trakia St. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Borovets Rila Hotel Borovets 2010, Rila Hotel 9:00 –19:00 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Botevgrad Botevgrad Botevgrad 2140, 5, Osvobozhdenie Sq. 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Burgas Bratya Miladinovi Burgas 8000, Zh. k. (Quarter) Bratya 9:00 - 17:30 cash/ non- cash ind./ corp. Miladinovi, bl. 117, entr. 5 Burgas Burgas Burgas 8000, 58, Alexandrovska St.
    [Show full text]
  • Zone 12 Bulgaria Little
    Cand # Name & Surname School Town R L U T 808489 Viktoriya Andonova Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 30 80 808493 Lena Brintnall SU Tsanko Tserkovski Polski Trambesh 30 20 30 80 810778 Georgi Dimitrov Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 30 80 829958 Paulina Shopova 19 SOU Elin Pelin Sofia 30 20 30 80 830773 Maria Kirilova 5 OU Mityo Stanev Stara Zagora 30 20 30 80 835202 Niya Georgieva SU Hristo Botev Nova Zagora Nova Zagora 30 20 30 80 842990 Boryana Georgieva Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 30 80 853133 Nikol Petrova Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 30 80 835275 Zhuliana Dyulgyarova SU Hristo Botev Nova Zagora Nova Zagora 29 20 30 79 841708 Gratsiela Gerasimova SU Kliment Ohridski Dobrich Dobrich 29 20 30 79 819350 Dima Arabadzhieva Logos 152 Sofia Sofia 30 20 28,5 78,5 829610 Mihail Spasov 126 OU Petko Todorov Sofia 30 20 28,5 78,5 829961 Elena Stoyanova 19 SOU Elin Pelin Sofia 30 20 28,5 78,5 830699 Zahary Totev PS Vasil Levski Pleven Pleven 30 20 28,5 78,5 831575 Aneliya Abadzhieva 10 SU Teodor Trayanov Sofia 30 20 28,5 78,5 833104 Presiayana Zaharieva Logos 152 Sofia Sofia 30 20 28,5 78,5 837856 Radostina Velcheva FLS Yordan Radichkov Vidin 30 20 28,5 78,5 808170 Stefan Todorov Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 28,5 78,5 817443 Aleksandar Maslarov Skorostno Uchene Varna 30 20 28,5 78,5 824485 Evalin Angelova 54 SU St. Ivan Rilski Sofia 28 20 30 78 835634 Deya Dimitrova Naydenova Materika Sofia Sofia 28 20 30 78 824496 Lyudmil Nicolov 54 SU St.
    [Show full text]
  • Summaries of Published Works
    ACCIDENTS AND DISASTERS. Chronicle of Communist Industrialization. Summary The monograph deals with a completely unexplored topic in Bulgarian historiography – the problem of industrial accidents and disasters during the communist rule in the country. The study is based on a rich and varied archival material, mainly documents from the funds of the Politburo and the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, the Central Council of the Bulgarian Trade Unions, the Committee for Disclosing the Documents and Announcing Affiliation of Bulgarian Citizens to the State Security and Intelligence Services of the Bulgarian National Army. A significant number of interviews and recollections of people who survived or witnessed severe industrial disasters are also used. Researching the topic allows the author to present the general picture of working conditions in Bulgaria during the entire period of communist rule, organization of production, economic and social policy of the state. At the same time, he considers and analyzes various examples of accidents in more detail, as well as some catastrophes that have become emblematic for this period. Based on the specific cases, he makes conclusions about the state of the industry, about the social and labor relations, about the mechanisms through which decisions were made and the planned measures were implemented. In addition, all these events are placed in the broad context of the economic and political situation in the country in each period of its development. The text follows the historical-chronological approach, which also determines the structure of the book. It gives the opportunity to see in full the problem, as well as the social causes and phenomena that gave rise to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Embajada De España En Bulgaria 1 2 3 Tras Los Pasos De Un Diplomático Español En Sofia: Julio Palencia
    EN BULGARIA EN AÑA ESP DE DA JA BA EM EMBAJADA DE ESPAÑA EN BULGARIA 1 2 3 TRAS LOS PASOS DE UN DIPLOMÁTICO ESPAÑOL EN SOFIA: JULIO PALENCIA. UNA RUTA DE LOS LUGARES Y MEMORIA DE LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS ENTRE ESPAÑA Y BULGARIA. A lo largo de esta ruta visitaremos lugares vinculados a la historia de las relaciones diplomáticas entre España y Bulgaria, desde que estas se iniciaron en el año 1910. Podremos El 8 de mayo de 2020 se cumplieron 110 años del establecimiento de relaciones ver los diferentes edificios donde se han ubicado las oficinas de la Embajada de España, diplomáticas entre España y Bulgaria. En la ceremonia de entrega de cartas credenciales ligados a los diplomáticos españoles destinados en Sofía en el transcurso de los años. Entre del primer Embajador de España en Sofía, el Zar Fernando I de Bulgaria declaró que estaba ellos, se rinde homenaje al que da nombre a esta ruta, Julio Palencia y Álvarez-Tubau, por “deseoso de que las relaciones cordiales que felizmente existían entre las dos Penínsulas su labor en favor y defensa de la comunidad sefardita entre 1940 y 1943. que cerraban Europa fueran cada vez más íntimas y extensas”. El deseo del Zar se ha Este recorrido peatonal transcurre por el centro de Sofía, donde nos detendremos ante convertido en realidad y más de 100 años jalonan unas excelentes relaciones entre ambos algunos de los edificios y monumentos más emblemáticos de la arquitectura de la ciudad, países y, lo que es más importante, entre ambas sociedades, ya que uno de los pilares de tal como aparecen marcados en el mapa que acompaña a esta guía.
    [Show full text]
  • Doç. Dr. Yonca KÖKSAL3 ÖZET
    Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD) Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics (EJRSE) ISSN:2148-9963 www.asead.com TÜRK-BULGAR İLİŞKİLERİ VE TÜRK AZINLIK (1923-1934)1 Prof. Dr. Dilek BARLAS2 Doç. Dr. Yonca KÖKSAL3 ÖZET Bu bildiri 1923-1934 yılları arasında Türkiye ile Bulgaristan’ın ilişkilerini ve bu ilişkilerin Bulgaristan’daki Müslüman ve Türk azınlık üzerindeki etkilerini tartışmaktadır. Bu amaçla farklı ülkelerin arşivleri ve dönemin gazeteleri incelenmiştir. 1920’lerin ikinci yarısında iki ülke arasında diplomatik ilişkiler kurulduktan sonra Ankara ve Sofya azınlık sorununun ilişkilerinin gelişimini sınırlamaması için çaba sarf etmiştir. İki ülke arasında ilişkiler iyi olduğunda Bulgaristan’daki Türk azınlığın konumu bu ilişkilerin niteliğini ve yönünü pek etkilememiştir. Öte yandan ikili ilişkiler kötüye doğru gittiğinde Bulgar hükümeti Türk azınlığa baskı yapmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca diğer Balkan ülkelerinin bölgesel ve uluslararası ilişkilere tepkileri Türk-Bulgar ilişkilerini etkilemiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Bulgaristan, Azınlıklar, Dış İlişkiler, Balkanlar TURKISH-BULGARIAN RELATIONS AND THE TURKISH MINORITY (1923-1934) ABSTRACT This paper studies relations between Turkey and Bulgaria during the years 1923–1934 and its effects on the Turkish minority living in Bulgaria. It brings international, national and community level dynamics together in an attempt to show how Bulgarian-Turkish relations affected the conditions of the Turkish minority. After the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the two states, Ankara and Sofia endeavored to constrain deliberately the influence of the minority issue on these relations. Consequently, this presentation argues that the Turkish minority in Bulgaria constituted rarely a factor in its own right that could influence the nature and the direction of the two countries’ bilateral relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle
    Nominalia of the Bulgarian rulers An essay by Ilia Curto Pelle Bulgaria is a country with a rich history, spanning over a millennium and a half. However, most Bulgarians are unaware of their origins. To be honest, the quantity of information involved can be overwhelming, but once someone becomes invested in it, he or she can witness a tale of the rise and fall, steppe khans and Christian emperors, saints and murderers of the three Bulgarian Empires. As delving deep in the history of Bulgaria would take volumes upon volumes of work, in this essay I have tried simply to create a list of all Bulgarian rulers we know about by using different sources. So, let’s get to it. Despite there being many theories for the origin of the Bulgars, the only one that can show a historical document supporting it is the Hunnic one. This document is the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, dating back to the 8th or 9th century, which mentions Avitohol/Attila the Hun as the first Bulgarian khan. However, it is not clear when the Bulgars first joined the Hunnic Empire. It is for this reason that all the Hunnic rulers we know about will also be included in this list as khans of the Bulgars. The rulers of the Bulgars and Bulgaria carry the titles of khan, knyaz, emir, elteber, president, and tsar. This list recognizes as rulers those people, who were either crowned as any of the above, were declared as such by the people, despite not having an official coronation, or had any possession of historical Bulgarian lands (in modern day Bulgaria, southern Romania, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece), while being of royal descent or a part of the royal family.
    [Show full text]