Confiscated Nazi Books in the British Library A. D. Harvey

The British Library possesses eleven or twelve thousand books seized from German libraries and institutions between June 1944, when Anglo-American forces invaded western Europe, and 1947.1 Nearly half the confiscated books came from a single library,that of the German Army’s Kriegsschule at , and were offered to the British Museum, the institution of which the present British Library was then a part, by Brigadier H. B. Latham on behalf of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Cabinet and the Minister of Defence in July 1946.2 There is no circumstantial record of how the other books reached the British Museum. The earliest date stamps show February 1946 but many volumes have been stamped at a later period with a stamp set to show no date. Some items were still being catalogued in 1997. Apart from the books from the Kriegsschule at Hanover, known in the British Library as the Hanover Military Library,about ten per cent of the confiscated books received stamps – sometimes more than one – from institutions which housed them prior to their arrival in Britain. These show that the books came from three main sources. First, there are books seized during the military campaign in western Europe – i.e. before 8 May 1945. Throughout the twentieth century it was routine procedure for invading armies to lay hands on all documentation found at enemy command posts, headquarters and administrative offices, in order for it to be analysed for intelligence purposes. At least one item now in the British Library (shelfmark 08072.d.98) bears the stamp Captured Document … Third U.S. Infantry Div: Document Section, with spaces for Location: Capt. Unit: Date-Time: Translated not filled in.3 Another item (X.808/39166) has two stamps: 27 AUG 1944 and 563 Sig.AW Bn, the latter being a U.S. Army communications unit.4 Such items were forwarded to Paris, where they were stamped:

Return to Supreme Headquarters Document Center 19 Ave. d’Iena, Paris (fig.1.)

1 I am grateful to P.R. Harris, and John Hopson, British Library Archivist, for background information and to Graham Nattrass, Head of the British Library’s German Section, for help and advice throughout. 2 British Museum Archives: Report to Trustees 12 Oct. 1946. 3 The Third U.S. Infantry Division was a unit withdrawn from the Italian front and landed in the south of France in August 1943; later it operated in Alsace: see Donald G.Taggart, History of the Third Infantry Division: in World War II (Washington, 1947), passim. 4 This item — Hans Pflug, Donau und Donauraum, in the series Tornisterschriften des Oberkommandos der (issued for use within the Wehrmacht only), in very bad condition — is unusual in having, instead of a Document Center stamp, a notation in crayon PID/OSS/PWD,i.e.Political Intelligence Department,Office of Strategic Services, Political Warfare Department. The first and last of these organizations were off-shoots of the British Foreign Office, the second of the American State Department — which makes it something of a mystery who it could have been who marked the book with crayon.

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Fig.1. Englands Alleinschuld am Bombenterror (, 1943). BL 09101.c.36

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The SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force) Document Center seems to have become something of a dumping ground for books seized from German offices in occupied France though it is likely that the books were regarded as of less value, from the military intelligence point of view, than a variety of typescript and manuscript items taken from German headquarters installations: on the other hand there was a large civil affairs component at SHAEF and the stamp at least suggests routine circulation between offices of interesting items. A couple of books with SHAEF stamps have pencilled notes indicating that they came from south-western , an area invaded and later occupied by American forces. Other items bear the stamp of the Deutsche Akademie Lektorat Brüssel — a German- language reading room in Brussels presumably of pre-war origin; SHAEF’s copy of Ludwig Gessner, Der Zusammenbruch des Zweiten Reiches (9385.bb.26) bears the stamp (with official Nazi eagle and swastika) of the Direktor der Lehrerbildungsanstalt in Eupen, Eupen being a German-speaking area of Belgium annexed to Germany 1940-1944. The commonest German stamp in SHAEF-stamped books however is that of the Deutsche Schule Bücherei (i.e. Library of the German School). This was an organization set up in Paris after the German occupation, presumably to encourage the teaching of the German language in French schools: a copy of the teacher’s notes for the Middle Level volumes of Fritz Rahn, Die Schule des Schreibens (Frankfurt, 1932 — British Library shelfmark 12964.n.17) contains the stamp not only of the Deutsche Schule Bücherei but also that of the Deutsche Schul- Zirkel Paris and Jugend-Bücherei Deutsche Botschaft Paris (i.e. Juvenile Library of the German Embassy Paris). A copy of Gerhard Herrmann, Die Dardanellen (9088.a.17), about the British defeat at Gallipoli in 1915, stamped Deutsche Leihbücherei der Propaganda Abteilung (German Lending Library of the Propaganda Department) was also probably acquired in Paris. A couple of items commandeered from the Deutsche Akademie Lektorat (or Mittelstelle) Paris did not receive a SHAEF stamp but were sent directly to the Political Intelligence Department (an off-shoot of the Foreign Office) in London, being later passed on to the Foreign Office Library, and from the Foreign Office Library to the British Museum.5 Secondly, there are a number of books seized in the months following the Unconditional Surrender of Germany from libraries in the British Zone of Occupation.6 Whereas many of the books from the Deutsche Schule Bücherei in Paris were perfectly innocuous grammar books, or even dictionaries from the pre-Nazi era, which had been seized simply as part of the process of taking control of everything connected with the German military occupation of France, the seizures in Germany all related to the process of denazification. Some of the libraries involved were Nazi Party facilities or military institutions which the Allies aimed to liquidate in their entirety. A copy of Joseph Goebbels, Vom Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei (08072.d.99) bears the stamp Nationalsozialist. Deutsche Arbeitspartei Ortsgr.Vreden and a copy of Alfred Rosenberg, Kampf an die Macht (12302.a.41) is stamped HJ – Gebietsführerschule II (i.e. Hitler Youth District Leader School No. 2). Such party institutions were a priority target for denazification procedures. The British occupation

5 For example 4572.ee.12 (Heinz Ballensiefen, Juden in Frankreich [1941]) and 8198.f.14 (Hermann Göring, Reden und Aufsätze, ed. Erich Gritzbach, 4th edn, 1940). 6 There are also some books from schools in the British Zone of Occupation in Vienna,e.g. 12557.pp.38 (Hans Fr. Blunck, Die Mär vom gottabtrünnigen Schiffer:Aus dem Roman „Berend Fock" [1933]: stamped Direktion der staatlichen Oberschule für Jungen Wien 15. Braunschweigplatz 6) and 20011.f.8 (Ernst Krieck, Nationalpolitische Erziehung (1939), stamped Hagenbrunn: Allgemeine Volksschule der Stadt Wien 21: für Knaben u. Mädchen).

3 eBLJ 2003,Article 4 Confiscated Nazi Books in the British Library authorities may also have disliked the sound of the Aufklärungsausschuss Hamburg-Bremen (i.e. Enlightenment Committee Hamburg-Bremen) and the Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschaft- Archiv (i.e. Hamburg Global Economics Archives) — or perhaps it was simply that their choice of books was disapproved of — e.g. Heinrich Goitsch, Niemals (YA.1993.a.18322) a polemic against Germany’s ubiquitous and insatiate enemies concluding

Wir wollen frei sein, wie die Väter waren! Eher Tod als in der Knechtschaft leben! and Wolfgang Höfler, Zur Struktur der jüdischen Weltmacht (On the Structure of Jewish World Power) (4035.d.13). There are also several books from the Naval School at Flensburg-Murwik stamped Kriegsmarine-Bücherei Marineschule: Flensburg-Murwik (fig. 2), including a copy of the eighth edition (1051.-1080.Tausend) of Hitler’s Speech at the 1938 Parteitag and Studien zur Geistesgeschichte der Freimaurerei (Studies in the Intellectual History of Freemasonry) by future leader (and publicity director of Porsche) Dr Franz Alfred Six.7 There are a couple of items from Wehrkreisbücherei X, Hamburg (fig. 3). There are several notably innocuous items — novels, a civilian trade training manual etc. — stamped

Einheit L 3491 Luftgau-Postamt which seems to refer to some sort of lending library service for Luftwaffe personnel.8 Books taken from schools in Germany are mainly but not exclusively ones that might be regarded as politically undesirable — but a survey of the British Library’s stock suggests a random operation involving no more than single visits to a minority of schools. There are books from at least three different schools in Bottrop, but all of them in the distinctive format of the Marholds Jugendbücher series, as if the people responsible for confiscating them were looking specifically for Marhold books. The only other town in the British Zone where more than one schoolbook collection yielded books that ended up in the British Library was Braunschweig, and whereas the Marhold books from Bottrop were on inflammatory topics — Unsere Kolonien!, Ein Kampf für Deutschland, Männer unter Stahlhelm and so on — Braunschweig’s Hilfsbücherei der I. Oberschule für Mädchen was forced to surrender a copy of The English Reader: Ausgabe für Mädchen in Ehlermann’s Englisches Unterrichtswerk für Oberschulen series (12987.b.16) and the Schülerbücherei of Braunschweig’s Lehrerbildungsanstalt was deprived of a copy of the Mittelstufe: Erstes Heft: Klasse 3 volume of Fritz Rahn, Schule des Schreibens (12964.n.7). Considering that there were about three million secondary school children in the British Zone and that school libraries must have possessed between them not less than five million, and probably more than ten million volumes, the thousand or so items from this source in the British Library hardly represents a major assault on German children’s reading material. Municipal libraries also suffered, some items from the town library at Celle coming to the British Museum via the Foreign Office, which stamped the cover and pasted in a printed acquisition slip but did not fill in any details. After the British Army took over the sector of Berlin allotted to it, on 4 July 1945, books were removed from the municipal

7 Dr Six commanded Vorkommando Moskau in Einsatzgruppe B in 1941 and after the war was sentenced to twenty years in prison, of which he served four: see Benno Müller-Hill, ‘The Idea of the Final Solution and the Role of Experts’, in David Cesarani (ed.), The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation (London, 1994), pp. 62-70, at pp. 66-7. 8 E.g. 10001.bbb.16, 012555.c.31, 012557.bb.4.

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Fig 2.Fritz Otto Busch, Die japanische Kriegsmarine (Berlin, 1942). 9104.ff.1

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Fig. 3.W.Hauschild, Die Gestalt des deutschen Offiziers (Berlin, 1944). YL.1990.a.776

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libraries in Wilmersdorf and Charlottenburg.9 It is possible that not all the books seized were the actual property of the institutions where they were found. The British Library copy of Hjalmar Kutzleb, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes und seiner Vorfahren: von der Anfängen bis Kaiser Karl (9386.d.8/2) has no German library stamp but bears on the flyleaf the inscription in pencil in what is perhaps a child’s handwriting Mallon Kl.2a, and in pen, in a more grown-up script Willi Mallon Recklinghausen Lerweg 34

Many of the books from the British Zone of Occupation bear a British stamp with four sub-divisions: Group Section Subsection Number with details filled in by hand, by someone who, judging by his way of forming 1s and 7s, was educated in Germany, though it would be difficult to ascertain, nearly sixty years later, whether this was a locally recruited civilian or one of the hundreds of German-born (and German-speaking) refugees who served with the British (and American) forces in the liberation of Europe: these stamps may even have been applied, and the details filled in, after the books arrived in London as some of the volumes formerly contained file cards (apparently intended for, or originating with, the Royal Institute of International Affairs) marked with spaces for Title, Author and Publisher, which have been filled in by someone using a typewriter without umlauts. The third group of confiscated books come from other parts of Europe. An eight- volume set of training manuals, published to help soldiers return to civilian careers, some of them stamped M.N.O. Aarhus and Marinenachrichtenoffizier Aarhus (12216.aaa.16) were evidently taken away by British troops winding up German military installations in Denmark. A copy of Nazi agriculture minister Walther Darré’s Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der Nordischen Rasse (08277.w.20) bearing the stamp Deutsche Schule in Lissabon was presumably acquired when the Portuguese authorities handed over the German legation in Lisbon to officials from the British and American embassies and the French legation on 7 June 1945.10 There are also some books acquired from Soldatenheim III (i.e. Leave and Recreation Centre no. 3) in Jersey when the German occupation forces in the Channel Islands surrendered to troops sent from England on 9 May 1945.11 These include memoirs of action in the 1914-18 war such as Werner Fürbringer Alarm! Tauchen!! U-Boot in Kampf und Sturm (X.808/33627) and Werner von Langsdorff, Flieger am Feind (X.808/33877), comic works like Josef Pestenhofer, Der ‘Drahtverhau’: und andere urbayerische Geschichten aus meinem Kriegstagebuch (YA.1993.a.21772) and romantic novels like Karl von Möller, Spätsommer: eine Geschichte aus Wien (YA.1993.a.21514). All of these books seem to have been provided for the delectation of the Jersey occupation forces by way of the semi- compulsory collections the Nazi party used to organize to remind the German people of

9 E.g. 8837.h.48, 9082.a.33, 9366.bb.11. 10 See The National Archives (PRO) FO 371/46757/C 3645, copy of Capt. F. C. Bradley, Naval Attaché, Lisbon, to Director of Naval Intelligence, 23 June 1945. Portuguese Republican Guards had seized the German Legation and dependent facilities on 6 May 1945. 11 For the German surrender of the Channel Islands see Madeleine Bunting, The Model Occupation: the Channel Islands under German Rule: 1940-1945 (London, 1995), p. 248.

7 eBLJ 2003,Article 4 Confiscated Nazi Books in the British Library how public-spirited they all were: Alarm! Tauchen!! is stamped Alfred Rosenberg-Spende für die Deutsche Wehrmacht: Gau Danzig, Spätsommer; Der ‘Drahtverhau’ Alfred Rosenberg-Spende für die Deutsche Wehrmacht 1939/41 (fig. 4); and Flieger am Feind Bücherspende der NSDAP für die Deutsche Wehrmacht Kreisleitung Grafschaft Hoya (Gau Süd-Hann.-Braunschweig) (fig. 5). Again, the books the British Library has raise questions about the books it does not have. Soldatenheim III Jersey suggests a Soldatenheim I and a Soldatenheim II on Jersey and at least one Soldatenheim on Guernsey — there were 36,000 German troops stationed in the Channel Islands — but the only books to be found in the British Library are from Soldatenheim III Jersey. Within the British Library all the books so far mentioned are customarily referred to as having come via Supreme Headquarters Paris but neither the surviving documentation nor the physical evidence of the books themselves confirms this. Other than a few books with the SHAEF stamp, the British Museum did not routinely receive items from occupation zones other than the British; the Library’s copy of Genu Soalhat de Mainvillers’s epic poem L’Homme-Dieu: ou l’Univers seule famille of 1754 (011313.f.7), which bears the eagle-and-swastika stamp of the Volks- und Kulturpolitisches Institut an der Universität Heidelberg was probably sold off by the University because of the incriminating stamp: it has a red British Museum date stamp 28 Nov 56 signifying that it was purchased, whereas the other books discussed here all have green date stamps indicating that they were acquired gratis. Something perhaps should be said of the books acquired as a bulk consignment from the Kriegsschule Hannover. Some of this material was used to replace war losses or to fill wartime gaps in receipt, and some of it was catalogued with official publications pressmarks, but about 2,000 volumes have been kept together and are the only part of the British Library’s holding of books confiscated from Germany that has a distinguishing shelfmark and can be accurately traced volume by volume to its German source. They also have a feature that distinguishes them from nearly all the other books. The Kriegsschule (i.e. training school for junior officers) Hannover was established soon after the Kingdom of Hanover was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia following the War of 1866.12 For about seventy years the library of the Kriegsschule functioned as a working military library, and as one of the organs of German militarism was an obvious candidate for the attentions of the British occupation authorities after 8 May 1945. However, in addition to the books on military affairs acquired year by year on publication, the library also received hundreds of eighteenth-century, seventeenth-century and even sixteenth-century books from military collections in Berlin. In addition to the library stamps Bibliothek d. K. Kriegsschule Hannover and Bibliothek der K. Kriegsschule Hannover adorned with the Prussian eagle, or the more modern unadorned Bücherei Kriegsschule Hannover, one finds older stamps such as Kœn. Pr. Vereinigte Artill. u. Ingenieur Schule (shelfmarks M.L.p.5. and M.L.p.8), Bibliothek der Königlichen Artillerie- und Ingenieur-Schule (M.L.p.6), Bibliothek d. Kœn. Pr. Kriegesschule zu Berlin (M.L.p.5), Königl. Kriegs-Akademie Bibliothek (M.L.p.1), Koenigl. Preuss. Kriegesschule zu Breslau 1810 (M.L.p.5), K. Pr. Plankam[m]er 1816 (M.L.f.3) and, quite frequently, General-Stabs Academie. A number of books stamped Deutsche

12 The Kriegsschule (or indeed anything at the address it later occupied, Waterlooplatz 9) does not appear in Adressbuch der Königlichen Residenz-Stadt Hannover für 1866. In the Addressbuch … für 1867, the Kriegsschule is listed, and Bibliothek der Kriegsschule,evidently newly opened, is listed under Bibliothek. There is a description of the M. L. material by David Paisey, of the British Library, in Handbuch deutscher historischer Buchbestände in Europa, 12 vols (Hildesheim, 1997-2001), vol. x, p. 63, para. 1.123. For similar material that fell into Soviet hands see Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Deutschland, 27 vols (Hildesheim, 1996-2000), vol. xvi, p. 206, para. 2.64.

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Fig.4. Josef Pestenhofer, Der ‘Drahtverhau’: und andere urbayerische Geschichten aus meinem Kriegstagebuch (, 1942). YA.1993.a.21772

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Fig. 5.Werner von Langsdorff, Flieger am Feind (Gütersloh, 1934). X.808/33877

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Heeresbücherei Berlin were probably transferred to Hanover at a relatively late stage. Simply as an assemblage the older books in the Military Library are a collection of extraordinary interest: they are also an extremely valuable accumulation of bibliographical treasures.What they are not, and were not in 1945, was a conceivable threat to the peace and political well-being of Europe. They are in a quite different category from the other confiscated volumes.13 Leaving the Military Library out of the question, the importance of the British Library’s collection of expropriated German books is easy to misrepresent. It is far and away the largest collection in Britain of publications from the Nazi period, but since the British Library has by far and away the largest collection in Britain of most sorts of publications this is not in itself remarkable. The Deutsche Bücherei in Leipzig certainly, and the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich probably, have larger collections. It should also be remembered that the outbreak of war in September 1939 interrupted the routine purchase by the British Museum of German publications and that some of the books acquired by confiscation after 1945 were ones that would have been purchased if there had not been a war: though admittedly most of the books seized were not in this category as there are hundreds of items published before 1939 in the BL catalogue that have stamps from German libraries, and school and juvenile books are in greater quantity than the British Museum would have wished to purchase. One needs to remember too that the books seized represent only a small proportion of all the new titles published in between 1939 and 1945. In no sense are these books a systematic sample. Having said this, the British Library’s confiscated books, like any other large accumulation, include items not to be found elsewhere. Mile Budak, Kroatische Novellen (Schriftenreihe zur Truppenbetreuung, Heft 48) (YA.1992.a.8126) is not listed in the 150- volume Gesamtverzeichnis des deutschsprachigen Schrifttums (GV) 1911-1965,and while the GV lists Hans Baumann, Die Bärenhäuter: ein Soldatenspiel as published by Feldzeitg. von d. Maas bis an d. Memel (a soldier’s newspaper for units stationed in Germany) the British Library’s edition (YA.1992.a.11990), like the edition of Budak’s Kroatische Novellen, has on its cover Die „Grauen Hefte" der Armee Busch, indicating that in those days of relatively cheap

13 The British and American authorities expropriated quantities of German scientific property on the basis, not that the Germans ought not to have it, but that the British and Americans themselves would like it. Amongst items confiscated by the British were a cooler for an Alpha butter-making machine (The National Archives (PRO) FO 1031/29), poor Dr Hase’s infra-red spectrometer (FO 1031/43) and two Volkswagens (FO 1031/45). As for the Americans, in 1947-1948 the Field Information Agency,Technical, of the Office of Military Government for Germany (United States) published a forty-four volume Review of German Science, 1939-1946, which included little of military value but a great deal that its inventors had intended to keep confidential, or to protect by patent. In a report to the Trustees of the British Museum of 13 July 1946 it was stated that there was a ‘Foreign Office Committee appointed to arrange for the acquisition of German and Austrian books’; this was presumably the Enemy Wartime Publications (Requirements) Committee, which held its sixteenth meeting on 8 December 1947 — the minutes are in The National Archives (PRO), FO 371/65320/CJ 3392 — but since there seem to be no earlier minutes of this committee it is not clear what connection there was between its operations and the consignments of confiscated books which had begun to arrive at the British Museum in February 1946. A report dated 18 January 1946 by R. A. Skelton, an Assistant Librarian at the British Museum, and up till September 1945 a member of the Allied Control Commission for Austria (afterwards a Deputy Keeper in the Department of Printed Books and Map Librarian) discussed the British Museum’s requirements with regard to ‘books published in enemy and enemy occupied countries during the war years’ and ‘replacement of books destroyed during the war’ — The National Archives (PRO) STAT 14/2536 — but the confiscated books sent to the British Museum (which originally included a large number of duplicates) show no sign of having been selected because required by the British Museum, in fact no sign of having been selected on any criterion other than the fact that they were not wanted in the places where the military authorities found them. This goes for the Military Library just as much as for the books from the Deutsche Schule Bücherei in Paris and HJ-Gebietsführerschule II.

11 eBLJ 2003,Article 4 Confiscated Nazi Books in the British Library book production, 16. Armee, commanded between 1940 and 1943 by the future Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch, issued its own editions.14 And of course the books themselves, as objects, physical entities, tell a story separate from and independent of their printed, published contents. Emil Jörns and Julius Schwab’s invitingly entitled Rassenhygienische Fibel (i.e. Primer of Racial Hygiene) (08073.d.77), confiscated from the 3. Städt.Volksbücherei Hannover, still contains the sheet pasted in to show dates for return on being borrowed: the book was published in 1933 and has three return dates stamped in:

17.8.34 14.9.34 27 Okt 1944 indicating that this topical manual, indispensable reading for any racially conscious Hanoverian, was not borrowed between the late summer of 1934 and the autumn of 1944: though of course the stamps cannot enlighten as to the reason for this. A cheap and flimsy edition of Gottfried Keller’s nineteenth-century classic Kleider machen Leute (012213.de.1/322), in suspiciously pristine condition considering it was issued in 1940, contains a printed label:

Als Gruß des Volksbundes für das Deutschtum im Ausland für unsere Kameraden im böhmisch-mährischen Raum Gaugrenzlandamt der NSDAP

(i.e. Compliments of the People’s League for Germany Abroad, for our Comrades in Bohemia-Moravia) and the stamp Deutsche Bücherei Königsaal (fig. 6). Königsaal was a town, known to the Czechs as Zbraslav, near Prague (not in the Sudetenland). It was not in the British area of operations. The book may have come to the British Library via the SHAEF Document Center in Paris though there is no stamp to confirm this: but the physical condition of the book, bearing in mind its poor production quality,suggests that it never left its packing and probably never even arrived in Königsaal/Zbraslav. There are scores of other such allusive, inconclusive stories embodied in the British Library’s stock of confiscated volumes. The sheer impact of seeing these books — necessarily ordered up individually for, it must be repeated, only the core of the Military Library from Hanover is kept together, with its own distinctive shelfmarks in the British Library catalogue — the unsettling effect of leafing through volumes whose text and illustrations are so evocative of a phase of human history that is at once so remote and so close, at once so alien and abominable and so familiar and fascinating, is magnified by the physical evidence, rubber-stamped into them, of forcible sequestration and foreign military government. Books are not just words: they are facts that come to us from the past.

14 Publishing within military formations in the 1939-45 War is less well documented than in the 1914-18 War though Hasso von Wedel, Die Propagandatruppen der deutschen Wehrmacht (Neckargemünd, 1962), pp. 151-2, gives an incomplete list, with 39 items, of Feldzeitungen of the Nazi period. In the earlier war the Zeitung der 10.Armee oder Armee-Zeitung-Scholz had a circulation on the Eastern Front of 50,000: see Richard Hellmann and Kurt Palm, Die Deutschen Feldzeitungen (Freiburg, 1918), pp. 56-7; the Zeitung der 10.Armee also published books, a couple of which have ended up in the British Library, viz. Das Litauen-Buch (1918), a quarto with 195 pages of text and 48 pages of photographs etc. (X.802/4176) and Hans Geh, Homer im Felde: Bilder zur Ilias (Wilna, 1917): the publisher of the latter is given as Zeitung der 10.Armee/A.O.K.10, i.e. Newspaper of the 10th Army/GHQ 10th Army.

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Fig. 6. Gottfried Keller, Kleider machen Leute (Leipzig, 1940). 012213.de.1/322

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